Stochastic Models of Physicochemical Processes in Catalytic Reactions-Self-Oscillations and Chemical Waves in CO Oxidation Reaction

It is well known that many processes of heterogeneous catalysis cannot be described correct‐ ly in terms of the Langmuir kinetics or, similarly, in terms of the law of surface action. As has been experimentally shown, not only phenomena related to the substantial spatial and energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbed layer [1] (restricted mobility of adsorbed species, phase transitions in the layer associated with the interaction of adsorbates on the surface, diffusion of adsorbed species into the subsurface layer resulting in the change of adsorption and catalytic properties of the surface, etc.) are very often observed in real catalytic systems, but also the rearrangement of the catalytic surface itself due to adsorption, desorption, reac‐ tions [2, 3], and the temperature factor (for example, the phase transition of surface roughen‐ ing [4, 5]). In several cases, the effect of different surface defects appearing during the reaction or under high-temperature conditions (terraces, steps, kinks, point defects, etc.) on catalytic transformations is the determining factor. However, despite many experimental data, theoretical methods (both deterministic and statistical) used for the description and analysis of this type of nonideal catalytic systems are presently insufficiently developed.


Introduction
It is well known that many processes of heterogeneous catalysis cannot be described correctly in terms of the Langmuir kinetics or, similarly, in terms of the law of surface action. As has been experimentally shown, not only phenomena related to the substantial spatial and energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbed layer [1] (restricted mobility of adsorbed species, phase transitions in the layer associated with the interaction of adsorbates on the surface, diffusion of adsorbed species into the subsurface layer resulting in the change of adsorption and catalytic properties of the surface, etc.) are very often observed in real catalytic systems, but also the rearrangement of the catalytic surface itself due to adsorption, desorption, reactions [2,3], and the temperature factor (for example, the phase transition of surface roughening [4,5]). In several cases, the effect of different surface defects appearing during the reaction or under high-temperature conditions (terraces, steps, kinks, point defects, etc.) on catalytic transformations is the determining factor. However, despite many experimental data, theoretical methods (both deterministic and statistical) used for the description and analysis of this type of nonideal catalytic systems are presently insufficiently developed.
In our opinion, the imitation (or statistical) simulation based on the Monte Carlo method [6] is one of the most efficient tool for describing the spatio-temporal dynamics of the behavior of adsorbates on the real catalytic surface, whose structure can change during the reaction. This method makes it possible to obtain qualitatively new results [7], which cannot be obtained by traditional phenomenological models (systems of differential equations). Several advantages of the Monte Carlo method that are especially important for the solution of the above-considered problem should be mentioned: (a) possibility of independent considera-tion of the local environment of each adsorbed molecule or active center on the surface, (b) sufficiently simple algorithmic presentation of almost any concepts describing the processes occurring in terms of the generalized lattice gas model (including processes that cannot be described using analytical models), and (c) computer visualization of the simulated surface and adsorption layer (formation of structures, phase transitions, etc.). Possible spatio-temporal changes on the surface can be taken into account at the atomic-molecular level, which allows one to understand deeply and in detail mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions and facilitates substantially the interpretation of physicochemical experimental data.
There are some disadvantages of statistical models: i.
the dynamic behavior cannot be predicted on the basis of bifurcation analysis (this can be done by deterministic models with not too large dimensionality); ii.
it is difficult to take into account the real ratios between the rates of adsorption, reaction, and diffusion; iii. small scales of systems under study. The two latter difficulties can be overcome by increasing of the effectiveness of simulations, or by implementation of parallel computation [8].

Self-oscillations and surface waves in CO oxidation reaction on platinum metals
Catalytic CO oxidation on platinum-group metals is a classical model reaction in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to being of fundamental interest, this reaction is of great environmental significance as a means of removing carbon monoxide from exhaust gases. CO oxidation under far-from-equilibrium conditions can be accompanied by critical phenomena, such as multiple steady states, self-oscillations, traveling waves, and chaos [1,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The successful attempts of searching for new catalytic reactions with this type of dynamic behavior resulted in the situation that presently we know more than fifty different oscillation systems [19] occurring under different experimental conditions on various types of catalysts. Various oscillation mechanisms have been discovered and investigated to date. They include surface structure transitions [1,11], the formation of a "subsurface" oxygen layer [12][13][14][15][16][17], and the "explosive" interaction between adsorbed species [18]. A common feature in all these mechanisms is the spontaneous periodical transition of the metal surface from inactive to highly active catalytic state.
Use of physical methods with a high space resolution (<1 µm) made it possible to study in situ the formation of traveling chemical waves arising from the oscillatory dynamics of the reaction on Pt and Pd single-crystal surfaces [16,17]. It was demonstrated that the conventional approaches using phenomenological kinetic equations (sets of differential equations) are inappropriate for describing the nature of spatiotemporal chemical waves on the metal surface [7]. So-called kinetic (dynamic) Monte Carlo models turned out to be the most suita-ble. The most recent review of the application of these models to oscillatory reactions was given by Zhdanov [20]. Here, we present an overview of our Monte Carlo studies of the formation of self-oscillations and chemical waves in CO oxidation reaction over Pt(100) and Pd(110) single crystals, based on experimental data. The kinetic models for these surfaces differ in the detailed mechanism of the appearance of oscillations. Both models indicate oscillations of the CO 2 formation rate and adsorbed species concentrations. The oscillations are accompanied by wave phenomena on the model surface.

Pt(100): Simulation of self-oscillations and chemical waves
The detailed reaction mechanism used in the simulation of the self-oscillations [20][21][22][23][24] is based on experimental data, reported earlier [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. It has been revealed that the self-oscillations of the CO oxidation rate are related with the reversible phase transition Pt(100)-(hex) ↔ (1 x 1 Below, we present a brief description of the steps of this catalytic cycle. Step (I) is CO adsorption. The absence of indices at the active site * means that CO, unlike oxygen, has the same sticking coefficient (S CO ) for * hex and * 1x1 . Steps (II) and (III) are CO desorption. The rate constants of CO desorption from the surface phases (hex) and (1x1) differ by approximately 3÷4 orders of magnitude.
Step (IV) is the (hex) → (1x1) phase transition. In accordance with [25], it is assumed that only CO molecules adsorbed simultaneously on the four nearest neighbor sites of the model grid can cause its transformation into the (1x1) structure (with some probability).
Step (VI) is oxygen adsorption. The dissociative adsorption of O 2 takes place only on double nearest neighbor (1x1)-type sites.
Step (VII) is CO 2 formation. The O ads 1×1 reacts with CO ads 1x1 and CO ads hex at equal rates, and the kinds of active sites remain unchanged.
Step (VIII) is CO ads diffusion. The adsorbed molecule CO ads diffuses on the surface by hopping from its site to a random nearest neighbor empty site. As this takes place, the kinds of active sites remain unchanged. Along with steps (III) and (VII), diffusion (VIII) is a source of empty * 1x1 active sites, which are necessary for the dissociative adsorption of oxygen.
CO oxidation reaction on Pt(100) was simulated on an N×N grid of square cells with cyclic boundary conditions (usually, we took N = 1000). The state of a cell was set according to the rules determined by the detailed reaction mechanism. The time unit was a Monte Carlo (MC) step, which consisted of N×N choice and realization trials of the main elementary processes (steps (I)-(VII)). The probability of occurrence of each step for the adsorption, desorption, and chemical reaction processes was taken to be equal to the ratio of the rate constant of this step to the sum of the rate constants of all steps. The rate constants of steps (I)-(VII) at T ~ 500 K were taken from [26, Table 1].
After selecting one of the processes (steps (I)-(VII)) and performing a realization trial, we considered the internal cycle of diffusion, which consisted of M diffusion trials for CO ads molecules (typically, M = 50-100). The CO oxidation rate and the reactant coverages of the surface were calculated after each MC step as the number of the resulting CO 2 molecules (or the number of cells in the corresponding state) divided by the total number of cells, N 2 . The algorithm of the simulation of CO oxidation on Pt(100) is detailed elsewhere [21].
The Monte Carlo model of the reaction reveals oscillations of the reaction rate and the CO ads and O ads coverages of the surface and transformations between the surface phases (1x1) and (hex) under conditions similar to experimental results [21]. The oscillations, Figure 1, are accompanied by the propagation of concentration waves on the surface, Figure 2. The most noteworthy result of the simulation is the revealing of a narrow reaction zone before the front of the propagating oxygen wave, which suggests that the surface passes into a highly active catalytic state, Figure 3. It can be seen from Figures 2 and 3, that the local CO 2 formation rate is the lowest in the CO ads layer, takes an intermediate value in the O ads layer, and is the highest in the narrow reaction zone along the perimeter of the growing O ads islands. Note that this narrow reaction zone is observed only when there is a propagating oxygen wave. A local increase in the CO ads concentration on the surface causes the disappearance of the narrow reaction zone, as follows from the behavior of an oxygen island (A) in the upper left corner of Fig. 2. This island disappears as its oxygen reacts with CO ads . Here, as O ads is consumed, the vacated (1x1) phase turns into (hex). The observed difference between the local reaction rates can be explained in terms of competitive oxygen and carbon monoxide adsorption: the CO ads layer inhibits the dissociative adsorption of oxygen, while the O ads layer always has single vacant sites for monomolecular CO adsorption. The highest total reaction rate in an oscillation period is reached at the instant when the perimeter of the growing oxygen islands is the longest. At the final stage of the autooscillation cycle, the (1x1) phase turns into (hex) and the CO ads coverage increases owing to CO adsorption on empty sites (both on (hex) and (1x1)). The appearance of a narrow reaction zone during oxygen wave propagation was observed experimentally in H 2 and CO oxidation on a Pt[100] oriented tip by atom-probe field ion microscopy with a resolution of ~5 Å [27] (the experimental setup is shown schematically in Fig. 3).  Table 1].

Figure 2.
Snapshots reflecting the adsorbate distribution over the surface (capital letters) and the appropriate CO 2 formation rate intensity (small letters). On the A-D snapshots O ads is painted blue, CO ads on hex as red, CO ads on (1×1) as yellow, empty * 1x1 as green. On the a-d snapshots a grey scale reflects the rate intensity. Snapshots A,a-D,d correspond to vertical bars (a, b, c, d) on the Fig.1d Obviously, in order to synchronize the spatiotemporal changes in different areas of the surface, it is necessary to take into account the diffusion of the adsorbed species. However, the inclusion of diffusion into the set of randomly chosen main processes (in our case, steps (I)-(VII)) leads to an unreasonable increasing of the computational time because the diffusion rate constant is several orders of magnitude larger than the rate constants of the other processes. For this reason, most researchers employing kinetic Monte Carlo models in which diffusion must be taken into account consider an internal diffusion cy-cle, making M random transfer trials for the adsorbed substances (in our case, only CO ads ) after each of N×N realization trials of the main elementary processes. Since an increase in the diffusion cycle parameter M above 100 does not result in our case in quantitative or qualitative changes in the spatiotemporal dynamics of the reaction, we believe that the chosen value of the CO ads diffusion rate parameter is sufficiently large for synchronization of the local processes. Likewise, decreasing the parameter M to 50 does not break the regularity of the oscillations, but somewhat reduces the oscillation period and amplitude. A further decrease in M to 30 randomizes the oscillation period and amplitude. In this case, adsorbed oxygen is always present on the surface (Fig. 4) as mobile patches of various shapes [21]. A similar turbulent spatiotemporal dynamics of substances adsorbed on the Pt(100) surface in CO oxidation was observed by photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) and by ellipsomicroscopy for surface imaging (EMSI). The kinetic Monte Carlo method provides a means to study the dependence of oscillation characteristics on reaction parameters. This can be done by varying some reaction parameter (e.g., CO partial pressure, P CO ) from one step to another and using the surface coverage configuration calculated in the previous step as the initial condition for the next step. In this way, we found that a reaction rate and surface coverage hysteresis takes place as P CO is first raised and then decreased in the 10 -5 ÷ 1.2 × 10 -4 Torr range at a fixed oxygen partial pressure of P O2 = 2 × 10 -4 Torr [21]. At a higher P O2 /P CO ratio, the Pt(100)-hex surface is almost free. As P CO is raised, the CO ads (1x1) phase appears. At P CO ~ 3 × 10 -5 Torr, oscillations set in, whose amplitude and period increase with increasing P CO . At P CO ~ 10 -4 Torr, the surface is com-pletely covered by a CO ads (1x1) layer. As P CO is then decreased, the CO ads (1x1) layer persists down to P CO ~ 5 × 10 -6 Torr because of the low probability of CO desorption. Therefore, it is the CO ads (1x1) desorption constant that determined the lower limit of the hysteresis. The back transition (1x1) → (hex) occurs vary rapidly (clean-off reaction [23]) via steps (V)-(VII).

Pd(110): Simulation of oscillations and wave structures
As distinct from the oscillations on the Pt(100) surface, which are caused by surface phase transformation, the oscillations and wave phenomena on the Pd(110) surface are due to merely kinetic factors, specifically, changes in the catalytic and adsorption properties of the surface, including the oxygen sticking coefficient, due to the comparatively slow formation and consumption of subsurface oxygen, O ads ↔ O sub . The adsorption and catalytic properties of Pd(110) were studied by various kinetic and physical methods [see, e.g., 28]. A reaction mechanism taking into account the formation of subsurface oxygen O sub [29] was suggested to explain the observed oscillations of the CO oxidation rate on Pt, Pd, and Ir. It is assumed in this mechanism that the resulting O sub layer suppresses oxygen adsorption and favors the growth of a CO ads layer (inactive surface) [29]. Nevertheless, the slow reaction between CO ads and O sub removes subsurface oxygen, thus making oxygen adsorption a more favorable process (active surface). This causes O sub formation again, so the cycle is repeated.
Based on experimental data, the following detailed mechanism of CO oxidation on Pd(110) has been formulated, which was then used in the kinetic simulation of this reaction by the Monte Carlo method [30], Scheme 2: Here, * and * v are active sites of the surface and of the subsurface layer. The first step is irreversible oxygen adsorption, and the second is CO adsorption and desorption. In the third step, CO ads reacts with O ads to yield the reaction product. Subsurface oxygen, O sub , forms in the irreversible step (4).
Step (5) is the slow reaction between O sub and the nearest neighbor CO ads molecules, which regenerates the initial active sites of the surface, * . The adsorbed species CO ads O sub results both from CO adsorption from the gas phase (step (6)) and from CO ads diffusion over active sites, both initial and modified (O sub ). The decomposition of the O ads O sub complex yields CO 2 and vacates the * and * v sites (step (7)). It is assumed that the heat of CO adsorption is lower on the modified sites O sub than on the initial sites * ; that is, the probability of CO ads O sub desorption (step (6)) is higher than the probability of CO ads desorption (step (2)). CO ads can diffuse over the surface, obeying the following formal rules: ads ads CO +* * +CO , « The shortened sequence of steps (I)-(V) [29] has frequently been used in the simulation of oscillations in catalytic oxidation reactions using either differential equations (see earlier re-Theory and Applications of Monte Carlo Simulations views [13,20]), or kinetic Monte Carlo methods [20], including our first study [31]. In our later studies [32][33][34][35][36][37][38], the conventional steps (1)-(5) in Scheme 2 were supplemented with the possible formation and consumption of the surface species CO ads O sub (steps (6) and (7)). Note that steps (6) and (7) diminish the range of existence of oscillations in the (T, P i ) space.
The Pd(110) surface was modeled as an NxN square grid (in our simulations, N = 500-8000) with periodic (sometimes, zero, i.e., nonperiodic) boundary conditions. For Pd(110), a cell can assume one of five states ( * , CO ads , O ads , [O sub ], [CO ads O sub ]) according to the rules given by the algorithm of the simulation of the detailed reaction mechanism (Scheme 2). Let us illustrate ( Figure 5) the simulation algorithms, used in our simulation of CO oxidation dynamics on Pd(110) and Pt(100)] (with some excepts connected with the realization of the stage (hex → (1 x 1), when the four sites filled by CO ads should be chosen for the success of the attempt) on the example of the simplified scheme, steps (I)-(V) [31]. The rate coefficients k i were recalculated as the probability of the realization of elementary processes w i by the formula w i = k i /∑k i . Using a generator of random numbers uniformly distributed over the (0, 1) interval, we chose one of these processes according to the specified ratio of probabilities of their occurrence. Then, also using pairs of random numbers, the coordinates of one cell (or two adjacent cells, depending on chosen process) were determined from the N x N cells of the lattice.
The occurrence of the chosen process was imitated as follows (see Figure 5): (1) Adsorption of CO. The state of one arbitrarily chosen cell was checked. The free cell was occupied by adsorbed CO; when the cell was occupied, the attempt of adsorption was rejected. (2) Desorption of CO. When CO ads was in the randomly chosen cell, it was removed from CO ads , otherwise the attempt was rejected. (3) Adsorption of oxygen. The state of two adjacent randomly chosen cells was checked. When they were unoccupied, their state was changed to the state corresponding to the adsorbed oxygen. When at least one cell was occupied, the attempt of adsorption was rejected. (4) Transformation of O ads into O sub . When oxygen of the first type was in the randomly chosen cell, the cell was transformed into the state corresponding to oxygen of the second type O sub , otherwise the attempt was rejected. The inverse transformation of O sub into O ads was not taken into account in this model. (5) Reaction of CO ads with O sub . When two randomly chosen adjacent cells contained the {CO ads , O sub } pair, the pair was removed, and one more molecule of carbon dioxide formed was put into the reaction rate counter. The reaction rate was calculated after every Monte Carlo step (MC-step) (see below) as the number of the formed CO 2 molecules referred to the number of cells in the lattice. The surface coverage with the adsorbate was calculated similarly (the number of the cells occupied by the adsorbate was referred to the total number of the cells N 2 ). If the required pair was not observed, the attempt was rejected. This algorithm of occurrence of elementary stages (first, choice of the process and second, choice of the cell) makes it possible to take into account the dependence of the rate of the stage on the surface coverage with the adsorbates.
After every choice of one of the aforementioned processes and an attempt to perform this process, we consider the inner cycle of the CO ads , diffusion, which included the M attempts of random choice of a pair of adjacent cells of the lattice. If the {CO ads , * } pair turned out to be this pair, CO ads and * in these cells interchanged their cells, i.e., diffusion took place.
The so-called MC-step consisting of NxN attempts of choice and occurrence of main elementary processes is used as the time unit in Monte Carlo models. During the step, each cell of the lattice is addressed, on average, once. Knowing the flows of reagents per surface unit (partial pressures and lattice sizes), one can go from MC-steps to the real time.
The oscillatory behavior of CO oxidation on Pd(110), which takes place via the detailed mechanism presented in Scheme 2, was revealed by computational experiments [30] using the following set of rate constants of the elementary steps (s -1 ): The oscillations are accompanied by the wavelike propagation of adsorbed species over the surface. A dramatic increase in the reaction rate takes place at the minimum O sub concentration value within one oscillation period simultaneously with the removal of the CO ads layer and with the filling of the surface by adsorbed oxygen (Figure 6). Once the maximum reaction rate is achieved, a redistribution of adsorbed oxygen occurs: O ads → O sub . The position of the O sub (t) peak determines the point at which the reaction rate begins to decrease. CO ads accumulate on the surface, and this is accompanied by the removal of the O ads layer. When the reaction rate is the lowest, the CO ads molecules react slowly with O sub . A decrease in the O sub concentration to some critical values recreates the conditions necessary for subsequent O ads adsorption, so the selfoscillation cycle is repeated. As the oxygen wave front propagates, there is a narrow reaction zone in the front of oxygen wave front enriched by empty active sites and with a local maximum of the CO 2 formation rate. Oxygen or CO adsorption on Pd(110) (Scheme 2, steps (1) and (2)) causes surface reconstruction into a so-called missing row structure, Pd(110)-(1x1) → (1x2) (Figure 7), and this is not accompanied by any change in the adsorption or catalytic properties of the surface. But the surface anisotropy is observed here: CO ads molecules diffuse more rapidly along metal atom rows than in the transverse direction. We demonstrated [37] that, if this effect is taken into account in the Monte Carlo model of the reaction, then varying the M x /M y ratio (M x is the number of CO ads diffusion trials in the direction x, which coincides with the direction [11 0] on the Pd(110)-(1x2) surface, and M y is the number of CO ads diffusion trials in the direction y, with the total diffusion rate in the internal cycle remaining invariable: M x + M y = M) will not change the dependences of the reaction rate and adsorbed species coverages on time (number of MC steps), Figure 8. But the propagation of surface oxygen waves on the Pd(110)-(1x2) surface is substantially anisotropic and the elliptic shape of oxygen waves depends on M x /M y . As the ratio M x /M y is increased, the propagating oxygen wave on the surface "elongates" in the [110] direction (allow me to remind that O ads doesn't diffuse over the surface, only CO ads !). The CO ads diffusion anisotropy effect is especially pronounced in the simulation of spiral oxygen waves on the Pd(110) surface. The simulation of this kind of spatiotemporal structure is detailed in [34]. In our computational experiment, the isotropic diffusion regime (M x /M y = 50/50) was changed to an anisotropic diffusion regime with M x /M y = 80/20. This led to the "elongation" of the spiral oxygen wave along the [11 0] direction [37,23], Figure 9. This asymmetric behavior is in good agreement with the experimental observation of spiral waves in this reaction by the PEEM method. Simulation of the CO oxidation dynamics on Pd(110) at a low CO ads diffusion rate (M = 20) gave somewhat unexpected results [35,36]. Decrease of M up to value M = 50 doesn't change significantly the oscillatory and wave dynamics, but decreasing to value M = 20 drastically change both the shape of oscillations and the spatiotemporal behavior of simulated surface waves. As in the case of Pt(100), period and amplitude of oscillations decrease considerably, the dynamic behavior of reaction rate and surface coverages demonstrate the intermittence (oscillatory regime I, Figure 10). During these oscillations oxygen (O ads ) is always present on the surface in the form of turbulent spatio-temporal structures (Figure 11a). It is seen from Figure 11a that the whole surface is divided in several islands oscillating with the same period but with a phase shift relative to each other, therefore the reaction rate and coverage's time dependencies demonstrate the intermittence peculiarities. Here one can observe on the surface the spatio-temporal pattern of complicated turbulent shape. The colliding oxygen islands form the spiral-like patterns.
Step-by step decrease of oxygen partial pressure (remember, that the values for O 2 and CO adsorption coefficients, k 1 , k 2 , and k 6 (s -1 ), can be treated as the product of the impingement rate (k i x P i ) and of the sticking coefficient (S)) leads to the gradual thinning of oxygen travelling waves, Figures 11b-e.  At low values of k 1 (Figure 11 d-f) the long and thin oxygen stripe (or "worm"-like) patterns are formed on the simulated surface, and the clear tendency of turbulent patterns to combine into spirals disappeared at k 1 < 0.8. The amplitude of oscillations diminished with decreasing of k 1 . At last, at k 1 = 0.71 (Fig. 11 f), the oxygen stripe wave vanish slowly from the surface and the system transform to the low reactive state (the surface is predominantly covered by CO ads ).  The reverse increasing of k 1 leads to hysteresis in oscillatory behavior. The oscillation appears only at k 1 = 0.85 via very fast "surface explosion" (Figure 12 a-h). It is surprising that the characteristics of oscillations differ drastically from those observed at gradual decreasing of k 1 . Now the amplitude of oscillations in the regime II, Figure 10 (coverage's and reaction rate), is larger than in regime I, and instead of turbulent spiral-like pattern (Figure 11 a-c) we observe the alternately change of O ads and CO ads layers via growing cellular oxygen islands ( Figure 12) similar to the case with large diffusion intensity ( Figure 6). The interval of existence of these oscillations increased significantly. The simulations at higher lattice size N = 8000 in the lower boundary of the regime II (k 1 = 0.83) gave the "target"-like structures, which were observed experimentally [39], Figure 13. Only at k 1 = 1 occurs the transformation from the regime II to the regime I, Figure 10, -we observe again the turbulent patterns over the surface (Fig. 11 a). In the cases discussed above we perform the simulation experiments with constant P(CO), i.e., constant k 2 and k 6 , changing over and back the O 2 partial pressure (k 1 ). When we performed the simulations with constant k 1 = 1 s -1 , M = 20, and changing step-wise k 2 and k 6 (i.e., P(CO)) from 0.5 to 1.5 and back, we also obtained the hysteresis in oscillatory regime with similar spatiotemporal patterns on the surface.
It has been found in experiments that the different oscillatory windows could exist in the parameter space of the particular system, e.g., CO oxidation over Pt (100) [40], i.e., at different parameters (temperature and CO/O 2 ratio) two regions has been found at a constant total pressure where the rate oscillations and spatiotemporal formations have been observed. In our case two different oscillatory regimes with discriminate spatiotemporal dynamics have been revealed in simulations in the same variation interval of P(O 2 ), Figure 10. That means, that at the same value of the key parameter (e.g., k 1 = 0.85) two different «cycles» could exist. The shape of «integral» oscillations and spatio-temporal patterns depends on the dynamic prehistory (shape-memory effect).
The interval of existence of oscillatory regime II is quite large: 0.98 > k 1 > 0.82. Increasing k 1 in this interval leads to the increasing of the amplitude and decreasing of the period of oscillations. At low bound of this interval (i.e., at k 1 = 0.83) the target structures of growing oxygen islands has been observed ( Figure 13) -during the oxygen island propagation CO have the possibility to adsorb into its centre. In this case the period of oscillations increased significantly (~ 2000 MCS).
(a) (b)  Figure 10 illustrates the whole scenario of k 1 change during our simulation experiments, exemplified by CO ads dynamics.

Conclusion
As was stated in our review [41] published twenty years ago -"One may anticipate, that as early as the end of this decade, experimentally produced documentary movies "From the Life of Molecules" will be systematically compared with those obtained by means of computer experiments (e.g., by Monte Carlo method)". Now we can see, that these hopes began to justify (at least, partly): It was revealed from the simulations that there exists a narrow reaction zone with maximal local rate of reaction when an oxygen wave propagates over the surface, and this was confirmed by APFIM data.
Accounting the anisotropy of the Pd(110) single crystal has no effect on the oscillation period and amplitude, but leads to elliptic oxygen patterns on the surface. The formation of these patterns is confirmed by surface space-resolved methods (e.g., PEEM).
A wide variety of chemical waves (cellular and turbulent patterns, spirals, rings, and strips) can be obtained by varying the parameters of the computational experiment. All of these patterns were actually observed in experimental studies of the oscillatory dynamics of catalytic reactions.