General Functions Method in Transport Boundary Value Problems of Elasticity Theory General Functions Method in Transport Boundary Value Problems of Elasticity Theory

The Lame system describing the dynamics of an isotropic elastic medium affected by a steady transport load moving at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speed is considered. Its fundamental and generalized solutions in a moving frame of reference tied to the transport load are analyzed. Shock waves arising in the medium at supersonic speeds are studied. Conditions on the jump in the stress, displacement rate, and energy across the shock front are obtained using distribution theory. Transport boundary value problem for an elastic medium bounded by a cylindrical surface of arbitrary cross section and subjected to transport loads is considered in the subsonic and supersonic case with regard to shock waves. To solve problems, the generalized functions method is developed. In the space of generalized functions, generalized solutions are constructed and their regular integral presentations are obtained. Singular boundary equations solving the boundary value problems are presented.


Introduction
A widespread source of wave generation in continuous media is transport loading, i.e., moving loads whose form does not change over time. The velocity of a transport load has a large effect on the type of differential equations describing the dynamics of the medium. The equations depend parametrically on the Mach numbers, i.e., on the ratio of the speed of motion to the propagation speeds of perturbations in the medium (sound speeds). It is well known [1] that, in an isotropic elastic medium, there are two sound speeds (c 1 ,c 2 ), which determine the velocities of dilatational and shear waves propagation. This has a large effect on the type of equations and leads to systems of elliptic, hyperbolic, or mixed equations. For transport problems, typical factors are shock effects generated by supersonic loading. At shock fronts, the stresses, displacement rates, and energy density are discontinuous. A convenient research method for such problems is provided by the theory of generalized functions (distributions), which makes it possible to significantly expand the class of processes amenable to study by using singular generalized functions in the simulation of observed phenomena. In this chapter, methods of this theory are used to solve boundary value problems using motion equations of the theory of elasticity in cylindrical domains under the action of transport loads, moving at supersonic and supersonic speeds.

Motion equation of elastic medium
We consider an isotropic elastic medium with Lame's parameters λ,μ, and a density r. Let us denote x = x j e j , e j as the unit vectors of Cartesian coordinate system in the space R 3 ; displacements vector u(x,t) = u j e j ; stress tensors σ ij deformation tensor ε ij . These tensors are connected by Hook's law [1]: The elastic constant tensor has the symmetry properties.
In the case of an isotropic medium, it is equal to and Hook's law has the form σ ij ¼ λ div uδ ij þ µ u i , j þ u j , i À Á Here δ ij ¼ δ j i is the Kronecker symbol. Everywhere, there are tensor convolutions over of the same name indexes from 1 to 3, u i , j ≜ ∂ui ∂xj .
Motion equations for material continuum for elastic medium by using Eqs. (1) and (2) have the form: Here L is the matrix Lame's operator: are the velocities of dilatational and shear waves (c 1 > c 2 ), G(x,t) is the mass force, Δ is the Laplace operator.
The system shown in Eq. (4) was fairly well studied by Petrashen [2]. Since the elastic potential of the medium is positive definite, this system is strictly hyperbolic. Such systems can have solutions with discontinuous derivatives. The discontinuity surface F in R 4 = R 3 Â t(À∞ < t < ∞) coincides with a characteristic surface of the system. It corresponds to a wave front F t moving in R 3 at the velocity V: We note that ν(x,t) = (ν 1 ,ν 2 ,ν 3 ,ν t ) is a normal vector to F in R 4 , satisfying the characteristic equation This equation has the roots: From Eqs. (5) and (7), we get that F t moves in R 3 at the sound velocity V = c 1 or V = c 2 .
We introduce a wave vector m = (m 1 , m 2 , m 3 ). It is a unit normal vector to F t in R 3 for fixed t in the direction of wave propagation. By virtue of Eq. (7), Let ν t = ν 4 . The requirement that the displacements be continuous across the wave front, i.e., which is associated with the preservation of the continuity of the medium, leads to kinematic consistency conditions for solutions at the wave front: ð10Þ

Lame transport equations and Mach numbers
Suppose that the force affecting the medium moves at a constant velocity c along the X 3 axis (for convenience, in its negative direction) and, in a moving coordinate system Transport solutions are solutions of Eq. (4) with the same structure: The speed of transport loads is called subsonic if c < c 2 ,transonic if c 2 < c < c 1 , and supersonic if c > c 1 . A speed is called the first or second sound speed if c = c j , j = 1, 2, respectively.
In the new variables, the equations of motion are brought to the form Here g j ¼ rc 2 À Á À1 G j ; M j ¼ c=c j are Mach numbers: (M 1 < M 2 ).
As M j < 1(j = 1, 2) the load is subsonic and the system of equations is elliptic. If the load is supersonic, i.e., M j > l, j = 1, 2, then the system becomes hyperbolic. In the case of transonic speeds, i.e., M 1 < 1 and M 2 > 1, the equations are hyperbolic-elliptic. In the case of sound speeds, the equations are parabolic-elliptic if M 2 = 1 and parabolic-hyperbolic if M 1 = 1. We will show this later when considering fundamental solutions of Eq. (14).
Since the original system is hyperbolic, Eq. (14) can also have discontinuous solutions. Let F be a discontinuity surface in the space of variables x 0 such that it is stationary in this space and moves at one of the sound velocities V = c 1 ,c 2 in the space of (x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 ). It follows from Eq. (7) that V = cn 3 , where n = (n 1 ,n 2 ,n 3 ) is the unit normal to F in R 3 . Therefore, since c = c j /n 3 and |n 3 | ≤ 1, such surfaces can arise only at supersonic speeds: c ≥ c j .
It follows from Eqs. (9) to (11) and Eq. (13) that the kinematic and dynamical consistency conditions for solutions at discontinuities in the mobile coordinate system have the form: n ¼ n 1 ; n 2 ; n z ¼ n 3 f gis a wave vector, k = 1 for shock dilatational waves, k = 2 for shock shear waves. Here and hereafter, the derivative with respect to x j is denoted by the index j after a comma in the function notation or by the variable itself.
Definition. If c > c 2, the solution of the system in Eq. (14) is called classical if it is continuous and twice differentiable everywhere, except for, possibly, wave fronts. The number of fronts is finite at any fixed t and the conditions on the gaps, Eqs. (15) and (16), are satisfied on the wave fronts.
At first, we construct the solutions of the transport Lame equation using methods of generalized functions theory.

Shock waves as generalized solutions of transport Lame equations: conditions on wave front
Consider Eq. (14) and its solutions on the space of generalized vector functions D' 3 (R 3 ) with components being generalized functions from D 0 (R 3 ) (see [3]). Obviously, if u is a solution of Eq. (14) that is twice differentiable, then it is also a generalized solution of Eq. (14). If a vector function u satisfies Eq. (14) in the classical sense almost everywhere, except for some surfaces, on which its derivatives are discontinuous, then, generally speaking, u is not a generalized solution of Eq. (14).
Let u(x,z) be a shock wave (x = (x 1 ,x 2 )), i.e., a classical solution of the Lame transport equations, Eq. (14), that satisfies conditions Eqs. (15) and (16) at the front F. Let b u x; z ð Þ denote the corresponding regular generalized function. Proof. Using the rules for differentiating generalized functions with derivatives having jump discontinuities across some surfaces (see [3]), for the equations of motion in D' 3 (R 3 ), we obtain Here, the right-hand side involves singular generalized functions, namely, single layers δ F (x,z) and double layers on F. By virtue of conditions Eqs. (15) and (16), the densities of these layers are equal to zero, so the right-hand side of Eq. (17) vanishes; i.e., the shock wave satisfies the same equations, Eq. (14), but in the generalized sense.
As a result, we obtain a simple formal method for deriving conditions at jumps in solutions and their derivatives across the shock fronts in hyperbolic equations. Namely, these equations are written in the space of generalized functions and the densities of the singular functions corresponding to single, double, etc., layers are set to zero.
Define as follows the kinetic energy density and elastic potential Consider the following functions: the energy density E = K + W of elastic deformations and the Lagrangian Λ = K À W.
Theorem 4.2. If G is continuous, then the Lagrangian Λ is continuous at the shock waves fronts.
( Λ ½ F ¼ 0) and the jump in the energy density satisfies the relation First formula is equivalent to the equality: where c k is the sound velocity corresponding to front F, h k j is the components of the wave vector to F.

The last formula may be easy to get if we write the equation for
For the gaps of these functions, the theorem has been proved on the basis of classic methods (see [4,5]). For full proof of this theorem, see [6].

Fundamental Green's tensors and generalized solutions of transport Lame equations
The matrix of fundamental solutions b U x; z ð Þ satisfies Eq. (14) with a delta function in the mass force: ð21Þ This matrix is called Green's tensor for the transport Lame equations if it satisfies the decay conditions at infinity ð22Þ For a fixed k, its components describe the displacements of the elastic medium under a concentrated force moving at the velocity c along the axis Z = X 3 and acting in the X k direction.
Green's tensor can be obtained by taking the Fourier transform of Eq. (17) and solving the corresponding system of linear algebraic equations for the Fourier transforms U(ξ 1 ,ξ 2 ,ξ 3 ). It is reduced to the form (see [4]).

ð23Þ
It can be seen that b U x; z ð Þhas no classical inverse Fourier transform since it has non-integrable singularities in its denominators. This is associated with the fact that the matrix of fundamental solutions is defined, generally speaking, up to solutions of the homogeneous system of equations. The functions are of crucial importance in the construction of the original Green's tensor. It is easy to see that f¯0 m is the Fourier transform of the fundamental solution to the equation  14), as noted earlier, since the solutions contain waves of two types. Green's tensor for the Lame transport equation was constructed by Alekseyeva [4] by applying fundamental solutions of the Laplace and wave equations and regularization functions f¯k m , which depends on the speed of transport load. Green's tensor has the regular form: where the type of basic function depends on velocity c.
In subsonic case (M k < 1): In sonic case (M k = 1): In supersonic case (M k > 1): Here and hereafter, we use the following notation: θ z ð Þ is the Heaviside step function, The dilatational and shear components of b U x; z ð Þ are easy to write out In the supersonic case, the support of the functions is the cone z > m k ∥x∥. This determines a radiation condition as physical considerations imply that there are no displacements of the elastic medium outside this cone since the perturbations have a finite propagation velocity, which cannot be higher than the corresponding sound velocity for a particular type of deformation. At the fronts of shock waves (z = m k ∥x∥), Green's tensor grows to infinity.
If the following convolution exists, it is easy to prove that it is the generalized solution of the transport Lame equations, Eq. (14).
If mass forces are regular, then Eq. (28) has an integral presentation: If mass forces are concentrated on surface D and described by singular generalized functions of the type of single layers g ¼ g j y; τ ð Þe j δ D y; τ ð Þ , then Moreover, by the Du Bois-Reymond lemma [3], these solutions are classical. For other types of singular mass forces, to calculate Eq. (28), we use the definition of convolution of a generalized function [3].
It is easy to see from Eqs. (23) to (25) that the solution is represented as a composition of fundamental solutions distributed over the support of the function f(x,z); their intensities are determined by its value.
In Alexeyeva and Kayshibayeva's paper [5], there are some numerical examples of calculation of the dynamic of elastic medium at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speed of transport loads moving along the strip in an elastic medium.

Subsonic Green's tensor, fundamental stress tensors, and their properties
In the subsonic case from Eq. (25), we obtain the components of Green's tensor in the form: . It has a similar asymptotic at infinity. Accordingly, R À2 is the order of the tensor derivatives asymptotic and the behavior of at ∞.

Tensor b
U generates next fundamental stress tensors if we use Hook's law (Eq. (2)): For any closed Lyapunov's surface D, bounding a domain D À ⊂ R 3 where H À D x; z ð Þ is the characteristic function of D À , which is equal to 0.5 at D; n y; τ ð Þis a unit normal vector to D. The integrals are regular for x; z ð Þ∉D and are taken in value principle sense for x; z ð Þ∈ D.
These formulas have been proved by Alexeyeva [6]. The formula in Eq. (35) can be referred to as a dynamic analog of the well-known Gauss formula for a double-layer potential of the fundamental solution of Laplace's equation ( [3]: 403). It plays a fundamental role in the solution of transport boundary value problems (BVP).

Statement of subsonic transport boundary value problems. Uniqueness of solution
Let D À be an elastic medium bounded by a cylindrical surface D with generator parallel to the axis X 3 ; let S À be the cross-section of the cylindrical domain; let S be its boundary, and let n be the unit outward normal of D. Obviously, n = n(x) and n 3 = 0. We assume that G is an integrable vector function and ∃ε > 0 such that There is the subsonic transport load P(x,z) moving along the boundary D (c < c 2 ): We assume that ∃ε i > 0: ð37Þ A vector function u(x,z) satisfying the aforementioned conditions is referred to as a classical solution of the BVP. Let C ab À = {(x,z): x ∈D À , a < z < b}. The two useful energetic equalities have been proved by Alexeyeva [6].  The following assertion is its corollary.
Theorem 7.2. The solution of the subsonic transport boundary value problem is unique.
Proof. Since the problem is linear, it suffices to prove the uniqueness of the zero solution. Let u (x,z) satisfy the zero boundary conditions P(x,z) = 0 on D and be a solution of the homogeneous Lame equations ( (Eq. (14)) by G(x,z) = 0.
Then for ∀z ð We introduce the regular generalized solution of BVP which defines it as a regular vector function on all space R 3 . Here H À D x; z ð Þ is the characteristic function of the set D: 1(z) 1, H À S x ð Þ is the characteristic function of S À , which is equal to 0.5 at S: ∂ j H S À x ð Þ ¼ Àn j x ð Þδ S x ð Þ, where n j (x)δ S (x) is a simple layer at S.
By using the properties of the differentiation of regular generalized functions with jumps on D, we obtain the equation for b u x; z ð Þ: , is a simple layer on D. Since n 3 = 0 on D, it follows from the properties of the Green tensor that an analog of the Somigliana formula holds in the space of generalized functions: which we write in a form more suitable for transformation as: If we write out this convolution in integral form with regard to the notation introduced here and Eqs. (1) and (2), then we obtain a formula, whose form coincides with the Somigliana formula for problems of elastostatics ([1]: 605): j i x; y; z; τ ð Þp j ðy; τÞ À T j i ðx; y; z; τ; nðy; τÞÞu j ðy; τÞ dD y; τ ð Þ, where we introduce the shift tensors: U j i x; y; z; τ ð Þ¼U j i x À y; z À τ ð Þ , T j i x; y; z; τ; n ð Þ¼T j i x À y; z À τ; n ð Þ : This formula permits one to determine displacements in the medium on the basis of known boundary values of displacements and stresses. But the integrals are regular only for x; z ð Þ∉D and do not exist for x; z ð Þ∈ D.

Singular boundary integral equations of subsonic transport BVP
The following assertion provides a solution for the aforementioned boundary value problems.
Theorem 9.1. If the solution u(x;z) of subsonic transport BVP satisfies the Holder condition on D; namely, ku j ðx, zÞ À u j ðy, tÞk ≤ Ckðx, zÞ À ðy, tÞk β , x ∈ S, y ∈ S, General Functions Method in Transport Boundary Value Problems of Elasticity Theory http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74538 then u(x;z) satisfies the singular boundary integral equation Þp j y; τ ð ÞdD y; τ ð ÞÀ ÀV:P: Proof. Let consider Eq. (45) for x; z ð Þ∈ D À . Let (x * ,z * ) ∈ D, x 0 ! (x * ,z * ). Then, using Theorem  By transposing the last two terms to the left-hand side of the relation, we obtain the formula of the theorem for the boundary points. The proof of the theorem is complete.
This theorem gives us resolving system of integral equations for defining unknown values of boundary displacements.
Note also that the subsonic analog of the Somigliana formula was obtained for generalized functions. But since they are regular, from the Dubois-Reymond lemma ( [3]: 97), the solution is classical. However, if the acting loads are described by singular generalized functions, which often takes place in physical problems, then one should use a representation of a generalized solution in the convolution form (Eq. (43)) with the evaluation of convolutions by the definition (see [3]: 133).
10. Supersonic green's tensor and its antiderivative with respect to z From Eq. (25), we get the regular representation of b U j i in the supersonic case which has the form q It satisfies the radiation conditions: One can readily see that its components are zero outside the sonic cones: On the surfaces of the cones, the components U 3 1 have singularities of the type (z 2 À m 2 j r 2 ) À1/2 .
For solution of supersonic problems, we introduce the tensor c W i j x; z ð Þ, which is the antiderivative of b U i j with respect to z: c Since the tensors H is jk x ð Þ independent of z inside the sonic cones K l (l = 1,2), we conventionally say that they are stationary. Accordingly, the tensors H id j x; z ð Þ are said to be dynamic, because they depend essentially on z, although they are regular functions. The aforementioned symmetry properties hold for both stationary and dynamic terms in the tensors.
For this type of tensors, the next theorem was proved (see [7]). For x∉D all integrals are regular; for x ∈ D the first integral is singular, calculated in value principle sense.
This theorem enables us to obtain solvable singular boundary integral equations for a supersonic transport boundary value problem.

Statement of supersonic transport BVP: uniqueness of solutions
We suppose here that supersonic transport loads, moving at supersonic velocity c > c 1 , are known on the boundary D: Functions p j (x,z) are integrable on D + . We assume here G = 0 and The jump conditions, Eqs. (15) and (16) are satisfied on the shock wave fronts.
Theorem 12.1. The solution of the supersonic transport boundary value problem is unique.
Proof. Suppose that there exist two solutions. Since the problem is linear, it follows that their difference u(x,z) satisfies the zero boundary conditions, i.e., P(x;z) = 0, and is a solution of the homogeneous equations of motion (G = 0). We note, that Lemma 8.1 is also true in the supersonic case for shock waves as there is Theorem 3.2 for the gaps of energy on their fronts (see full proof). Then together with conditions given in Eq. (59) of decay of the solutions at infinity and the zero conditions for z = 0, ð The energy density E is a positive definite quadratic form of u i , j by construction. Therefore, by virtue of the decay of the solution at infinity, the relation only holds if u i , j = 0 for all i and j. Hence, we obtain u = 0; i.e., the solutions coincide. The proof of the theorem is complete.
Theorem 12.1 holds for both exterior and interior boundary value problems.
13. Statement of supersonic BVP in D 0 3 R 3

À Á and its generalized solution
To solve the problem, we also use the method of generalized functions. We introduce here the regular generalized function with support on D À þ : This theorem gives us a resolving system of integral equations for definition of unknown values of boundary displacements in the supersonic case.
Moreover, the Somigliana formula for displacements was obtained for generalized functions. But since they are regular, from the Dubois-Reymond lemma ( [3]: 97), this solution is classical. However, if the acting loads are described by singular generalized functions, which often takes place in physical problems, then one should use a representation of a generalized solution in the convolution form (Eq. (65)) with the evaluation of convolutions by the definition (see [3]: 133).

Conclusion
The constructed singular boundary integral equations in the supersonic case are not classical equations because the solution inside a domain is determined by the boundary values of stresses and displacement rates rather than displacements themselves, unlike the Somigliana formula. In addition, the domain of integration over a boundary surface substantially depends on z, which is specific for hyperbolic equations. This complicates finding solutions of such problems by the successive approximation method. However, for the numerical discretization of singular boundary integral equations, the method of boundary elements makes it possible to use standard methods of computational mathematics for a computer implementation of the solution of such problems. The aforementioned boundary value problems model the dynamics of underground structures like transport tunnels and extended excavations subjected to the dynamic influence of moving vehicles and seismic loads. They permit one to study the dynamics of a rock mass in a neighborhood of underground structures depending on its physicalmechanical properties, the velocity of moving transport, specific features of the transport load, and the geometric properties of structures in technical computations of displacements and the stress-strain state of the mass away from the tunnel.