Reduction Mammaplasty and IntraOperative Radiotherapy ( IORT ) in Conservative Surgery

© 2013 Franchelli et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Reduction Mammaplasty and Intra-Operative Radiotherapy (IORT) in Conservative Surgery


Introduction 1.Conservative surgery
Conservative surgery (lumpectomy, quadranctectomy) associated with radiation therapy is widely applied worldwide instead of mastectomy in early-stage breast cancer, since clinical trials reported similar survival rate [1,2].
These surgical procedures are the first choice for small primary tumours (diameter on physical examination up to 3 cm) with no palpable nodes (N0); the choice of procedure adopted depending upon the relation between tumour size and breast volume (small tumour in voluminous breast).
Contraindications to a conservative surgery are: serious co-morbidities, multifocal tumour or wide microcalcifications, clinically palpable lymph nodes and all contraindications to radiotherapy.
The conservative surgery may expose to the patient to a higher risk of local recurrence, that could be reduced applying wider excision with microscopic clear margins.Although there are controversies with regard to a safe margin, it is generally accepted that there is lower risk of recurrence with clear margin more than 10 mm, while margins less than 2 mm are considered inadequate [3].Excision with clear margins is important for local control and consequently for overall survival.
In our experience sentinel node biopsy represents another step of conservative surgery because it is important for tumour staging.
Frontiers in Radiation Oncology 166

Radiotherapy and IORT
The standard adjuvant therapy in early breast carcinoma includes whole breast irradiation (WBI) after conservative surgery to minimize the risk of local failure and improve diseasespecific survival.The standard schedules for WBI is 1.8-to 2-Gy daily fractions given 5 times a week to a total dose of 45 to 50 Gy over 5 weeks with optional addition of a boost to the primary site of 10 to 16 Gy in 5 to 8 daily fractions over 1 to 1.5 weeks.The irradiation takes almost 6 weeks.Recent randomized trials have shown that use of modest hypo-fractionation for adjuvant WBI in women with early breast cancer can reduce the number of weeks of treatment (3 or 4 depending on the schemes used) to obtain [4].
Another aspect is whether whole mammary gland needs to be irradiated to destroy microscopic tumour foci.Few studies have systematically addressed the extent of foci of premalignant and malignant disease in the breast after lumpectomy [5,6].It has been shown that around 40% of the cases had no other foci in the breast of pre-malignancy/malignancy, thus 60% of the cases had residual foci.Moreover at a distance of >2cms from the primary carcinoma only 14-16% had invasive tumor foci in the breast.
Nevertheless it has been uniformly demonstrated that local recurrence rate is significantly lowered by adjuvant radiotherapy [2] and that the majority of local recurrences (LRs) occurs in proximity to the tumour bed, while less than 20% of LRs appear ''elsewhere" in the breast.[7,8] On the basis of these considerations, there has been a growing interest in the use of accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) as an alternative to WBI in the last decade.This technique irradiates a limited volume of the mammary gland to a high dose in 1 to 10 fractions to be delivered in 1 to 5 days.The advantages of APBI are: a decreased overall treatment time and decreased radiation dose delivered to uninvolved portions of the breast and adjacent organs.
It is important to recognize that APBI is unlikely to replace WBI for all patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and that the key to long-term success for partial breast irradiation is proper selection to identify low risk patients.
The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) [9,10] breast cancer working groups developed a consensus statement regarding patient selection criteria for the use of APBI outside the context of a clinical trial.The recommendations were based on the results of a systematic literature review and were supplemented by the expert opinions of both Task Force members.Several technique may be used for partial breast irradiation: interstitial brachytherapy, brachytherapy using MammoSite device, 3D conformal external radiotherapy (3D CRT) and Intraoperative Radiotherapy (IORT).The above mentioned methods for APBI have different characteristics and they are very difficult to compare [11].
IORT is the only APBI technique that offers surgery and radiotherapy simultaneously with great comfort for patients.It can be implemented using low energy photons (50 kV) provided by an Intra-beam device [12] or using accelerated electrons produced by mobile linear accelerators installed in the operating room (fig.1).
Some centers use beams of electrons produced by linear accelerators located outside the operating room; although this process is feasible, having a dedicated accelerator in the operating room facilitates the procedures and reduces discomfort and complications.This technique has the advantage to do radiation treatment when breast tissue is having a rich vascular supply; thereby making it more sensitive to the action of the radiation (oxygen effect), immediately after surgery, before tumour cells have a chance to proliferate.
Moreover, the precise application of one single high dose of irradiation directly to the tumour bed with complete skin sparing has the great advantage of shortening radiotherapy time from 6 weeks to one single fraction.
The biological equivalent dose (BED) for IORT needs to be discussed as for a 20-21 Gy dose given in one fraction there are no radiobiological models that can describe what is happening during such high doses.The tool, most commonly used for determining isoeffective doses is the linear-quadratic (LQ) model, and it is unclear if it is applicable for single fractions >10 Gy.Within this limit, the single dose of 21 Gy is equivalent to a fractionated dose of 65 Gy hence, an increased incidence of severe fibrosis can be expected, nevertheless clinical experiences, reported to date, does not support this hypothesis.[13] Preliminary results are encouraging, but some questions are still unclear, such as the effect of high single doses on late morbidity and aesthetic result.[14].
A further study has confirmed the importance of patient selection as indicated by the international documents mentioned above.[9,15].
IORT is a method of radiation treatment that requires close collaboration between all components of a multidisciplinary team: oncologic and plastic surgeons, radiation oncologists and medical physicists.

Oncoplastic techniques
Several techniques of reduction mammaplasty have been carried out over the years to correct macromastia [16].
In aesthetic field the choice between different mammaplasty techniques depending upon degree of macromastia; patients who require mild resections of 500 gr per breast can be treated by superior pedicle techniques such as Pitanguy reduction mammaplasty with Tshaped inverted scar (Fig. 2) or other superior pedicle techniques such as Marchac, Peixoto and Lassus Techniques that have different extension of residual scars [17].However, in oncologic field the choice between the different options depends primarily on cancer position; for example, the inferior pedicle mammaplasty is chosen, if lump is located in the superior part of the gland; while superior pedicle mammaplasty is applied if lump is located in inferior part of the breast.This practice minimizes the reshaping and displacement of residual glandular flaps, that may be very important if external radiotherapy is applied.

Technique
At our Institute, since 2004 a protocol has been applied to patients with medium/large-sized and ptotic breast (from II to IV degree ptosis) and the patients that needed breast tissue removal of more than 10% of total volume for small breast and more than 20% of total volume for large breast.Different techniques of reduction mammaplasty were carried out in these cases instead of classic conservative surgery (lumpectomy, quadrantectomy).
Oncoplastic techniques have been always applied, regardless of volume/ptosis of breast, if lump is located behind nipple-areola complex.
The introduction of IORT has greatly modified the approach to all features of conservative treatment, both traditional or oncoplastic.Since 2010 we have started to apply oncoplastic techniques of reduction mammaplasty in association with IORT.
The inclusion criteria include criteria of oncoplastic techniques (medium / large breast with/or ptosis III-IV degree) together with the ones of IORT (pts aged >45, T1, T2 < 2.5 cm, intraductal component < 25%, negative lymphatic metastasis, single lump) applied in our Department after approval of Institute Ethical Board.
All the patients underwent oncoplastic procedures and IORT including a multidisciplinary team (oncologic surgeon, plastic surgeon and radiotherapist) during the same surgical time.
A comprehensive preoperative consultation with plastic and oncologic surgeon including a discussion with the patient about her physical peculiarity, psychological status, expectations and choice between unilateral or bilateral procedure, precedes the operation; the choice between unilateral or bilateral mammaplasty is made by the patient and is motivated exclusively by psychological reasons.
A specific informed consent that explains the extent of the undermined tissues and scars and the effect of IORT are discussed with each patient; it explains the different phases of surgery and the possible alternatives (classic conservative surgery), the cutaneous incisions, the extent of the undermined tissues and residual scars.
The possible complications are discussed with the patient, such as: cutaneous and subcutaneous necrosis, seroma, haematoma, numbess and local anesthesia, surgical site infection (SSI), possible asymmetry; moreover some preoperative conditions are evaluated such as smoking that may extend the healing process or may influence the quality of residual scars.
A specific informed consent is administered by radiotherapist that discusses with the patient all different treatment opportunities, the extent of the disease and the agreement to the procedure; this consent includes the explanation of the procedure and the possible complications of IORT, such as mammary oedema, infection, fat necrosis, seroma, late fibrosis.
The markings on the breast are made with patient in standing position and are discussed with the oncologic surgeon clearly showing the position of the lump and the extension of tissues that have to be removed.The patient is consulted with regard to the amount of breast reduction.
Usually the residual scars are T-inverted shaped; although in small reduction mammaplasty, the scar may be only vertical.

Surgical and radiotherapy time
The tumour is removed, according to the preoperative drawings, with at least 1 cm of macroscopic margin and submitted to immediate pathological analysis that ensures an adherence to inclusion criteria of IORT (T< 2.5, intraductal component <25%, negative margins > 5 mm).This is followed by a sentinel node biopsy to exclude positive biopsies.If sentinel node biopsy is positive, a complete axillary dissection is performed and IORT is not applied: such a patient is candidate for traditional radiotherapy.
After tumour resection a mobilization of the mammary gland, from the pectoralis fascia and from the skin, is carried out to obtain a good exposure to the radiation beam.A shielding disk (available in various diameter from 4 to 10 cm) is positioned between gland and pectoralis muscle, in line with the collimator to protect thoracic wall, heart and lung (Fig. 5) The disk must be equal or greater in diameter than the collimator which will be used, to realize the best protection of the thoracic wall.The lead disk and collimator diameters are chosen keeping in consideration the ratio of tumour size and breast volume.
The gland is replaced over the disk with temporary and separated stitches so that breast is homogeneous as regard the thickness and receives irradiation in the best way (Fig. 6).The breast thickness is subsequently measured by graduated needle (perpendicularly inserted through the breast target until the hard surface of the disk can be felt), and the effective electron energy is chosen (Fig. 7).In-vivo dosimetry may be useful for the optimization of the dose delivered in IORT.This optimization can help to reduce unnecessary large over-dosage regions and allows introducing reliable action levels for in-vivo dosimetry [18].
The sterile polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex; Hitesys SpA, Aprilia, Italy) collimator of the linear accelerator (LINAC) is introduced through the skin incision and placed directly over the breast target, on the tumor bed (Fig. 8).The diameter of the collimator must be chosen according to tumor size and breast volume.
As an area of 4-5 cm around the tumour has to be irradiated, the most useful collimators are 5 and 6 cm in diameter.An involuntary herniation of the gland into the collimator must be avoided, as it could result in an increased delivered dose to the superficial part of the target.The radiation technologist leads the LINAC into the surgical room; then the connection to the distal part of the applicator is performed to start the dose delivery (Fig. 9).After collimator positioning, a series of mobile barriers are positioned around the operating table to provide a good shielding of X-rays scattered by the patient; the team then leaves operative room and the irradiation starts (Fig. 10).The prescribed dose is given in two steps; by reading the dose delivered during the first step, medical physicist and radiation oncologist can correct the second dose for giving the prescribed dose.The duration of radiation procedure is 2-4 minutes.
The applicator is immediately removed from the surgical field and the LINAC is placed far from the operating table.The shielding disc is removed and mammaplasty proceeds as the preoperative design.A contra-lateral similar reduction technique is concomitantly performed when required.
After three months a simple scale is administered to the patient and to the surgeon, separately, to evaluate post-operative aesthetic result through 4 different values: poor, sufficient, good, excellent.The surgeon's assess about aesthetic outcome results from various aspects: good proportion between size / shape of the gland and chest wall; position of areola-nipple complex on the breast meridian; distance between areola-nipple complex and infra-mammary fold [17] Our experience as regards: age of patients (mean 61.4; median 63), TNM, amount of removed tissue, type and side of mammaplasty and aesthetic final result, is shown in Table 3.
In 9 patients mammaplasty has been performed on one side, while in the remaining 7 the surgical procedure has been bilateral (Fig.         Liponecrosis caused discomfort to one patient with local oedema and erythema, but resolved spontaneously without breast deformity, while in 2 patients liponecrosis required surgical debridment in local anaesthesia.Partial areola-nipple loss is made up in local anaesthesia with skin graft from internal part of thigh and the vertical scar dehiscence improved with a revision in local anaesthesia.So far there is no evidence of local recurrence after 9 month medium follow-up (range 6-22 months).The weight of specimen is variable from 23 g to 320 g (mean g 71.13; median g 50).The postoperative result is good for 4 patients and excellent for 12, while the surgeon judged the result good in 10 and excellent in 6.No poor result has been observed.

Conclusion
Oncoplastic surgery represents an established new alternative in conservative breast surgery.
Several advantages of mammaplasty plus IORT have been elaborated along with the cautions to be administered during the surgery, as already discussed in our previous preliminary report [19].
The combination between glandular flaps resulting in minimal displacement and IORT, applied on cancer site immediately after lumpectomy and before mobilizing flaps, allows the optimization of irradiation effects and makes unnecessary the use of metal clips, used previously to detect the tumour bed.
The preoperative planning between oncologic surgeon and plastic surgeon is important to understand how much tissue has to be removed and which glandular pedicles can be spared, including the undermining of glandular flaps due to the positioning of a 6-8 cm diameter disk for radiation-therapy.All these aspects must be carefully discussed before projecting reduction mammaplasty in order to reduce postoperative complication such as liponecrosis and areolanipple necrosis.If the lump is very close to nipple-areola complex, it appears safer, for oncologic and aesthetic reason, to remove it and address a contra-lateral graft.
Postoperative breast shape is evaluated by the patients and the surgeons as good/excellent.The aesthetic results have been, on an average, less satisfactory for the surgeons, especially in cases where unilateral procedure was performed.
It is maybe noteworthy to recognize that a greater number of patients over 68 found the result good, while younger patients found it excellent.
On oncologic viewpoint, we believe that the technique is reliable as long as various principles are respected: the very rigorous criteria of inclusion and the width of margin applied (> 1 cm around the tumour).
On this subject, many other Authors published data about the weight of histological specimen in oncoplastic surgery that are on average greater than those obtained after lumpectomy [20,21].
Actually, we could verify that in another similar series of patients who were subjected to lumpectomy at the our Department the medium weight of specimen was 24.5 (median 19).
Finally, the wider extension of cutaneous access in comparison with classic lumpectomy plus IORT, permits to use easily larger disks and to apply radiation-therapy on wider extension of residual glandular flaps so as to optimize the procedure.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Mobile linear accelerator in our operative room

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Inferior pedicle mammaplasty: in this case gland resection concerns the superior quadrants.The technique suites better to great reduction.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Mammaplasty with free nipple grafting technique: in this case resection concerns the inferior and the central part of the gland

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The disk is positioned under the pectoralis fascia and the gland is replaced on it

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Breast tissues sutured on the disk with temporary stitches

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.A graduated needle measures gland thickness

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The collimator placed on the gland

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The radiation technologist and the surgeon lead the LINAC to connect to collimator

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Operative room during radiation therapy

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Preoperative view of 50-year old patient pT1c/G2-pN0-pMx ductal carcinoma on the left side; a bilateral inferior pedicle mammaplasty was performed and 50 grams of glandular tissues was removed from each breast

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.6-month postoperative view of the same patient

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Preoperative view of 49-year old patient with pT1c/G2-pN0-pMx ductal carcinoma on the right side.An inferior pedicle mammaplasty was performed and 27 gram of glandular tissue was removed from right breast.

Figure 18 .Figure 19 .
Figure 18.6-month postoperative view of the same patient

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Skin necrosis with partial loss of areola in a 60-year old patient.

Table 2 .
[14]experts are waiting for the results of prospective randomized ELIOT trial carried on by IEO, comparing the delivery of 21 Gy intraoperatively versus Whole Breast Irradiation (50Gy/25 fraction) plus additional 10 Gy boost irradiation.In the meantime, Veronesi et al have published the results of a retrospective analysis on 1822 patient, treated from January 2000 to December 2008 at the IEO, after a mean follow up of 36.1 months[14].Based on these data, ELIOT seems to be promising technology.Moreover, the authors showed that age, tumor size, numbers of positive nodes, molecular subtype, tumour grade and peritumoural invasion are statistically significant predictors of local relapse Reduction Mammaplasty and Intra-Operative Radiotherapy (IORT) in Conservative Surgery 171