Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey

The aim of this chapter is to provide that hydroelectric energy production in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins which are selected as pilot region in Turkey. Hydroelectric energy has an important place in energy sector is generated from 26 main Basins in Turkey. Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins are very important water resource in Turkey. In this study, hydro energy potential for electricity generating has been investigated in Turkey and hydro energy potential determined for the selected small streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins by using hydro energy calculating methods.


Introduction
The Energy Market Regulatory Agency (EMRA) has license fee exemption for renewable energy investors and the Turkish Electricity Trading Company, TETAS, can provide buying guarantees to renewable energy, further supporting inward investment.
In Turkey, present and future installed electricity capacity by energy sources is given in the Table 1. According to the projection, the share of hydro capacity will be highest with 37.4% and share of natural gas will be 32.6%. Renewable energy supply for at the present and in the future in Turkey is given in the Table 2 [1-7] and the hare of sources in electricity generation in 2020 is given ın the Figure 1.

Hydropower capacity and hydropower development in Turkey
In the last decade a lot of dams and small hydropower have been planned to build in Turkey in Eastern Black Sea and Sakarya Basins also. Most of them have been    On the other hand, in the last two decades a lot of dams and small hydropower (SHP) either completed or under construction in Turkey. State Hydraulic Works (DSI) provided equipment for the 140 MW Kigi project in Turkey, including three 46.6 MW turbines with pre-turbine gate valves, three generators of the same capacity, switchgear, and all other equipment for the turbine hall [8]. Figures 2 and 3 show hydropower global capacity, shares of top six countries and hydropower capacity and additions, top six countries for capacity added, 2013 respectively [8,9].

Calculation method of hydroelectric potential
There are different methods for calculating hydroelectric energy. Since the amount of energy depends mostly on the water drop and water discharge values it is decided to use the method which is mentioned from some literatures [10,11]. The method and it equations as follows: The equation, N = γ*H*Q , N = 9.81*H*Q* ր (ր = 0.85-0.92) can be written for N and ր is 0.85 the N is calculated as:

Renewable Energy
and then E is calculated as: In these equations: In this study, some streams which are observed their water discharge and the others hydraulics and hydrological characteristic were selected in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins [12,13].
When considered the alternative energy resources, hydroelectric generation is not generally achieved in Turkey, especially in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins. However, with some laws and regulations enacted, in many activities and opportunities such as construction, production and distribution related to investments carried out exclusively by the Turkish Government, but private sectors have not used enough these opportunities yet. Therefore, by using these facilities well, it will be possible for the private sector to close the energy gap in Turkey or to minimize it by evaluating the river resources in the region [14]. In this study, some small streams have been selected and their hydro energy potential determined for Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins in Turkey.

Hydroelectric values for selected small streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins
There are three types of potential which are gross (theoretical) potential, technical potential and economical potential [12,15,16].
Economical potential in generally depends on some geological and technical conditions such as geographical structure of basin, technical team and equipment facilities etc. To calculate of hydropower potential for selected streams in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins the equations 1, 2 and 3 are used.
Hydroelectric Power (N) and hydroelectric energy (E) have been calculated by using this method. Hydroelectric power and hydroelectric energy values for selected streams in the Sakarya

Conclusion
In this study shows that Turkey has abundant hydropower energy sources and great renewable energy potential and is keen to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels by increasing its use of renewable energy resources. The hydropower sector is a good example of the increasing interest in generation of electricity with renewable resources. It is expected that the Government will call for tenders for hydropower licenses.
It is well known that the environmental impacts of hydro plants are minimal compared with alternative resources. They make use of our renewable "green energy" resource, without causing pollution. It is not enough for governments to support the development of renewable energy technologies. They must also support their commercial application in the country.
On the other hand, hydroelectric facilities are very valuable resources in Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins, which has a great potential due to meteorological, topographic, hydraulics and hydrological conditions. Using this potential, the economic situation of people most of whom are unemployed and poor and live rural areas will be significantly improved.
Since small hydropower plants are river type hydropower plants, small hydropower potential should be used in the country especially in the Sakarya and Eastern Black Sea Basins. Because river type power plants are superior than the other plants, this type plants have not only cost and operational features but also good environmental effects.