A New BEM for Modeling of Acoustic Wave Propagation in Three-Temperature Nonlinear Generalized Magneto-Thermoelastic ISMFGA Structures Using Laser Ultrasonics

The principal aim of this chapter is to introduce a new theory called acoustic wave propagation of three-temperature nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelasticity, and we propose a new boundary element model for solving problems of initially stressed multilayered functionally graded anisotropic (ISMFGA) structures using laser ultrasonics, which connected with the proposed theory. Since there are no available analytical or numerical solutions for the considered nonlinear wave propagation problems in the literature, we propose a new boundary element modeling formulation for the solution of such problems. The numerical results are depicted graphically to show the propagation of three temperatures and displacement waves. The results also show the effects of initial stress and functionally graded material on the displacement waves and confirm the validity and accuracy of our proposed theory and solution technique.


Introduction
Physically, according to particle motion orientation and energy direction, there are three wave types, which are categorized as mechanical waves, electromagnetic waves, and matter waves. Mechanical waves are waves, which cannot travel through a vacuum and can travel through any medium at a wave speed, which depends on elasticity and inertia. There are three types of mechanical waves: longitudinal, transverse, and surface waves. Longitudinal waves occur when the movement of the particles is parallel to the energy motion like sound waves and pressure waves. Transverse waves appear when the movement of the particles is The mathematical foundations of three-temperature thermoelasticity were defined for the first time by Fahmy [10][11][12][13][14]. Analytical solutions for the current nonlinear generalized thermoelastic problems which are associated with the proposed theory are very difficult to obtain, so many numerical methods were developed for solving such problems like finite difference method [15], discontinuous Galerkin method [16], finite element method (FEM) [17], boundary element method (BEM) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], and other developed techniques [32][33][34][35][36]. The boundary element method  is actualized effectively for tackling a few designing and logical applications because of its straightforwardness, precision, and simplicity of execution.
In the present chapter, we introduce a new acoustic wave propagation theory called three-temperature nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelasticity, and we propose a new boundary element technique for modeling problems of initially stressed multilayered functionally graded anisotropic (ISMFGA) structures using laser ultrasonics, which connected with the proposed theory, where we used the three-temperature (3T) radiative heat conduction equations combined with electron, ion, and photon temperatures in the formulation of such problems. The numerical results are presented graphically to show the effects of three temperatures on the displacement wave propagation in the x-axis direction of ISMFGA structures. The numerical results also show the propagation of the displacement waves of homogenous and functionally graded structures under the effect of initial stress. The validity and accuracy of our proposed model was demonstrated by comparing our BEM results with the corresponding FDM and FEM results.
A brief summary of the paper is as follows: Section 1 introduces the background and provides the readers with the necessary information to books and articles for a better understanding of wave propagation problems in three-temperature nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelastic ISMFGA structures and their applications. Section 2 describes the formulation of the new theory and introduces the partial differential equations that govern its related problems. Section 3 outlines continuity and initial and boundary conditions of the considered problem. Section 4 discusses the implementation of the new BEM and its implementation for solving the governing equations of the problem to obtain the three temperatures and displacement fields. Section 5 presents the new numerical results that describe the displacement waves and three-temperature waves under the effect of initial stress on the homogeneous and functionally graded structures.

Formulation of the problem
Consider a multilayered structure with n functionally graded layers in the yzplane of a Cartesian coordinate. The x-axis is the common normal to all layers as shown in Figure 1. The thickness of the considered multilayered structure and the ith layer is denoted by h and h i , respectively. The considered multilayered structure which occupies the region g has been placed in a primary magnetic field H 0 acting in the direction of the y-axis.
According to the three-temperature theory, the governing equations of nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelasticity in an initially stressed multilayered functionally graded anisotropic (ISMFGA) structure for the ith layer can be written in the following form: According to Fahmy [10], the 2D-3 T radiative heat conduction equations can be expressed as follows: in which and The total energy of unit mass can be described by where σ ab , τ ab , and u i k are the mechanical stress tensor, Maxwell's electromagnetic stress tensor, and displacement vector, respectively; T i α0 is the reference temperature; T i α is the temperature; C i abfg and β i ab are, respectively, the constant elastic moduli and stress-temperature coefficients of the anisotropic medium; μ i ,h, P i , ρ i , and c i α are the magnetic permeability, perturbed magnetic field, initial stress in the ith layer, density, and specific heat capacity, respectively; τ is the time; τ 0 , τ 1 , and τ 2 are the relaxation times; i ¼ 1, 2, … , n À 1 represents the parameters in a multilayered structure; and m is a dimensionless constant. Also, we considered in the current study that is the temporal profile of a non-Gaussian laser pulse, J 0 is the total energy intensity, and Q x, , a ¼ 1, 2, 3 is the heat source intensity. According to Fahmy [57], we notice that there are two special cases of the Green and Naghdi theory of type III; when  i α ! 0, the equations of GN III theory are reduced to the GN theory type II, and when  i * α ! 0, the equations of the GN III theory are reduced to the GN theory type I.

Continuity and initial and boundary conditions
The continuity conditions along interfaces for the temperature, heat flux, displacement, and traction can be expressed as follows: where n is the total number of layers, t a are the tractions, which are defined by t a ¼ σ ab n b , and i ¼ 1, 2, … , n À 1.
The remaining initial and boundary conditions for the current study are where Ψ f , Φ f , f , and h are suitably prescribed functions and

BEM numerical implementation
Making use of Eqs. (2)-(4), we can write (1) as follows: (20) where the inertia term ρ€ u a , the temperature gradient D a T, and the initial stress term are treated as the body forces.
The field equations may be expressed in the operator form as follows: where the operators L gb , f gb , L ab , and f ab are as follows: where The differential equation (21) can be solved using the weighted residual method (WRM) to obtain the following integral equation: Now, the fundamental solution u i * df and traction vectors t i * da and t i a can be written as follows: Using integration by parts and sifting property of the Dirac distribution for (26), then using Eqs. (27) and (29), we can write the following elastic integral representation formula: The fundamental solution T i * can be defined as By using WRM and integration by parts, we can write (23) as follows: where By the use of sifting property, we obtain from (32) the thermal integral representation formula: By combining (30) and (35), we have The generalized thermoelastic vectors can be expressed in contracted notation form as follows: Using the previous vectors, we can write (36) as The vector S A can be split as follows where The thermoelastic representation formula (36) can also be written in matrix form as follows: To transform the domain integral in (42) to the boundary, we approximate the source vector S A by a series of given tensor functions f q AE and unknown coefficients α q E as follows: Thus, the thermoelastic representation formula (42) can be written in the following form: By implementing the WRM to the following equations.
, Then, the elastic and thermal representation formulae are given as follows [46]: The representation formulae (55) and (56) can be combined into the following single equation: With the substitution of (57) into (52), the dual reciprocity representation formula of coupled thermoelasticity can be expressed as follows: To calculate interior stresses, (58) is differentiated with respect to ξ l as follows: According to the dual reciprocity boundary integral equation procedure of Fahmy [44], we can write (58) in the following system of equations: The generalized displacements and velocities are approximated in terms of a series of known tensor functions f q FD and unknown coefficients γ q D andγ q D : The gradients of the generalized displacements and velocities can also be approximated in terms of the derivatives of tensor functions as follows: These approximations are substituted into Eq. (45) to obtain By implementing the point collocation procedure introduced by Gaul et al. [43] to Eqs. (51) and (61), we have Similarly, the implementation of the point collocation procedure to Eqs. (64), (46), (47), (48), and (49) leads to the following equations: where ψ, Γ AF , δ AF , and õ are assembled using the submatrices ψ ½ 0 Γ AF ½ , δ AF ½ , and õ ½ , respectively.
Solving the system (65) for α and γ yields Now, the coefficients α can be expressed in terms of nodal values of the unknown displacements U i , velocities _ U i , and accelerations € U i as follows: An implicit-implicit staggered algorithm for the integration of the governing equations was developed and implemented for use with the DRBEM for solving the governing equations which may now be written in a more convenient form after substitution of Eq. (72) into Eq. (60) as follows: z}|{ represent the volume, mass, damping, stiffness, capacity, and conductivity matrices, respectively, and represent the acceleration, velocity, displacement, temperature, and external force vectors, respectively.
In many applications, the coupling term  z}|{ € U i nþ1 that appears in the heat conduction equation and which is induced by the effect of the strain rate is negligible.
Hence, Eqs. (73) and (74) lead to the following coupled system of differentialalgebraic equations (DAEs): Þ is the predicted temperature. Integrating Eq. (73) with the use of trapezoidal rule and Eq. (75), we obtain From Eq. (77) we have Substituting from Eq. (79) into Eq. (78), we derive displacement waves; the numerical outcomes are completed and delineated graphically for electron, ion, phonon, and total temperatures. Figure 2 shows the three temperatures T e , T i , and T p and total temperature T T ¼ T e þ T i þ T p À Á wave propagation along the x-axis. It was shown from this figure that the three temperatures are different and they may have great effects on the connected fields. Figures 3 and 4 show the displacement u 1 and u 2 acoustic waves propagation along x-axis for the three temperatures T e , T i , T p and total temperature T. It was noticed from Figures 3 and 4 that the three temperatures and total temperature have great effects on the acoustic displacement waves.
In order to evaluate the influence of the functionally graded parameter and initial stress on the propagation of the displacement waves u 1 and u 2 along the x-axis, the numerical results are presented graphically, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. These results are compared for different values of initial stress parameter and functionally graded parameter according to the following cases, A, B, C, and D,

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A New BEM for Modeling of Acoustic Wave Propagation in Three-Temperature Nonlinear… DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.92784 where A represents the numerical results for homogeneous m ¼ 0 ð Þstructures in the absence of initial stress (P ¼ 0), B represents the numerical results for functionally graded m ¼ 0:5 ð Þstructures in the absence of initial stress (P ¼ 0), C represents the numerical results for homogeneous m ¼ 0 ð Þstructures in the presence of initial stress (P ¼ 0:5), and D represents the numerical results for functionally graded m ¼ 0:5 ð Þstructures in the presence of initial stress (P ¼ 0:5). It can be seen from Figures 5 and 6 that the effects of initial stress and functionally graded parameter are very pronounced.  Since there are no available results for the three-temperature thermoelastic problem, except for Fahmy's research [10][11][12][13][14]. For comparison purposes with the special cases of other methods treated by other authors, we only considered a onedimensional special case of nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelastic of anisotropic structure [11,12] as a special case of the considered problem. In the special case under consideration, the temperature and displacement wave propagation results are plotted in Figures 7 and 8. The validity and accuracy of our proposed BEM technique was demonstrated by comparing graphically the BEM results for the considered problem with those obtained using the finite difference method (FDM) of Pazera and Jędrysiak [68] and finite element method (FEM) of Xiong and Tian [69] results based on replacing heat conduction with three-temperature heat conduction; it can be noticed that the BEM results are found to agree very well with the FDM or FEM results.

Conclusion
Propagation of displacements and temperature acoustic waves in threetemperature nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelastic ISMFGA structures has been studied, where we used the three-temperature nonlinear radiative heat conduction equations combined with electron, ion, and phonon temperatures. The BEM results of the considered model show the differences between electron, ion, phonon, and total temperature distributions within the ISMFGA structures. The effects of electron, ion, phonon, and total temperatures on the propagation of acoustic displacement waves have been investigated. Also, the effects of functionally graded parameter and initial stress on the propagation of acoustic displacement waves have been established. Since there are no available results for comparison, except for the one-temperature heat conduction problems, we considered the onedimensional special case of our general model based on replacing three-temperature radiative heat conductions with one-temperature heat conduction for the verification and demonstration of the considered model results. In the considered special case, the BEM results have been compared graphically with the FDM and FEM, and it can be noticed that the BEM results are in excellent agreement with the FDM and FEM results.
Nowadays, knowledge and understanding of the propagation of acoustic waves of three-temperature nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelasticity theory can be utilized by computer scientists and engineers, geotechnical and geothermal engineers, material science researchers and designers, and mechanical engineers for designing heat exchangers, semiconductor nanomaterials, and boiler tubes, as well as for chemists to observe the chemical reaction processes such as bond forming and bond breaking. In the application of three-temperature theories in advanced manufacturing technologies, with the development of soft machines and robotics in biomedical engineering and advanced manufacturing, acoustic displacement waves will be encountered more often where three-temperature nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelasticity theory will turn out to be the best choice for thermomechanical analysis in the design and analysis of advanced ISMFGA structures using laser ultrasonics.