Optical and Resonant Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films

The properties of colligative states of spontaneously aggregated polymethine dyes differ substantially from those of monomeric dye. Excellent examples of such self-organized molecular ensembles are J-aggregates of cyanine dyes. The J-aggregated state is now being considered for a number of non-cyanine dyes, the cyanine dye is still the most known and effective dye for J-aggregate formation (Wurthner, 2011). J-aggregates of cyanine dyes, first discovered by Jelley and Scheibe in 1936 (Jelley, 1936; Scheibe, 1936), have been studied for many years (Kobayashi, 1996). J-aggregates of cyanine dyes attract the attention of the researchers due to their interesting optical properties. J-aggregates are characterized by a strong absorption peak (J-peak) with narrow line widths which are bathochromically shifted relative to the absorption band of the monomeric dye. Their role as photographic sensitizers can hardly be overestimated (Tani, 1996; Trosken et al., 1995; Shapiro, 1994). Aggregates of dye molecules may be used to mimic light harvesting arrays and to prepare artificial photosynthetic systems (McDermott et al., 1995; Blankenship, 1995). Another development is the efficient electroluminescence revealed in single-layer light-emitting diodes based on electron-hole conducting polymers containing nano-crystalline phases of J-aggregates of cyanine dyes (Mal'tsev et al., 1999).


Introduction
The properties of colligative states of spontaneously aggregated polymethine dyes differ substantially from those of monomeric dye.Excellent examples of such self-organized molecular ensembles are J-aggregates of cyanine dyes.The J-aggregated state is now being considered for a number of non-cyanine dyes, the cyanine dye is still the most known and effective dye for J-aggregate formation (Wurthner, 2011).J-aggregates of cyanine dyes, first discovered by Jelley and Scheibe in 1936 (Jelley, 1936;Scheibe, 1936), have been studied for many years (Kobayashi, 1996).J-aggregates of cyanine dyes attract the attention of the researchers due to their interesting optical properties.J-aggregates are characterized by a strong absorption peak (J-peak) with narrow line widths which are bathochromically shifted relative to the absorption band of the monomeric dye.Their role as photographic sensitizers can hardly be overestimated (Tani, 1996;Trosken et al., 1995;Shapiro, 1994).Aggregates of dye molecules may be used to mimic light harvesting arrays and to prepare artificial photosynthetic systems (McDermott et al., 1995;Blankenship, 1995).Another development is the efficient electroluminescence revealed in single-layer light-emitting diodes based on electron-hole conducting polymers containing nano-crystalline phases of J-aggregates of cyanine dyes (Mal'tsev et al., 1999).
The promise in the property of J-aggregates lies in their high non-linear cubic optical susceptibility, χ (3) ~ 10 -7 esu, with a fast response time at the J-peak resonance in solutions and polymer films (Wang, 1991;Bogdanov et al., 1991).
The pseudoisocyanine dye (PIC) is the known dye which forms the J-aggregates in solutions.Of particular interest is the formation and non-linear optical properties of Jaggregates in thin solid films.Films of J-aggregates of organic dyes are promising nanomaterials for non-linear optical switches because they have the unique properties of high non-linear bleaching and non-linear refraction (Markov et al., 2000).As shown in Glaeske et al. (2001), films of J-aggregates with bistable behaviour may be the basis for twodimensional optical switches, controllable by light.The non-linear optical properties of organic dye J-aggregates have been intensively studied for application in future optical telecommunication and signal processing systems with ultrahigh bit rates (Tbit/s) (Furuki et al., 2000).The observed giant resonant third-order susceptibility in PIC thin solid films   ~10 -5 -10 -4 esu (5 orders of magnitude greater than in polyconjugated polymers) and accessible production of optical quality films over a large area gives the possibility of Jaggregates application in telecommunication for terahertz demultiplexing of optical signals.
The methods for obtaining the J-aggregates in solutions do not give stable aggregates, which hampers their application as non-linear optical materials.Besides, a thin film geometry is preferable for applications.Therefore, the preparation of large area thin films of J-aggregates with thermal and photochemical stability, and high optical quality is vital for practical application and a matter of much current interest.The pseudoisocyanine at proper conditions efficiently forms J-aggregates in solid thin films (Shelkovnikov et al., 2002).The aim of this paper is to clarify the influence on the spectral linear and non-linear properties of PIC J-aggregates in thin solid films using a number of factors: structure of pseudoisocyanine dye derivatives, local field factor and character of J-peak broadening.

Experimental part -Materials and methods
We used two methods to stimulate the J-aggregates' formation in the thin solid films.The use of a solution of PIC dyes with long alkyl substituents (Shelkovnikov et al., 2002) and the use of a PIC2-2 solution with the addition of cluster hydroborate anions (Shelkovnikov et al., 2004).Synthesis of the number of the derivatives of PIC with symmetrical and nonsymmetrical long alkyl chain substituters for the physical-chemical experiments was carried out and the obtained dyes were isolated, chromatographically refined and characterized using the 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance method (Orlova et al., 2002;Orlova et al., 1995).Synthesis and characterization of the PIC2-2 derivative with cluster anion -closohexahydrodecaborate (B 10 H 10 2-) by the infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray spectroscopy methods was carried out [Plekhanov et al., 1998a[Plekhanov et al., , 1998c;;Cerasimova et al., 2000).
The thin solid films of PIC dye were prepared using spin-coating of the dye solution on the clean glass plates 2,5x2,5 cm 2 with a rate of rotation of 2000-3000 rpm on the custom made spin-coating equipment.
The linear optical spectra of the thin solid samples, depending on the experiments, were measured on the spectrophotometer Hewlett Packard 8453, fast fibre optics spectrophotometer Avantes AVS-SD2000 and fast fibre optics spectrophotometer Calibri VMK Optoelectronics, Novosibirsk (http://www.vmk.ru/).Fast spectrophotometers allow the measurement of 40 spectra per second.Sample heating for determination of the Jaggregates' thermal stability was done in a thermostatic optical chamber with a constant heating rate of 1.5 deg/min.
The thickness, dispersion of refractive index, and absorption of the obtained films were measured on a spectral ellipsometer Ellips developed at the A.V.Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS (http://www.isp.nsc.ru/).The optical parameters of the film according to ellipsometric parameters delta (Δ) and psi (Ψ) were found by approximating the single-phase model of the Si-substrate/absorbing film.
Optical and Resonant Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films 319 The steady-state luminescence spectra were recorded on the Cary-Eclipse (Varian) and Hitachi 850 spectrofluorimeters.The kinetics of the luminescence decay was measured on the set-up of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (Berlin, Germany) with the assistance of researcher Ch.Spitz.The excitation was carried out in the cryostat by the pulse irradiation of the dye laser (R6G dye) with pulse duration 80ps synchronously pumped by pulse mode-locking Ar+ laser.The luminescence of the PIC J-aggregates was separated by monochromator and measured in the photon counting regime by the photomultiplier.
The measurement of non-linear cubic susceptibilities of J-aggregates' PIC in thin solid films was carried out using the Z-scan method on the set-up shown on fig. 1 based on the dye R6G laser pumped using 5 ns pulsed Nd:YAG laser.The weak luminescence of the laser dye was cut off by the interference filter IF590 (Carl Zeiss Jena).The light signals were measured by photodiodes and the measured T(z) curves had 200 experimental points with the average value taken from the tens pulses.The calibration was carried out with etalon CS 2 substance (=(3.6+0.3)10 -1 cm 2 /W).The values of the real Re (3) and imaginary Im (3) parts of the cubic susceptibility in the esu units from the measured values' non-linear refraction coefficient and absorption coefficient in SI units were calculated by equations:

The formation of J-aggregates' PIC with the long alkyl chain substituters in thin solid films
The derivatives of PIC with symmetrical and non-symmetrical long alkyl chain substituters were synthesized to stimulate the J-aggregates' formation in thin solid films.

N N Alk
Alk' Alk=C 2 H There is no difference in the absorption spectra of the obtained dye in monomer form in organic solution.Symmetrical dyes do not give J-aggregated form in solid films and have the tendency to form H-aggregates.All non-symmetrical dyes with long alkyl chains PIC2-6, PIC2-10, PIC2-15, PIC2-18 give the J-aggregated form in thin solid films, see fig. 2, with maximum at =575-583 nm and FWHM 360-400 сm -1 .The effective energies of activation of thermal decay of J-aggregates in thin films were calculated from the non-isothermic curves of the thermal decay.The degree of J-aggregate Where,  -the rate of the sample heating (dT/dt).After integration we have (4) The dependence of the ( ) vs. 1/Т gives the value E a from this equation.The experimental and theoretical curves of  J (Т) and double-logarithmic line are shown in fig. 5 for the case of PIC-2-15 J-aggregates' thermal decay.
The obtained values of activation energy for the thermal decay of the J-aggregates of PIC with different long alkyl chains are shown in table 1.  Table 1.The values of the activation energy for the thermal decay of the J-aggregates in the thin solid films We can conclude that the average value of the effective activation energy for the thermal decay of the J-aggregates in the thin solid film is 36 kcal/mol.Let us compare the value of the effective activation energy for the thermal decay of the J-aggregates with the electrostatic energy of the PIC dimer formation.The main contribution to the dimerization energy gives the Coulomb interaction of the two PIC cations and halogen anions (Krasnov, 1984).
Where, q 1 and q 2 are charges of ions, r -the distance between ions, A -the coefficient that characterizes the energy of repulsive exchange interactions of the electron orbitals and  is the constant equal 0,34 Å.The A value is calculated from the minimum ( The value of the energy of the dimer is the minimal at quadruple replacement of the cations and anions as shown in fig.6.In this case the electrostatic energy of the dimer is The value of the dimerization energy was calculated as the difference between the dimer energy and the two molecules PIC in the monomer form. The molecules' distance depending on the dimerization energy is shown in fig.8.The minimum of the curve is -34 kcal/mol with the equilibrium distance between PIC molecules 3,5 Å.This is in good agreement with Van der Waals' distance in the dyes' dimers.One can see that the energy of the calculated value of energy of the pair electrostatic interaction of PIC (-34 kcal/mol) is close to the average value of the effective activation energy for the thermal decay of the J-aggregates' PIC (-36 kcal/mol).
The value of the enthalpy of the dyes dimerization in the solution is 6-12 kcal/mol (Ghasemi & Mandoumi, 2008;Coates, 1969;Nygren et al., 1996).It is less than the calculated energy of the dimerization PIC due to the compensatory contribution of the high energy of the dye solvatation.That means that in the solution or in the solvatating polymer the thermal decay of the J-aggregates will happens much more easily than in a non-solvating polymer or in solid films.

The spectrophotometry of the J-aggregate PIC2-18 iodide to monomer conversion in thin film with the addition of 1-octadecyl-2-methylquinolinium
The number of monomer units in the J-aggregate PIC is an important characteristic in understanding its optical and non-linear optical properties in thin solid films.There are different opinions in the literature about the number of molecular units making up the aggregate: from hundreds (Sundstrom et al., 1988;Tani et al., 1996), tens (Daltrozzo et al., 1974), four (Herz, 1974) or three (Struganova, 2000) molecules in the J-aggregate PIC.Here we describe the difference between the number of molecules which can be in the J-aggregate as in a physical object, for an example in the micelle, and the minimal number of molecules which is enough to give the J-peak in the optical spectrum.
We use another organic cation 1-octadecyl-2-methylquinolinium (MQ18), which has the same charge (+1) and long alkyl tail as PIC2-18, to divide the PIC2-18 molecules in the Jaggregate in a thin solid film.In this way it is possible to determine the number of PIC2-18 molecules in the J-aggregate.
The MQ18 is similar to one half of PIC2-18 and statistically replaces the PIC2-18 molecules at the moment of fast J-aggregate assembling during the short time of film formation during spin-coating.In this case the numbers of PIC2-18 molecules in the J-aggregate will depend on the relationship between the concentration of the MQ18 and dye in the film.The probability of PIC2-18 molecule substitution by MQ18 molecule (F MQ18 ) in the film is equal to the part of the MQ18 molecules in the joint composition PIC18 and MQ18 The absorption spectra of the films prepared by spin-coating on the basis of mixture PIC2-18:MQ18 (1:0.05,1:0.1,1:0.2, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, 1:1) were measured and part of them is shown in fig.9.One can see the transformation of the J-aggregate spectrum to the monomer dye spectrum with increasing the MQ18 concentration.At the molar relation PIC2-18:MQ18 1:1 we observe only the monomer form of dye.The part of the destroyed J-aggregates (F J ), which is determined as the change of the J-peak optical density ((D J 0 -D J MQ18 )/D J 0 ) is equal to the probability of the PIC2-18 molecule substitution multiplied by the number molecules (N) needed for J-peak appearance.
The value N was calculated from the tangent of the (F J -F MQ18 ) dependence shown in fig. 10 is 2.6±0.2.This is between two and three.In accordance with the exciton description of supramolecular assemble (Malyshev, 1993) at the number of molecules in the J-aggregate, at more than two there should be noticeable a hypsochromic shift of J-peak as the aggregate decreases.The J-peak energy depending on the number of molecules in the J-aggregate is: where h is the energy of the optical transition of the monomer dye, V -the dipole-dipole interaction of the neighbour molecules in the aggregate, N -the number of molecules in the J-aggregate.The spectral shift for the Lorenz contour of the J-peak (Lr ex ) was calculated for the number of PIC molecules in the J-aggregate from 2 to 5 (fig.11).
Where,   -the width of J-peak (300 сm -1 ), 0  -maximum of the J-peak absorption (18770 The decreasing number of molecules from three to two in the J-aggregate leads to the blue shift of the spectra to 9 nm.In our case the J-peak disappeared, but the blue spectral shift was not observed.It could be explained in the case of the J-aggregate dimer form presence.The dimer form of the dye was determined as the main form for the PIC J-aggregate. Fig. 10.The relative J-peak optical density change depending on the relative MQ18 content Fig. 11.The absorption spectra of the J-aggregate calculated using eq.12 for the different number of the molecules in the J-aggregate (the curve number)

The optical constants of thin solid films of PIC derivatives
The frequency dispersion of the absorption coefficient k and the refractive index n of the films of PIC long chain derivatives in J-aggregated and monomer forms were determined in the wavelength region from 500 to 650 nm.The typical value of measured thin films thickness was 20-30nm.As an illustration, the resulting spectra for two films are shown in Fig. 12.The spectra for other films were similar.One shows anomalous dispersion for n within the region of dye absorption (500-570 nm), with the values n = 3.05 and k = 0.8 at the maximum of the J-peak dispersion curve; at the absorption maximum of the J-peak, n = 2.5 and k = 1.25 for film 21 nm thick.
The value of the index of absorption ( 4/ k    ) in thin solid films for PIC2-18 is: in the maximum of anomalous dispersion refraction www.intechopen.comrefractive index of dispersion curve to infinite wavelength n∞ using the least squares method and the Zelmeer equation (Verezchagin, 1980).
Where M is molecular weight (consider dimer value for J-aggregate), d is density of molecules; www.intechopen.com Optical and Resonant Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films

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gives the values  J =88 Å 3 for the J-aggregate and  m =66 Å 3 for the monomer form of dye.
The electron polarizability of the J-aggregate is 1.33 times more than the polarizability of the monomer.This is not too much to consider the electron delocalization in J-aggregate over the number of dye molecules, but rather it confirms some expansion of electron delocalization due to dye dimerization.

The luminescent properties of J-aggregate PIC with long alkyl chain
Resonance luminescence takes place for the J-aggregates' PIC in solutions.For example, the PIC forms the J-aggregates in water solution in the presence of phospholipide vesicles with the J-peak of absorption at 580 nm and the J-peak of the luminescence at 582 nm (Sato et al., 1989).The resonance luminescence corresponds to the absence of the molecular coordinate shift between the ground and the excited states' electron energy curves for the S 00 and S * 00 oscillatory states.For the number of samples in solutions, the long wavelength luminescent wing with a maximum of 600-630 nm was observed for J-aggregates at a low temperature (Vacha et al., 1998;Katrich et al., 2000).The authors connect the reason for the long wavelength luminescence with the availability of the dimeric nature traps which accept the excitation energy of the J-aggregate.
The measured steady-state spectra of the luminescence of solid films of J-aggregated dyes PIC2-6, PIC2-10, PIC2-15 at room temperature are shown in fig. ) transition frequency is 90-100 см -1 (see table 2).The measured spectra of the monomer PIC luminescence in water:ethanol (1:1) at concentration 10 -4 M/l is shown in fig.15.The spectrum has the band with broadening counter reaching 700 nm with the maximum at 565 nm.The Stokes shift for the monomer luminescence is 780 сm -1 .In accordance with the Lippert approach, the luminescence Stokes shift of the molecule in the medium appears due to the reaction of the medium which is described by the medium function (  1989;Lakowics, 1983).
The value of the radius of molecule solvate interaction was calculated from Where, M, d is the corresponding molecular weight and density of the dye.The obtained value R a for PIC is R a =4.5 Å.The calculation of R a from the molecular volume of PIC cation (14.52х6.41х4.3=400Å 3 ) gives the same value 4.57 Å.The value the radius of molecular cavity for PIC dimer is R a = 5.66 Å. with the dipole moment change is proportional to the  2 /R a 3 (Bakhshiev et al., 1989).The decreasing of the and increasing of the R a at the dimerization of the dye leads to the decreasing of the inhomogeneous broadening in J-aggregate and the narrowing of the J-peak by 5-7 times in comparison with the spectral width of the monomer form of the molecule.
The spectral shift between the maximum of the absorption and luminescence spectra ( depends on the mean-square dispersion of the inhomogeneous broadening of the luminescence spectra of the molecules in the medium   in that corresponds to half width of the inhomogeneous broadening of the luminescence spectrum.
The experimental value ( max max fl abs

 
) for J-aggregate PIC2-10 is 140 сm -1 (see table 2).The calculation of 2 in  for luminescence spectrum of J-aggregates with long alkyl substituters in thin solid films gives a value of full width of inhomogeneous broadening luminescence contour 2 in =338 cm -1 .The comparison of the obtained value 2 in (338 cm -1 ) and experimental value FWHM for luminescence Gauss contour of J-aggregates in thin film 2417 cm -1 allows us to conclude that the luminescence spectrum of the J-aggregates has essential contribution of orthe inhomogeneous broadening makes the essential contribution to the luminescence spectrum of the J-aggregates.
The wide long wavelength shoulder of the luminescence is observed on the all measured samples of the J-aggregated dyes in thin films, apart from the main luminescence peak.The maximum of that luminescence is at 610-625 nm depending on the sample and luminescence slump last to 670 nm.The expansion of the PIC2-10 luminescence spectrum on the two Lorentz contours is shown in fig.14.On the basis of the measured excitation spectra, it was shown that the long wavelength luminescence does not have its own excitation band and its excitation spectra coincide with the absorption and excitation spectra of the J-aggregate.The long wavelength unstructured wide band in J-aggregated films luminescence we attribute to the exciplex luminescence between J-aggregate and monomer dye or between J-aggregates.
The life time of the exciplex luminescence as a rule is longer than the life time of the luminophore luminescence and has the period of luminescence signal growth relates to the stage of the closing in the molecular contact to form the exciplex.The measurement of the kinetics of the luminescence in the maximum of the long wavelength luminescence 625 nm at room temperature shows the signal growing (see fig. 16) with characteristic time 2.1 ns and luminescence decay with life time 3.6 ns.The luminescence life time in the maximum of the J-aggregate has two components: the short component with life time 20-40 ps and the long component with life time 2.0 ns.One can see that the J-aggregate exciplex luminescence has the period of the signal growing and its life time is more than life time measured in the main peak of the J-aggregate luminescence.Fig. 16.Kinetics of the luminescence decay of the PIC2-15 at 625 nm in the thin film at the excitation on λ=574 nm

The formation of J-aggregate PIC in thin solid films. The influence of the cluster anionic derivatives of high boron hydrides
One can see from the map of the electrostatic potential of PIC (fig.7) that the positive charge of the molecule is distributed in the cavity of electrostatic potential where the anion is situated.From this for the stabilization of the PIC dimer the proper choice is a dianion with dipolar distribution of the negative charge.Cluster dianions of high boron hydrides have the dipolar distribution of the negative charge.The formation of the PIC J-aggregates with the addition of the some cluster high boron hydrides (K 2 B 10 H 10 , K (Shelkovnikov et al., 2004).It was shown that the addition of anions of high boron hydrides B 10 H 10 2-and B 10 H 8 I 2 2-to the PIC2-2 spin-coating solution at molar ratio dye:anion salt 1:0.1 leads to the effective formation of J-aggregates of dye in solid films.The absorption spectra of PIC films doped with [Ni 0 and anions B 10 H 10 2-и В 20 18 2-are shown in fig.17.The J-peak is distinctly seen in the absorption spectra of the PIC films doped with B 10 H 10 2-anions.This anion leads to an efficient J-aggregation of PIC with the formation of stable J-aggregates in solid films.
Similarly to the B 10 H 10 2-anions, the addition of the neutral complex of nickel stimulates the predominant formation of J-aggregates of PIC in a solid film (J/M=1.52).The addition of the B 10 H 8 I 2 2-anion at holding times prior to centrifugation of more than 10 min leads to the formation of stable J-aggregates (J/M = 1.46).At short holding times prior to centrifugation (less than 5 min), a long wavelength shoulder located at 625 nm and extending up to 800 nm was observed in the absorption spectra (Fig. 18).In this case, the optical density of the J-peak decreases.When a film doped with B 10 H 8 I 2 2-anions is applied to a glass surface treated with a silicon-containing surfactant for the surface wettability improvement, a high conversion of the monomer to J-aggregates (J/M = 2.2) is observed (Fig. 18, spectrum 3).A high stability of the J-aggregates of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate allowed us to perform an additional doping of the dye film with organic cation salts without destroying the J-peak.
The following salts of organic cations were used: methylcholine iodide, tetrabutylammonium (TBA) iodide, laurylcholine iodide and dodecylpyridine iodide.The salts of organic cations were introduced into the films at a mole ratio of the dye cation:added cation varying from 1 : 0.5 to 1 : 5. Upon an increase in the concentration of an organic cation to the mole ratio dye-cation 1 : 4, the J-peak increases in intensity and narrows by 1.5-2 times, as is shown in Fig. 19 for the case of TBA.At a higher concentration of organic cations in the film, the J-peak decays.The destruction of the J-aggregates was observed only upon a high dilution of a dye film with organic cations.This demonstrates the high stability of the Jaggregated form of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate. For example, the addition of octadecyl choline iodide to films of PIC iodide with long alkyl substituters (C 18 H 37 ) leads to the decomposition of the J-aggregates to the monomer at a dye-additive mole ratio even as low as 1 : 0.1.In fact, at a concentration of the additive organic cation at 4 times higher than the concentration of the dye cation, the molecules of the organic salt of the additive cation can be considered as a kind of a matrix for the dye molecules.
Fig. 19.Absorption spectra of films of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate doped with tetrabutylammonium iodide (the dye-additive mole ratios, maximum wavelengths of the Jpeak, J/M ratios and the full widths of the peaks at half maximum are given in the inset).Spectra 1-4 correspond to the dye-additive mole ratio varied from 1 : 0 to 1 : 5, respectively The dilution of a film of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate with organic cations leads to an increase in the luminescence of J-aggregates.The luminescence spectra of the J-aggregates in a film of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate and in an analogous film diluted with TBA cations in the ratio dye-TBA 1 : 4 measured under identical excitation conditions are shown in Fig. 20.It is seen from this figure that, upon dilution of the J-aggregated film by TBA cations, the luminescence intensity of the J-aggregates increases by an order of magnitude.This effect can be explained by a decrease in the concentration quenching of luminescence of the J-aggregates.
In our opinion, the changes in the shape of the J-peak in the absorption and luminescence spectra of thin films of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate observed upon dilution of the films with foreign organic cation can be explained by the fact that this peak arises due to the absorption of strongly coupled PIC dimers.A stable dye dimer may form because of a strong electrostatic interaction of two cationic molecules PIC+ with a doubly charged polyhedral B 10 H 10 2-anion.In a dimer PIC 2 -В 10 10 , the electrostatic interaction is saturated and, upon dilution with foreign cations, large-size aggregates should decompose.The charge distributions in the dye cation and in the anions of the highest boron hydrides were calculated by the AM1 method and are shown on the structures below.Qualitatively, the calculated charge distribution among the atoms of the known anions В 10 10 2-and В 12 12 2-agrees with the charge distribution calculated by such methods as PRDDO, 3D Huckel theory and STO-3G (Pilling & Hawthorne, 1964).Quantitatively, the best agreement was obtained for the total charges of the B-H groups.
In the В 10 10 2-anion, a negative charge is distributed non-uniformly.The vertex B-H groups carry a larger negative charge (-0.347) than the equatorial B-H groups (-0.163).In the PIC cation, a highest positive charge is located on two carbon atoms of the heteroaromatic rings involved in the chain of conjugation.The remaining carbon atoms and nitrogen heteroatoms carry negative charges.The remaining positive charge is mainly distributed over the hydrogen atoms of the aromatic rings.The basic atomic centres of the electrostatic attraction of the ions considered are the vertex B-H groups in the В 10 10 2-anion, the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms of the heteroaromatic rings of the dye cation.The geometrical dimensions of the В 10 10 2-anion (the distance between the polar hydrogen atoms is equal to (5.9 Å)) correspond well to the dimension of the cavity of the electrostatic potential of PIC due to the turn of its aromatic planes, in particular, the distance between the positively charged hydrogen atoms H1 and H2 (5.6 Å).It should be noted that the involvement of the vertex B-H groups of the В 10 10 2-anion into the formation of a stable PIC-closohydrodecaborate complex is confirmed by the data of IR spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis (Cerasimova, 2000).The structure of a dimer of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate calculated using the MM+ method and the map of the electrostatic potential calculated using the semi-empirical quantum-chemical AM1 method are shown in Fig. 21.It is seen that the aromatic planes of the dye cations interacting via the anion of closohydrodecaborate are turned with respect to each other.This turn can be explained by the mutual repulsion of the positively charged aromatic hydrogen atoms in the PIC dimer.
The charge distribution in the B 10 H 8 I 2 2-anion is more polarized than in the В 10 10 2-anion.The negative charge is strongly displaced toward the vertex boron and iodine atoms.If one assumes that the dipole charge distribution in the В 10 10 2-anion facilitates the formation of J-aggregates of PIC, then, upon addition of B 10 H 8 I 2 2-anions, efficient J-aggregation should Macro to Nano Spectroscopy 336 also be observed.This agrees with the formation of J-aggregates of PIC in the presence of these anions in the case of the solution being held prior to its centrifugation for a time period longer than 10 min (Fig. 18).Upon deposition of a dye solution immediately after the addition of anion, an intensive association of the dye is likely to occur, which is stimulated by a relatively high initial concentration of anions localized near the drop of salt addition (later, the associates gradually dissolve).In this case, the intensive association of the dye leads to the formation of a set of strongly aggregated dimers of PIC, whose absorption extends toward the long wavelength range up to 800 nm.The maximum of this distribution (625 nm) possibly corresponds to the dye tetramers.In the B 12 H 12 2-anion, the charge distribution among the boron atoms is completely uniform and the absolute value of the charge of the B-H groups (-0.167) is significantly smaller than that of the vertex B-H groups of the В 10 10 2-anion.Note that this anion has no poles of concentration of a negative charge and, therefore, no structure-forming effect on the formation of J-aggregates of PIC.Taking into account the charge distribution pattern in the considered cluster anions of boron hydrides, as well as their relative dimensions, we can conclude that a more pronounced bipolar distribution of the negative charge and a smaller volume of an anion facilitate the formation of a J-aggregate of PIC.
In the case of a strongly bound dimeric form of PIC-closo-hydrodecaborate, the dissociation of these dimers to the monomer upon dilution of dye films with a salt of an organic cation does not occur immediately, but rather via the stage of formation of separated dimers of PIC.The weakening of the intermolecular interaction leads to (i) a narrowing of the absorption peak of a J-aggregate, (ii) an increase in the intensity of the J-peak, (iii) a hypsochromic shift of the J-peak and (iv) an increase in the intensity of luminescence of the J-aggregate.We assume that the dimer of a dye is the main structural unit responsible for the absorption of a J-aggregate (J-peak) of PIC.

The thermal stability of PIC-closo-hexahydrodecaborate in the thin solid films
The thermal stability of the J-aggregates of PIC with long alkyl substituters in the thin solid films (T decay about 60 o C) is near the temperature of the film heating at pulse laser excitation.
The J-aggregates of PIC-closo-hexahydrodecaborate in the thin solid films are more suitable for the non-linear laser experiments due to their higher thermal stability compared with that for the J-aggregates of long chain PIC.
The thermal stability of PIC-closo-hexahydrodecaborate with TBA addition in solid films is studied by using the spectrophotometry method.The J-aggregates of PIC-closohexahydrodecaborate are stable at sample heating to temperature 90 0 С and being partially destructed at higher temperature are restored to 100% at sample cooling to room temperature.As an example the thermal decay and restoring of the J-aggregates' PIC-B 10 H 10 the spectral change of the J-aggregated film with addition of the TBA for peak narrowing is shown in the fig.22 a.One of the features of the thermal decay of the J-aggregates' PIC in the thin solid films is the red shift of J-aggregate peak.An example of an evident red shift of absorption peak of J-aggregates is shown in fig.22 b,c.The red shift of the J-aggregate peak in thin solid films and polymer matrix to about 3 nm was observed in the causes of J-aggregates' thermal decay.This effect we connect with the inhomogeneous broadening of the J-aggregate absorption band.The red spectral shift caused by intermolecular interaction follows the depth of the J-aggregate potential in the ground state for the homogeneous absorption profile as it is considered for the positive solvatochromic shifts of the absorption spectra of the molecules (Suppan, 1990).The thermal decomposition takes place for local aggregates having different activation energy.The activation energy has inhomogeneous Gaussian distribution between J-aggregates sites with homogeneous spectral Lorentz profiles.In this case, each homogeneous Lorentz profile has the spectral position with proper own activation energy of thermal decay from aggregate (dimer) to monomer.At the sample heating the aggregates with lower activation energy (   have a higher probability to destroy and have higher excitation energy.The inhomogeneous distribution of J-aggregates leads to spectral-kinetic non-equivalence of the thermal decay.The statistic weight of J-aggregates with high energy of activation increases during thermal decay.The combination of inhomogeneous broadening of initial homogeneous spectral Lorentz profiles of absorbing aggregates gives the Voight function (V) of spectral distribution.


Where, T  is the degree of J-peak decay, T -temperature o K, R -universal gas constant, Z -preexponential factor Z=10 18 and E a -activation energy with average value 120 kJ/mol.The values correspond to the thermal decomposition behaviour of J-aggregates' peak for PIC2-15 in thin films.We suppose that the activation energy spectral distribution has the normal distribution profile in spectral region of J-aggregate absorption with deviation ±10 kJ/mol.The Voight function, including the degree of thermal decomposition (, ) Calculation of the Voight contour of J-peak absorption was carried out.The values of homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the J-peak are approximately equal and make up 235 сm -1 at room temperature.The results of modelling of the Voight contour of Jaggregate PIC2-15 absorption at the stage of thermal decomposition was compared with the experimental spectral curves of J-aggregate (see fig. 23).
One can see good agreement between modelling and experimental spectral curves.The results confirm the influence the inhomogeneous broadening of absorption spectra of Jaggregates in thin films on the red shift of absorption band of J-aggregates at thermal decay.It should be noted that the experimental spectra are not corrected for double passage of light through the sample.Losses of light to double reflection and absorption of dye film must be considered in order to obtain the true value of the optical density in our optical setup.For this, the reflectance spectrum of J-aggregated PIC 2-18 film was measured (Fig. 25).The corrected optical density of J-aggregated film D(λ cor )=log [I 0 /(I 0 -A-R)] was calculated by solving the quadratic equation for the absorption coefficient obtained from the formula for the measured optical density D(λ): where A is the absorption coefficient and R the film reflectance coefficient for each wavelength.
A comparison of Fig. 24 and Fig. 25 shows that correction of the spectrum taking into account double absorption and reflection decreases significantly the optical density of the sample at the maximum of the J-peak (to 0.3).Spectral changes occurring during spin-coating of J-aggregated PIC dye are related to the increased refractive index of the medium at the time of film formation.The bathochromic shift of the monomer dye absorption maximum is due to solvent evaporation and replacement of the initial medium with refractive index n 1 , consisting of solvent molecules, by a medium with refractive index n2, consisting of dye molecules themselves.The absorption maximum of the dye for PIC film (+B 10 H 10 2-) shifts from 529 to 550 nm as the film dries out; for PIC 2-18 film, from 529 to 551 nm.The spectral shift in organic molecules on going from vacuum a medium with refractive index n 0 is described by the universal interaction function (Bakhshiev et al., 1989) www.intechopen.comwhere (n 0 ) is the wavelength (nm) of the absorption maximum for dye in a medium with refractive index n 0 .
The refractive index of the medium for dye solution is n m =1.405.The wavelength of the absorption maximum of monomer dye max=526.6nm was calculated using Eq. ( 24) and agrees with the experimental value for a dilute dye solution.The refractive index of film after centrifugal discharge of dye solution from the substrate obtained using Eq. ( 24) was 1.47 for absorption of PIC monomer at 529 nm.From this point the spectral shift of the absorption band of dye monomer during spin-coating from 529 nm to 551 nm corresponds to a transition from a medium with refractive index n=1.47 to a medium with n=2.1.That is in agreement with n value from the dispersion curve for dye in thin film (see fig. 12a).
Thus, the bathochromic shift of the dye absorption spectrum at the time of film formation is due to the increased polarizability of the medium.Therefore, the polarization spectral shift must be considered in determining the exciton splitting of the monomer absorption band upon J-aggregation or the energy of exciton coupling of dye molecules in the J-aggregate (Jex).The experimental value Jex is determined from the energy difference of the long wavelength transition of PIC in solution (530 nm) and in the J-aggregate using the formula (Kuhn & Kuhn 1996) where, Em is the energy of the long wavelength transition in the monomer; Jex, the exciton coupling energy; and E, the energy difference of absorption at the monomer peak and the J-peak.The absorption maximum of the J-peak was observed at =570 nm where the absorption of PIC J-aggregates was measured in aqueous ethyleneglycol matrix at liquid helium temperature (Minoshima et al., 1994).In this instance Jex=632 cm -1 .A similar value of Jex is used in theoretical calculations.In particular, Jex ≈600 cm -1 is used to determine the exciton delocalization length (Bakalis & Knoester, 2000).
The change of local field for a dye molecule in the aggregate as a result of the change of medium is not considered for this estimate of Jex.The total energy of the J-peak shift of aggregate absorption is the sum of the polarization energy and the exciton coupling energy of neighbouring molecules in the aggregate.Therefore, the bathochromic shift of the dye S 00transition that is due to the medium polarizability with an effective refractive index equal to the refractive index of the dye monomer in the solid phase, i.e., n=2.1, must be taken into account for dye molecules in the aggregate.The exciton coupling energy is Jex=293 cm -1 for the spectral maximum of monomer absorption shifted to 555 nm and for the absorption maximum of the J-peak located at 574 nm.Thus, the resulting value Jex ≈300 cm -1 is half of that used in the literature (Jex ≈600 cm -1 ).The values Jex for aggregates of other dyes, known from the literature (Moll, 1995), are also estimated based on the spectral shift of the absorption maximum of J-aggregated dye relative to the monomer in solution.The polarization spectral shift for dyes with highly polarizable -electrons is significant.This correction must be considered in estimating not only for PIC aggregates, but also for aggregates of any other dyes.
Another aspect of the change the local field factor at the J-aggregate formation is the dramatic increase of the J-peak at the last moment of formation of the solid film without a decrease of the optical density at the absorption maximum of the monomeric dye, i.e., the significant growth of the optical density of the J-peak is not compensated by a decrease of the monomer optical density.An additional increase of the J-peak, for example, for PIC 2-2 (+K 2 B 10 H 10 ) by 2.15 times can be seen from the measured absorption spectra.
One reason for the increased absorption as the film dries out is the increased refractive index of the medium.According to Bakhshiev et al. (1989), the ratio of integrals of absorption intensity (Int) in media with different polarizabilities (Int max for n max and Int min for n min ) depends on the local field factor The monomer concentration ceases to decrease with a spectral shift of the monomer peak to 539 nm.According to Eq. ( 24), the refractive index of the medium at this moment n=1.7.The ratio of local field factors is 1.94 for a change of medium refractive index from 1.7 to 2.5.The calculation in the optical density change, taking into account the reflection and absorption growth due to growth of the local field factor, gives the increasing measured optical density of the J-peak by 2.2 times and explains the increase of the J-peak without loss of dye monomer.
The results from the investigation of J-aggregate formation during spin-coating of PIC indicate that the change of local field factor should be considered in interpreting spectral properties of nano-structured aggregates for any type of dye aggregation or for other highly polarizable molecules in both films and solutions.

The third order non-linear optical properties of pseudoisocyanine J-aggregates in thin solid films
The third order non-linear optical properties of pseudoisocyanine J-aggregates in thin solid films were studied using the Z-scan method as well for PIC iodide anion as for PIC with closo-hexahydrodecaborate anion (B 10 H 10 2-) (Markov et al., 1998a(Markov et al., , 1998b;;Plekhanov et al., 1998aPlekhanov et al., , 1998b)).The dispersions values of imaginary Im (3) and real Re (3) parts of cubic susceptibility of J-aggregated film are shown in fig.26.In both causes the non-linear bleaching of the solid film samples in J-peak maximum is observed at resonance laser irradiation excitation (I>10 5 W/сm 2 ) and obvious darkening on the red side of the dispersion curve of imaginary part of  (3) .J-aggregates of both types of dye have a similar value of the coefficient of non-linear absorption ≈-6*10 -2 cm/W and corresponding value Im (3) ≈-1*10 -5 esu at the bleaching maximum and Im (3) ≈0.12*10 -5 esu at the maximum of www.intechopen.comdarkening.At the intensity of the laser irradiation at more than 3 MW/cm 2 , the films become irreversibly burned.The maximal value of the real part of the cubic susceptibility for films with J-aggregate of PIC-iodide is Re (3) =-1,8*10 -5 esu and with J-aggregate of PIC-closo-hexahydrodecaborate Re (3) =-0,45*10 -5 esu.This difference is due to the contribution of the refraction thermal in the higher absorption PIC-iodide film compared with absorption of PIC-(B 10 H 10 2-) film as is shown in fig.27.The imaginary part of the cubic susceptibility does not depend on the thermal contribution.The sample refraction change caused by saturation of the electron transition without the part of thermal contribution was calculated by Kramers-Kronig relation connecting the Im (3) and Re (3) for the non-linear case (Markov et al., 1998c) (see fig. 26 a-d).
(27) where C -1 is the residue in the pole of the ()/x- (=- J ) function.
The thermal contribution to the non-linear refraction for the films with the optical density D<0.4 is insignificant, but it should be considered for films with optical density D≈1.The maximal values of the real parts of ) χ (3) with and without taking into account the thermal contribution are close to each other and are Re (3 ~-(0.5-0,7)*10 - esu.The obtained values of the non-linear response of PIC J-aggregates in the thin solid films ( (3) ≈10 -5 esu) are two orders of magnitude higher than in the water solution (Bogdanov et 1991) and polymer matrixes (Plekhanov et al., 1995) ( (3) ≈10 -7 esu).Apart from the much lower values of the cubic susceptibility, there was no observation of non-linear darkening of PIC J-aggregates.Fig. 27.The absorption spectra of the PIC2-2 iodide and closo-hexahydrodecaborate Jaggregated films The iodine anion existing in the PIC molecule has the high polarizability and the more iodine atoms are in the anion molecule, the higher the polarizability.The PIC J-aggregated film with addition of high polarizability tetraethylammonium salt of the closotetrahydrohexaiodo-dodecaborate (B 10 H 4 I 6 2-(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N + ) which has six iodine atoms was prepared to raise the J-aggregate surrounding polarizability.The dispersion curve of the imaginary part of the obtained film is shown in fig.28 compared with the dispersion for the PIC-closo-hexahydrodecaborate film.Fig. 28.The cubic susceptibility dispersion curves for the PIC J-aggregated films with -B 10 H 4 I 6 2-1:0,5 (a) and B 10 H 10 2-1:0,5 (b) As one can see from the adducing figures, the non-linear optical response of the Jaggregated film samples with high polarizable anion (B 10 H 4 I 6 2-) is higher than for the film with B 10 H 10 2-anion.The negative value of the imaginary part of the cubic susceptibility increases 2 times and the red shifted induced non-linear absorption increases in 5 times up to 0.6 .10 -5 esu.That means it is possible to act upon the non-linear response of the charged aggregated molecules by additions of the proper anions.The non-linear darkening on the red side of dispersion Im (3) curves is considered on the basis of the four-level model of excitation energy relaxation in PIC J-aggregates shown in fig.29.The additional level the relaxation of the first singlet state of J-aggregates in the thin film arises from high polarization of the surrounding J-aggregate medium consisting of the PIC dye molecules.The equations obtained in (Tikhonov & Shpak, 1977) for a four-level model of the excitation relaxation in assumption k 4 >> k 2 were used to calculate the induced bleaching and darkening change in the J-aggregated film depending on the intensity of the incident laser radiation.The luminescence kinetics decay for J-aggregated film was measured to estimate the values of the characteristic times of excited state relaxation.The luminescence decay of the Jaggregated thin film in the maximum of the J-aggregate luminescence =590 nm at the excitation in J-peak maximum =574 nm at temperature 94 0 K is shown in fig.30.The fast and slow components of the luminescence decay take place on the luminescent decay kinetic curve.The signal instrument function was 80 ps.The expanding of the instrument function due to the appearance of the fast component is 20-40 ps.The life time of the component is 2 ns.The period of the luminescence growth of the slow component takes place with characteristic time 0.1-0.2ns.The existence of the fast and slow components is typical for the dye molecules in polar liquid and solid phases.Some relaxations times from picoseconds to nanoseconds relate to different processes of the solvate shell relaxation depending on the characteristic times the anionic and cationic parts of the medium relaxation in the case of organic or inorganic salts (Ferrante et al., 1998;Saha et al., 2004;Das et al., 1996;Mandal et al., 2002;Arzhantsev et al., 2003).The luminescence of the J-aggregate in the thin solid film occurs from the two states: the state of the fast matrix relaxation and state of the slow matrix relaxation which is populated in a time of about 100 ps.Different luminescent life times 20-40 ps, 128, 659 пс, 1.7 нс were reported depending on the preparation condition and irradiation intensity (Sundstrom et al., 1988) for the PIC J-aggregates in solvents.
The initial values of the parameters of the model are determined as: J-aggregate extinction coefficient  10 =2 10 5 M -1 см -1 , the same value for S 2 -S 3 transition  32 =2 10 5 M -1 см -1 ,   =100 ps (from the time of the slow component luminescence increasing),   =2 10 -9 s (the life time of the luminescence decay slow component),   =10 -11 s is a typical value of the non-radiation relaxation in organic molecules, the relation of the width values of the transition S 1-0 and S 3-2 spectral contours was taken from measurement of dispersion of the non-linear bleaching and darkening as 150 and 120cm -1 .The model describing the dispersion of the induced transmission in the non-linear experiment is composed by including into eq.( 28) the value of the   () for the transition S 1-0 and S 3-2 i n t h e f o r m o f t h e L o r e n t z c o n t o u r The model curve (the red curve in fig.31a) is close to the experimental curve.The moderate change in the relaxation time S 1 level to S 2 level from 100 ps to 150 ps leads to the well fitting of the model (blue curve) and experimental curves.The shift of the maximum of the nonlinear absorption (=580 nm) from the maximum of the non-linear transmission (=575 nm) on the 150 cm -1 follows from the calculation.It corresponds to the shift of the luminescence maximum relative to the absorption maximum of the J-aggregates in the thin solid films.The laser radiation intensity dependence on the non-linear transmission of the J-aggregated film sample was calculated for the obtained specified model parameters for the intensity change in the range 10 23 -10 25 quant/cm 2 the maximums of the induced non-linear bleaching and darkening as shown in fig.31b.
The experimental values of the induced darkening (T=-0.05)and bleaching (T=-0.2) are in good agreement with the calculated values at the experimental achieved intensities 10 6 W/cm 2 (3 .10 24 quant/cm 2 ).The calculated curves also coincide well with the existence of the experimentally observed saturation, as in induced bleaching as in the induced darkening.At intensity of laser irradiation of more then 2*10 6 W/cm 2 (6 .10 24 quant/cm 2 ) the irreversible burning of the dye film begins and observation of the non-linear effect becomes difficult.
Using the four-level model for J-aggregates appearing from the polarization relaxation of Jaggregate excites state is closely connected with the inhomogeneous broadening of Jaggregate absorption and luminescence spectrum, and can help us to explain the giant cubic non-linear properties of PIC J-aggregates in thin films.The big resonance values of the cubic susceptibility at the level  (3) =10 -7 esu observed in the water solutions or in the polymer matrixes at high relation polymer:dye (>10:1) are caused by the high oscillator strength of the resonance transition in two level system (Zhuravlev et al., 1992;Shelkovnikov et al., 1993).The J-aggregate in the water is surrounded by weak polarizable water molecules and the excitation-induced medium polarization has a weak influence on the change of the energy of the excited electron level of the aggregate.The non-linear response in this case is the response of the two-level system.In the solid film the J-aggregate is surrounded by highly polarizable molecules of the dye.In this case induced medium polarization leads to the deep relaxation of the energy of the excited S 1 level of Jaggregate to the relaxed state with the energy lowering to 150-170cm -1 .This process lasts 150 ps and in the laser pulse duration time 5 ns the effective population of the relaxed level takes place.This effect has the reflection in the linear spectrum as the inhomogeneous broadening of the absorption and luminescence contours of the Jaggregates in films.The decreasing of the population non-relaxed S 1 level leads to the essential non-linear bleaching of the J-aggregates and to the appearance of the giant nonlinear susceptibility of the J-aggregates.The excitation of the populated relaxed level leads to the appearance non-linear darkening at the long wavelength slope of the J-peak in solid films.The non-linear response of the J-aggregates in the solid films is the response of the four-level system and this leads to the increasing cubic susceptibility by two orders of magnitude.The additional reason of the non-linear response increasing in solid film is the increasing of the local field factor ( ) due to surrounding of the J-aggregate by highly polarizable molecules of the dye.The F a is increased by 1.65 times at the transition from dye in the solvents to the dye in the film.The cubic susceptibility depends on the four degrees of the local field factor (3) 4 a FC    (where C is the concentration, is the own polarizability of the molecule).This gives rise to the non-linear response up to seven times more.

The quantum chemical calculation of monomer and dimer PIC
The calculation of the charge distribution in the ground and excited state in the PIC2-2 molecule was carried out using the semi-empirical quantum chemical А 1 method.The charge distribution in the ground state of the PIC is shown in part 8 of this chapter.It coincides with the charge distribution calculated using the theory of the functional density method used in Guo et al. (2002)   The approximation of the dipole-dipole interaction between excited molecules in Jaggregate (Kuhn, H., Kuhn, C. 1996) does not consider the orbital overlap of the molecules.On the short distance between molecules in the aggregate, about 3-4 Å orbital overlap is essential.The existence of the orbital overlap between the neighbour dye molecules leads to the existence of the electron exchange between the orbitals and to the splitting of the electron levels of the two combined molecules.The exchange interaction has repulsive character for the system with closed shell as the dye in the ground state.This leads to the increase of energy of the two neighbour molecules in dimer.The excited state is the state with open shell and the dimer excitation takes place as as well to the high as to the low energy excited state.The energy of the splitting has the exponential decay dependence on the distance and at the distance more than 10Å is about some inverse centimetres.But at the distance between molecules in dimer 3-4Å the energy of the splitting is hundreds of the inverse centimetres.
The energy induced by exchanging orbital interaction is calculated via the resonance integral () distance dependence.The lowering of the energy of the transition is equal  and the value of the splitting is 2The excited state of the long wavelength transition of the PIC is excited state and it is reasonable to estimate the energy of the exchange interaction between molecules in dimer for the orbitals.For the estimation in the first approximation of the value without application for the calculation of the advanced quantum-chemical methods it is possible to use the distance dependence of the resonance integral () res r  given via calculation of the empiric integrals in the basis of the Slater-type orbitals for the orbitals of the conjugated double bounds in molecule that was cited in Warshell (1977).
The calculated value res  for the distance 3,4-3,6 Å is 600-420 сm -1 .The estimated value res  gives an image of the upper boundary of the lowering of the energy for two interacting orbitals because it was set for the orbitals in molecule.In the some of publication the short-range electron-exchange or electron/hole charge transfer between molecules was included in the calculation for the considering of the excited state of aromatic dimers as the exciton state, (Tretiak, 2000).It was shown that intermolecular electron exchange coherent interaction leads to a crucial red shift in the dimer spectrum and completely invalidates the simple Frenkel exciton model.
The splitting and oscillator strength of the PIC-dimer depend on the configuration of the interacting orbitals and thus the arrangement geometry of the dyes in the dimer.The energetic scheme of the electron levels splitting in the dimer is shown in fig.33.The energy of singlet transitions in absorption spectrum of PIC in monomer form was calculated using the semi-empirical quantum chemical method ZINDO/S with preliminary geometry optimization utilizing the semi-empirical quantum chemical method AM1.The calculated PIC monomer structure in the model of the overlapping spheres is shown in fig.34.The calculated long wavelength singlet transition at 509 nm with oscillator strength 1.3 is in accordance with the absorption of molecule PIC in a vacuum (calculation from the equation 24).
The calculations of energy of transitions in PIC dimers on the basis of the supramolecular approach using the semi-empirical quantum chemical method ZINDO/S with dimer geometry optimization utilizing the molecular mechanic method MM+ shows that the twolevel splitting of the energy of excited state of dimer and magnitude of splitting depends on the angle between PIC molecules.It is significant that in the previous PIC dimer calculations (Kuhn & Kuhn, 1996;Burshtein et al., 1997) the linear shift of the molecules was considered.
Here we consider the model of the molecules rotation in the PIC dimer.The calculation of the energy of the dimer by MM + method was accompanied by the optimization anion location at each step of the rotation equal to 5 o of the PIC1 molecule in ZX plane relative to the PIC2 molecule as shown in fig.35.After the whole cycle of the rotation by 90 o , the distance L along the Y axe was changed and the cycle was repeated.The rotation of the dyes in dimer relative to axes connecting the centres of molecules leads to the splitting of the electronic levels giving the rise of the intensity of the short wavelength transition at parallel molecules orientation.That situation corresponds with appearance of the spectral absorption band of H-aggregates of PIC.At the angle between molecules of 75 degrees, which is close to a perpendicular orientation of the dye molecules, the energy level splitting becomes close to zero leading to the degeneration of level splitting with formation of a high intensity absorption batochromic peak with doubled oscillator strength of transition.The red shift of this dimer state in vacuum takes place to 670 cm -1 if we include in the CI calculation the enlarged number of orbitals (for an example 15) to consider the more full account of electron exchange in the dimer excited state.From our point of view that situation corresponds to the formation absorption peak of J-aggregates, which has the additional red shift due to the surrounding of a high polarization medium in a thin solid film of dye.
The reason for the rotation at the dimerization of the PIC molecules is the influence of the two forces: the Coulomb interaction of the two cations and anions which try to bring the particles together and repulsive exchange interaction of the molecules' in the ground state .
The overlap integral of the external -electron orbitals of the carbon atoms and -electron orbitals of the hydrogen atoms is decreasing at the rotation of the molecules to the perpendicular position of the molecules regarding each other.That leads to the decreasing of the repulsive part of the molecular interaction and the molecules are brought together until the new equilibrium between the forces is established.

Conclusion
The medium with the high polarizability compared with the polarizability of the dye in the solutions arises as a result of the dye thin solid film formation.This creates the condition for the appearance, as well the high negative value of the non-linear cubic susceptibility in resonance as the change of the sign on the dispersion curve of the cubic susceptibility and appearance the darkening on the long wavelength slope of the J-peak absorption.In the medium with high polarizability the considering of the four-level system for the Jaggregates excited state description is more appropriate compared with the two-level system typically considered for the J-aggregates.The depopulation of J-aggregate Frank-Condon excited state due to the appearance of lowered relaxed state leads to giant nonlinear bleaching of J-aggregate peak and the excitation of the relaxed state leads to the nonlinear absorption appearance.The value of non-linear response strongly depends on the relaxation time.The decrease of the relaxation time leads to the growth of non-linear response.
The increase of the medium polarizability enhances the non-linear response and is reflected in the increasing of the inhomogeneous broadening in the absorption and luminescence of the J-aggregates' spectra.The formation of the medium with high polarizability is clear seen from the spectral shift of the dye absorption during spin-coating and helps to explain the Jpeak growth at the solid film formation.The inhomogeneous broadening in the J-peak absorption has the connection with aggregate thermal decay energy activation distribution and spectral inequivalent in the kinetics of the thermal decay of the J-aggregate absorption counter.The medium polarization influence on the optical and non-linear optical properties is important for the aggregated or supramolecular state of different dyes and nanostructures in the condensed phase.
The number of facts allow us to consider the properties of the pseudoisocyanine Jaggregates in the thin solid films as the properties of the strongly coupled dimers with inhomogeneous broadened spectral contour: the existence of the isobestic point at the Jaggregates' thermal conversion to monomer dye in the thin solid films or in the polymer films, the absence of the any hypsochromic spectral shift at the transition of the J-aggregate to monomer in the thin films at the addition of the octadecylquinolinium iodide, the high stabilization of the J-aggregate at the addition of the dipole closo-hydrodecaborate anion, the batochromic spectral shift of the J-peak at heating of the dye thin film, the narrowing of the J-peak in the thin solid films in the presence of organic cations and others.
The practical use of the obtained results on the non-linear properties is in the possible application of cyanine dyes' J-aggregates as the elements for teraherz demultiplexing of light signals and in schemes of ultra-short laser pulse stabilization (Plekhanov et al., 2004).The radiation stability of the J-aggregates is at a level of 0.5-1 MW/cm 2 .This is useful to increase the radiation stability of the J-aggregates by 5-10 times.For safer J-aggregated films, application is enough to increase the thermal stability to 100-150 o C.However, the search for new highly polarized aggregates of dyes with high absorption coefficients in the visible and infra-red spectral range that possess high thermal and photochemical stability remains a basic and practical task.

Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no.02-03-33336), the programme "Fundamental Problems of Physics and Chemistry of Nanosystems and Nanomaterials" of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences (grant no.8-2) and the programme of interdisciplinary integrated investigations of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project no.84).

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. The absorption spectra of the non-symmetrical pseudoisocyanines in thin solid films.There are three electron-phonon transitions (526, 492 и 460 nm) shifted relative to each-other to the quant of the double C=C bound oscillation (1400 сm -1 ) for the monomer form of dye in the solution.The same three transitions shifted to the long wave side are observed in the structural absorption band with the maximum at 556 nm in the spectra of the nonsymmetrical pseudoisocyanines in the thin solid films.This band did not change at the

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The spectral change of the J-aggregated film PIC2-18 at sample heating The J-peak disappears at temperatures above 60 0 C and the finished spectrum looks like the broadening spectrum of the monomer form of the dye.The J-aggregates' thermal decay Fig. 5. a,b.Experimental (points)  and the model (dash) curves of the degree of the Jaggregates' PIC2-15 thermal decay (a) and its linear approximation vs 1/T

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Quadruple model of the PIC dimerThe effective positive charge of the dye (q PIC ~+0,7) and the value of the equilibrium distance cation-anion in the PIC molecule (3 Å) were determined from the quantum chemical calculation using the AM1 method.The map of the calculated electrostatic potential of the PIC iodide is shown in fig.7.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Distance dependence of the PIC halogen dimerization energy

Fig. 12 .
Fig. 12. Refractive indices (n) and absorption (k) of film of PIC 2-18 in the monomeric (a) and J-aggregated (b) form as functions of dispersion measured by spectral ellipsometry (,) fn  ) on the dipole moment change at the molecule excitation.The luminescence Stokes shift depends on the polarization function of medium and the square of change of the dipole moment in ground (M g ) and excited state (M e ) divided by the radius of the solvated molecule (R a ) in cube (Levshin & Salecky,

Fig. 14
Fig. 14. a,b.The excitation and luminescence spectra in the thin solid films PIC2-6 (a), PIC2-10 (b) with two counter resolution . arb. unit time, ns www.intechopen.comOptical and Resonant Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films 333

Fig. 23 .
Fig. 23.Calculated Voight contour of J-aggregates at 55 o C (solid lines) and experimental absorption curves of thin solid films of J-aggregates of PIC2-15: dash curve -initial spectrum, dot curve -spectrum at 55 o C

Fig. 24 .
Fig. 24.Spectral changes during spin-coating of solutions of pseudoisocyanine derivatives: PIC 2-18 solution [the time from the moment of placing the solution on the centrifuge is shown; in the inset, optical density at the absorption maximum of the monomeric dye in solution (530 nm) as a function of spin-coating time] (a); PIC 2-2 solution with added K 2 B 10 H 10 during formation of J-aggregate (spectra recorded every 0.05 sec) (b).

Fig. 25 .
Fig. 25.Reflectance spectrum (1) and absorption spectrum calculated taking into account reflectance of the sample (2), J-aggregated film of PIC 2-18 Optical and Resonant Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films 341 An empirical expression for the universal interaction function of dye with medium was obtained based on experimental data for absorption of PIC monomer in various media (

Fig. 26
Fig. 26.a-d.The dispersion curves of the imaginary part of the cubic susceptibility of Jaggregated Imχ (3) PIC-iodide (a) and closo-hexahydrodecaborate (b) and real Reχ (3) PICiodide (c) and closo-hexahydrodecaborate (d) compared with Kramers-Kronig calculated curves Fig.29.Four-level model of the J-aggregate excitation relaxation in thin film, where, S 2 excited state is considered here as relaxed S 1 state

Fig. 31 .
Fig. 31.The calculated (blue and red curves) and experimental (points) non-linear transmission dispersion curves for the J-aggregated PIC (В 10 10 2-)+TBA (1:4) film (a); The calculated induced absorption (upper curve) and transmission (bottom curve) depending on the intensity laser irradiation (b) on the qualitative level.The charge redistribution on the atoms of the PIC molecule takes place at the excitation.Let take the transition dipole moment of the molecule be proportional to the electron density change at the excitation.The value of the electron density change between the ground and excited state was estimated by the change of the values of the dipole moments of the bounds between the neighbour atoms of the PIC -system.The directions of the charge redistribution in the excited state of the PIC are shown in fig.32a for one half of the molecule.The redistribution of the electron density in the excited state of PIC leads to the next induced dipole moments in the molecule: the projection of the induced dipole moment along the X axe M x =1.38D, along the Y axe M y =1.44D.That means the total dipole induced by the electromagnetic field of the light wave is oscillated at the angle ~45 o in the XY plane of the molecule as shown in fig.32b.

Fig. 32 .
Fig. 32.The charge redistribution (a) and electron density oscillation at the PIC molecule excitation (b)Since the directions of the projections of the induced dipoles vectors on the X axe are in opposition to each other, then only the induced dipoles vector projection directed along the Y axe is kept safe.It appears from this that the transition dipole moment is polarized along the short axis of PIC molecule.
Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films 349

Fig. 33 .Fig. 36 .
Fig. 33.The energetic scheme of the dimer levels splitting Where, width of Lorentz profile, w -width of Gauss profile and w o -central position of absorption band.To take into account the individual rate of thermal decomposition of absorbing Lorentz profiles of aggregates, we need to include in the Voight function the equation describing the thermal decay curve, depending on the energy activation distribution.The equation for thermal decomposition as follows from (4) shown in the above curve is