Bilogical, Archeological and Culturological Evidences of Paleoasiatic Origin of Northern Mongoloids, Caucasoids and American Indians

We were distinguished the Caucasoids frequencies of genes of blood proteins and enzymes in populations of Altaians. The matrix of genetic distances of 28 alleles of 12 loci of proteins, enzymes and blood groups of 11 populations of Europe, Asia and America, and than the matrix of genetic distances of 55 human populations of Europa , Asia, America Africa and Oceania were calculated. On data of this matrixes we constructed the evolutional dendrogrammes. From this dendrogrammes we suggested that Caucasoids were differentiated with North Mongoloids and Amerinds from Ancient Asiatic population while Middle Palaeolithic in region of Altay and in neighbour regions.The investigations of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism are supported our hypothesis about paleoasiatic origin of North Mongoloids, Caucasoids and Amerinds. The haplogroups of mitochondrial DNA of different human populations of Eurasia and America were marked the way of ancient tribes in their Palaeolithic migrations on map constructed by us. The data of Russian anthropologists also supported Palaeoasiatic origin of Caucasoids, for example the distribution of frequencies of supraorbital canals in different human populations.

probably occurred around 50,000 years ago-the time of the differentiation of the Caucasoids and Mongoloids according to the data of Nei (3) who calculated the genetic distances of the main human races based on the big number of genetic markers.Table 1.The gene frequencies of seven populations of Altaians.
The next to differentiate were the ancestors of the Sami according to the dendrogram (2) of the ancestors of the populations inhabiting the region of Southern Siberia and (or) the neighboring regions of Central Asia.The remaining populations of the tree divided further into two clusters, there being two subclusters in one of them-the Nentsi, Nganasani and Evenks in one and the Yakuts, Mongols and Altaians in the other.In the other cluster are the populations of the contemporary Caucasoids-Russians, Germans and Finns.That the Caucasoids and Northern Mongoloids are related is confirmed by the data on the polymorphism of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA which showed the presence of similar haplogroups in Altaians and the European Caucasoids (4)-the haplogroups H,J,K,T,U,V,W,F, in the Sami, Evenks and American Indians (5)-the haplogroup V, and in the Altaians and American Indians (6)-haplogroups A,B,C,D.Finally, an identical haplogroup X found in Caucasoids and American Indians (7) confirmed a common origin of these two groups of humans, and the methods of molecular biology showed that this haplogroup X in the Indians was not introduced by contacts with Europeans after the discovery of America by Columbus, but is ancient.The migration of the ancient human populations could have been caused by the migration of animals which the Paleolithic people hunted as a result of changes in the climate.The ancestors of the carribou and bisons in the Paleolithic inhabited the region of Southern Siberia (8), but when the climate changed they migrated to the far northeast of Siberia, and then crossed the Bering Strait to America.The ancient tribes of Amerinds followed them.The data on the migration of the invertebrates (annelids) and the migration of birds described in the book (9) shows a general tendency of representatives of the animal kingdom to migrate in ancients time from south Siberia to its north.
We calculated the matrix of genetic distances of 55 human populations belonging to four big human races and living in Europe, Asia, America, Africa and Oceania (10).Using the data of this matrix, we constructed an evolutionary dendrogram of these 55 populations (Fig. 1).Fig. 2. The ways of migrations of ancient human populations marked with haplogroups of mitochondrial DNA.
From this dendrogram it is evident that the first to differentiate, as in the dendrogram in (2), were the American Indians, and then the Sami.The Poles turned out to be the closest of the Slavic peoples to Russians just as when we calculated the genetic distances of the less number of genetic loci (11).The Iranians, Komi, Chuvashes, Udmurts, Nentsi and the subcluster with the Ossetians and Azerbaijanis turned out to be in one big cluster with Russians.
There is the opinion that Russian are descendents of ancient Iranian Skife tribes who migrated earlier around Asia. Herodot named the tribes inhabiting the territory of eastern Europe in him time "Ploughing Skifes".The tribes of the Finnish speaking tribes, the Merjia and the Muroma who are related to the Chuvashes and Udmurts and who inhabed the Moscow, Vladimir and Yaroslvavl regions back in the 1st century BC, became part of the Russian population and totally lost their individual national identity.So the closeness of Russians to Finnish and Iranian populations is understandable.The next big cluster (Fig. 1) begins with the cluster including Arabs and Italians, then there is the subcluster of Bulgarians, Chechens and Armenians-these are the descendents of the tribes settling the regions of the North Caucasus and South Caucasus .The closeness of the Armenians and Chechens is confirmed by the closeness of the Armenian and the Vainah languages (Starostin) (14).The next subcluster is the branches of Georgians and Evenks.Their closeness is due to the fact that the ancestors of the Georgians also roamed around north Asia in ancient times.The Caucasian frequency of the genes of the Evenks we discovered back in 1984 (12).
The Basques and white Northern Americans being in the same subcluster is explained by their common Celtic substrata.In the neighboring recently split off subclusters we find the Swedes, Finns, Estonians, Talyshes and Belorussians.The Talysh are Iranian speaking ethnos in Zakavkasia which we have studied for the first time genetically (13).Its closeness to the northern Caucasoids may indicate the route of migration from Asia to Europe.
The subcluster of the English, French and Scots is united by a common Celtic substrata.The Germans and Serbs are in a subcluster together and all the rest of the populations of central and southeastern Europe-the Moldavians, Hungarians, Croatians, Czechs and Ukrainiansare in three neighboring subclusters.
The subcluster of Tartars and Middle East Jews is explained by their common Turks origin: the Tartars are the descendents of the Volga Bulgars who earlier lived in the Bulgar Kaganat in North Caucasus and Azov Sea Region, while the Jews are descendents of the Hazars who lived in the Hazar Kaganate on the Lower Volga and North Caucasus (14).The last subcluster of this big cluster begins with the branch of the Greeks and Mary.The Greeks, the descendents of the ancients Caucasoid Akheitses probably also migrated from Asia to Europe in ancient times as did the Mari, one of the Finnish populations whose early homeland had been Asia (10).Then come the Asian subclusters.The first of them are the Altaians and the Mongols, and also the Mansi, a people belonging to the Ugor group.
The second branch of the huge cluster including all the Caucasoid populations and the subcluster of the transitional populations-the Altaians, Mongols and Mansi-are the Papua of New Guniea.Then comes the subcluster of the Yakuts and Nganasans, and also the American Eskimos.After that there is the subcluster of the Chukchi and the Eskimos of Chukotka.And finally the subcluster of Japanese and Vietnamese and also the Chinese.The second branch of the cluster of Mongoloids in Eastern Asia is the black Africans.So at the bottom of the dendrogram there is the branch of the Laps (Sami) and the branch of the Indians, who have a complicated origin since they are the result of the intermingling of the Veddoid tribes and the tribes of ancient Caucasoids.The very lowest branch of the dendrogram is the American Indians, whose ancestors were the first to differentiate from the common ancient Asiatic population in the mid Paleolithic.There is anthropological data indicating the Caucasoids were in Asia in the Paleolithic.Academician V.P. Alexeev (16) wrote about the discovery of Paleolithic skulls with Caucasian traits in a cave in Dundyan in China.He also wrote about the Caucasoid traits of Paleolithic people at a site in Sungir in Eastern Europe who appeared there at a later time (25,000 years ago).Russian anthropolgist T.V. Tomashevich, discovered a gradient of distribution of the frequencies of the supra orbital canals of the human skulls ( 17),(Table 2).Supraorbital arteries and veins of the orbital arteries pass through the supraorbital canals.As is evident from the data in Table 2, the highest frequency of encountering supra orbital canals is among the Sams, American Indians, and also the northern Mongoloids-the Yakuts, Yukargirs, Evenks, Chuchuks, and Eskimos.That is possible due to their paleo-Asiatic origin.The frequency of the supra orbital canals is very close and varies without the bounds of 30-38% in the Kets, Yukagirs, Russians, Mansi, Ocetians, and Armenians.

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That may be confirmation of their common Asiatic origin.The frequency of the canals among northern Caucasoids-Poles, Dutch, and the English-is lower.It is between 17-21%.The frequency of the supra orbital canals in the Mongoloids of eastern Asia-the Japanese, Koreans, and Chinese and also the Mongols (the Mongoloids in the center of Asia) is between 43-48%.It is interesting that the frequency of the canals among the ancient Egyptians, Etruscans, ancient Slaves (Kiev Polyans) and the Indians of Uttar Pradesh is practically the same-25-28%, which is a bit higher than for the Novgorod Slovenes.This is also evidentely connected with these people being the descendents of ancient Paleo Asiatic populations.
The linguist A. G. Kifishin, decoded the petroglyph discovered by the archeologists V.E.Larichev and A.P. Okladnikov in the Prebaikaliye.As is known, the academician A.P. Okladnikov published the petroglyphs discovered on the shores of the Lena, the Baikal, the Amur and on the Altai.Larichev studied the archeological culture of the Malts in the Irkutsk region dating back to 20,000 years ago.In the opinion of Kifishin, the cliff inscription found by archeologists near the village of Suon-Tit on the river Aldan is the first in the world.It was done in the 18,000 years ago and stands for the following: ama+VARAdara+su-kud-Sin which means Ama Terasu is judged by Sin if translated from Shumer.Kifishin decoded the petroglyphs at ten points in Eastern Siberia (Pribaikaliya).Figure 3 is a petroglyph from a cliff at Khana Shuulun which Kifishin decoded as"ama-inanna-BARA2 dara-si" and translated it as "Ama-Terasu is judged by Inanna".
Here for the first time Inanna (A man on a horse-holy star) is in the image of the sun.All ten petroglyphs in Eastern Siberia decoded by Kifishin are in an article by Kifishin and the historian Kikeshev (18).Kifishin and Kikeshev think these places are ancient holy places of the goddess Ama-terasu who belonged to the pantheon of ancients inhabitants of northern Asia (Siberia) who were ancestors both of the Shumers and the Khetts (ancient Caucasoids) as well as the Japanese (Mongoloids).It turned out that there are parallels in the pantheons of the gods of the ancient Shumers and Khetts and in the Japanese religion of Shinto.It is thought that the Japanese came about from an intermingling of the Malaysian and Polenesian tribes and the tribes of the Ural-Altay groups who crossed the Korean Peninsula and ended up on the Japanese islands.In the Shinto religion of the Japanese gods exist in the form of animals, plants stones etc.Some linguists think the Japanese language is related to the Altay group of languages, other to the Australian language family.But according to our research, the ancient Japanese, just as the ancient Shumers, lived in the Altai and Zabaikalya (Selenga region where there was the cult of Ama-baragesi).Kifishin thinks that the Avesta Sea Vorukasha is called Baragesi in Shumer.Ama-baragesi is mentioned in the inscriptions on the 2nd Borodinsky cliff near Chelyabinsk in the Ural mountains (18000 years ago), in the proto Shumer archive in the Stone Grave near Azov Sea (12-3,000 BC), in the archive in Mesopotamian Ur (3000 BC), and in the inscriptions of the Urnanshi from Lagasha (2450 BC).So we can see several points of many thousand year migrations of the ancient proto Shumers from the region of Easrtern Siberia across Priazovya to Near Asia.In the book of the Indian scientist Tilak "The Artic Homeland in the Veds" there is data from the epic works of Caucasoids of Asia about the migrations of the ancestors of the Indians from zones around the North Pole that went to the West Ural from north to south, and the migrations of the ancestors of the Iranians in the same direction, but more east of the Ural.
Bilogical, Archeological and Culturological Evidences of Paleoasiatic Origin of Northern Mongoloids, Caucasoids and American Indians 221We drew the possible route of migration of the human population having the haplogroup of mitochondrial DNA, beginning from the Middle Paleolithic from the place of their differentiation in the center of Asia to the place of there current habitation ( Figure2).

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.The dendrogram of 55 populations of Europe, Asia , America, Africa and Oceania constructed by matrix of genetic distances of those populations on 28 allele of 12 loci proteins, enzymes and blood groups.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Petroglif at Hana Shuluun (East Siberia) deshifrated as palaeolithic writing.(Hana-Shuluum)So both the biological data, the genetic, anthropoligical, paleozoological, and the data of the archeology, and history indicates that the center of Asia (Southern Siberia and the neighboring regions) is the center of differentiation of the European and Asian Caucasoids as well as the Northern Mongoloids and American Indians.It also indicated that they got to the place where they live now as a result of thousands of years of migration.