Model-Based Adaptive Tracking Control of Linear Time-Varying System with Uncertainties

© 2012 Lee and Nataraj, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Model-Based Adaptive Tracking Control of Linear Time-Varying System with Uncertainties


Introduction
This primary purpose of this research is concerned with adaptive tracking control of a nonlinear system [6,9].Particularly, time-varying control approach has been designed for tracking of the system with application to a nonlinear dynamic model [1].Furthermore, the time-varying system is further complicated by parametric uncertainty or disturbances such as external forces, continuous or discrete noise where the parameters are unknown.Over the past several years, trajectory tracking issue as a high-level control of a nonlinear system has been received a wide attention from control community.Hence, the discussion here is principally devoted to model-based adaptive trajectory tracking control algorithm of linear time-varying (LTV) systems in the presence of uncertainty [4,5].
A system undergoing slow time variation in comparison to its time constants can usually be considered to be linear time invariant (LTI) and thus, slow time-variation is often ignored in dealing with systems in practice.An example of this is the aging and wearing of electronic and mechanical components, which happens on a scale of years, and thus does not result in any behavior qualitatively different from that observed in a time invariant system on a day-to-day basis.There are many well developed techniques for dealing with the response of linear time invariant systems such as Laplace and Fourier transforms, but not applicable to linear time varying or nonlinear systems, nor feasible to implement for complicated real-world systems.In addition, time-varying system may be difficult to satisfy global controllability or to show whether the time-varying system is even stable or not, due to difficulties in computing or finding solution.Unlike LTI systems, linear time varying systems may behave more like nonlinear systems [1,2,3].In general all systems are time-varying in principle and a large number of systems arising in practice are time-varying.Time variation is a result of system p a r a m e t e r s c h a n g i n g a s a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e [ 5 ] , s u c h a s a e r o d y n a m i c c o e f f i c i e n t s o f aircrafts, hydrodynamic terms in marine vessels, circuit parameters in electronic circuits, and mechanical parameters in machinery.Thus, we characterize systems as time-varying if the parameter variation is happening on time scales close to that of the system dynamics.Time variation also occurs as a result of linearizing a nonlinear system about a family of operating points and/or about a time-varying trajectory for developing control system.However, due to the desire to achieve better accuracy and quality in a wide range of applications [11], there have been increasing interests to include the effects of timevariation [12] while designing controllers or observers at the time analyzing and/or applying to such systems.
In this work, tracking error system is formulated based on its model-reference system which has a reference input and the nonlinear dynamic model of the inverted pendulum.We found a solution of the tracking nonlinear system after developing its linear time varying systems.For the development of subsequent control approach, the error system is linearized about given desired trajectory using a perturbation approach and produced a linear timevarying tracking error equation [3] with system matrices, A(t) and/or B(t).At this time the controllability of this time-varying system only shows that the system is stable in an instant time or about a trajectory which can be locally controllable or stabilized.Then, a novelty of this research is that a controllability grammian matrix is found to be a necessary and sufficient conditions of the global controllability and the inverse of the grammian matrix exists, which is nonsingular, and is used for the designing the control input of the closedloop system.In this research, a complicated solution of state transition matrix is obtained based on Taylor series expansion, categorized into feasible forms based on the system and the shape of matrix.The control input of the tracking system is designed from the state transition matrix and the grammian matrix, which makes the system globally controllable, and the control input of the actual system is redesigned via the tracking controller while compensating for the uncertainty as disturbances, which also yields the system globally stable.This chapter consists of as follows: a time-varying system is briefly described relative to a time-invariant system and a non-homogeneous system is introduced for linear timevarying system for the development of the solution which is state transition matrix in Section II followed by Introduction.Then a cart-pole nonlinear dynamic model where the system parameters are unknown is developed for the application of a proposed control algorithm and expressed into a state space form.For the trajectory tracking control, error signals are formulated from desired model-based reference system.Based on the analysis of the developed time-varying error system, the solution of the system, state transition matrix, is derived in a series form and then a special form of the matrix is obtained for the secondorder error differential equation, which is used for the grammian matrix and the closed-loop controller.The control system is also developed to reject disturbances via a projection-based adaptive control approach and update laws for the parameter update in Section III.Numerical simulation results with analyses demonstrate the validity of the proposed system.This approach can be extended to other nonlinear time-varying dynamic systems such as aerial-, marine, or ground vehicles.
Model-Based Adaptive Tracking Control of Linear Time-Varying System with Uncertainties 37

Linear time-varying system
A linear time-invariant system (LTI) is described as where the equilibrium point is at the origin and if det(A)≠0, the fixed point is isolated and the stability of the origin depends on the location of the eigenvalues of the matrix () which is not a function of time.The solution of (1) with the initial state 0 () Another LTI state equations is given by where this is a convolution control solution and the state transition matrix 0 () . The solutions ( 2) and ( 4) make clear the importance of the matrix exponential exp( ) At and its eigenvalues.However, these techniques are not strictly valid for time-varying systems.

Homogeneous system
A time-varying system is described as where () , () , and the matrix () is not a constant as a function of time; it is nonautonomous [6,7].The general solution of the (5) in n-dimensional linear vector space, () () () , is a basis set of n linearly independent initial condition.According to the linearly independent solutions, a system is defined as

Nonhomogeneous system
A linear time-varying system (LTV) is described as where () () , () , () ut  where n-m is the underactuation, or the number of underactuated inputs.For the controllability of time-varying systems given in (8), the state transition matrix (or known as fundamental solution matrix) is the overall solution and used to perform the function of integrating factor where the solution is derived from a linear independence on the columns of a matrix that was a function of ()   and () B  .

Solution of the state transition matrix
The system is controllable if the controllability gramian (or grammian) matrix below is nonsingular, i.e., invertible for the necessary and sufficient condition 0 () () where the rows of the matrix product 0 () ( ,)() Xt B    are linearly independent in an interval.In order to prove the invertible exists, the control input () ut of the system can be designed based on the gramian matrix as where the solution of linear time-varying system (, ) The expression (11) yields by factoring 10 (,) tt  of the left side as where ( 9) was used and this implies the control input, () ut in (10), drives the system to reach the zero state, in which K should be the identity matrix.Now the system is controllable and shows that the controllability gramian is invertible.

Dynamic model
A continuous nonlinear time-varying system is given as a combined model based on the inverted pendulum [1] expressed by the second-order differential equation by where () t  is the angle of the pole of the inverted pendulum which is subjected to the external force 1 () ut   , g is the gravitational force, and L is the combined parameter term given by 2 ˆ, where L is an unknown lumped parameter, in which Ĵ is the inertia of the pole, m is the mass of the pole, and l is the length of the pole.The system can be expressed into a state space model in order to analyze as k is a positive constant.

Error formulation
Then, the error equation can be derived from the subtraction between the desired and the actual system as

Solution of the linear time-varying system
The solution of linear time-varying error system for ( 22) is given by 0 00 () (, )( ) (, ) ( ) However, it is difficult to find the state transition matrix of (22) since the system has a function of time in the () At and coupled.However, the fact that ( 17) and ( 21) can be considered as decoupled between two equations helps to find the state transition matrix, (, ) where 20 . Then the open-loop control input for the second equation of ( 22) using a controllability gramian term is where 1 B  and K is the control input gain constant, and () ut in (29) will be designed in the next.From the definition of () ut in (23), the control input () ut is designed in the presence of the parametric uncertainty as where the first term, 1 () ut, is designed for subsequent control development as the second term, L , in (32) is the estimated parameter term of ( 14) and the following adaptation laws are used for the parameter estimator, ' ˆ() t  , while compensating the parametric uncertainty.

Adaptation laws for parameter update
Substituting (32) for () ut into () Then, the adaptation law is designed as Hence, the final error system utilized (37) results in The following is assumed to define the upper and lower bounds of each unknown parameters ˆˆ  where  is the estimated constant parameters,  ,  are unknown lower and upper bounds of the estimated parameters as shown in system parameters, respectively, which will be set to the amount of percentage of their true values.ˆ() t   vector is designed to update using a projection-based algorithm as where


Pr oj  is the projection operator [8] and each parameter is adaptively updated using adaptation laws for online estimation of unknown parameter as follows:   It is straightforward to make a conclusion that the above adaptive control approach is applied to (36) and then the parenthesis term in (36) will be going to zero, resulting in (38) if both are perfectly canceled, which yields globally stable tracking result.

Numerical results
The initial condition of inverted pendulum angles is given as 1 (0) [0.1, 0.5, 1.0] (rad) x   [6, 17, 57] (deg)  as shown in Figure 1 where each actual angle of the pendulum track the desired angle 1 0 d x  , starting from its initial value.Note that the initial angular rate, 2 (0) x , is zero.In Figure 2, the actual angular rate tracks the desired angular rate of the inverted pendulum.In Figure 3, their tracking angle errors are shown in the top plot and the error rates are shown in the bottom plot, where the errors and error rates are close to zero and thus the tracking system works well.The control inputs are in Figure 4; the control input shown in plot (a) is the designed control input in (32), which is used for the control input of the system dynamic model given in (15), the control input shown in plot (b) is the control solution given in (31) of the tracking error dynamics in (34), which enables the global stability, and finally the plot in (c) is proposed controller of this research, i.e., the closed-loop adaptive tracking control input designed in (35).Figure 5 is the estimate of the time varying parameter, L of L , in which the simulation parameters such as mass ( m ), length of the pole ( l ), and inertia of the pole ( J ) are combined together and the values used in simulation are as follows: 0  39) is set to 100%.The nominal value of 1/ L is 0.612.Thus, the upper bound is 1.232 and lower bound is zero as shown in Figure 5 and the time-varying parameter estimate is varying within the bounds.The error dynamics, 2 () et  , developed in the main body of this chapter are shown in Figure 6; the plot (a) is the second equation of ( 22) with the control input given in (31), the plot (b) is the output of the error dynamics given in (34) with the control input (35), and the plot in (c) is the final error dynamics given in (38).In Figure 7, those velocity errors with regard to the dynamics are shown.The reference velocity, error control gain constants, gain value, and control input gain matrix are Model-Based Adaptive Tracking Control of Linear Time-Varying System with Uncertainties 45

Conclusion
A tracking control of a model-based linear time-varying system is developed in application to the nonlinear inverted pendulum model.A novelty of this paper is that not only found a gramian matrix which is difficult to find or compute but also utilized to the linear timevarying tracking controller which satisfies the necessary and sufficient of the global stability of the system.Another is that the linear time-varying system is further complicated by parametric uncertainty where the combined parameters are unknown.The suggested adaptive control approach and update laws are applied for estimating the parameters while preserving the system to be stable and converging the tracking error close to zero.Numerical simulation results are demonstrated the validity of the proposed system.
where and A B are time-invariant.It is known that the solution of the equation (3) using an integrating factor yields () nn A    can be time-varying or time-invariant.The solution of (3) with the initial state 0 () xt is given by 0 . Convolution integral solution to determine the state at the end of the interval, ut is the actual control input of the inverted pendulum to be designed later.Let the right side of the second row equation is added because the response of the second equation can be divergent due to the positive reference input r u , in which 1

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 4. Control Inputs: (a) () ut in (32), (b) () ut in (31), and (c) () ut  in (35) Adaptive Tracking Control of Linear Time-Varying System with Uncertainties 47 Xt is the matrix of the initial value of state, (, )  is the control input where n is the number of control inputs.Note that in case the control input is underactuated, then () n Btut  , in which () n ut