Cocrystallization in Nutraceuticals

light and oxidative enzymes which constitute a serious problem for their bioavailability .This further hamper their formulation and use. At this point their cocrystal can offer an opportunity to overcome all the issues of nutraceuticals and help in the exponential growth of nutraceuticals market.Cocrystal of nutraceuticals alone or in combination with other preventive and/or therapeutic strategies might become effective future drugs against the most common degenerative diseases. Cocrystals are engineered solids based on the concept of different forms having desired properties using hydrogen bonds,pi-pi stacking and van der waals interactions[9] are taken in stoichiometric amounts and ground together using a mortar and pestle, using a ball mill, or using a vibratory mill. Normal grinding time ranges from 30-60 min. It has been reported that cocrystal was first produced by one technique which may be used as seeds to obtain that cocrystal by another method, thus possibly facilitating XRD structure determination via single-crystal growth. In another case, cocrystal structure determination was achieved by preparing only as crystalline powder by grinding [27] Vibrational spectroscopy:-For the characterization of cocrystals molecular motions by use of vibrational spectroscopy are observed. This method includes infrared absorption spectroscopy.Significant changes in the vibrational frequency are observed for the cocrys‐ tals and individual constituents confirming the formation of cocrytals. It can be a very useful technique in differentiaiting cocrystals from salts when a carboxylic acid is involved in hydrogen bonding [37]. It has been reported that in the case of indomethacin and saccharin cocrystals, the O–H stretching of the carboxylic acid group in indomethacin and the N–H stretching of cyclic imide group in saccharin appeared at 3,350.5 and 3,129.1 cm in Indomethacin and saccharin cocrys‐ tals, implied the formation of new phase [38]. It has been reported that the cocrystals of curcumin with resorcinol and pyrogallol were obtained by solvent drop method. Cocrystals of Curcumin–resorcinol and curcumin–pyro‐ gallol were obtained in stoichiometric ratio of 1: 1and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, FT-IR, FT-Raman, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The melting point of the cocrystals was found to be between that of curcumin and the conformer,it has been observed that the lower melting cocrystal was more soluble than higher melting.The dissolu‐ tion studies revealed that the dissolution rates of curcumin–resorcinol and curcumin– pyrogallol in 40% EtOH–water are ~5 and ~12 times faster than that for curcumin [57]. studies. Neutral forms of both compounds cocrystallize in a common P21/c space group of the monoclinic crystal system. Crystal lattice discloses formation of molecular layers, formed by O–H_ _ _O, O–H_ _ _N and C–H_ _ _O-type contacts between genistein and caffeine molecules, while stabilization of the three-dimensional crystal lattice is offered by pi - pi interactions. Dissolution studies showed maximum solubility of the cocrystalline phase in a 50:50 v/v ethanol–water medium, attained 0.861 mg/mL after 8 h, revealing some degree of enhancement as compared to parent genistein, maximum solubility of which was also reached after 8 h and equaled to 0.588 mg/mL [62].

osteoporosis is attributable to dietary factors [7]. These phytonutrients have a big market currently and annual growth rates of nutraceuticals are predicted to increase. This rate expected to be up to 25% for some products [8].
Nutraceuticals include many food and food products, including vitamins, soy products, glucosamine, chondroitin, and many polyphenols and flavonoids (resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin). The vast majority of nutraceuticals are extracted from plant origins; such as fruits, vegetables, roots, and rhizomes. However, many nutraceuticals are derived from animal origins; vitamins and amino acids [9].
However these nutraceuticals suffer from poor solubility and subsequently bioavailability which hinders their formulation as well as utility. The cocrystallization of these nutraceutical is one of the novel strategies to overcome these problems. Cocrystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with cocrystal formers (or coformers) has gained significant interest in drug-development since the resulting new solid forms are characterized by different physicochemical properties compared to the original API. The presence of many functional groups in APIs, which may form strong supramolecular synthons such as acid..  [10][11][12][13][14][15].Certainly, cocrystallization increases the diversity of solid-state forms of an API and enhances its pharmaceutical properties such as chemical stability, moisture uptake, mechanical behavior, solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability. Hence, cocrystallization can directly impact scientific and legal aspects of drug development by providing alternative solid dosage forms and extended patent life.
Significant development on discovery of nutraceutical cocrystals has encouraged numerous studies on cocrystal formation and evaluation. This chapter presents the nutraceuticals cocrystals along with their preparation and characterization and crucial role in enhancing their pharmaceutical parameters.
are the promising class of natural products that demarcates between food and drugs to fade [8]. Even though the use of nutraceuticals by people has a long history, lately scientifically supported nutritional and medical evidence has permitted nutraceuticals to emerge as being potentially effective [16].
Research is now focused on the examination of nutritional food for their protective and disease preventing potential [17]. Nowadays research and development area are exploring different methods for standardization of the nutraceutical compounds or products, carefully develop and execute clinical studies to provide the health claims and benefits to the consumers as well as on the nutraceutical companies. Nutraceuticals have proven to be therapeutically active in the areas starting from common cold, weight problems, sleeping disorders, digestion, blood pressure, cholesterol control, pain killers, depression, anti-arthritic, cardio vascular diseases, diabetes ending up with prevention of certain cancers [18][19][20][21].
The nutraceuticals which include Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), Dietary fibres, Polyphenols, Spices, Prebiotics, Probiotics and Vitamins are the natural food sources ( Figure 1) [22,23]. However, these nutraceuticals have high hydrophobicity and are sensitive to external agents such as air, light and oxidative enzymes which constitute a serious problem for their bioavailability.This further hamper their formulation and use. At this point their cocrystal can offer an opportunity to overcome all the issues of nutraceuticals and help in the exponential growth of nutraceuticals market.Cocrystal of nutraceuticals alone or in combination with other preventive and/or therapeutic strategies might become effective future drugs against the most common degenerative diseases. Cocrystals are engineered solids based on the concept of different forms having desired properties using hydrogen bonds,pi-pi stacking and van der waals interactions [9] Significant development on discovery of nutraceutical cocrystals has encouraged numerous studies on cocrysta evaluation. This chapter presents the nutraceuticals cocrystals along with their preparation and characterization in enhancing their pharmaceutical parameters.

Nutraceuticals: Role in therapeutics
Nutraceutical is the combination of " nutrition " and " pharmaceutical ". In order to modify and maintain norm function nutraceuticals play an important role. The current population and the health trends are the main growth and development in the field of nutraceuticals. These nutraceuticals fights against the major health issue such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cholesterol etc. In a nutshell, has lead to the new period of medicine and health, in which the food industry has become a research oriented sec Consumers being frustrated with the current status of disease-treatment approach with the modern medicin alternative safer and beneficial products and the bureaucracy of managed care makes nutraceuticals particular Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food ", quoted by Hippocrates is definitely the precept of today are the promising class of natural products that demarcates between food and drugs to fade [8]. Even tho nutraceuticals by people has a long history, lately scientifically supported nutritional and medical evidence nutraceuticals to emerge as being potentially effective [16].
Research is now focused on the examination of nutritional food for their protective and disease preventing Nowadays research and development area are exploring different methods for standardization of the nutraceut or products, carefully develop and execute clinical studies to provide the health claims and benefits to the consu on the nutraceutical companies. Nutraceuticals have proven to be therapeutically active in the areas starting from weight problems, sleeping disorders, digestion, blood pressure, cholesterol control, pain killers, depression, antivascular diseases, diabetes ending up with prevention of certain cancers [18][19][20][21].
The nutraceuticals which include Polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA), Dietary fibres, Polyphenols, Spices, Prebi and Vitamins are the natural food sources ( Figure 1) [22,23]. However, these nutraceuticals have high hydroph sensitive to external agents such as air, light and oxidative enzymes which constitute a serious problem for thei .This further hamper their formulation and use. At this point their cocrystal can offer an opportunity to overcom of nutraceuticals and help in the exponential growth of nutraceuticals market.Cocrystal of nutraceutica combination with other preventive and/or therapeutic strategies might become effective future drugs against the degenerative diseases. Cocrystals are engineered solids based on the concept of different forms having desired p hydrogen bonds,pi-pi stacking and van der waals interactions [9]

Cocrystallization
Cocrystals are based on crystal engineering approach which involves the concept of forming new solids (polymorph/solvates and cocrystals/salts) involving non covalent interactions. Thus nutraceutical cocrystals are multi-component solid-state assemblies formed between a nutraceutical and a cocrystal former of GRAS status bound together in the crystal lattice by any type or combination of non-covalent intermolecular interactions.
Cocrystallization seeks to logically design new form of the nutraceuticals with preferred properties.Depending upon the various potential groups present in these nutraceutical molecules, following heterosynthons are possible ( Figure 2) [24] :-Cocrystals are based on crystal engineering approach which involves the concept of forming new solids (polymorph/solva and cocrystals/salts) involving non covalent interactions . Thus nutraceutical cocrystals are multi-component solid-st assemblies formed between a nutraceutical and a cocrystal former of GRAS status bound together in the crystal lattice by a type or combination of non-covalent intermolecular interactions.
Cocrystallization seeks to logically design new form of the nutraceuticals with preferred properties.Depending upon the vario potential groups present in these nutraceutical molecules, following heterosynthons are possible ( Figure 2) [24] :-

Figure 2. Typical Hydrogen Bonds Utilized in Cocrystals
Cocrystallization is at present achieved by a number of techniques including solvent evaporation, dry and wet (solvent d addition) solid-state grinding, cooling, growth from melts, and slurry conversion. This section covers the various methods preparation and characterization of the cocrystals.
Different techniques for the preparation of co crystals ( Figure 3) [25] are described below:-1. Solvent evaporation technique :-This is the most commonly used technique in the field of cocrystallization, in this technique stoichiometric amount of the conformer and the drug are dissolved in a common solvent. It is based on the principle that, when different molecules of complementary functional groups afford hydrogen bonds that are more favorable than each of the individual molecular components, the product formed is likely to be thermodynamically favor [26]. 2. Solid-state grinding technique :-This technique commonly known as mechanical milling or neat grinding technique.in th method the two cocrystal formers are taken in stoichiometric amounts and ground together using a mortar and pestle, using a ball mill, or using a vibratory mill. Normal grinding time ranges from 30-60 min. It has been reported that cocryst was first produced by one technique which may be used as seeds to obtain that cocrystal by another method, thus possib facilitating XRD structure determination via single-crystal growth. In another case, cocrystal structure determination was achieved by preparing only as crystalline powder by grinding [27] Although co-crystal formation by solid-state grinding has been known for some time and a late 19th century report is often ci as the earliest reference to such a procedure, the recent technique of adding small amounts of solvent during the grind process has been shown to enhance the kinetics and facilitate co-crystal formation and as lead to increased interest of solid-st grinding as a method for co-crystal preparation [28].

Figure 2. Typical Hydrogen Bonds Utilized in Cocrystals
Cocrystallization is at present achieved by a number of techniques including solvent evaporation, dry and wet (solvent drop addition) solid-state grinding, cooling, growth from melts, and slurry conversion. This section covers the various methods of preparation and characterization of the cocrystals.
Different techniques for the preparation of co crystals ( Figure 3) [25] are described below:-1. Solvent evaporation technique :-This is the most commonly used technique in the field of cocrystallization, in this technique stoichiometric amount of the conformer and the drug are dissolved in a common solvent. It is based on the principle that, when different molecules of complementary functional groups afford hydrogen bonds that are more favorable than each of the individual molecular components, the product formed is likely to be thermodynamically favored [26].

2.
Solid-state grinding technique :-This technique commonly known as mechanical milling or neat grinding technique.in this method the two cocrystal formers are taken in stoichiometric amounts and ground together using a mortar and pestle, using a ball mill, or using a vibratory mill. Normal grinding time ranges from 30-60 min. It has been reported that cocrystal was first produced by one technique which may be used as seeds to obtain that cocrystal by another method, thus possibly facilitating XRD structure determination via single-crystal growth. In another case, cocrystal structure determination was achieved by preparing only as crystalline powder by grinding [27] Although co-crystal formation by solid-state grinding has been known for some time and a late 19th century report is often cited as the earliest reference to such a procedure, the recent technique of adding small amounts of solvent during the grinding process has been shown to enhance the kinetics and facilitate co-crystal formation and as lead to increased interest of solidstate grinding as a method for co-crystal preparation [28]. 3. Slurrying technique:-Slurries-induced formation of cocrystalline phase is among two or more active solid m between the active solid materials and the excipients. Equimolar proportion of the two coformers are dissol amount of different solvents at ambient temperature and allowed to stir for some days. The resulting solutio evaporated at room temperature during 48 hours to promote cocrystallization [29]. .Further the solvent is al and the solid material is dried under a flow of nitrogen for 5 min. The remaining solids can be characterized X-ray diffraction (PXRD) [30]. 4. Solvent drop technique:-This technique also known as liquid assisted grinding or kneading, involving the g stoichiometric amounts of coformers assisted with a small amount of liquid. This method was developed in enhance the rate of cocrystal formation, It also has advantages over solid state grinding such as increased yi control polymorph production, better product crystallinity, and applies to a significantly larger scope of coc [31].

3.
Slurrying technique:-Slurries-induced formation of cocrystalline phase is among two or more active solid materials or between the active solid materials and the excipients. Equimolar proportion of the two coformers are dissolved in small amount of different solvents at ambient temperature and allowed to stir for some days. The resulting solution is slowly evaporated at room temperature during 48 hours to promote cocrystallization [29]..Further the solvent is allowed to decant and the solid material is dried under a flow of nitrogen for 5 min. The remaining solids can be characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) [30]. 4. Solvent drop technique:-This technique also known as liquid assisted grinding or kneading, involving the grinding of stoichiometric amounts of coformers assisted with a small amount of liquid. This method was developed in order to enhance the rate of cocrystal formation, It also has advantages over solid state grinding such as increased yield, ability to control polymorph production, better product crystallinity, and applies to a significantly larger scope of cocrystal formers [31]. 7. Antisolvent addition:-Antisolvent addition also known as vapor diffusion is the methods in which antisolvent is used to synthesize cocrystals.This is one of the methods for precipitation or recrystalization of the two co-crystal former. Solvents consist of buffers (pH) and organic solvents. For example, in the preparation of co-crystals of aceclofenac using chitosan, the chitosan solution was prepared by soaking chitosan in glacial acetic acid. A stoichiometric amount of the drug was suspended in chitosan solution by using high dispersion homogenizer. Further, the dispersion was added to distilled water or sodium citrate solution to precipitate chitosan on drug [33].

Characterization of cocrystals
This of great importance which can be done using different analytical techniques.Characterization of cocrystals starts from melting point determination and might end up to the technique ( Figure 4) employed for the determination of cocrystals.
Thermal analysis:-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) plays a major role in determining the thermal property testing of cocrystals.DSC is the technique used to observe enthalpy of melting (pharmaceutical cocrystal an overview)during various crystallization events.
Besides this, DSC has recently been used as a screening tool for rapid cocrystal screening [34,35].It has also been reported that when theophylline and nicotinamide were cogrinded, and from the DSC results it observed that an endothermal peak at about 126.4°C decreased and finally disappeared. A melting endotherm at 171.6°C, which differs from the melting points of either theophylline (271.4°C) or nicotinamide (128.2° C), which indicates that as the cogrinding of theophylline and nicotinamide proceeded, a new phase was formed between theophylline and nicotinamide during the solid-state grinding [36].
Vibrational spectroscopy:-For the characterization of cocrystals molecular motions by use of vibrational spectroscopy are observed. This method includes infrared absorption spectroscopy.Significant changes in the vibrational frequency are observed for the cocrystals and individual constituents confirming the formation of cocrytals. It can be a very useful technique in differentiaiting cocrystals from salts when a carboxylic acid is involved in hydrogen bonding [37].
It has been reported that in the case of indomethacin and saccharin cocrystals, the O-H stretching of the carboxylic acid group in indomethacin and the N-H stretching of cyclic imide group in saccharin appeared at 3,350.5 and 3,129.1 cm in Indomethacin and saccharin cocrystals, implied the formation of new phase [38].

Characterization of cocrystals
This of great importance which can be done using different analytical techniques.Charac melting point determination and might end up to the technique (Figure 4) employed for the d  Crystallographic methods: -Includes single X-ray diffraction (SXRD) as well as PXRD. The single X-ray diffraction study offers atomic positions and complete structural information. Powder X-ray diffraction studies using microcrystalline samples become a necessary tool to verify the formation of cocrystal in cases where obtaining single crystal suitable for study becomes bottleneck.SXRD is commonly used as supporting information about the formation of a new crystalline phase as in the case of Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin cocrystallization [39].
Optical microscopy:-Optical microscopy is the technique used to study crystal morphology. This feature is reflected in the outer appearance of crystals that can be observed by simple hand lens or microscope. To add on, a detailed study can be performed using polarizing optical microscopy, electron microscopy and thermal microscopy.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), is also used to characterize the surface morphology of the particles. SEM images a sample by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern. It is applied to determine the cocrystal micrograph and determine the particle morphology in many examples [40][41][42][43].
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance -These days solid-state NMR is also used for characterization. It studies the chemical environment of the nuclei which is different in cocrystals because of magnetic non-equivalence. In different cocrystals, resonance peaks for the magnetically non-equivalent nuclei will differ. Dipolar correlation experiments between spin pairs such as 1 H-1 H, 1 H-13 C, and 19 F-13 C are useful to study hydrogen bonding, intermolecular contacts, and spin diffusion to connect individual molecules together in a crystal structure and rapidly establish molecular association [44].

Case studies of some nutraceutical cocrystals
Nutraceuticals such as flavonoids and vitamins have been investigated as candidates for cocrystallization studies to improve their pharmaceutical properties [45].
Flavonoids are natural products and are often studied because of their potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Nutraceutical cocrystals are associated with higher in vitro dissolution rate and in vivo bioavailability of their other solid forms, as reported by Smith et al. for quercetin [46] and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). [47].
It has been reported that cocrystallization of flavonoids with 1,4-diazobicyclo [2.2.2]octane (DABCO) resulted in increase in the complexity of these molecules as the number of substituents on the flavonoid backbone increased. Various preparation and properties of flavonoid interactions to the formation of cocrystals with APIs were reported [48].

Protocatechuic acid
Protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Figure 5) is a phenolic acid and belongs to class of polyphenols (Nutraceutical). Protocatechuic acid imparts various pharmacological activity and these effects are due to their antioxidant activities, along with other possible mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory properties and interaction with several enzymes.

Protocatechuic acid
Protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Figure 5) is a phenol Protocatechuic acid imparts various pharmacological activity and the other possible mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory properties and Further in this context, novel 1:1 cocrystals of protocatechuic ac molecules (cocrystal formers) such as caprolactam, isonicotinam theobromine (Table No. 1) have been obtained by slow evaporati appropriate solvent and they were removed from their mothe  Further in this context, novel 1:1 cocrystals of protocatechuic acid (strong antioxidant) with pharmaceutically accepted molecules (cocrystal formers) such as caprolactam, isonicotinamide, isonicotinic acid, theophylline, nicotinamide and theobromine (Table No. 1) have been obtained by slow evaporation of stoichiometric amounts of starting materials in an appropriate solvent and they were removed from their mother liquors before complete evaporation of the solvent. Cocrystallization via grinding and slurry conversion was also successful to produce 1:1 cocrystals of protocatechuic acid with caprolactam, isonicotinamide, isonicotinic acid, theophylline, nicotinamide and theobromine. The resultant cocrystals were characterized by FTIR, DSC, PXRD, single crystal X-ray diffraction and TGA. [49]

Quercetin
Quercetin (3,3',4',5-7-pentahydroxyflavone) (Figure 6), chemically similar to the glycoside rutin, is a unique flavonoid that has been extensively studied by researchers. It has shown to be therapeutically useful in allergic conditions, including asthma and hay fever, eczema, and hives. The frequent link is its ability to mediate production and manufacture of pro-inflammatory compounds.Cocrystal of Quercetin, isonicotinic acid and water (1:1:1) and cocrystal of quercetin, theobromine and water (1:1:2) were obtained (Table no. 2). Quercetin theobromine dihydrate cocrystal resulted in 1.5 fold increase in solubility of quercetin. Quercetin-caffeinemethanol cocrystal was observed after 30 days of slow evaporation of the Quercetin-caffeinemethanol cocrystal solvate.The resulting crystal structure of single crystal of quercetincaffeine-methanol cocrystal solvate showed that the imide group and the aromatic nitrogen of caffeine interact with the hydroxyl groups of quercetin [50].

Hesperetin
Hesperetin (Figure 7) which is the aglycone part of hesperedin and is therapeutically very potential molecule as it shows antioxidant, antiallergic, antimutagenic and in vitro studies anti cancer activity. Cocrystallization of hesperetin with isonicotinamide resulted in a 1:1 cocrystal. The supramolecular synthon formed in the cocrystal includes OH---N hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of isonicotinamide and the OHa of the adjacent hesperetin molecule. Crystallization of hesperetin with nicotinic acid results in two 1:1 cocrystals in which the nicotinic acid exists as a zwitterionic state. Cocrystallization has lead to the generation novel cocrystals of hesperetin with pharmaceutically acceptable molecules such as isonicotinamide and nicotinic acid [52].

Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene (Figure 8) is also a nutraceutical which is found in nature in a number of tree barks and a variety of berries, including grapes, as well as plants commonly used in traditional folk medicine. Cocrystals of pterostilbene comprises of coformers such as: caffeine, carbamazepine. Three cocrystals of a 1:1 stoichiometric molar ratio of pterostilbene with caffeine and carbamazepine were obtained and characterized by crystallographic (XRPD, single-crystal) and thermoanalytical (TGA, DSC) techniques. Physical stability of the reported cocrystals with respect to relative humidity was established to be significantly improved in relationship to

Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene (Figure 8) is also a nutraceutical which is found in caffeine or carbamazepine. The carbamazepine: pterostilbene cocrystal was found to be stable upon slurrying in water for 3 days and its solubility was 7× lower than carbamazepine dihydrate and 2.5× lower than pterostilbene [53].
Another study on pterostilbene cocrystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable coformers piperazine and glutaric acid was reported by Bethune et al. [54]. Cocrystals of a 2:1 and 1:1 stoichiometric molar ratio of pterostilbene with piperazine or glutaric acid were synthesized and evaluated for physical stability with respect to humidity and temperature as well as kinetic solubility.The pterostilbene/piperazine cocrystal disclose a 6-fold increase in pterostilbene concentration compared with the solubility of pterostilbene.

p-Coumaric
p-Coumaric (Figure 9) acid is a phytochemical and nutraceutical com explored with xanthine compounds, caffeine and theophylline. Four c stoichiometric ratios) and was synthesized and their structures deter theophylline cocrystals display synthon polymorphism, where both str synthon [55].
In another work reported for polymorphic cocrystals of p-Coum nicotinamide, producing three polymorphic 1:1 cocrystals and one 2:1 the 1:1 cocrystals to the 2:1 cocrystal in water was revealed by in relationship is believed to be existing between two of the 1:1 cocrystals; Figure 9. p-Coumaric acid

p-Coumaric
p-Coumaric (Figure 9) acid is a phytochemical and nutraceutical compound.Cocrystals synthesized with p-coumaric acid are explored with xanthine compounds, caffeine and theophylline. Four cocrystals of p-Coumaric acid with caffeine (1: 1 and 1: 2 stoichiometric ratios) and was synthesized and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The two theophylline cocrystals display synthon polymorphism, where both structures possess a carboxylic acid-imidazole heteromeric synthon [55].
In another work reported for polymorphic cocrystals of p-Coumaric acid, the nutraceutical was cocrystallized with nicotinamide, producing three polymorphic 1:1 cocrystals and one 2:1 (p-Coumaric acid-nicotinamide) cocrystal. Conversion of the 1:1 cocrystals to the 2:1 cocrystal in water was revealed by in situ dispersive Raman spectroscopy. An enantiotropic relationship is believed to be existing between two of the 1:1 cocrystals; the third polymorph was likely to be metastable [56].

Curcumin
Curcumin, the most important curcuminoid extracted from Curcuma longa rhizomes, was commonly used as a spice until its medicinal properties in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine were known and documented.Curcumin ( Figure 6) is extensively used as a drug but its utility is hindered due to poor aqueous solubility.
It has been reported that the cocrystals of curcumin with resorcinol and pyrogallol were obtained by solvent drop method. Cocrystals of Curcumin-resorcinol and curcumin-pyrogallol were obtained in stoichiometric ratio of 1: 1and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, FT-IR, FT-Raman, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The melting point of the cocrystals was found to be between that of curcumin and the conformer,it has been observed that the lower melting cocrystal was more soluble than higher melting.The dissolution studies revealed that the dissolution rates of curcumin-resorcinol and curcuminpyrogallol in 40% EtOH-water are ~5 and ~12 times faster than that for curcumin [57].

Citric acid
Citric acid (2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricar-boxylic acid) is a weak tr fruits. Citric acid is commonly used as a food additive to provide acid various metals are used to deliver minerals in biologically-availab medications. Citric acid is known as a highly soluble and safe nutraceu conformer in the field of cocrystallization.
It was reported that Citric acid ( Figure 11) and paracetamol in 2:1 sto observed in the IR spectra of the cocrystal. IR spectra of cocrystal w vibrational frequencies. The asymmetric unit of the crystal has two pa one of these behaves as a phenolic-OH hydrogen bond donor to the ca

Citric acid
Citric acid (2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricar-boxylic acid) is a weak tricarboxylic acid that is naturally concentrated in citrus fruits. Citric acid is commonly used as a food additive to provide acidity and sour taste to foods and beverages. Citrate salts of various metals are used to deliver minerals in biologically-available forms; examples include dietary supplements and medications. Citric acid is known as a highly soluble and safe nutraceutical. Since citric acid is highly soluble it may be used as conformer in the field of cocrystallization.
It was reported that Citric acid ( Figure 11) and paracetamol in 2:1 stoitiometric ratio formed cocrystals. Notable changes were observed in the IR spectra of the cocrystal. IR spectra of cocrystal were different from that of the raw materials by several vibrational frequencies. The asymmetric unit of the crystal has two paracetamol molecules hydrogen-bonded to the citric acid; one of these behaves as a phenolic-OH hydrogen bond donor to the carbonyl of a nicotinamide, producing three polymorphic 1:1 cocryst the 1:1 cocrystals to the 2:1 cocrystal in water was relationship is believed to be existing between two of th

Curcumin
Curcumin, the most important curcuminoid extracted medicinal properties in Indian and Chinese systems extensively used as a drug but its utility is hindered du It has been reported that the cocrystals of curcumin Cocrystals of Curcumin-resorcinol and curcumin-pyro by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, FT-IR, FT-Ram cocrystals was found to be between that of curcumin was more soluble than higher melting.The dissolution curcumin-pyrogallol in 40% EtOH-water are ~5 and ~1 Figure 9. p-Coumaric acid

Recrystallization in Materials Processing
carboxylic acid arm of citric acid. In contrast, the other phenolic-OH acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor from the quaternary C-OH of citric acid [58].
conformer in the field of cocrystallization.
It was reported that Citric acid ( Figure 11) and paracet observed in the IR spectra of the cocrystal. IR spectra vibrational frequencies. The asymmetric unit of the cry one of these behaves as a phenolic-OH hydrogen bond the other phenolic-OH acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor     (Table no. 4). Cocrystal of citric acid in 2:1 ratio with isonicotinamide was reported and X-ray crystal structure indicates that molecules of iso-nicotinamide form hydrogen bonds with molecules of citric acid [59].

S.NO. Co-Former
Single crystal

Gossypol
Gossypol ( Figure 12) is a natural product occurring as biphenolic compound derived from the cotton plant (genus Gossypium). Wang et al. in 2009 reported the (-)-gossypol cocrystals with a C1-8 carboxylic acid or C1-8 sulfonic acid which are inhibitors of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The invention also relates to inducing apoptosis in cells and for sensitizing cells to the induction of apoptotic cell death by the cocrystals of (-)-gossypol with a C1-8 carboxylic acid or C1-8 sulfonic acid [60].
anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The invention also relates to ind induction of apoptotic cell death by the cocrystals of (-)-gossypol with a  Genistein ( Figure 13) is a phytoestrogen and belongs to the categ cocrystalline phase, which was formed by means of a solvent-drop evaporation approach. Resulting cocrystal was characterized by X-ray were explored in terms of thermal stability and Hirshfeld surfaces. A s studies. Neutral forms of both compounds cocrystallize in a comm Crystal lattice discloses formation of molecular layers, formed by O-H genistein and caffeine molecules, while stabilization of the three-dim anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The invention also relates to inducing apoptosis in cells and for sensitizing cells to the induction of apoptotic cell death by the cocrystals of (-)-gossypol with a C1-8 carboxylic acid or C1-8 sulfonic acid [60].  Genistein ( Figure 13) is a phytoestrogen and belongs to the category of isoflavones. Genistein and Caffeine formed 1:1 cocrystalline phase, which was formed by means of a solvent-drop grinding experiment and isolated later in a solutionevaporation approach. Resulting cocrystal was characterized by X-ray single-crystal and powder diffraction and the cocrystals were explored in terms of thermal stability and Hirshfeld surfaces. A scale-up procedure by slurry method, facilitated solubility studies. Neutral forms of both compounds cocrystallize in a common P21/c space group of the monoclinic crystal system. Crystal lattice discloses formation of molecular layers, formed by O-H_ _ _O, O-H_ _ _N and C-H_ _ _O-type contacts between genistein and caffeine molecules, while stabilization of the three-dimensional crystal lattice is offered by pi -pi interactions. Dissolution studies showed maximum solubility of the cocrystalline phase in a 50:50 v/v ethanol-water medium, attained 0.861 mg/mL after 8 h, revealing some degree of enhancement as compared to parent genistein, maximum solubility of which was also reached after 8 h and equaled to 0.588 mg/mL [62].

Conclusion
These natural products are of interest because of their proposed health-promoting effects as antioxidants and anticarcinogens. In spite of the immense biological activities revealed by nutraceuticals still these phytogenes cannot be exploited due to their Genistein ( Figure 13) is a phytoestrogen and belongs to the category of isoflavones. Genistein and Caffeine formed 1:1 cocrystalline phase, which was formed by means of a solvent-drop grinding experiment and isolated later in a solution-evaporation approach. Resulting cocrystal was characterized by X-ray single-crystal and powder diffraction and the cocrystals were explored in terms of thermal stability and Hirshfeld surfaces. A scale-up procedure by slurry method, facilitated solubility studies. Neutral forms of both compounds cocrystallize in a common P21/c space group of the monoclinic crystal system. Crystal lattice discloses formation of molecular layers, formed by O-H_ _ _O, O-H_ _ _N and C-H_ _ _O-type contacts between genistein and caffeine molecules, while stabilization of the three-dimensional crystal lattice is offered by pi -pi interactions. Dissolution studies showed maximum solubility of the cocrystalline phase in a 50:50 v/v ethanol-water medium, attained 0.861 mg/mL after 8 h, revealing some degree of enhancement as compared to parent genistein, maximum solubility of which was also reached after 8 h and equaled to 0.588 mg/mL [62].

Conclusion
These natural products are of interest because of their proposed health-promoting effects as antioxidants and anticarcinogens. In spite of the immense biological activities revealed by nutraceuticals still these phytogenes cannot be exploited due to their biopharmaceutical issues which hinder their utility. However, their high hydrophobicity and sensitivity to external agents such as air, light and oxidative enzymes constitute a serious problem for their bioavailability and formulation.. However, bioavailabilty and solubility troubles coupled with these natural entities can be improved by formulating them into cocrystals. The cocrystallization strategy may optimize some potential nutraceuticals. Cocrystal of nutraceuticals alone or in combination with other preventive and/or therapeutic strategies might become effective future drugs against the most common degenerative diseases. Though studies on co crystallization of nutraceutical molecules are going on, still there is a lot to be explored so as to utilize these potential molecules for severe disease.