Design and Fabrication of Ultra-Short Throw Ratio Projector Based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon Design and Fabrication of Ultra-Short Throw Ratio Projector Based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon

One of applications for liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) could be an emitted light panel for display and projection. Among optical projectors, the most challenging work is to design ultra-short throw projection systems for LCoS projector for home cinema, virtual reality (VR), head-up display (HUD) in automobile. The chapter discloses the design and fabrication of such kind of projector. In fact, such design is not only to design wide angle projection optics but also to optimize illumination for LCoS in order to have high-quality image. The projector optical system is simply with a telecentric field lens and inlet optics of symmetric double gauss or a large angle eyepiece, with a conic aspheric mirror, thus the full projection angle large than 155°. Applying Koehler illumination, the resolution of image is increased; thus, the modulation transfer function of image in high spatial frequency is increased to form the high-quality illuminated image. Based on telecentric lens type of projection systems and Koehler illumination, optical parameters are provided. The partial coherence analysis has verified that the design is reached to 2.5 lps/mm within 2 × 1.5 m. The best performance of systems has been achieved. The throw ratio is less than 0.25 with HD format.


Introduction
The mass requirement for display as viewing accessory has been applied toward the smart phone, HUD, and computers, home games, and home cinema. Projector has been one of the display tools for classrooms, family rooms or theaters, while the LCD display cannot be fully replaced due to its unique characteristics of adjustable view angle and size, and environmental protection issue.
Since two decades ago, rear projection TV has been used the projection in the back to image in the back of screen then formed in the front screen, to the forward projection LCoS refractive projection systems, the throw ratio is 1.4 to 1.6, recently, Sony short throw projection LSPX-W1 has announced the throw ratio to less than 0. 5 [2].
In the past decade, several companies [3] had announced reflective-type projectors could provide the short ratio projection under 0.5, and Sony [4] has announced the throw ratio to less than 0.2, even it is posted in Figure 1, yet it is still no unique solution for such kind design disclosure. Thales [5,7] reports that several reflective design are suggested by using optical deviated and tilted method, yet the engineering is enable to be carried.

The advantage of LCoS applicable in show throw ratio projector
Digital light processing (DLP) has been a display device based on optical micro-electromechanical structures. In DLP projectors, the image is created by microscopically small mirrors laid out in a matrix on a semiconductor chip, known as a digital micro-mirror. In addition, it has been popularly used in the projectors, and due to each element in DLP mechanical driving, it has limited to drive in high-speed image display. However, LCoS display modulates the emitted liquid crystal, which is much faster than mechanical driving panel. The other evaluating factor is color contrast and duration. Based on reflective coating in silicon, the efficiency of true color and duration is superior to DLP. The typical LCoS is shown in Figure 2.

Short throw ratio projection optics
For those forward-projecting diffractive lens are quite popular, yet the throw ratios almost is above 1, thus, the project is especially to design and fabricate a lens for throw ratio under 0.5 or less and is hard to achieve. To design short throw ratio of projection lens which is different from other projection lens with refractive lens, the performance of system is short throw ratio and compact. Especially, for LCoS projector, the emitted panel, such as liquid crystal on silicon chip (LCoS), has to be emitted by light. The three panels of LCoS projector are shown in Figure 3. Emitted RGB panels, carrying modulated LCD video information, pass through di-chloic filters and polarized beam splitters into lens system to form image on screen. Obviously, the lens for delivering image is crucial part in the projector. Because reflective can reduce the size, enlarge the projection angle, and make system packed, it is the best for short throw projector. The image has to be delivered out from LCoS, the optical system, thus, it is proper to design projector by a reflective mirror to project a wide screen with very short distance and wide angle system.

The HD format and the short throw ratio
To classify the projectors' format, the standard video format for ultra-high definition television is shown in Table 1. In this case, the image format DCI 4K: 4096 × 2160 is applied.

The definition of throw ratio
Usually, the definition of throw ratio is D/W, but for the short throw projector, the throw ratio is defined W/D'. D' is the distance between the bottom side of screen to the last lens or mirror.  In Figure 4, the throw ratio is the ratio of the distance from the lens to the screen (throw) to the screen width. A larger throw ratio corresponds to a more tightly focused optical system.
This projection lens is to reimage of each pixel of LCoS to the projected screen truly, the performance is emphasized the image of LCoS elements, and the size of the object less one LCoS element becomes less important. In three pieces LCoS Panels system, the pixel is 4 μm, and the minimum size is for 2048 × 1080 mm DCI 4K2K projected screen.  Liquid Crystals -Recent Advancements in Fundamental and Device Technologies

The projection system
To design and fabrication of projection system has included two parts: one is imaging, and the other is illumination, [1] and it is desirable that the deterministic optical parameters to optimize the contrast of image requirement must be considered with full consideration of illumination and imaging. Figure 5 is an illustration of projection system with illumination and optics.

Theory
To design projection system has considered two aspects: one is imaging, and the other is illumination, [1] and the theories are explained in the following [6].

Koehler illumination and telecentric
The liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) projector includes a cube formed RGB panel with collimated source and projection lens. The illumination requires a cube formed RGB collimated source to introduce the light into pattern by the LCoS module. By a projection lens, the meaningful video information in LCoS is projected into a wall or screen with large field of view, up to throw ratio less than 0.4. In the design, illumination and image require the optimized parameters to form highly demanded images. In order to optimize these systems, the theory of Koehler illumination and telecentric optical system are chosen.

Telecentric system
The telecentric is best fitted for short throw projection system because telecentric in the object side can separate the central object rays and margin rays with different optical path and increase the contrast of image plane [10,12,14]. Moreover, the telecentric system can provide the nondistorted image or object along optical axis, and the projection system is easy to be optimized.

Koehler illumination
Koehler illumination [1] is the light source imaged in aperture, while the rays are collimated in LCoS panel. Due to the panels requiring uniform intensity in optical axis in order to keep polarization and coherence, the high performance platform often selects Koehler illumination. Being designed by telecentric and Koehler illumination, the best performance of systems, having the optimized optical parameters, could be achieved.

Model of components build up
First, the emitted panel is stimulated by using a paralleled light bundle of mercury light source to hit LCoS panel. Rays, spreading as an emitted object, are shown in Figure 4. In the system, three LCoS panels are combined paths as one object, which is pseudo Lambertian distribution in ray field. It acts as telecentric source, shown in Figure 6.

Optical design
The optical system requirement is listed in Table 2. In order to enlarge the projection angle, the optical system of the short throw projection includes two parts, one is refractive lens system, and the other is reflective mirror. In Figure 7, a telecentric system is defined, and the principal rays from three fields as parallel rays, from the object, will be focused in one position as common aperture, while the other rays form image. Thus, the image will be formed with reduction value greater than 1.

Video format 4K2K
Lens type Refractive and reflective Short distance to project between last mirror and screen 666 mm Table 2. The specification for theater short throw factor lens. In a typical case, the design has passed through three stages, which are given as follows.

Initial stage
The initial stage is setup delivering optics. The lens, such as double gauss or eyepiece types in Figure 8, will pull instant image of emitted panel out to pass through common aperture and spread out to form an intermediate image and to broad the field of view, as shown in Figure 9.

Middle stage
In Figure 10, each principal rays formed common aperture due to telecentric effect. Light passing through the aperture and convergent, the projection angle can be enlarged. Because    the final image has to be formed in plane, the previous intermediated image has to be a conic trajectory. By mirror theory, the object forms a conic trajectory to broaden the field angle, as in Figure 10. Thus, the final image will be placed through the reflective mirror.

Final stage
In the final stage, the intermediate image, coupling with a mirror, forms a broad view image on the screen. The intermediate image relays on the final screen with a similar method by a reflective mirror, shown in Figure 11. The whole system has to be optimized in the constraint optical parameters. The optimized condition can be reached [8].

Image evaluation
Image evaluation has been carried out by evaluation of spot diagrams, image distortion diagram, to instant adjust the lens size, space and material in order to reach the small and less aberration spot. The third aberration for each lens provides the instant information to adjust lens shape and other parameters to the final stage.

Partial coherence
Illumination could be calculated by illumination program. The condenser and collimated lens could be designed by optimizing the uniformity of illumination of LCoS. For detailed calculation of image formation, each emitted element in LCoS, two vicinities will not be correlated according to the calculation. If the polarization is considered, two coherence sources may just be passing through, and two bundles of coherent photo will never be interfered. In practical condition, this always happens, that is, once the two bundle groups of photo are partially coherent, the partial coherence should be calculated.

Fabrication
The system has been verified in a projector, without lens, by a 3-panel LCoS system. The optics system totally replaces the previous lens to demo the function.

LCoS projection structure
LCoS reflective-type projection system is shown in Figure 12. The illumination requires a cube formed RGB collimated source to introduce the light into pattern by LCoS module.
The emitted LCoS panel as modulate image reflector, while the collimated rays propagate through the open-state liquid crystal and reflecting back to lens system, thus it can be modified type Koehler illumination. By a projection lens, the meaningful video information in LCoS is projected on a wall or screen with large field of view, up to throw ratio less than 0.3 [9,11,13].

Numerical calculation
codeV (an optical design software) is used in the study [5]. codeV provides MTF, wave-front, coupling efficiency and longitudinal aberration methods to reach the optimized solution. The program-constrained conditions are defined, and at least 100 runs of optimization are performed. The result for requirement of specification is reached. The tolerance of tilted optics has also performed by tilting different elements. The results are expressed in MTF graphs. codeV almost can trace each point in the space through the lens system to target.

Image quality
The design is shown in Figure 13. The refractive lens is to apply double gauss delivering the emitted to spread out due to the symmetric structure and less aberration induced. Figure 14 shows the comparison between input object and output image, and the output image could truly describe the object with slight pincushion distortion. Figure 15 shows     the relative illumination between before and after optimization. Optimize illumination shows that the full screen is above 70%, for the the full field of view is fitted for human eyes. Figure 16 shows the field distortion between before and after optimization. Initially, the distortion was high, and after adjusting the conic constant of reflective mirror, the distortion in the margin becomes straight and less distorted. Figure 17 shows the third-order aberration of surfaces. The image aberration is almost reduced to the least in the image Figure 16. The distortion before and after tuning the optical parameter.

Aberration
plane. The MTF is shown in Figure 18. It shows the corresponded spatial frequency for the LCoS is still above 0.25.

Optical evaluation
The conic aspheric mirror is used to relay the intermediate image on screen. The conic constant keeps in 1.55-1.8 to form image and distortion is less than 1%. The optical system for 2048 mm × 1080 m DCI 4K2K projected screen with projecting distance 670 mm with throw ratio 0.33 is designed, and the minimum size 500 μm for the corresponded 4 μm pixel of LCoS is reached, except for the bottom of the screen.

Fabrication for demonstration
In Figure 19, the utmost Co LCoS projector with the lens is adapted as emitted panel or effective light source. The opto-mechatronic mount between LCoS engine and short throw ratio projection are built. The performance is ready to be verified at room light on and at room light off, as shown in Figures 20 and 21, respectively.
In this case, 2048 mm × 1080 m DCI 4K2K projected screen with projecting distance 670 mm with throw ratio 0.3 is designed, and the minimum size 500 μm for the corresponded 4 μm pixel of LCoS is reached, except for the bottom of the screen.
In Table 3, the analysis of the system is explained as follows: 1. The throw ratio of projection is less than 0.3 and reaches the requirement.

2.
The contrast of projected image can be enhanced by using telecentric system.

3.
By modifying Koehler illumination in reflective LCoS panel, the clear image with high contrast will be viewed.

The throw factor ratio
The short throw and wide-angle projection lens is different from other lens systems. According Eq. (1), D′ is the distance between the bottom side of screen to the last lens or mirror.

Illumination and partial coherence analysis
The partial coherence analysis has been applied to this case. Because MTF cannot provide the full view to verify the requirement of 4K2K, the partial coherence distribution can fully Figure 19. Utmost Co. LCoS projection engine with the self-designed optics and opto-mechatronic mount.
present pixels of LCoS in each field to fulfill the requirement of 4K2K. A 4-bar pattern with the pitch of 0.004 μ corresponded to one pixel of LCoS is projected in each field respect to each field. The width of pitch projected on screen is 0.5 mm, and with the full screen, it is 2000 × 1000 mm 2 . For each pair, the resolution has reached 2.5 lps/mm, and has 5K2.5K fulfilled 4K2K, beside the field 0°. By setting relative numerical aperture (RNA) 0.6, the partial coherence analysis is shown in Figure 22. All the fields are resolvable except blur bottom of the screen.

The number aperture and F/#
The F/# for the short throw and wide-angle projection, different from other lens systems, has considered two f/#; one is optical system and the other is illumination. Here, the LCoS as light source projects onto the screen to form image, as the source of the Koehler model. The F/# of projection lens is 3 and F/# of each pixel of as effective light source is 40, thus the relative numerical aperture is applied.  The result and analysis are mentioned as follows: The design has fulfilled the requirement as shown in Table 2. Two configurations of short throw ratio projection lens are fabricated and under test.   Table 3. The comparison between design specification and actual value.

Item Design specification Actual
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Conclusion
Being designed by Koehler illumination and telecentric optics, the systems, having the optimized optical parameters, could be achieved. The results for two system requirement are promising, better than other structures. As the systems are built, the optimized performance should be expected. The partial coherence analysis has been applied to verify the system reaching 4K2K.
The chapter presents the design of a short throw projector optical system, and the throw ratio is 0.3, with a single aspheric mirror and the least number of spherical lens. It provides a wide angle projection lens system with partial coherence source parameter provided. The throw ratio is less than 0.3. The procedures of the optical design and illumination are presented.

Very short projecting distance optical system
With regard to throw ratio that can be less than 0.2, the design has also been carried out. While tilting the mirror at 8°, the throw ratio is 0.186663, as shown in Figure 23. However, the image may be keystone, and it can be corrected by the Scheimpflug effect. The image may be corrected by slightly tilting the object, and the corrected nondistorted image may be formed. Design and Fabrication of Ultra-Short Throw Ratio Projector Based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72670

Other issues
The zoom system can be done. It could be zoomed by various distance of first lens, and the 1 to 1.33, by replacing with zoom optics of relay lens.
In conclusion, the optical system has been fabricated and installed in a three-panel forward looking projector system. It has been demonstrated and reached to 4K2K format. The application can be used for other projections such as automobile HUD, VR, glass-type display, smart phone external display, and others can be easily applied.