Pollution and Air Quality in Târgovi ş te Municipality and Its Surroundings (Romania)

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Introduction
Târgovişte Municipality is situated in the High Plain of Târgovişte, at an average absolute altitude of 280 m. The town has an administrative area of 4,681 ha, in which the constructible area includes 1,966 ha; within the latter, 100.7 ha represent green area (Fig.1). Târgovişte had a population of 88,119 inhabitants in the year 2010 -representing 54.06% of the total urban population of Dâmbovi a County and 16.63% of the total population of the county -, the density of the town's population being of 1,882.4 inhabitants/km 2 (Statistical Yearbook of Dâmbovi a County, 2010).
This old industrial center has developed and diversified concomitantly to the general development of the economy (after the year 1968, on the occasion of the new administrativeterritorial division, Târgovişte became political-administrative center of the county). It is during this period that the industrial platform, with several economic units and new branches appeared, completing the town's industrial profile; this profile has undergone significant changes after the year 1990. Here, at present, there are nationally important industrial units, on the platform situated in the south-west of the town. They actually represent the main sources with a potential impact on the air quality in Târgovişte municipality and its neighborhood. Among these, one can mention: SC Mechel SA, in the metallurgical domain, producing special steels, SC Upet SA (now being restructured), SC Nemo SA, focused on machine building, SC Swarco -Vicas SA, producing paints and varnish, SC O el Inox SA, laminating steels, SC Cromsteel SA, a company based on chroming processes, SC Romlux SA, an industrial unit producing light fixtures and others (Pehoiu, 2003;Pehoiu et al., 2005).
Doiceşti commune is situated near Târgovişte municipality; this commune also holds some industrial units, of which Uzina Electrică (the Power Station), using black oil and brown coal as fuels to generate electricity, SC Nubiola România SRL, a company producing whiteners and green chrome oxide -SO 2 and possibly a sulfuretted hydrogen source in the process of sulphur combustion needed to obtain ultramarine -, SC Soceram SA, a company producing bricks and ceramic materials.
Fieni Town, situated in the north of the political-administrative center of Dâmbovi a County, is remarkable through its industrial units: SC Carpatcement Holding SA, a producer of building materials (cement) and SC Carmeuse Holding SRL (lime producer), which represent the main sources of environmental degradation for the locality of Fieni and its surroundings (Pehoiu, 2008).
Târgovişte Town is a significant consumer of resources and at the same time a major producer of polluting emissions, resulting mainly from: industrial activity, intensification of road traffic and generation of high quantities of waste.

Working methodology
In order to analyze the air quality status and the effects of the air pollution in a mainly industrial town that has gone through important structural modifications after 1990, when we analyzed the pollutants' dispersion, we took into account as well the role of the climatic factors (wind -its speed and directions, atmospheric humidity, atmospheric calm, hydrometeors -fog, air temperature).
The air analysis network component pertaining to Dâmbovi a County is managed by the Departmental Agency for Environmental Protection -AEP (Agen ia Jude eană pentru Protec ia Mediului) and includes fixed monitoring stations in the localities Târgovişte (Fig.  2) and Fieni (an automatic station each), and one in Doiceşti, with manual sampling of the pollutants and analysis in the laboratory, by means of which the specialists monitor the www.intechopen.com concentrations of the dusts in suspension and of the gaseous pollutants (ammonia, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, formaldehyde). At present, the monitoring of the air quality in these points supposes the continual gathering of daily samples from the atmosphere (24 h), followed by the analysis of the samples in the laboratory. This kind of analysis allows to highlight the dangerous concentrations for the population's health in due time. The data obtained following the measurements serve to create databases and to elaborate reports or informative bulletins in the aftermath of the occurrence of eventual pollution episodes.
Excepting the meteorological parameters, a series of polluting indicators were monitored, such as: benzene, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, heavy metals etc. These pollutants were gathered from several manual sampling points distributed around the town, including the residential and the industrial areas.
In order to determine the quantities of dusts and polluting emissions present in the atmosphere and influencing the air quality status, the polluting agents were separated depending on the area they influence (for instance, the dusts emitted in the atmosphere by a series of metallurgical companies are carried over two residential quarters in the south-east of the town. Following the comparative analysis of the polluting components, during the last few years one can notice a slight improvement of the air quality compared to the previous period in point of dusts-caused pollution. In the areas in which they are monitored in the atmosphere, gaseous pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, formaldehyde, oxidant substances, and carbon monoxide) are not present in concentrations over the limits allowed by the present legislation.
The pollutants to be monitored, the measurement methods, the limit values (LV), the alert and information thresholds and the criteria for situating the monitoring points are established by the national legislation concerning the atmospheric protection, being in agreement with the demands of the European regulations.
The realizations concerning the development of the air quality monitoring network in Dâmbovi a County during the period 2007-2010 consisted in :  -remodeling and adapting the environmental laboratories for the installation of new  laboratory equipments; installing these equipments; instructing the personnel;  -completing the endowment of the automated air quality monitoring stations from  Târgovişte and Fieni. AEP Dâmbovi a monitored the level of the dusts in suspension in the area of Târgovişte, by means of its four sampling stations. In the municipality, the indicator of breathable dusts was monitored in the PM 10 fraction in the quarter Micro XII (2 representative points for the dusts resulted from SC Mechel SA Târgovişte) and the Civic Center -representative for the dusts resulted from road traffic and other sources after dispersion (SC Mechel SA) -where the indicator monitored was that of total dusts in suspension.

Air quality
The air is the environmental factor constituting the most rapid support favoring the pollutants' transportation in the environment. Air pollution has many and significant negative effects on the population's health and may damage as well the flora and fauna in general.
Air quality depends on the emissions that end up in the air coming from stationary and mobile sources (road traffic), mainly in big cities, as well as on the pollutants' transport on longer distances.
The automated stations and the manual sampling points are situated in representative areas in point of pollution, in the localities mentioned, as follows:

 Benzene
General features: www.intechopen.com --Very light aromatic compound, volatile and water-soluble; --90% of the benzene present in the air comes from road traffic; --The rest of 10% comes from fuel evaporation during its storage and distribution.
Effects on heath: carcinogenic substance, classified into the A1 toxicity class, known as carcinogenic for man. It produces negative effects on the central nervous system.
Measurement methods: the method of reference for measuring benzene is that of sampling by aspiration into an absorbing cartridge, followed by gas-chromatographic determination, standardized at present by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

 Carbon monoxide
General features. At room temperature, carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, of both natural and anthropic origin. Carbon monoxide is formed mainly through the incomplete burning of fossil fuels.
Natural sources: forest burning, volcanic emissions, electric discharges.
Anthropic sources: it is formed mainly through the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, steel and pig iron production, oil refinement, and road, air and railroad traffic.
Carbon monoxide can accumulate up to a dangerous level especially during the period of atmospheric calm during winter and spring (this gas being much more stable from a chemical viewpoint at low temperatures), when the burning of fossil fuels attains a maximum level. Produced by natural sources, it is very rapidly dispersed in a wide area, and consequently does not affect human health.
Effects on people's health. It is a toxic gas, being lethal in high concentrations (at concentrations of about 100 mg/m 3 ) through the reduction of the blood's capacity to transport oxygen, with consequences on the respiratory and cardiovascular system.
At relatively low concentrations, it affects the central nervous system, weakens the pulse rate, diminishing the blood volume distributed in the organism, and at the same time it reduces visual acuity and physical capacity. Being exposed for a short period of time, one may experience acute fatigue. At the same time, it may trigger respiratory difficulties, chest pains in people with cardiovascular diseases, determining as well irritability, migraines, rapid respiration, lack of coordination, nausea, dizziness, confusion, and can reduce the ability to concentrate.
The population segments most affected by the exposure to carbon monoxide are represented by children, elderly, people with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, anemic people and smokers.

Effects on plants.
At concentrations normally encountered when monitoring the atmosphere, carbon monoxide does not affect the plants, the animals or the environment.
Measurement methods: the reference method for measuring carbon monoxide is the nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectrometric method: ISO 4224.

Sulphur dioxide
General features. Sulphur dioxide is a colorless, bitter, non-flammable gas, with a penetrating odor that irritates the eyes and the respiratory system.
Natural sources: volcanic eruptions, marine phytoplankton, bacterial fermentation in the marshy areas, oxidation of the gas containing sulphur resulted from biomass decomposition.
Anthropic sources: population's heating systems, when the fuel used is not methane, thermoelectric power stations, industrial processes (siderurgy, refinery, sulfuric acid production), cellulose industry and, to a lesser extent, the emissions coming from diesel engines.
Effects on people's health. Depending on its concentration and the period of exposure, sulphur dioxide has different effects on human health. The exposure to a high concentration of sulphur dioxide during a short period of time can cause severe respiratory difficulties. Particularly affected are: people with asthma, children, elderly and people with chronic respiratory diseases. The exposure to a low concentration of sulphur dioxide for a long lapse of time can result in infections of the respiratory system. Sulphur dioxide can interfere with the dangerous effects of the ozone.

Effects on plants.
Sulphur dioxide clearly affects many plant species, the negative effect on their structure and tissues being visible with the naked eye. Some of the most sensitive plants are: pine, vegetables, red and black acorns, white ash, lucerne, blackberries.
Effects on the environment. In the atmosphere, it contributes to the acidification of the precipitations, with toxic effects on the vegetation and on the soil. The increase of the sulphur dioxide concentration accelerates metals' corrosion, because of the formation of acids. Sulphur oxides can erode: stones, brick-and-mortar, paints, fibers, paper, skin and electric components.
Measurement methods: the standard sulphur dioxide analysis method is the one pointed out in ISO/FDIS 10498 (standard project) named "Aer înconjurător -determinarea dioxidului de sulf" ("Surrounding air -sulphur dioxide determination") -UV fluorescence method.

 Ozone
General features: very oxidant, very reactive gas, with chocking smell. It is concentrated in the stratosphere and assures our protection against the UV radiation, which is damaging for life. The ozone present on the soil level acts as a component of the "photochemical smog". It appears following a reaction that involves mainly nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds.
Effects on health. The ozone concentration at ground level causes respiratory system and eye irritation. High ozone concentrations can trigger a reduction of the respiratory function.
Effects on the environment: It is responsible for certain damages caused to the vegetation through the atrophy of certain tree species in the urban areas.
Measurement methods. The standard methods for the ozone analysis and for the calibration of the ozone-related tools are: analysis method: UV photometric method (ISO 13964); -calibration method: UV reference photometer (ISO 13964, VDI 2468, B1.6). www.intechopen.com

 Nitrogen oxides
General features. Nitrogen oxides represent a group of very reactive gases, containing nitrogen and oxygen in variable quantities. Most of these gases have no color and no smell.
The main nitrogen oxides are: nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless and odorless gas; -nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), a brown-reddish gas, with a strong, choking smell.
Combined with the air particles, nitrogen dioxide can form a brown-reddish layer. In the presence of solar light, nitrogen oxides can react as well with hydrocarbons forming photochemical oxidants. Nitrogen oxides are responsible for acid rains, which affect the terrestrial surface and the aquatic ecosystem.
Anthropic sources: they appear in the combustion process, when fuels are burnt at high temperatures, but most often they are the result of road traffic, industrial activities, and electric energy production. Nitrogen oxides are responsible for: smog and acid rains formation, water quality deterioration, greenhouse effect, and reduced visibility in the urban areas.
Effects on people's health. Nitrogen dioxide is known as a very toxic gas both for people and for animals (its degree of toxicity is four times higher than that of the nitrogen monoxide). Being exposed to high concentrations can be fatal, while low concentrations affect the pulmonary tissue. The population exposed to this type of pollutants can experience respiratory difficulties, respiratory irritations, and pulmonary dysfunction. A durable exposure to a low concentration can destroy the pulmonary tissues, leading to pulmonary emphysema. The most affected people through the exposure to this pollutant are children.
Effects on plants and animals. The exposure to this pollutant produces serious damage to the vegetation, by whitening or destroying the plants' tissues, and reducing their growth rhythm. The exposure to nitrogen oxides can cause pulmonary diseases with animals (resembling pulmonary emphysema), while the exposure to nitrogen dioxide can reduce the animals' immunity, causing diseases such as pneumonia and flu.
Other effects. Nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of acid rains and favor nitrate storage into the soil, which can alter the ecological balance of the environment. At the same time, they can cause tissue deterioration, paints discoloring and metal degradation.
Measurement methods: the standard method for nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides analysis is mentioned in ISO 7996/1985 -"Aer înconjurător -determinarea concentra iei masive de oxizi de azot" ("Surrounding air -the determination of massive nitrogen oxides concentration"), being chemiluminescence.

Lead and other toxic metals: Pb, Cd, As and Hg
General features. Toxic metals come from coal, fuel, domestic waste combustion etc. and from certain industrial procedures. They are generally found as particles (except for mercury which is gaseous). Metals are stored in the body and trigger short and/or long term toxic effects. In case of exposure to high concentrations they can affect the nervous system, and the renal, hepatic and respiratory functions.

Measurement methods:
the standard method for lead sampling is the same as the sampling method for PM 10 ; -the standard method for lead analysis is the one mentioned in ISO 9855/1993 "Aer înconjurător -determinarea con inutului de plumb din aerosolii colecta i pe filter" ("Surrounding air -determination of particulate lead content from aerosols collected on filter"); -method -atomic absorption spectroscopy. -the standard method for measuring the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and nickel in the surrounding air is about to be standardized by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and relies on manual sampling of the PM 10 fraction (described by the EN 12341 standard).

Heavy metals
In Dâmbovi a County, including the area of Târgovişte municipality and its surroundings, heavy metal emissions come from: combustion of gaseous fuels, road traffic (to a large extent) (a special role going to the use of fuels with lead derivatives as additives), metallurgical industry activities, building materials industry, and burning of dangerous (hospital) wastes (to a lesser extent).
The determinations for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel were carried out starting from breathable dusts -PM 10 fraction -, and for chromium from total dusts in suspension. They were carried out using the automated DB1 and DB2 stations and the manual sampling station situated on the industrial platform in the southwest of Târgovişte municipality; for chromium, other determinations were also carried out in the locality of Doiceşti (Table 1 and Fig. 3-6).     One can notice an overpassing of the yearly limit value for the protection of human health at the manual station situated on the industrial platform of Târgovişte municipality, for the indicator cadmium, under the reserve that in the year 2009 the data collecting was of 24.4% (89 measurements). The other indicators monitored did not go over the annual limit value (lead, arsenic, zinc) or the maximum admitted daily concentration (chromium). The main polluting units are: SC Cromsteel SA and SC Mechel SA from Târgovişte municipality.  So, at present, one can notice a decrease of the non-methane volatile organic compounds, more precisely by 72.7% in 2009 compared to 2007, while concerning methane, a quite significant increase of the quantities emitted during the same periods was recorded, especially because of the increase of the n u m b e r o f c a r s a n d o f t h e r o a d t r a f f i c intensification, especially in the urban area Pehoiu, 2006).

Pollution with dusts in suspension
As we have mentioned before, in the area of Târgovişte municipality there are:  In order to observe the air quality status and the pollution in the north of Târgovişte municipality, the sampling points from the industrial area of Doiceşti were taken into account as well, having as sampling point the locality's train station, also because the wind direction determines the transport of the dusts from this location to the municipality, along the valley of Ialomi a River. Sampling time: 24 h. Indicators -nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), sulphuretted hydrogen (H 2 S), Cr 6+, total dusts in suspension (TSP); MAC -maximum allowable concentration; AT -alert threshold (70% of the MAC = 0.105 mg/m 3 ) -  In Doiceşti locality, one monitored the level of the pollution with settleable dusts, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, dusts in suspension, given the specific emissions from the main polluting economic agents in the area: U.E. Doiceşti, which uses black oil and brown coal as fuel to generate electricity and SC Nubiola România SRL (a company producing whiteners and green chrome oxide) -the SO 2 and possibly a sulfuretted hydrogen source in the process of sulphur combustion needed to obtain ultramarine.
Other potential pollutants are SC. Soceram SA (producer of bricks, ceramic materials) and road traffic. The evolution of the concentrations of total dusts in suspension, during the period 2001 -2009, clearly highlights the diminution in the atmosphere of these polluting emissions, both for the municipality and for Doiceşti locality. Concerning each locality, the average annual quantities of settleable dusts did not go over the annual MAC (204 t/km 2 /year) in none of them, yet in different sampling points the annual average values have been exceeded, namely in the points situated in inhabited areas in which the impact of the dusts emissions from the sources is high (Fig. 8).

Târgovişte area
For the indicator dusts in suspensionthe PM 10 fraction -(Procor headquarters, industrial platform), on 13 occasions one recorded values above the limit value (50 μg/m 3 ) in 24 hours (out of the 15 measurements carried out). In the year 2009, the level of dusts in suspension was analyzed in the localities Târgovişte (PM 10 -manual station located on the industrial platform and industrial automatic station -DB1), Doiceşti (total dusts in suspension (TSP) -manual station) and Fieni (industrial automatic station -DB2) - Table 7 and Fig. 9     According to the values recorded for the PM 10 indicator, in April 2009, one can notice the increase of the frequency for the exceeding of the limit value to 86.7% (compared to 37.5%, the previous month), the average monthly concentration being of 68.7 μg/ m 3 , compared to 52.6 μg/ m 3 in March the same year (  Table 8. Average, maximum, minimum monthly quantities for settleable dusts and the frequencies for the exceeding of the monthly MAC (Micro XII, point 1, Târgovişte).
At the Automatic station DB-1, Micro 11, Târgovişte, no exceeding of the limit value for the indicator PM 10 gravimetric, the average monthly value being of 20.73 μg/m 3 (Fig. 14). The dusts concentration in the atmosphere in the sampling area is influenced by the input from nearby sources (activities in the domain of building materials) and of the nearby sources from a distance of about 1 km (activities such as steel production, slag processing etc.). At the same time, the PM 10 concentration can have high values depending on the evolution of the meteorological phenomena: high relative humidity (RH), atmospheric pressure and wind intensity may lead to the appearance of "peaks" of the PM 10 concentrations, because they can favor the agglomeration of the particles.
In Târgovişte municipality, the main sources generating dust emissions (with significant impact in the area around their activity) are the activities of the economic agents from the area of the industrial platform, which operate in the metallurgical domain, in the domain of metallic ware, road transport, building materials, concrete production and road traffic.
In the case of gaseous pollutants, at the Automatic monitoring station DB-1 there was no exceeding of the limit values or the information thresholds for the average hourly or daily concentrations for the indicators monitored. The main sources emitting gaseous pollutants in the area of Târgovişte, with a potential impact on the air quality are: metallurgical companies, industrial companies that use solvents, economic agents operating in the domain of metallic ware, road transport, building materials, fuel distribution stations and road traffic.

Air quality status
In Târgovişte municipality one monitors daily concentrations (sampling time: 24 h) for the indicators: breathable dusts, respectively the fraction with the diameter <10μm (PM 10 ), settleable dusts, highlighting the quantity of (settleable) dusts deposited during a 30-day interval on a 1 m 2 area, this being a characteristic indicator for highlighting the pollution with heavy particles in suspension, which are later on deposited on the ground.
At the same time, the automatic station DB-1 Târgovişte, which continually monitors meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation intensity, precipitations quantity, atmospheric pressure), gaseous pollutants (nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, tropospheric ozone) and dusts in suspension (breathable -PM 10 fraction) transmits the data, in real time, to the panels dedicated to public information (external panel -Prefecture Plateau of Târgovişte -and internal panel -AEP Dâmbovi a headquarters) - Fig. 15.a-b.
In Doiceşti locality, air quality is monitored by supervising the indicators total dusts in suspension, settleable dusts and gaseous pollutants (sampling point: manual/urban station).

Goals and measures for air quality management
Air pollution represents a serious problem, with short, medium and long term effects. The air, as environmental factor, is submitted to an intense local pollution, especially in the urban area under analysis, because of the industrial activity, because of the intensification of the road traffic and also because of the burning of domestic waste. The air pollution effects can be direct, affecting the local population's health condition, and also indirect, affecting fauna, flora and building materials.
The goals and measures foreseen on the level of Dâmbovi a County and implicitly for all the localities under analysis, in order to improve the air quality in the urban area, in agreement with the quality standards, refer to: reducing the impact of the road traffic on the air quality, reducing the emissions from individual heating systems, assuring the control of the emissions from industrial sources and installing de-pollution equipments for all the sources with a major impact.
There are priorities concerning volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions control; they aim to limit the emissions coming from the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations (protective cover, dry cleaning, fabrication of covering compounds and varnishes; surface cleaning and degreasing; wood impregnation) and to meet the legal regulations in this domain.
Considering the fact that industrial pollution represents the main source of pollution for all the environmental factors (affecting the quality of the air, water, soil, generating different types of waste and using natural resources and energy), the purpose of the integrated SO 2 PM 10 authorized www.intechopen.com environmental protection system is the implementation of preventive measures or the emissions reduction with the purpose of protecting the environment as a whole.
The industrial branch with the highest impact on the environmental factors is metallurgical industry, the air quality being affected by: emissions resulted from raw matter preparation (iron melting), final products processing, raw matter and auxiliary products transport and storage.
A significant impact on the environmental factors comes from the building materials industry as well (through the existence of the previously mentioned economic agents); their specific activities determine the elimination of large quantities of dusts and green house effect gases in the atmosphere.

The air quality in relation to the population's health condition
The environment in which people live is first of all defined by the quality of the air, of the water, of the soil, of the dwellings, of the foods they eat, and of the environment in which they deploy their activity. Closely connected to these factors, influenced or determined immediately or after a certain period of time is the population's health condition.
The evaluation of the population's health condition consists in the identification of the hazard factors that in the urban area have an influence on: air quality; potable water supply; gathering and removing liquid and solid residues of any nature; urban noise; habitatimproper conditions (noise, light, population agglomeration etc.); services quality (of all types) provided to the population .
Knowing and determining some environmental hazard factors is particularly important and may constitute one of the most valuable activities related to the promotion and maintaining of the population's health condition (Pehoiu &n Murărescu, 2009).
The action of the environmental factors on human health is very diverse. When the pollution intensity is higher, the action on organisms is immediate. However, more often than not, their action has a low intensity, determining a chronic, long-term action, the quantification of the effect becoming difficult to achieve. The atmospheric pollution in general and especially the exposure to dusts in suspension produces diseases of the respiratory, digestive, osteo-muscular and nervous systems and of the sensory organs, affecting all the age groups; however, when it comes to children, it determines an early predisposition to respiratory diseases and bronchial asthma. The irritating capacity of the dusts in suspension increases when, in the air, there are other irritating respiratory pollutants, such as SO 2 and NO 2 , as a synergic effect comes into operation from the SO 2 -dusts in suspension and NO 2dusts in suspension (Table 9). In the prevention of diseases caused by the exposure of the population to different atmospheric pollutants, a special importance goes to their prophylaxis. In this sense, one should have in view the maintaining of the concentration of the toxic substances from the environment under the level of the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) stipulated in the norms (STAS).

Conclusions
In Dâmbovi a County and implicitly in Târgovişte municipality and its surroundings, the distribution of the sampling equipments available and the organization of the air quality monitoring network was carried out in the sense of assuring especially the monitoring of the areas most likely to be affected by impact pollution.
The pollutants to be monitored, the methods of measurement, the limit values, the alert and the information thresholds and the criteria for the location of the monitoring points are established by the national legislation concerning the atmospheric protection and meet the requirements foreseen by the European regulations.
The air quality has undergone a slight improvement compared to the previous years from the viewpoint of the pollution with different dusts. www.intechopen.com The gaseous pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, formaldehyde, oxidant substances, and carbon monoxide) are not present in the atmosphere in concentrations above the allowable limits in the areas in which they are monitored.
The dominant pollution is represented by dusts in suspension (in the area of Târgovişte, in Doiceşti and its surroundings), and by pollution with settleable dusts in Fieni area.