Investigations of MIMO Antenna for Smart Mobile Handsets and Their User Proximity Investigations of MIMO Antenna for Smart Mobile Handsets and Their User Proximity

In this chapter, a monopole antenna with compact size, simple structure, easy to fabricate is reported which covers LTE700 (band13/14) (746–798 MHz), GSM1800 (1710–1885 MHz), PCS1900 (1850–1990 MHz), and LTE2600 (2500–2690 MHz) band based on 6-dB return loss. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of two radiating elements. The main radiating element is a composition of driven element, which is directly fed with microstrip line, and one parasitic element. The parasitic element provides the resonance at higher frequency band and the combination of driven ele- ments and parasitic elements provide above-said frequency bands. The current distribution, far-field radiation patterns, and diversity parameters are checked out for the MIMO antenna in free space. Further performances are studied in the presence of user proximity.


Introduction
The fourth generation and Wi-MAX technologies require high data rates and longer range so that the end users can enjoy the quality service. In order to accomplish this, wireless communication systems have to be pushed to the physical limits of the radio channels [1]. As "a key to gigabit wireless" multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology as a diversity scheme made a great breakthrough for raising the performance with high-speed transmission rates, high-quality mobile communication services without the need of any additional frequency spectrum or power [2,3]. The vast potential of MIMO techniques is manifested by rapid espousal into the wireless standards, such as LTE (Long Term Evolution), UMTS, and Wi-MAX [4][5][6][7].
LTE standard is used for high speed and better quality communication of mobile phones and data terminals that can integrate MIMO technologies for reducing fading phenomenon, increasing channel capacity, and could be incorporated into handheld mobile applications [8,9]. The most challenging task in MIMO systems is to enforce multiple antennas on handheld terminals as small as mobile handsets. Now-a-days, the slimness of mobile phone has been tremendously increased therefore, to keeping the volume of an antenna small, became a difficult task. The antennas are required to be small, designed with in the small volume and yet their functioning has to be maintained to achieve high gain, wide bandwidth, and low correlation coefficient. The use of inductors and capacitors are, to match of the resonance frequency, tuning of the frequency bands, and to increase the electrical length, but simultaneously reduces the bandwidth and the efficiency of the antenna due to these chip elements. Some of the literature available to make antenna electrically small size, and to obtain wider impedance bandwidth [10,11]. A dual electrically small MIMO antenna system for 4G terminals was presented by Sharawi [11]. The matching level and central frequency are tuned by the shunt capacitor of the port and the series inductor. Shen et al. introduce a wideband diversity antenna which operates in a very wide bandwidth of 1200 MHz starting from 1700 to 2900 MHz [12]. A compact Tri-band MIMO/diversity antenna for mobile was proposed which covers LTE band (765-787 MHz), PCS 1900 (1850-1920 MHz) and Wi-Max (3050-3650 MHz) [13]. The above-proposed antennas are complex in terms of fabrication (loaded with chip components like inductors and capacitors) and in design.

S-parameter analysis
All the simulations are carried out on finite element method (FEM) based high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Figure 2 shows the optimized S11 and S21 parameters of the proposed antenna. The reported antenna covers operating band at lower frequency side from 736 to 822 MHz, and at higher frequency side from 1609 to 2057 MHz, and from 2491 to 2785 MHz based on the 6-dB return loss. Which covers the LTE700 (band13/14), GSM1800, PCS1900, and LTE2600 mobile communication bands. The achieve isolation between MIMO  The main driven element which is directly fed by a microstrip line is designed to resonate at 937 MHz simultaneously higher modes provide another resonance centered at 1787 MHz. A parasitic element is used which resonates at 2.55 GHz. To achieve the LTE700 frequency band the vertical plate is added to the main radiating element due to which the electrical length is increased correspondingly the lower operating frequency is shifted from 937 to 762 MHz as shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows the variation of S-parameters with different configurations. There are two different configurations analyze to see the effect on S-parameters. In the first configuration, only ground slot is present means no metal strip present between antenna elements, due to this modification the isolation is increased at higher frequency side whereas the isolation remains same at lower frequency side. When the only metal strip is present means no ground slot the bandwidth enhancement is observed. Further, these two modifications combined into single structure and variation of S-parameters is shown in Figure 5. It is observed that isolation, as well as bandwidth, gets enhanced by adding metal strip and slot on the ground.

Parametric analysis
Some key parameters are optimized for proper bandwidth and impedance matching at lower frequency side as well as higher frequency side. Figure 6 shows the effect of 'W 1 ' on S-parameters. It is seen that as 'W 1 ' increase, bandwidth decreases at the middle band and bandwidth increases at the upper frequency whereas isolation over operating bands almost unaffected. The optimized value for 'W 1 ' is 21 mm. Figure 7 shows the effect of the parameter 'W x '. It is observed that as the value of 'W x ' increases, the isolation at 1.65 GHz, and at 2.54 GHz decreases. The optimized value of 'W x ' is 5 mm.

3D far field radiation patterns
The CST MWS is used to plot the 3D far field radiation patterns. The 3D far-field radiation patterns are shown in Figure 9. In the case of MIMO antenna system, only one port is excited while keeping other port matched terminated with the 50 Ω load. The radiation patterns

Diversity characteristics of the proposed antenna
The diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna is evaluated by the MEG, correlation coefficient, and diversity gain.

Mean effective gain (MEG)
The MEG values determined MIMO antenna system and given in Table 2. The values for MEG1 and MEG2 are almost identical (less than 3 dB difference) and the ratio of MEG1 with MEG2 is close to 1 which satisfies the equality criterion for the two antennas. Figure 10 shows the computed MEG for Antenna 1 when assuming mv = mH = 0° and σv = σH = 20°. It is observed that the computed MEG decreases with increasing the frequency.

Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC)
To evaluate the performance of the proposed MIMO antenna, key performance parameter is ECC. Figure 11 shows the simulated ECC for the proposed MIMO antenna. The ECC is obtained well below 0.25 for all the operation bands which are practically acceptable.

Diversity gain (DG)
The effectiveness of diversity is given in terms of diversity gain. Diversity gain is calculated using equation (1): where, γ c is the instantaneous SNR of the diversity combined signal, Γ c is the mean SNR of the combined signal, γ 1 is the highest SNR of the diversity branch signals, Γ 1 is the mean value of γ 1 , and γ s /Γ is a threshold or reference level.

Simulations set-up
The effect of mobile phone configuration (all the major metallic components) is studied for the proposed antenna by keeping the mobile phone antenna at top of the mobile circuit board in talk mode (SAM head and hand). Further, three commonly user style is considered to analyze the user's proximity. Figure 12(a) shows talk mode which includes SAM head and PDA hand. Further, to study the data mode (PDA hand) and read mode (dual hand) in addition to the talk mode, the simulation set-up is created in computer simulation technology microwave studio (CST MWS) [14]. Figure 12(a) shows two layers head tissue model (fluid and cells) and antenna along with mobile phone configuration (LCD, battery, buttons, speaker, camera, microphones, connectors, and housing) in Talk mode. Figure 12(b) shows the hand tissue model and antenna locations for the Data mode. The hand model and holding rules are exactly the same as in the Talk mode, the only difference is that there is no human head model in Data mode. Figure 12(c) shows read mode. The user's body *"SAM head and PDA hand (Talk mode)"; "PDA hand (Data mode)" + and position of the mobile phone (antenna with the mobile environment) are in accordance with the cellular telecommunication industry association (CTIA) [15]. Generally, there are three commonly used ways in which users' use their mobile phone i.e. Talk mode, Data mode, and Read mode. In the simulations, human head consists of two layers namely, fluid and cells whereas fluid is confined within the cells and hand model consists of only one layer. The dielectric properties of the human tissue are used in this study can be found in [15]. However, the placement of multi-antenna systems over mobile circuit board is symmetrical with respect to the other mobile circuitry. Hence, any hand of the user (left or right will not cause any difference. In the simulations, we have

Channel capacity loss (CCL)
The next important parameters channel capacity loss (CCL) employed to characterize equality of a multi-antenna array. Thus, the CCL is also investigated in free space and user proximity for top and bottom position antenna array. It is computed using S-parameter [16] and formula is given as; where, ψ R is the receiving antenna correlation matrix. The matrix elements ρij stands the correlation. The expression shows MIMO systems performance and Closs affect by the reflections at the antenna ports. here, The calculated values of CCL for the multi-antenna array in free space and user proximity are given in Table 3. In the free space, the measured CCL is in close agreement with simulated one. Moreover, calculated CCL in user proximity provides high value for the bottom-placed antenna in comparison to the top placed antenna array this is due to high correlation between multi-antenna arrays. For the good MIMO antenna performance, CCL should be less than 0.4 bits/s/Hz. From the Table 3, it is depicted that the values are well below 0.4 bits/s/Hz in free space as well as in user proximity.

Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis
The effect of radiation from the antenna in human tissues can be evaluated by specific absorption rate (SAR) [15]. The Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association (CTIA) standard is used to calculate the SAR of multi-antenna systems and simulation setup is shown in Figure 13.
The American standard federal communication commission (FCC) postulate 1.6 W/kg average 1 g tissues, while the European standard postulate 2 W/kg average over 10 g tissues. The stimulating power for SAR calculation is 24 dBm at a lower frequency (0.777 GHz) and 21 dBm for higher frequency (1.9, 2.1, and 2.5 GHz). The calculated values of SAR are given in Table 4. As Read mode 0.14 0.18 Table 3. Variation of CCL in free space and user proximity.

Conclusion
In this chapter, a quad-band monopole MIMO antenna covering LTE13/14, GSM1800, PCS1900, and LTE2600 is presented. The proposed antenna consists of an antenna and parasitic plate which resonates at 762, 1787, and 2550 MHz with good return loss. By introducing the vertical plate shifting of lower frequency from 937 to 762 MHz is observed. Enhancement of bandwidth and isolation is observed by cutting slot on the ground and by placing the metal strip in between the antennas. With these features, as well as compact and simple configuration, the proposed MIMO antenna is appropriate for the mobile handsets. The study of user proximity confirms that the proposed antenna suitable for mobile handsets.

Author details
Hari