Study on Designing and Manufacturing a Radio-Frequency Generator Used in Drying Technology and Efficiency of a Radio Frequency-Assisted Heat Pump Dryer in Drying of Ganoderma lucidum

A radio-frequency (RF) generator applied in drying technology was designed and manufactured for drying Ganoderma lucidum . The drying experiments were conducted by drying method of RF-assisted heat pump in order to inspect the operating parameters of the RF generator and investigate the effects of the input drying parameters on drying rate in the RF-assisted heat pump drying of Ganoderma lucidum . The results have shown that the RF generator achieved the required operating parameters as design such as RF power of 3 kW and operating frequency of 27 MHz. In RF-assisted heat pump drying, increase in RF power and drying air temperature increases the drying rate. Meanwhile, drying air velocity does not significantly affect the drying rate. At RF power of 1.95 kW, the drying time reduces by 9, 17, and 33% in comparison with RF power of 1.3, 0.65, and 0 kW (heat pump drying). At drying air temperature of 50°C, the drying time reduces by 10% and 21% in comparison with drying air temperature of 40 and 45°C. Besides, increasing RF power retains the higher content of polysaccharide in Ganoderma lucidum , and the Ganoderma lucidum samples retain the color better after drying.


Introduction
Drying is a common and effective preservation technique that reduces moisture content of material to lower levels required. Therefore, drying can minimize the spoilage of various microbes in material and the physical, chemical, and biochemical changes within the drying products thereby increasing overall shelf life by considerable periods of time. However, the drying process will affect the quality of the product such as nutritional standards, sensory standards, and physical and chemical standards. Therefore, the drying method and drying parameters should be considered to find a suitable drying method with optimum drying condition to retain a high quality of drying products, especially in food technology, agricultural products, and medicinal products.
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal product that contains various bioactive ingredients. Polysaccharide is a main bioactive ingredient in Ganoderma lucidum which has been found to be medically active in several therapeutic effects such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-HIV [1]. However, polysaccharide and other bioactive ingredients in Ganoderma lucidum are heat sensitive and the high drying temperature tends to cause higher loss of active ingredients in dehydrated Ganoderma lucidum. Therefore, in drying Ganoderma lucidum, drying method as well as drying parameters should be considered carefully.
RF technology has shown some unique advantages in drying technology. RF heating is a volumetric heating method, which provides fast and deeper heat generation within material that increases heating rate and shortens drying time significantly. RF heating mechanism is described in Figure 1. In which, the RF generator creates an alternating electric field between two electrodes. The material is placed between the electrodes. The wet molecules within material continuously reorient themselves to face opposite poles of the alternating electric field. The friction resulting from the rotational movement of the molecules and the space-charge displacement causes the material to rapidly heat throughout its mass.
There were numerous studies of RF drying technology in which RF is combined with other drying methods as convection drying using hot air and freeze-drying for drying food and agricultural products [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The results show that heat generation within the whole volume of drying material that supports the heat transfer and moisture diffusion process to take place faster shortens the drying time and the temperature, and moisture distribution within material becomes more uniform. The drying products still retain their characteristic color and taste.
In heat pump drying with circulating drying air, drying air after being blown through the heat pump has the specific temperature, velocity, and humidity. Drying air will be blown into the drying chamber, and the drying process is performed here. In heat pump drying, the drying air temperature is at low level. So, the drying products can retain a high content of bioactive ingredients and their characteristic color and taste.
The drying technology using RF and heat pump drying has been found to be suitable for drying medicinal products. The objectives of this study are (1) to design and manufacture a RF generator applied in drying technology for drying Ganoderma lucidum, in which RF-assisted heat pump drying method is applied, and (2) to investigate the effects of the input drying parameters as drying air temperature, drying air velocity and RF power on the drying rate, and the quality of Ganoderma lucidum in RF-assisted heat pump drying process.

Researching object
A RF generator applied in drying technology is designed and manufactured in order to achieve a required maximum RF power of 3 kW and frequency of 27 MHz.
Ganoderma lucidum used for the experiments is red Ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma boninense). After being harvested, Ganoderma lucidum has a moisture content of 3 (d.b) (i.e., 75% (w.b)), diameter of 12 cm, thickness of 1.5 cm, and glossy red brown color. Ganoderma lucidum samples are cleaned with dry tissues. The initial moisture content of the material is determined by a moisture analyzer (see Table 1).

Designing and calculating method
• The required RF power is calculated based on physical and thermal properties of Ganoderma lucidum and theory of designing and calculating drying system.
• The circuit diagram and the components of the RF generator are designed and manufactured based on theory of RF heating mechanism, heat exchanger, and oscillator circuit of RF generator.

Manufacture of RF generator method
The components of RF generator are manufactured in a single unit as designed and installed to complete a RF operator. Some standard components are selected and purchased in the market.

Measurement method
The parameters can be measured by specialized measuring instruments directly such as temperature, velocity of drying air, voltage, and electric current. The other parameters are determined by the exchange formulas.

Method of experiment
Experiments for investigation of the effects of the input drying parameters on drying rate in the RF-assisted heat pump drying of Ganoderma lucidum are conducted at the drying air temperature of 40, 45, and 50°C; drying air velocity of 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 m/s; and RF power of 0.65, 1.3, and 1.95 kW.

Method of determining moisture content
The Ganoderma lucidum weight measurements are taken regularly after intervals of 20 minutes by an electronic scale digital balance (see Table 1). Each experiment is conducted until the drying material achieves the moisture content of 0.15 (d.b) (i.e., 13% (w.b)) and completed in triplicates.
The color of the drying products is measured by a colorimeter (see Table 1). The colorimeter displays three reflected light intensities corresponding to the lab color values. The total change in color of the drying Ganoderma lucidum sample with reference to the original sample is calculated as The parameters in Eq. Polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum is determined by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
Statistical parameters such as mean and standard deviation are used to solve the experiment data. Examining the differences of the statistical data is conducted by means of least significant difference (LSD).

The RF power of RF generator
The heat required for drying process was calculated based on the theory of calculating and designing drying system [10].
Physical and thermal property index of the drying material (Ganoderma lucidum) is given in Table 2.

The heat required for heating the material
The heat required for heating the material in drying process is the heat of heating the drying material until the material achieves the required temperature. The required temperature of 45°C is chosen for calculation: The predictive time period required for Ganoderma lucidum to get the temperature of 45°C is 35 minutes. The heat required is calculated as

The heat required for vaporizing water in the material
In the drying process, an amount of heat must be supplied to vaporize the water within drying material at specific drying temperature in order that the material achieves the required final moisture. The heat required depends on the mass of vaporized water in the material and latent heat of drying material.
The mass of vaporized water in the material (kg) is So, The initial moisture content of Ganoderma lucidum is 75%. The predictive time period required for Ganoderma lucidum to get the final moisture content of 13% is 7 hours. The heat required is calculated as

The heat loss for heating the drying tray
In the drying process, the drying material is placed on a drying tray which is normally a plastic mesh grid. So, there must be an amount of heat loss for heating the drying tray until the drying tray gets the drying air temperature: in which m tray is the mass of the tray, m tray = 1 kg, and C P_plastic is the specific heat capacity of plastic, C P_plastic = 1.67 kJ/(kg°C).
The predictive time period required for the drying tray to get the temperature of 45°C is 45 minutes. The heat loss is calculated as

Heat loss through pipes
In the drying process, the drying air flows inside a pipe system, and the outside wall of the pipe is in contact with environment. So, the heat loss through pipes should be considered, and it depends on the pipe material, size, length of the pipe, and drying temperature. The pipe is normally made of PVC plastic.
The length of pipe from the pump to the drying chamber is 1.5 m, so the surface area of the pipe is So, the heat loss through pipes is calculated as , and λ PVC (λ PVC = 0.15 W/ (m°C)) are temperature of the outside wall and inside wall, internal diameter, external diameter of the pipe, and thermal conductivity of PVC plastic.

Heat loss for heating the drying chamber
The drying process is performed in a drying chamber that is also heated up to the drying temperature. So, the heat loss for heating the drying chamber should be considered, and it depends on the material and mass of the chamber and drying temperature. In drying process of food and agricultural products, the drying chamber is normally made of a galvanized steel for food hygiene: The predictive time period required for the drying chamber to get the temperature of 45°C is 25 minutes. The heat loss is calculated as in which m ch (30 kg), t ch 1 (30°C), and t ch 2 (45°C) are mass of drying chamber, initial temperature, and final temperature of the drying chamber and C p_steel is specific heat of galvanized steel, C p_steel = 0.49 kJ/(kg°C).

The heat loss through the drying chamber wall
The inside wall of drying chamber is in contact with drying air, and the outside wall is in contact with the environment. This causes the heat loss through the drying chamber wall in the drying process, and it depends on the material and area of the drying chamber. The area of the drying chamber (F) includes the area of the drying chamber wall (F w ) and two tops (F t ).
The area of the drying chamber wall is After expanding the top of the drying chamber on computer by AutoCAD software, the surrounding area of a top isF t ¼ 1:62 m 2 .
So, the area of the drying chamber is The heat loss is calculated as in which k is thermal conductivity of galvanized steel and k is 2.06 W/(m. o C). l ch , w ch , and h ch are the length, the width, and the height of the drying chamber.

Radiation heat loss
The radiation heat loss is calculated as in which ε is the radiation ratio of galvanized steel, ε = 0.85, and C 0 is the radiation ratio of absolute black object, C 0 ¼ 5:67W= m 2 :K 4 À Á . Thus, the total heat required for drying process is In current study, the RF operator will be designed, manufactured, and applied in RF-assisted heat pump drying. So, in the drying process, RF heating has the main function of heating the material, vaporizing water within the material, and heating the drying tray. The other heat losses are supplied by heat pump. Thus, the heat required for RF generator is.
Therefore, the RF power of RF generator is chosen P = 3 kW.

Circuit diagram of RF generator
The circuit diagram of RF generator was designed based on the theory of RF heating mechanism, heat exchanger, and oscillator circuit of RF generator [11]. The circuit diagram of RF generator is described in Figure 2.

Power supply unit
The power supply unit consists of a transformer, a wire supply voltage transformer, and a rectifier.
The transformer has the function of changing three-phase voltage 380 VAC into 6.5 kVAC. This high voltage is converted into DC voltage of 6.5 kVDC by the rectifier and supplied to the oscillation circuit. Besides, the wire supply voltage transformer will change the voltage from 380 VAC to 12.6 VAC to supply the triode tube filament.

Oscillation circuit
The oscillation circuit consists of a high-frequency triode tube and LC oscillation circuits. A high voltage of 6.5 kVDC is applied to the anode of the triode tube after passing through an induction circuit including L1, L2, and C1 that acts as a filter circuit to remove the alternating current components of the supply power.
A high voltage of 12.6 VAC is applied to the filament and grid pin of the triode tube. A 12.6 VAC power is applied to the grid pin of the triode tube through an induction circuit that consists of L 5 , L 6 , and C 4 . The induction circuit controls the voltage of the grid pin to generate the output frequency at 27 MHz.

RF emitting circuit
The RF emitting circuit is a circuit consisting of L 3 and C 3 in parallel. The RF high-frequency energy at the output of the high-frequency triode tube passes through the RF emitting circuit, and it is supplied to the electrode plates of the drying applicator.

Drying applicator
The drying applicator is composed of two parallel electrode plates which are called RF electrodes. The drying material is placed between the electrodes during drying process. The material is heated based on dielectric heating principle.

High-frequency triode tube
The high-frequency triode tube is selected in the market according to the required RF power, and it has the specific specifications as follows: • Type: Toshiba 7T69RB.
The output power of 5 kW will be converted to RF electrode plates in drying applicator at 60% efficiency (Figure 3).

Power supply unit
The transformers and the rectifier were manufactured at the workshop with the engineering specifications required. The transformer and rectifier are shown in

Oscillation circuit
The oscillation circuit consists of numbers of capacitors and the inductor coils. The function of the oscillation circuit is amplifying the power and required generating frequency. The capacitors and the inductor coils are the industrial components that can work at the high voltage and high frequency (Figure 6).
The oscillation circuit consists of two induction circuits: 1. The L 1 , L 2 , and C 1 induction circuit works as a filter circuit to remove the alternating current components.
2. The L 4 , L 5 , and C 4 induction circuit regulates the voltage at the grid pin of the high-frequency triode tube to generate the output RF.
These capacitors and the inductor coils are selected and manufactured according to the standard in Strayfield's handbook for manufacturing RF generator [11], in which the capacitors C 1 and C 4 are selected in the market, while the inductors L 1 , L 2 , L 4 , and L 5 are manufactured at the workshop. Their values are as follows:

RF emitting circuit
The structure of RF emitting circuit is composed of L 3 and C 3 in parallel that forms an induction circuit. The RF emitting circuit has the function of generating operating frequency of 27 MHz that is the technical requirements. L 3 and C 3 are manufactured in the workshop according to the technical requirements with the specifications below.
The structure of the capacitor C 3 consists of two parallel electrode plates. The capacitance value of capacitor C 3 depends on the area of the parallel electrode plates and distance between them.
The electrode plates have an area of A C 3 ¼ 0:45 Â 0:45 ¼ 0:203 m 2 , and the distance of two electrode plates is d C 3 The capacitance value of capacitor C 3 is calculated as in which ε 0 (ε 0 ≈ 1) is dielectric constant of air between two plates and k (k ¼ 9 Â 10 9 N:m 2 =C 2 ) is electrostatic constant.
The function of the L 3 and C 3 induction circuit is generating operating frequency of 27 MHz. So, the inductance value of L 3 is calculated with the parameter f = 27 MHz as follows: The inductor L 3 is manufactured in workshop with its specific specification as follows: • Inductance value: L 3 ¼ 1:9x10 À6 H.

Drying applicator
The drying applicator consists of two electrode plates which are called RF electrodes. The RF electrodes are fabricated at the workshop. The material used for fabrication of RF electrodes must be a good electric conductive material, and aluminum is chosen. The electrodes have a rectangular surface and dimension of 1200 mm Â 1100 mm. They are fixed in drying chamber and connect to the RF emitting circuit through thin copper connectors. The distance between two electrodes is fixed by Teflon plastic bars. The RF electrodes are shown in Figure 7.

Drying experiment results
The RF-assisted heat pump dryer used in drying experiment is shown in Figures 8 and 9. In the drying process, the drying air is circulated over the evaporator of heat pump. The evaporator cools the drying air further down below the condensation temperature. Below this temperature, the drying air will be dehumidified. Then, the drying air is heated to the desired temperature inside the condenser and blown inside the drying chamber for drying process. In the drying chamber, the drying air will combine with the RF generated by the RF generator to conduct drying process of Ganoderma lucidum.
In drying experiment, the mass of Ganoderma lucidum selected is 4 kg. Thus, the RF power is adjusted to achieve the value of 0.65, 1.3, and 1.95 kW.

Result of operating parameters of RF generator
The RF generator is operated with the maximum RF power of 3 kW to inspect the operating parameters. The operating frequency of RF generator (f) is measured by a frequency measurement instrument, the operating voltage (U) is measured by a high-voltage voltmeter, and the operating current (I) is measured by an amperemeter. The temperature of the material in drying process is measured by a thermal sensor that is connected to a computer through an integrated circuit. The temperature is recorded each 2 minutes. The measurement of the operating parameters of RF operator has got the results as follows: • f = 27 MHz, U = 6.5 kV, I = 0.46 A. So, the power P = U.I = 2.99 kW.
• The material is heated and achieves the required temperature of 45°C in 28 minutes.  The results show that the operation parameters achieve the designing requirement.
The engineering parameters of measurement instruments are described in the Table 1.

Drying time
The drying curves of RF-assisted heat pump drying process at the drying air temperature of 45°C, drying air velocity of 1.2 m/s, and RF power of 0.65, 1.3, and 1.95 kW is presented graphically in Figure 10.
As shown in Figure 10, increasing RF power has a significant effect on moisture ratio; the moisture ratio is higher at higher RF power. At RF power of 1.95 kW, the drying time reduces by 9, 17, and 33% in comparison with RF power of 1.3, 0.65, and 0 kW (heat pump drying). It can be explained by RF heating mechanism, in which, increasing the RF power will increase energy absorption inside Ganoderma lucidum, which makes water dipole molecules and free ions in Ganoderma lucidum  fluctuate faster. Thus, heat generation within Ganoderma lucidum becomes faster, and the moisture diffusion within Ganoderma lucidum occurs faster [12,13].

Polysaccharide content
The polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum after drying is given in Table 3.
The data in Table 3 shows that RF power has a significant effect on polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum after drying. The polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum after RF-assisted heat pump drying is considerably higher than heat pump drying. Increase in RF power retains the higher content of polysaccharide in Ganoderma lucidum. Generally, the reason for the degradation of polysaccharide content during drying of Ganoderma lucidum is due to hydrolysis, in which the polysaccharide is hydrolyzed as water is bound to the molecule [14]. RF-assisted heat pump drying process with RF heating mechanism shortens the heat treatment time, and an increase in RF power makes the linkage between water dipole molecules to be broken more easily. That can reduce the hydrolysis degree of polysaccharides.

Color of drying material
Evaluation of the color change of Ganoderma lucidum before and after drying is conducted with X-Rite colorimeter following CIELAB scale. Fresh Ganoderma lucidum has the CIELAB original color value as L 0 , a 0 , and b 0 . Ganoderma lucidum after drying has the CIELAB color value as L*, a*, and b*. The color change index of Ganoderma lucidum corresponding to input drying parameters is shown in Table 4, in which the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) parameters as L, a, and b are measured with a colorimeter (see Table 1). The corresponding L value is lightness of color from 0 (black) to 100 (white); a value is degree of redness (0 to 60) or greenness (0 to À60); and b value is yellowness (0 to 60) or blueness (0 to À60). The total change in color (ΔE * Þ of the drying Ganoderma lucidum sample with reference to the original sample is calculated as Eq. (1).
The data in Table 4 shows that the color change index as ΔL, Δa, and Δb corresponding to RF-assisted heat pump drying is considerably smaller than

Evaluation of the effect of drying air temperature
The drying curves of RF-assisted heat pump drying process at the drying air temperature of 40, 45, and 50°C, drying air velocity of 1.2 m/s, and RF power of 1.3 kW is presented graphically in Figure 11.
As shown in Figure 11, increasing drying air temperature has a significant effect on moisture ratio; the moisture ratio is higher at higher drying air temperature. At drying air temperature of 50°C, the drying time reduces by 10% and 21% in comparison with drying air temperature of 40 and 45°C. It can be explained by the fact that the increase in drying air temperature will increase the amount of heat absorbed by material. Thus, the heating rate increases, and the moisture diffusion within Ganoderma lucidum occurs faster.

Evaluation of the effect of drying air velocity
The drying curves of RF-assisted heat pump drying process at the drying air temperature of 45°C; drying air velocity of 1.2, 1.6, and 2 m/s; and RF power of 1.3 kW is presented graphically in Figure 12.
As shown in Figure 12, increasing drying air velocity makes drying time become longer. This is explained by the fact that the increase in drying air velocity will increase the drying airflow in contact with the drying material surfaces. The temperature of drying material is maintained at a higher level than drying air temperature during drying process by RF heating mechanism. So, when drying air comes into contact with drying material surfaces, the temperature of material surfaces will decrease that causes the average temperature of material to decrease and drying time to become longer. However, drying air velocity does not significantly affect the drying rate. The drying time corresponding to three drying air velocity values differs only about 10-15 minutes, and the drying curves shown in Figure 12 are almost identical. The experimental results are in agreement with the previous studies of agricultural product drying [15-18].

Conclusions
Based on the calculation and design results, the RF generator has been successfully manufactured and applied in drying technology. The RF generator worked efficiently and achieved the required RF power of 3 kW and frequency of 27 MHz as designed. The drying experiment results showed that in RF-assisted heat pump drying, increase in RF power and drying air temperature increases the drying rate considerably. Meanwhile, drying air velocity does not significantly affect the drying rate. Besides, when RF power increases, the Ganoderma lucidum samples retain the higher content of polysaccharide and the original color better after drying.