Decision Maintenance Management Problems in Agriculture Engineering by Constructive Geometric Modeling Methods

Extension of functional possibilities of tools is one of the main ways to increase the maintenance property of technical means. It especially actually in modern agricultural production, based on precision agriculture technologies, where using technical means must provide: reduction of cost, conservation of ground fertility, saving energy-resources, improvement labor conditions, and increase machines capacity. One of efficient way to solve these problems is using geometric modeling methods and systems in designing technical means. Geometric modeling, as one of the varieties of the synthetic methods of design, is a theoretical base for different technologies of these methods, like industrial design and CAD technologies. In this chapter, as examples, the following case studies will be considered: development of multifunctional mold board by geometric modeling, for increasing its maintenance property; integration role of CAD technologies in PLM, including in maintenance management; and visualization of production design process of technical means according to maintenance criterions.


Introduction
Extension of functional possibilities of tools is one of the main ways to increase the maintenance property of technical means. It particularly actually in modern agricultural production, based on precision agriculture technologies, where using technical means must provide: reduction of cost, conservation of ground fertility, saving energy-resources, improvement labor conditions, and increase machines capacity. One efficient way to solve these problems is using geometric modeling in designing technical means. Geometric modeling, as one of the varieties of the synthetic methods of design, is a theoretical base for different technologies of these methods, like production design and CAD technologies. In this chapter, as examples, the following case studies will be considered: development of multifunctional mold board by geometric modeling, for increasing its maintenance property; integration role of CAD technologies in PLM, including in maintenance management; and visualization of production design process of technical means according to maintenance criterions. In recent years, increased variety of applicable machines and technologies has come to exist in the world in all spheres of human activity, especially in planning their functional possibilities. So development of tools that increase their functional possibilities is one of the most important problems of modern engineering and design activity. Expanding the functional possibilities of these tools will not only increase their capacity but also reduce specific consumptions of materials. These aspects are actually in creation resource and energy saving technical facilities, that is, main engineering activity, key direction in which is considered production design. This problem is considered in the same way actual and in condition of the strategic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan [1]. The solution to these problems is directly connected with the geometric modeling, which is based on the modern problems of the production design [2][3][4].

Development of bulldozer's multifunctional mold board by geometric modeling, for increasing its maintenance property 2.1 Designing the types of mold board's working surface
We shall consider the problem in moldboard-type tools as an example. It is well known that mold boards, as the main tool in plows, bulldozers, graders, and other specific machines, are intended for performing the preparing works in agriculture and melioration, ground works in road construction and engineering preparation of territory, as well as in municipal sphere and etc. In the classical variant bulldozer, the mold board is a frontally located cylindrical working surface, which moves earth or other mass, prism lug of the ground in the required direction and amount [5,6]. For expansion functional possibilities of mold board, there are also development in different constructive variant, with changing location working organ and different working surface ( Table 1). But these developments are basically directed at the expansion of their maintenance (functional) possibilities, for executing work of certain nature [5,7]. The solution to these problems is directly connected to the geometric modeling, which is based on modern problems of the industrial design [2][3][4]. The result of the using the production design at development of mold board type tools on base of constructive geometric modeling is a "design-development" mold board, which possible produce in three types of working surface design. We shall consider the design-development working surface of mold board consists of pieces of surface. For the base of the models, we take multifunction surface consisting of linear surfaces, which are broadly used for designing mold boards ( Table 2).
The design-development to construct a geometric model of a mold board's working surface applicable for work execution of the different nature raises: technical, technological and economical factors of the designed technology, allows more flexible control its functional possibility, solving constructive problems [2,8,9].
The analysis of existing mold board designs and studies on their improvement shows that creating a new design that can increase their functional possibilities, using constructive geometric modeling method, has a broad prospect [5,7,8,10,11]. The constructive geometric design of mold board's working surfaces can possibly be divided into three types: (1) design consisting of unbroken surface (  (Figure 3). Herewith possible creating away the prospects of the primary using these design on example:  (1) unbroken design for production of polymeric mold boards; (2) sectional design for expansion of the functional possibilities and increasing the ease of manufacturing production mold boards; and (3) plate design for the best management production and functional, working, and other quality mold boards. Developmening the working surface of mold boards that can be applied in different industries needs to consider the technical, economical, and technological factors of the designed machines. So, design-development of constructive geometric model of mold board's working surface, though exist in the designs of the considered machines, will allow more flexible control of the functional possibility of the mold board and solve the above delivered constructive problem [2,8,9].

Geometrical modeling of mold board's transformed surfaces
There is giving formative line-l of cylindrical surface-Φ horizontally, and Pplane of directory curve-m dispose perpendicular to these formatives on medium them. This plane crossing with working surface-Φ is divided into two equal parts, Φ a and Φ b , simultaneously being the symmetrical plane to these working surfaces. We shall choose line k on symmetrical plane, which will possibly conduct the bunch of the planes. These planes crossing with working surfaces Φ a and Φ b form curves of intersection. We shall mark these planes on both sides of the symmetrical plane P accordingly P 1 , P 2 , …, P n and P 1 ', P 2 ' , …, P n ', as well as curves of the intersection on working surfaces Φ a and Φ b accordingly m 1 , m 2 , …, m n and m 1 ' , m 2 ' , …, m n '. At  angles between planes and symmetrical plane-P, we shall accordingly mark α 1 , α 2 , …, α n . Each pair of surface intersection curve m 1 , m 1 '; m 2 , m 2 '; …; m n , m n ' are formed accordingly by pair of planes P 1 , P 1 '; P 2 , P 2 '; …; P n , P n ', are symmetrical, where k is an axis of the mirror image pair of curves on working surfaces Φ a and Φ b (Figure 4a). So at rotation pair planes P i and P i ' with surfaces Φ a and Φ b around axis k corresponding to angle α i , planes P i and P i ', as well as curves m i and m i ' belonging to them, are combined. As a result of this operation, will be formed a rib on working surface, which separates the working surface into two halves. On the basis of this model, different constructive variants of the transformed mold board can possibly be developed, allowing the conversion from one working surfaces to another.    It is known that when designing the complexity technical forms, considered surface mentally differs on "geometric" and "working" surfaces and from one surface possible to get different working surfaces [4,7]. So by means of the proposed model, as a result of rotation working surfaces Φ a and Φ b around axis k to angle α i , a new working surface Φ i is formed. Though given Φ and newly formed Φ i cylindrical surfaces, they have a different working surface with different functional quality, where α enters as controlling parameter in the formation of Φ i . Unlike the given surfaces Φ, a new working surface Φ i promotes the improvement of directing actions of the moveable mass to the sides (Figure 4b) and from the sides (Figure 4c).

Giving the rotation axis of mold board's working surface
The process of the formation required working surface-Φ i possible to control, except parameter α, as well as position of k. In considering that the model rotation axis k is located vertically and has determined distance comparatively to Φ i . However, change the position k greatly influences upon formation Φ i . Here possible consider two parameters of k: change the distance-f, defined between fixed point k and m, for instance base k and sock m on horizontal plane; as well as change of the slopping angle-β to horizontal plane. Under one and same angle α i and the form of directory curve m i , change f will bring about change the mutual location pair of directory curves m i and m i ' that will bring and to change constructive parameter of mold board with working surface-Φ i . From considered by author, acceptable variants ( Figure 5) for given problems are chose variants (b) a chord-AB and (d) a tangent in point-С, with the result that possible neglect the parameter f that simplifies the problem. Though the other variants too have such working surface, they can bring about complication in the constructive parameter of the mold board. However, when forming the surface Φ i , in variant (d) rotation is produced in inverse direction than in variant (b). With the importance of the rotation angle α, we choose within 0 < α < α max , with the condition that planes P i and P i ' must cross all forming surfaces Φ i , where α max is on tgα = (l/2)/b, and overhang of curve b.

Parameters of designing working surface's directory curve
It is necessary to note the parameters on the form and position directory curve m of surface Φ. On condition of the problem form of directory curve-m is flat and fluent, with determined by curvature and concave side onward. Since these characteristic directory curves remain low-lying during the transformation of the surfaces, they shall select as topological parameters of curve, defining its form. Consequently, such parameters of surfaces, as their type and curvature also remain low-lying and when forming the new surface Φ i . The position of curve is assigned two parameters: overhang b and height h of curve. They shall be marked as constructive parameters, since they define the design of the mold board. The following variants possibly select the relative position constructive parameters of m, defined by typical point positions (Figure 6 Table 3). From given table, it can be understood that the nature of the moveable mass on working surface is possible to control, having changed relations h and b, by changing the slopping angle β to axis k. Unlike vertical position, the slopping k on angle β onward or will back add the working surface except improvements of the shift of the moveable mass aside under its horizontal trimming (Figure 7a), as well as perfects the functional quality on shaping tilted lowering (Figure 7b) and ascent (Figure 7c) from moveable mass. This is the positions reached by change forming l, which present as well as plowshare, for horizontal plane on angle-φ, after forming Φ i . The angle φ possible define by projection model, on base of descriptive geometry rules [12], using joining method (Figure 7d). Turning the horizontal plane on 90°, to joint it with frontal projection  combine the projections k and l. Rotating l on angle αi, marked its l' , easy find the frontal projection l v '. Since l revolves on frontal projection plane, perpendicular to k, circle of the rotation l projects on the horizontal plane as an ellipse. By means of projection beams, find l h ' and define φ angle of the slopping l on horizontal plane using the square-wave triangle, also considered as the corner of the slopping of the plowshare. After transformation working surface Φ on Φ i under inclined k, will increase the height dimension h' of mold board though h decreasing on δh. At, the higher part rib bends over onward or for lower part back, daring on distance δb'. As a result of transformation, working surface changes the lengths corresponding to forming l i within 0 < δb < δb max , offset end forming belonging to rib to surfaces. In point, on which pass the rotation axis k, length l i is equal δb = 0, but in nose (upper or lower) of a part it is equal δb = δb max .

Sections of designing working surface
The definable parameters got Φ i on two variants, and on positions of the descriptive geometry, make sure that α i parameters and Φ i are alike, but are mutually negative (Figure 8a and b) [12]. This allows to combine two variants in one design and as a result enlarges the functional possibilities of the designed mold board (Figure 8c). We can select five compartments of working surfaces on intersection lines. Alternate switching-on or switching-off of corresponding compartments will enable the mold board to work in three modes: moving the mass

No
On width b, in respect to h and through points Nature of moving the moveable mass on worker of the surfaces Anterior Average Posterior

Superior-В Not available
Interior-А Powerfully postponed in before.

2.
Superior-В Interior-А Average-С Partly is taken on breast and powerfully postponed in before.

3.
Superior/interior-В/А Not available Average-С Completely taken on breast and powerfully postponed in before.

4.
Interior-А Superior-В Average-С Completely taken on breast and weakly postponed in before.

I ntegration role of CAD technologies in PLM, including in maintenance management
The modern production is founded on using information science and communication technologies as CALS-technology (continuous acquisition and lifecycle support) or PLM-technology (information support of the product lifecycle management processes). PLM is an approach to designing and producing high-tech and scientifically based product, using information science and computer technology at all stages of the product life cycle [13].
This aspect actual in condition of developing countries, like Uzbekistan, where using these technologies is innovative process in production. One of the problems in this process is adapting them in production, that is, translating the engineering data to PLM system, by way of integrating PLM and CAD/CAE/CAM systems, using the product's engineering database at the base of PDM-technology (product data management).
The product's engineering data are possibly divided into three groups: structural (constructional), functional, and technological. Let me present to you the structural data, which we can call the geometric data, that are necessary for integrating CAD and PDM systems. The product's geometric data are used not only in enterprise where they are produced but at all stages of the product life cycle from designing to maintenance. So, creating the geometric database, using different forms of the geometric data (Figure 9a), is very important in the product life cycle.
As is well known, the product lifecycle includes the period from origin necessity for creating the product up to its liquidations in consequent exhaustion of consumer characteristic. Primary stages of product life cycle are selecting four main stages: designing, producing, maintaining, and utilizing.
Though life cycles of old and new products always form the unceasing cycle, because of brightly not images, traditionally life cycles of each product were considered separately, which during the initial stage was designing but finally cutting. However, author, founding on his conducting researches, offers to consider that that beginning of PLM is from creation an instrument from stone, bones and wood by primitive man. Since no one can reject that the base of modern industrial robot is an instrument of the stone age, the end of "old" product is a beginning of "new" product. It is possible to say that the beginning and the end of PLM connect with beginning and end of mankind on land. The present production conditions, in which production design steel play one of solving roles, relationship between "old" and "new" product lifecycle become reveals itself all more brighter. Coming from author's offers separate stage of the designing on two: conceptual and engineering design. Conceptual design stage is founded on the basis of geometric modeling and it is the closing stage of the product life cycle, having a causal relationship between "maintenance-utilizing" and "designing" stages. Nowadays, producing geometric modeling has become a primary method, facilitating designing. In this stage, the product will be designed on the basis of the relationships between exhaustion of consumer characteristic of old product and necessity for creating the new (innovative) product.
The need for geometric data arises at all stages of the product life cycle, particularly in the initial stage-"conceptual design" stage, when it is very high. Created at this stage, geometric database is directly or indirectly used also in the other stages of the product life cycle, by integrating CAD and PDM systems. It is necessary to note that the need to create a "new product" is basically formed in the maintenance of "old" product. Since it at this stage is not only used Geometric data of "old" product in maintenance but arises Geometric data of "new" product in designing.
As example, we shall consider creating the agricultural machinery tools' geometric database, which is necessary to enterprises that participate in these products life cycle [14]. Creating this database needs the review, classification, and analysis of appropriate information about agricultural machinery tools from a geometric standpoint. This will allow us to reveal general and individual geometric features of these tools that assist in an efficient management of product data for all participating enterprises in this process (Figure 9b). At present, the author is the leading researcher on development of theoretical bases and applying aspects of the geometric modeling of agricultural machinery tools. With the results from research, models, algorithms, and methods of designing these tools with mold board surface by geometric modeling were worked out.  As a result, information sufficient for creating the geometric database in different forms was accumulated. We shall select the following forms of geometric data: verbal, graphical, parametric, algorithmic, 2D and 3D model, and methodical (that may include all geometric data forms). All elaborations are executed in AutoCAD 2013 system.

Visualization of designing process of technical means according to maintenance criterion
The present pace of industry development requires the development and introduction in production innovation designing technologies. Using the methods of the production design gives the essential result in the process of developing technical object on different criterions engineers play one of key role in this, since saving to energy and resource, improvement to ease of manufacturing and functionality, as well as capacity, mainly depend on under development them technology and technical facilities [15]. Using of these methods require from constructors revealing the problems, which decisions are connected with geometrical modeling, on which is founded production design, as well as way of their decision. We shall consider using one of the methods of the production design-"Concept selection," choosing the models to design. The moldboard have a complex technical form, long period of change on improvement their design, and have a universal geometric model. These factors allow using the production design in development mold board on geometric features, influencing on technician-technological features. As is well known, application in agricultural production plows has a different mold board constructions in accordance with their destination. The combination, on advantage of different criterions, considered constrictions in one new constriction, with necessary changes, by screening-method of "Concept selection" will allow to choose the models for development. The development conducting on the main types design moldboard plows, in which is taken into account row of the main criterion of the choice to models on geometric features (based on geometric data and parameters), presented by requirements of the producers and consumers ( Table 4). As base, at estimations of the criterion, is chose design A. Geometric features are valued upon their advantage (+) and defect (−). The features design, obviously not by specialists as advantage or defect, are conditionally evaluated neutral (0), coming from that considerations that they specifically do not influence upon these features. The visualization of the qualitative estimation and analysis of the features in such a way allow to choose the directions of modeling of designs on advantage, and then to combination of design. They are hereinafter offered development of the models, on basic model, occupied 1-3 places with provision for their advantage.

Conclusions
The proposed constructive geometric model of mold board's working surface allows to develop the multifunctional tools applicable in agricultural, engineering, road building, mining, and municipal service industries and in other branches of machinery use. Parameterization of mold board's working surface relieves designers' work, increases the variants choice under developing mold board's working surface, and allows effectively to solve the constructive problems. The integration of geometric modeling systems (CAD) and methods allows the efficient use not only in designing process and but also in production and maintenance processes of the technical facilities. Creating the product's geometric database by CAD technologies became one of the necessary tasks of production, particularly engineering products. In contemporary conditions of using CALS technologies, "conceptual design" stage of innovative product by methods and facilities of geometric modeling is the defining stage of the product life cycle. The visualization of the design-development process allows to develop a new product according to maintenance criterions. Efficient use of this method reduces design process time, labor, and material costs during the development of a new product.

Author details
Tojiddin Juraev Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Drawing, Department of Bukhara Institute of Engineering Technology, Bukhara, Uzbekistan *Address all correspondence to: tojiddin_1968@mail.ru © 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.