The Effects of Hall and Joule Currents and Variable Properties on an Unsteady MHD Laminar Convective Flow Over a Porous Rotating Disk with Viscous Dissipation

© 2012 Sattar and Ferdows, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Effects of Hall and Joule Currents and Variable Properties on an Unsteady MHD Laminar Convective Flow Over a Porous Rotating Disk with Viscous Dissipation


Introduction
Heat transfer from convection in a rotating body is of theoretical as well as practical importance in the thermal analysis of rotating components of various types of mechanical devises. The rotating disk is one of a number of such geometrical configurations of rotating bodies which is of primary interest. Many practical systems can be modeled in terms of disk rotating in an infinite environment or in a housing. The importance of heat transfer from a rotating body can thus be ascertained in cases of many types of machineries, for example computer disk drives (Herrero et al 1994), rotating disk reactors for bio-fuel production and gas or marine turbines (Owen and Rogers 1989).
Heat transfer from a rotating disk by convection has been investigated theoretically by Wagner(1948), Millsaps and Pohlhausen(1952), Kreith and Taylor(1956), Kreith, Taylor and Chong(1959) and Sparrow and Gregg(1959). The theory thus established predicts that in the laminar flow regime heat and mass transfer coefficients are uniform over the entire surface of a rotating disk. Following pioneer treatment of von Karman(1921) for a flow over a rotating disk, an exact solution of complete Navier-Stokes' and energy equations was obtained by Millsaps and Pohlhausen for laminar convective flow. The rate of heat and mass transfer from a rotating disk at various speeds in an infinite environment in both laminar and turbulent flows were measured by Kreith, Taylor and Chong(1959). On the other hand Popiel and Boguslawski(1975) measured the heat transfer coefficient at a certain location over a disk rotating at different angular speeds.
The applied magnetic field effects on a steady flow due to the rotation of a disk of infinite or finite extend were studied by El-Mistikaway and Attia(1990) and El-Mistikaway et al. (1991). Aboul- Hassan and Attia(1997) also studied steady hydrodynamic flow due to an infinite disk rotating with uniform angular velocity in the presence of an axial magnetic field with Hall current. Attia(1998) separately studied the effects of suction as well as injection in the presence of a magnetic field on the unsteady flow past a rotating porous disk. It was observed by him that strong injection tend to destabilize the laminar boundary layer but when magnetic field works even with strong injection, it stabilizes the boundary layer.
The heat transfer phenomenon along with magneto-hydrodynamic effect on an unsteady incompressible flow due to an infinite rotating disk were studied by Maleque and Sattar(2003) using implicit finite difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson method. Later Maleque and Sattar(2005) investigated numerically the steady three-dimensional MHD free convective laminar incompressible boundary layer flow due to an infinite rotating disk in an axial uniform magnetic field taking into account the Hall current.
In classical treatment of thermal boundary layers, fluid properties such as density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity are assumed to be constant. But experiments indicate that the assumption of constant fluid property only makes sense if temperature does not change rapidly as far as application is concerned. To predict the flow behavior accurately, it may be necessary to take into account these properties as variables. It is of course known that these physical properties may change significantly with the change of temperature of the flow. Zakerullah and Ackroyd(1979) taking into account the variable properties analyzed the laminar natural convection boundary layer flow on a horizontal circular disk. Herwig(1985) analyzed the influence of variable properties on a laminar fully developed pipe flow with constant heat flux across the wall. He showed how the exponents in the property ratio method depend on the fluid properties. Herwig and Wikeren(1986) made a similar analysis in case of a wedge flow. In case of a fully developed flow in a concentric annuli, the effects of the variable properties have been investigated by Herwig and Klamp(1988). Maleque and Sattar(2002) , however, studied the effects of variable viscosity and Hall current on an unsteady MHD laminar convective flow due to a rotating disk. Similar unsteady hydromagnetic flow due to an infinite rotating disk was studied by Attia(2006) takig into account the temperature dependent viscosity in a porous medium with Hall and ion-slip currents. The effects of variable properties(density, viscosity and thermal conductivity) on the steady laminar convective flow due to a rotating disk were shown by Maleque and Sattar(2005a) while Maleque and Sattar(2005b) further investigated the same problem in presence of Hall current. Osalusi and Sibanda(2006) revisited the problem of Maleque and Sattar(2005b), considering magnetic effect. Osalusi et al.(2008) , however, considered an unsteady MHD flow over a porous rotating disk with variable properties in the presence of Hall and Ion-slip currents. Rahman(2010) recently made a similar study on the slip-flow with variable properties due to a porous rotating disk.
Most of the above studies were in cases of steady flows accept few. The reason is that the theoretical treatment of unsteady problems is a difficult task. However, one can rely on the sophisticated numerical tools such as finite difference or finite element methods to solve the unsteady problems but the solutions such obtained are non-similar. Problem of course arises when one tries to obtain similarity solutions of an unsteady flow. A similarity technique for unsteady boundary layer problems was thus fathered by Sattar and Hossain(1992), which has been incorporated here to investigate the effects of Hall and Joule currents on an unsteady MHD laminar convective flow due to a porous rotating disk with viscous dissipation.

Physical model
Let us consider a disk which is placed at z = 0 in a cylindrical polar coordinate system ( , , ) r z ϕ where z is the vertical axis and r and ϕ are the radial and tangential axes respectively. The disk is assumed to rotate with an angular velocity Ω and the fluid occupies the region 0 z > . Let the components of the flow velocity q= ( , , ) u v w be in the directions of increasing ( , , ) r z ϕ respectively. Let p be the pressure, ρ be the density and T be the temperature of the fluid while the surface of the rotating disk is maintained at a uniform temperature w T . For away from the wall, free stream is kept at a constant temperature T ∞ and at a constant pressure p ∞ . The fluid is assumed to be Newtonian, viscous and electrically conducting. An external magnetic field is applied in the z-direction having a constant magnetic flux density 0 B which is assumed unchanged by taking small magnetic Reynolds number ( ) 1 ex R  . The electron-atom collision frequency is assumed to be relatively high, so that the Hall effect is assumed to exist. Geometry of the physical model is shown below.
The fluid properties viscosity ( ) μ , thermal conductivity ( ) k and the density ( ) ρ are taken as functions of temperature alone and obey the following laws [Jayaraj (1995)] , , where a, b and c are arbitrary exponents and , , k Based on the above features , the Navier Stokes equations and Energy equation , which are the governing equations of the problem, due to unsteady axially symmetric, compressible MHD laminar flow of a homogenous fluid take the following form: Scheme 1. Geometry of the physical model In the above equations (2)-(6), m represents the Hall current and in equation (6) the last two terms respectively represent magnetic and viscous dissipation terms.
The appropriate boundary conditions of the flow induced by the infinite disk ( 0) z = which is started impulsively into steady rotation with constant angular velocity Ω and a uniform suction/injection velocity w w through the disk are given by

Similarity transformations
In order to tackle the unsteady character of the motion unlike other approaches for example that of Chamkha & Ahmed (2011), a new similarity parameter taken as a function of time is introduced as Here δ is a time dependent length scale and is a new parameter that has been fathered by Sattar & Hossain(1992).
Hence to obtain similarity solutions of the above governing equations the following similarity transformations which are little deviated from the usual von-Karman transformations are introduced in terms of the similarity parameter δ : where Ω is a constant angular velocity and w T T T ∞ Δ = − and w T is the temperature of the disk wall.
Following the laws in (1) the unsteady governing partial differential equations (2)-(6) are then transformed respectively to the following set of dimensionless nonlinear ordinary differential equations through the introduction of the transformations in (8): is the Joule heating parameter and is the relative temperature difference parameter which is positive for heated surface and negative for cooled surface and zero for uniform properties.
The equations (10) to (14) are similar in time accept for the term d dt  where t appears explicitly. Thus the similarity conditions requires that d dt Thus introducing (14) with the conditions that 0 It thus appears from (15) that the length scale δ is consistent with the usual length scale considered for various non-steady flows (Schlichting,1958) . Since δ is a scaling factor as well as a similarity parameter, any value of λ in equation (15) With reference to the transformations (8), the boundary conditions (7) transform to where, The quantities which are of physical interest relevant to our problem are the local skinfriction coefficients (radial and tangential) and the local Nusselt number. Now since the radial (surface) and tangential stresses are respectively given by the dimensionless radial and tangential skin-friction coefficients are respectively obtained as where 0 U is taken to be a mean velocity of the flow.
Again the rate of heat transfer from the disk surface to the fluid is given by Hence the Nusselt number defined by

Numerical method
The nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (16) to (20)

Steady case
When the flow is steady, δ is no longer a function of time rather can be considered to be a characteristic length scale such as L . Thus in equations (9) to (13) (9) to (13) we obtain the following equations: The above equations exactly correspond to those of Maleque and Sattar(2005a) , therefore the solutions to the above equations have not been explored here for brevity. However, numerical values of the radial , tangential and rate of heat transfer coefficients for three different values of the relative temperature difference parameter γ is presented in Table-  . Percentage wise differences have therefore been calculated and found to be maximum 2.35% and minimum 0.0% w.r.t three decimal places of the calculated values which shows a good agreement between our calculated results and that of Maleque and Sattar(2005a).

Unsteady solutions
As a result of the numerical calculations the radial, tangential and axial velocity profiles and temperature profiles are displayed in Figures 1-24  η this situation breaks down and the consequence is that the tangential velocity increases with the increase of γ . From Fig-3, it is seen that close to the disk surface γ has a tendency to reduce the motion and induce more flow far from the boundary indicating that there is a  Figures 21-24 present the effects of the Joule heating parameter, h J , on the flow behavior. It is seen that the axial velocity profiles and temperature profiles increase with increasing h J while velocity profiles is generally much smaller between 0.1 and 0.5 except for large values of h J , when it increases above 0.5, which is expectable on physical basis. The radial and tangential velocity profiles have no significant impact.

Concluding remarks
In this study, we have investigated numerically the heat transfer phenomenon along with the effects of variable properties for a 2-D unsteady hydrodynamic flow past a rotating disk taking into account viscous dissipation, Joule and hall currents. Using a new class of similarity transformation close to von-Karman, the governing equations have been transformed into non-linear ordinary differential equations that are locally similar. These equations have been solved using the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique along with a sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Based on the resulting solutions the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Similarity approach adopted in the analysis has the advantage that one can separately obtain the steady and unsteady solutions. 2. A comparison of the steady results for the radial and tangential stresses and the rate of heat transfer with those from the available literature leads credence to the numerical code used and hence to the results obtained in the unsteady case. 3. The relative temperature difference parameter γ taken as the variable properties parameter has marked effects on the radial and axial velocity profiles. Close to the surface of the disk tangential velocities and temperature slow down but shortly after they increase with the increasing values of γ . 4. As an influence of the relative temperature difference parameter γ , the thermal boundary layer induces more flow far from the surface of the disk. 5. Separation of flow was detected in different regimes of the momentum and thermal boundary layers. 6. Reduced flows have been observed for increase in injection ( 0) s W < while induced Flows were observed for increase in suction( 0 s W > ). 7. Local maxima and local minima have been observed in the cases of radial and axial velocities for M , m and h J . 8. As e R increases, axial and tangential velocity profiles and temperature profiles increase while radial profiles decrease.