Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries

Recently, many destructive natural disasters occurred in the world. Therefore, the damage reductions and disaster mitigation for resilient society are very important and significant. For the implementation of these issues, we propose the resilience science including science, engineering, medicine, and social science. In social science, there are sociology, economics, psychology, law, pedagogy, etc. After 2011 earthquake in East Japan in which severe tsunami damages in a broad area occurred, the reconstruction and restoration activities in each area have been done; however, the progress speeds are not so rapid generally. One of reasons in which delayed reconstruction and restoration occurred is the shortage of pre-recovery plan and concept of future community in each area. In this chapter, we propose the resilience science for resilient society. The resilience science is based on multidisciplinary research fields, and the resilient society is defined as the society equipped with redundancy, robustness, elasticity, and safety. Especially, human resource cultivation is very important in resilience science for the resilient society. For the bright future, the resilience science for the resilient society based on human resource cultivation is indispensable.


Introduction
The world experiences many natural disasters, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornados, hurricanes, floods, landslides, and droughts.
Attention has been particularly drawn to destructive tsunamis and earthquakes, such as the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 Chile earthquake, and the earthquake and tsunami of East Japan in 2011. Recently, destructive earthquakes and tsunamis occurred at Lombok Island, Sulawesi Island, and Sunda Strait in Indonesia.
As per my personal experience, people, buildings, environment, and societies in coastal areas suffered severe damage with disasters, tsunamis, and earthquakes.
Following what has happened after the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011, having the huge damage by the natural disasters, the rapid restoration and the revival could not be seen in the coastal areas.
1. Natural disasters are events beyond human assumptions: • Disasters are various events caused by lack of common recognition, knowledge, and information.
• Disasters are events caused by incomplete countermeasures.
• Disasters are events that can be reduced by research/technology, countermeasures, enlightenment/education, human resource cultivation, etc.
2. For disaster mitigation: • Preparedness • Awareness • Science and technology • Early warning and proper evacuation/behavior • Knowledge and drill • Pre-reconstruction/resilience plan • Human resource cultivation In this chapter, we will discuss certain measures for disaster mitigation, such as resilience science [2].

Tsunami and earthquake damage in the world
As I have already mentioned in a previous publication, "there are records of the 1575 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami in Chili, the 1700 Cascade earthquake and tsunami in Western Canada and Northwestern United States, the 1707 Hoei earthquake/tsunami in Southwest Japan, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake/tsunami in Portugal, the 1960 Chilean earthquake/tsunami, the 1964 Alaskan earthquake/tsunami, the 2004 Sumatra earthquake/tsunami, and the Great East Japan 2011 earthquake/tsunami ( Table 1). In Japan, recently, many natural disasters included earthquakes and tsunamis have occurred and have caused serious damage [3] (Figure 1).
Based on the lessons we learned from the 2011 Great East Japan disaster, we discuss tsunami disasters and the recovery efforts. Table 2 shows the examples of tsunamis caused by great earthquakes in the history of Japan. These historical tsunamis caused enormous damages over wide areas, especially along the coast.

Earthquakes -Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience
At the Sumatra 2004 earthquake and tsunami, they had 200,000 deaths. One of the coastal cities in Indonesia damaged by the tsunami is shown in Figure 2. At the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, 20,000 died or got missing in the tsunami. One of the damaged cities along the coast and the destroyed bank of Kitakami River are shown in Figure 3.
From the lessons learned from historical earthquakes and tsunamis, restorations take a long time for severely damaged areas with large numbers of victims. In particular, in coastal cities and places where large numbers of people are impacted by   large tsunamis, the restoration of cities and communities must first involve evacuation and then recovery as per the plans for reconstructing cities, and the recovery of damaged cities confront each other because of different opinions and methods; therefore, it takes a long time to reach consensus. We must discuss restoration from many points of view, such as those of safety, resilient and cozy cities, scenarios of the recurrence of natural disasters, economics, communities, legality, human resource cultivation, the future, and so on. For restoration, at first, we must reconstruct buildings and cities. In the process of reconstruction, cities must approach representatives from engineering, scientific, and legal fields for newly constructed cities and communities.
Thanks to engineering, earthquake-resistant structured buildings will increase, the reconstruction of breakwaters will advance, and liquefaction damages will be reduced compared to that of the present. Further, research on earthquakes and tsunamis will progress, thanks to lessons learned from disasters of earthquakes and tsunamis.
However, the restoration of the coastal area is halfway down the road to recovery from the catastrophic damages in the 2011 East Japan earthquake/tsunami. Therefore, what are essential and indispensable for us are engineering, scientific and medical fields, as well as social science fields, such as sustainable economics, the mental recovery of people in damaged areas, sustainable communities, disaster mitigation education for communities, and plans for future regions, cities, and countries for many generations.
In addition, the agriculture and fishery industries, so-called primary industries, hold the key to the rapid recovery from natural disasters and reconstruction.
I will discuss later the integration of these fields, "resilience science," as a disaster mitigation science which is indispensable for the bright future in damaged areas and its rapid restoration.

Disaster mitigation countermeasures in coastal area for tsunamis and earthquakes
How can we reduce the damage caused by a tsunami or an earthquake? Many different measures are being implemented in each field. Among them, scenarios for tsunami and earthquake and the explicit danger based on scientific research must be the top priority.
For instance, for the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, Figure 4 shows the simulation of tsunami propagation and inundation from the Nankai Trough in Southwest Japan to the coastal region.  By examining this simulation based on a recurrence scenario, it is possible to imagine the expected damages of the coastal region and think of the effective countermeasures.
Experimental research is also as important as the simulation research, and it is possible not only to validate the expected damage but to verify the simulation.
As I have already introduced previously in the other publication, "Many tsunami researchers have inspected the damage of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami and the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami using field surveys and simulations.
In Figure 5, a tsunami simulation for Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture used the actual damage done in the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Figure 6 Resilience Science for a Resilient Society in Natural Disaster Prone Countries DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85329 indicates how the sediment behavior in the city of Rikuzen-Takata, Iwate Prefecture would affect the environment on the shoreline and offshore around the bay" [3].
The behavior of sediments on-and offshore occurred due to environmental changes, such as damages to agriculture due to salt water and damages to fishery due to changes in nutrients.
Restoration and revival in coastal areas will be delayed more due to environmental damages and changes.
"Of course, before the tsunami struck the coastal area, strong motion and a long-period seismic wave from the huge earthquake will cause damage such as the collapse of buildings (Figure 7), liquefaction (Figure 8) and fires (Figure 9)" [3].
Measures to prevent liquefaction before the earthquake are very important as the recovery is very difficult for damage due to liquefaction. Different types of damages in local areas like subsidence and elevation can be expected.
When a massive earthquake occurs, compound damages will be caused (Figure 10), and comparing to other ordinal sizes of earthquake, the restoration and revival can be delayed for much longer time.
Thus, we can say that the preparation of a city restoration plan and its revival plan are urgent matters in a coastal region.
" Figure 11 indicates the process of restoration in Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture after the 2011 East Japan tsunami and earthquake. From Figure 11, we can understand that restoration is not always rapid. Due to the severe damage in many areas of East Japan the restoration has been slow" [3].
Natural disasters occur anytime and anywhere; recently, in 2015 in Nepal, M7.8 of destructive earthquake occurred. With that event, internationally it was recognized that the spread of disaster knowledge, rapid rescue, well-organized countermeasures, and restoration plans are very essential and significant issues in the case of such huge natural disasters.
In 2016, a destructive earthquake occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture with multiple shocks that generated huge seismic waves, which caused additional damages.
Recently, multinatural disasters occurred in Indonesia such as 2018 Lombok Island earthquake, 2018 Sulawesi Island earthquake/tsunami, and 2018 Anak Krakatau volcano eruption and tsunami, which generated many victims (Figures 12 and 13).
To revitalize communities in coastal areas damaged by tsunamis and earthquakes, we must promote sustainable economic activity, training of human resources, and environmental control innovations in technology and local characteristics.
For example, in Sendai regions seriously damaged by the East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, some people and communities started to turn the troubles to their advantages by cultivating salty tomatoes or using hydroponic culture.
Through an intervention of a Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) project (Figure 14) between Banda Aceh, Indonesia, damaged by the Sumatra earthquake in 2004 and tsunami, and Higashimatsuyama, Sendai, Japan, damaged by the East Japan earthquake in 2011, great mutual empowerment and cooperation have been ongoing. In Japan and many other countries, destructive natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and floods occur, but damage reduction measures are insufficient, and recovery is not always rapid and resilient.
For damage reduction and resilient recovery, we must construct and push resilience science and disaster mitigation forward. Resilience science will be explained in the next section.

Resilience science as disaster mitigation science
Resilience science and disaster mitigation science are synthetic sciences. These sciences are based on multiple disciplines and fundamental and advanced research fields.
These research fields are significant and important at each stage, such as before, during, and after the natural disaster.
In the context of disaster mitigation, I would like to propose the concept of resilience science and disaster mitigation science (Figure 16).
We define disaster mitigation science as follows: Disaster science includes science, civil engineering, medical science, and social science.
Science includes many research fields, such as geophysics with seismology, geology, volcanology, meteorology, physics, mathematics, hydrodynamics, etc.
For understanding and elucidating the mechanisms of earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy rains, and other natural hazards, these research fields are quite fundamentally important and significant. Based on research fields, we can provide some scenarios of natural hazard occurrences such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. Therefore, scenarios from science are very useful for the planning and preparation of countermeasures.
Many researches on the utilization of big data with real-time data have focused on disaster mitigation and restoration, especially for earthquakes, tsunamis, heavy rains, etc.   Then, we discuss about engineering fields. There are many research fields such as architecture and civil engineering fields within structural design, structural mechanics, geotechnics, computer science with IT/AI, earthquake resistance structure and isolating countermeasures, tsunami and river engineering, etc. These engineering fields and technologies involve IT/AI, and countermeasures, finally, can lead to proper/rapid disaster mitigation for infrastructure and individual buildings, etc.
As real-time monitoring systems, many observatories for early warning of earthquakes and tsunamis will be developed and deployed offshore, for instance, DONET and S-NET in Japan, MACHO in Taiwan, NEPTUNE in Canada, etc.
For disaster mitigation, many technologies in engineering fields are mainly focusing on countermeasures with hardware and software.
Actually, the reasons why only these fields and technologies in science, engineering, and medicine would be insufficient for disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival are that evacuation drills, education, reconstruction of communities damaged by natural hazard, and the mental health care of victims also require social science approaches.
In social sciences, there are many research fields, such as sociology, pedagogy, economics, medicine, informatics, psychology, public administration and politics, philosophy, and others. For instance, public administration or politics or law is justly deemed indispensable.
Moreover, pedagogy is very fundamentally important for disaster education and human resource development. It must be the ultimate countermeasure for disaster mitigation [4] against future natural disasters.
It is indispensable for disaster mitigation and for science, engineering, medicine, and social sciences in societal resilience and evolution. It is also needed in each field for continuous evolution and bright future.
To achieve disaster mitigation, restoration, and revival, collaboration and integration of the different fields, which are also needed in resilience science, will be conducted. The human resource cultivation must be the final countermeasure for societal resilience and evolution [5].
Again, I would like to propose the objectives of resilience science as shown in Figure 16, including the following details from (1) to (14) which I have already introduced before in the other publication [3]: 1. Science: Studying natural disaster scenarios, risk, and human resources development.

Engineering:
Developing technology on measures, restoration correspondence, damage reduction, and quick restoration of community.
3. Medical care: Conducting disaster medical care, including methods for medical treatment and measures for health promotion.
4. Agriculture/fisheries: Studying measures to restore agriculture and marine products for local revival and reconstruction after a disaster.

Sociology:
Investigating social disaster correspondence as it had occurred in the past and suggesting future social routes and disaster correspondence. 6. Economics: Developing damage reduction predictions and construction of a hybrid decreasing disaster economic system over a wide area supply chain and with a local supply based on damage predictions and creating an industry that resists disasters like that of business continuity plan (BCP)/data continuity plan (DCP).

Geography:
Examining disaster geographical feature studies (local walks, virtual town walks using aerial photograph, satellite photos, and so on).
8. Informatics: Using disaster information systems (use of ICT and AI) and human science.
9. Public administration and politics: Exploring administration and politics for a society resilience against disasters.
10. Literature/philosophy: Exploring literature for information archives, communication techniques, and future hearsay technology. In philosophical education, people learn to think by themselves, to make judgments by themselves, and to act properly by themselves. Finally, philosophical education cultivates human resources.
11. Art: Healing damaged people and communities, carrying unambiguous information, and archiving the damage.
12. Law: Examining resilience law for effective legal action and examination of extralegal measures for revival plans.
13. Psychology: Applying research on communication and psychological effects between transmitters and recipients.
14. Pedagogy: Promoting human resource development for the leaders of disaster mitigation science.
This resilience science focuses on rapid rescue, disaster mitigation, rapid recovery, and cultivation of human resources.  The cultivation of human resources is most important for disaster mitigation against many kinds of hazards.
We will expand the concept of resilience science to countries that are prone to natural disasters [6].
Recently, according to the global warming, huge storm and flood occurred frequently in the world. Therefore, the compound natural disasters such as the earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, storm, and flood within a short term might have been supposed easily. So, we have to consider the compound disasters for disaster mitigation and resilient society.

Resilient society
For the realization of a resilient society, a continuity plan (CP) is indispensable. Varieties of continuity plan (CP) are defined below: 1. Personal continuity plan (PCP)  After natural disasters, individuals and families are damaged mentally, economically, and environmentally.
As a result, people and families move to new areas.   Therefore, PCPs and FCPs are important for the protection of individuals and families from being broken and disappointed.
CCPs are indispensable for the resilient society and bright future. CCP is a CP that includes BCP and DCP, which utilize regional strengths such as resilient human resources, environment, culture, industry, and community.
In a more expanded concept of CP, NCP, ACP, and ICP focus on a national, Asian, and international continuity plans (CP) (Figure 17). Natural disasters are occurring in anywhere without boundaries. This is the reason why that we propose the expanded concept of CP.
Finally, to hedge against social issues in the near future, such as depopulation, aging, and huge natural disasters, resilience science and disaster mitigation science must include cultivating academia, industries, and culture as indispensable concepts and measures for a resilient society [7].
For individuals, families, local communities, the nation, Asia, and the world and finally the bright future, we must construct and realize a resilient society.

Conclusion
Recently, many natural disasters generated severe damages in the world. After these natural disaster damages, many people worked frantically for rescues, recoveries, and future societies.
Actually, they are excellent and respective activities. However, the extent of progress is no always speedy in recoveries and reconstructions especially. So, we recognize that pre-reconstruction plans and human resource cultivation are significant and important.
The lessons learned from 2011 East Japan earthquake are as follows: © 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Author details
Yoshiyuki Kaneda Institute of Education, Research and Regional Cooperation for Crisis Management Shikoku (IECMS), Kagawa University, Takamatsu City, Kagawa, Japan *Address all correspondence to: kanedaykg@cc.kagawa-u.ac.jp Especially, for the future society, speedy recoveries and reconstructions and pre-reconstruction plans are very important and indispensable. Therefore, we propose the resilience science for resilient society.
The resilience science has multidisciplinary fields based on human resource cultivation for resilient society, which will lead to a bright future. Finally, against destructive natural disasters, we have to progress resilience science furthermore.