Forest districts, sampled reserves and communities for the study.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8798",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cells of the Immune System",title:"Cells of the Immune System",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The cells of the immune system are lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK (natural killer) cells), neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages. This book is an overview of some types of these cells and their role in recognizing and/or reacting against foreign material. The immune system is characterized by collaboration between cells and proteins. The development of all cells of the immune system begins in the bone marrow with a hematopoietic stem cell. Two chapters deal with neutrophils, three chapters with T-cells, four chapters with eosinophils, and other chapters review the immunomodulation of macrophages, the role of transcription factor KLF4 in regulating plasticity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and role of sorption detoxification in the therapy of acute radiation sickness.",isbn:"978-1-78985-584-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-583-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-430-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80249",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",numberOfPages:246,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4e8acf20a4e80bc7c97cb34d1672e53d",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8798.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10545,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 21st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36468/images/system/36468.jpeg",biography:"Ota Fuchs graduated from the Chemical Technological University, Prague, Czech Republic, in 1971. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, in 1981. He is employed as a Senior Scientist at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague. He undertook as visiting scientist short-term affiliations at the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in St Peterburg, Russia; and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Dr. Fuchs was the principal investigator of five projects of the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic and one grant project of the Grant Agency of Czech Republic.",institutionString:"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",middleName:null,surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/139889/images/system/139889.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, MPH, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He completed postdocs in allergy and asthma toxicology and, asthma management and controlling a network fellowship. He has published more than 30 books and 110 papers in international journals in immunology, allergy, and asthma. He is also on the editorial board of more than seventy journals. He has several scientific inventions to his credit and has recorded gene sequences in a gene bank. Dr. Athari has been invited as a top speaker at more than forty international congresses and symposiums. He is a recipient of several top researcher and young scientist awards.",institutionString:"Zanjan University of Medical Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Zanjan University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1034",title:"Classical Immunology",slug:"classical-immunology"}],chapters:[{id:"71229",title:"Introductory Chapter: Development of Neutrophils and Their Role in Hematopoietic Microenvironment Regulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91269",slug:"introductory-chapter-development-of-neutrophils-and-their-role-in-hematopoietic-microenvironment-reg",totalDownloads:805,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ota Fuchs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71229",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71229",authors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],corrections:null},{id:"67756",title:"Neutrophil Function Impairment Is a Host Susceptibility Factor to Bacterial Infection in Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86600",slug:"neutrophil-function-impairment-is-a-host-susceptibility-factor-to-bacterial-infection-in-diabetes",totalDownloads:1048,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent noncommunicable disease globally. One of the main complications of diabetes is the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Neutrophils play a crucial role in inflammatory response against bacterial infections, once they are the first cells recruited to the sites of injury. In diabetes, there is a failure in the neutrophil functions, including migration, ROS production, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing, which are associated with the high incidence of bacterial infections. Herein, we point out pieces of evidence revealing the primary molecular mechanisms involved with impairment of neutrophil functions in diabetes, with relationship with high susceptibility to bacterial infections.",signatures:"Daniella Insuela, Diego Coutinho, Marco Martins, Maximiliano Ferrero and Vinicius Carvalho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67756",authors:[{id:"296748",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinicius",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"vinicius-carvalho",fullName:"Vinicius Carvalho"},{id:"303254",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniella",surname:"Insuela",slug:"daniella-insuela",fullName:"Daniella Insuela"},{id:"303255",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Coutinho",slug:"diego-coutinho",fullName:"Diego Coutinho"},{id:"303256",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximiliano",surname:"Ferrero",slug:"maximiliano-ferrero",fullName:"Maximiliano Ferrero"},{id:"303257",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",surname:"Martins",slug:"marco-aurelio-martins",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"69166",title:"Immune-Mediated Inflammation: Human T CD4 Helper Lymphocyte Diversity and Plasticity in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89230",slug:"immune-mediated-inflammation-human-t-cd4-helper-lymphocyte-diversity-and-plasticity-in-health-and-di",totalDownloads:784,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The CD4+ T helper (Th) cells have a critical role in organizing the adaptive immune response. The emerging cells of the differentiation after the immune synapse produce helper T cell subpopulations that activate, suppress, or regulate the immune response upon interaction with varying immune cells. There are two main Th cell functional categories: the “effector cells” and the “regulatory T cells.” Classic T helper lymphocytes can also be distinguished by their lineage according to the developmental microenvironment, the expression of cell adhesion-homing receptors, the profile of cytokines they are exposed to, and the involved transcription factors. Traditionally, the CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes have been considered as helper and cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes, respectively. Currently, the distinction is little rigorous. The immune response is exceedingly complex beyond the classic Th1 and Th2 effector cells’ involvement, and other populations of helper T lymphocytes like the Th17, Tfh, Th22, and Th9 lymphocytes have been phenotypically characterized. These lymphocytes also participate in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Here, we revisit and discuss the essential aspects of the state of the art regarding phenotypic diversity and plasticity of TCD4 cells in the T lymphocyte repertoire frame and their potential implication in human inflammatory diseases.",signatures:"Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers, Matilde Otero-Losada, María Inés Herrera, Sabrina Porta, Vanesa Cosentino, Eduardo Kerzberg, Lucas Udovin and Francisco Capani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69166",authors:[{id:"120703",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Capani",slug:"francisco-capani",fullName:"Francisco Capani"},{id:"193560",title:null,name:"Matilde",surname:"Otero-Losada",slug:"matilde-otero-losada",fullName:"Matilde Otero-Losada"},{id:"205589",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo Alberto",surname:"Kölliker Frers",slug:"rodolfo-alberto-kolliker-frers",fullName:"Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers"},{id:"306018",title:"BSc.",name:"Sabrina",surname:"Porta",slug:"sabrina-porta",fullName:"Sabrina Porta"},{id:"306019",title:"MSc.",name:"Vanesa",surname:"Cosentino",slug:"vanesa-cosentino",fullName:"Vanesa Cosentino"},{id:"306020",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Kersberg",slug:"eduardo-kersberg",fullName:"Eduardo Kersberg"},{id:"306021",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas",surname:"Udovin",slug:"lucas-udovin",fullName:"Lucas Udovin"},{id:"306022",title:"Dr.",name:"María Inés",surname:"Herrera",slug:"maria-ines-herrera",fullName:"María Inés Herrera"}],corrections:null},{id:"70362",title:"Resident Memory T Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90334",slug:"resident-memory-t-cells",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Until recently, T cells were thought to remain in circulation until recruitment of the inflammation and only a small number of T cells remained in the peripheral tissues without inflammation. However, studies have found that a group of T cells settled in the tissues and remained there for a long time. Those cells are named as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). TRM cells are transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct from other T cells, which recirculate between blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and non-lymphoid tissues. They undergo a distinct proliferation that discriminates them from circulating T cells and their main cell surface markers are CD69, CD103, and CD49a. Upon exposure to the same or similar diseases, TRM cells provide a first line of adaptive cellular defense against infection in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, such as skin, lungs, digestive, and urogenital tracts. This approach forms the basis of a novel vaccination strategy called “prime and pull”, which ensures long-term local immunity. On the other hand, abnormal activated and malignant TRM may contribute to numerous human inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize TRM cell location, migration, phenotypic structure, maintenance, and diseases associated with TRM cells.",signatures:"Hasan Akbaba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70362",authors:[{id:"260489",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Akbaba",slug:"hasan-akbaba",fullName:"Hasan Akbaba"}],corrections:null},{id:"67340",title:"Modulating the T Lymphocyte Immune Response via Secretome Produced miRNA: From Tolerance Induction to the Enhancement of the Anticancer Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86598",slug:"modulating-the-t-lymphocyte-immune-response-via-secretome-produced-mirna-from-tolerance-induction-to",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"T cells are key mediators of graft tolerance/rejection, development of autoimmunity, and the anticancer response. Consequently, differentially modifying the T cell response is a major therapeutic target. Most immunomodulatory approaches have focused on cytotoxic agents, cytokine modulation, monoclonal antibodies, mitogen activation, adoptive cell therapies (including CAR-T cells). However, these approaches do not persistently reorient the systemic immune response thus necessitating continual therapy. Previous murine studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of polymer-grafted (PEGylated) allogeneic leukocytes resulted in the induction of a persistent and systemic tolerogenic state. Further analyses demonstrated that miRNA isolated from the secretome of polymer-modified or control allogeneic responses effectively induced either a tolerogenic (TA1 miRNA) or proinflammatory (IA1 miRNA) response both in vitro and in vivo that was both systemic and persistent. In a murine Type 1 diabetes autoimmune model, the tolerogenic TA1 therapeutic effectively attenuated the disease process via the systemic upregulation of regulatory T cells while simultaneously downregulating T effector cells. In contrast, the proinflammatory IA1 therapeutic enhanced the anticancer efficacy of naïve PBMC by increasing inflammatory T cells and decreasing regulatory T cells. The successful development of this secretome miRNA approach may prove useful treating both autoimmune diseases and cancer.",signatures:"Mark D. Scott, Duncheng Wang, Wendy M. Toyofuku and Xining Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67340",authors:[{id:"202243",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Scott",slug:"mark-scott",fullName:"Mark Scott"},{id:"205640",title:"BSc.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku"},{id:"205641",title:"BSc.",name:"Xining",surname:"Yang",slug:"xining-yang",fullName:"Xining Yang"},{id:"296981",title:"Dr.",name:"Duncheng",surname:"Wang",slug:"duncheng-wang",fullName:"Duncheng Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"67337",title:"Mucosal Macrophage Polarization Role in the Immune Modulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86609",slug:"mucosal-macrophage-polarization-role-in-the-immune-modulation",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Immunotherapy has advantages including few side effects and low probability of abuse by patients. Recently, functional materials with immunomodulatory functions, which act through reduction of free radicals, have been developed for cancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. However, the therapeutic application of natural functional materials involves a complex mechanism along with various organic factors. These substances, including polysaccharides and triterpenoids, have immunomodulatory effects. However, to our knowledge, the mechanism underlying the action of such substances in the physiological immunity of animals remains unclear. Immune cells, particularly macrophages, are crucial in the modulation of immune response. Macrophages polarise into two types, namely, M1 and M2, from the M0 form, based on the physiological microenvironment factors. M1 macrophages have functions in pathogen elimination through phagocytosis, oxidative damage, and complement system activation. M2 macrophages are involved in tissue recovery and tumour tissues containing ample M2 macrophages that release growth factors, which promote angiogenesis. In this study, we focus on the immunomodulation of the macrophage to further understand the effects of the physiological microenvironment factors on macrophage polarisation.",signatures:"Tsung-Meng Wu, Shiu-Nan Chen and Yu-Sheng Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67337",authors:[{id:"116110",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiu-Nan",surname:"Chen",slug:"shiu-nan-chen",fullName:"Shiu-Nan Chen"},{id:"274564",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu-Sheng",surname:"Wu",slug:"yu-sheng-wu",fullName:"Yu-Sheng Wu"},{id:"276936",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsung-Meng",surname:"Wu",slug:"tsung-meng-wu",fullName:"Tsung-Meng Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"69417",title:"KLF4-Mediated Plasticity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89151",slug:"klf4-mediated-plasticity-of-myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells-mdscs-",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Robustness of tissues refers to their capability to maintain normal functions despite perturbation such as injuries. Recent studies suggest a key role of the immune system in injury repair. In this process, several immune cell lineages exhibit considerable plasticity as they migrate toward the site of damage and contribute to repair. For example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immature cells and possess phenotypic plasticity in cancer, a pathological status that is considered as “wounds that do not heal.” They are characterized by their potent ability to suppress immune responses. In cutaneous wound healing, MDSCs not only execute their immunosuppressive function to inhibit inflammation but also stimulate cell proliferation once they adopt a fate of a totally different cell type. At a molecular level, we found that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor with multiple roles in homeostasis and disease development plays a critical role in regulating MDSCs. In this review, KLF4-mediated plasticity of MDSCs and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.",signatures:"Daping Fan, Samir Raychoudhury and Walden Ai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69417",authors:[{id:"306954",title:"Dr.",name:"Walden",surname:"Ai",slug:"walden-ai",fullName:"Walden Ai"},{id:"309713",title:"Dr.",name:"Daping",surname:"Fan",slug:"daping-fan",fullName:"Daping Fan"},{id:"312803",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Raychoudhury",slug:"samir-raychoudhury",fullName:"Samir Raychoudhury"}],corrections:null},{id:"71836",title:"Eosinophilic Phenotype: The Lesson from Research Models to Severe Asthma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92123",slug:"eosinophilic-phenotype-the-lesson-from-research-models-to-severe-asthma",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eosinophilic airway inflammation is a hallmark in the pathophysiological and clinical definition of asthma. In the last decades, asthma evolved in the recognition of different phenotypes identified by natural history, clinical and physiological characteristics, and the underlying immune mechanisms. Among these phenotypes, many have been associated with eosinophilic-driven inflammation. This is the case of either early-onset allergic Th2 asthma or late-onset persistent eosinophilic asthma. Both animal models and analysis from human samples have contributed to elucidate the role of eosinophils in the asthmatic inflammatory response and the synergic role of Th2 cytokines. In severe asthma, high numbers of eosinophils can persist despite treatment with inhaled and oral corticosteroids leading to the definition of severe refractory eosinophilic asthma. The combined role of IL-4-, IL-13- and IL-5-associated pathways has focused the view over the T2-type endotypes, wherein a specific biological pathway explains the observable properties of different phenotypes and the identifiable biomarkers can predict response to monoclonal antibodies directed against a selected immune target. In the era of precision medicine and personalized therapy, both the identification of Th2 molecules and eosinophils as targets and biomarkers have become the best clue for treating and monitoring severe asthma.",signatures:"Guida Giuseppe and Antonelli Andrea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71836",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71836",authors:[{id:"50973",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Guida",slug:"giuseppe-guida",fullName:"Giuseppe Guida"},{id:"319970",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Antonelli",slug:"andrea-antonelli",fullName:"Andrea Antonelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"69136",title:"Eosinophilic Disorders: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Immune Response, New Diagnostic Perspectives, and Therapeutic Alternatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89229",slug:"eosinophilic-disorders-extrinsic-and-intrinsic-immune-response-new-diagnostic-perspectives-and-thera",totalDownloads:907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eosinophils are immune response cells located in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, among others; an increase in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood above 5000/mm3 is associated with conditions ranging from infections (bacterial and parasitic) and allergy (asthma, rhinitis, or drugs), even neoplasms. Various study groups have classified them according to their etiology, thus facilitating their diagnosis and treatment. The WHO divides them as primary and secondary and also considers the number of eosinophils/mm3 and the involvement of white organs, while others have divided them into intrinsic and extrinsic. The former include mutations in the pluripotential hematopoietic cells, which lead to chronic myeloid leukemias with clonal expansion of eosinophils and extrinsic ones where the changes are related to a TH2 response activated by different cytosines such as IL-5. Current treatments are specifically aimed at modifying the clonal expansion of eosinophils with corticosteroids, hydroxyurea, interferon (peg) alpha, imatinib, among others, and bone marrow transplantation, while in extrinsic alterations corticosteroids and IL inhibitors are used −5 (mepolizumab).",signatures:"Maria-de-Lourdes Irigoyen-Coria, Vilma-Carolina Bekker-Mendez, Maria-Isabel Leyva-Carmona, Cecilia Rosel-Pech, Samuel Moreno-Olivares and David Solis-Hernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69136",authors:[{id:"74720",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilma-Carolina",surname:"Bekker-Mendez",slug:"vilma-carolina-bekker-mendez",fullName:"Vilma-Carolina Bekker-Mendez"},{id:"306444",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Maria-de-Lourdes",surname:"Irigoyen-Coria",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-irigoyen-coria",fullName:"Maria-de-Lourdes Irigoyen-Coria"},{id:"306967",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Isabel",surname:"Leyva-Carmona",slug:"maria-isabel-leyva-carmona",fullName:"Maria-Isabel Leyva-Carmona"},{id:"306968",title:"B.Sc.",name:"David",surname:"Solís-Hernandez",slug:"david-solis-hernandez",fullName:"David Solís-Hernandez"},{id:"306977",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Rosel-Pech",slug:"cecilia-rosel-pech",fullName:"Cecilia Rosel-Pech"},{id:"309508",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Moreno-Olivares",slug:"samuel-moreno-olivares",fullName:"Samuel Moreno-Olivares"}],corrections:null},{id:"68409",title:"Eosinophilic Cholangitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86004",slug:"eosinophilic-cholangitis",totalDownloads:540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A variety of benign etiologies of biliary stricture may initially be mistaken for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Consequently, many patients undergo surgery for a benign disease that could have been treated medically. Eosinophilic cholangitis (EC) is an uncommon, benign, self-limiting disease that should be considered when approaching a case of obstructive jaundice since it causes biliary stricture formation. Transmural eosinophilic infiltration of the biliary tree is characteristic of EC. It may initially be indistinguishable from hilar cholangiocarcinoma. We worked on a case of a patient who was referred to our hospital for jaundice and abdominal mass investigation with the provisional diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. During the workup, the index of suspicion for malignancy remained high as the typical laboratory and radiological findings for benign causes of biliary stricture were not present. Hence, the patient underwent left hepatectomy with caudate lobe resection and received a retrograde diagnosis of EC. The case demonstrates that EC could present in the elderly with cardinal signs of cancer and absence of the typical findings of EC which was not previously reported. Furthermore, this disorder has been reported to respond well to steroid therapy, hence, diagnostic criteria for EC would provide another treatment option for elderly and/or those who are not fit for surgery.",signatures:"Gilles Jadd Hoilat, Judie Noemie Hoilat, Mohamad Fekredeen Ayas, Sana Riaz and Divey Manocha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68409",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68409",authors:[{id:"294042",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilles Jadd",surname:"Hoilat",slug:"gilles-jadd-hoilat",fullName:"Gilles Jadd Hoilat"},{id:"298929",title:"Dr.",name:"Judie Noemie",surname:"Hoilat",slug:"judie-noemie-hoilat",fullName:"Judie Noemie Hoilat"},{id:"298930",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad Fekredeen",surname:"Ayas",slug:"mohamad-fekredeen-ayas",fullName:"Mohamad Fekredeen Ayas"},{id:"310025",title:"Dr.",name:"Sana",surname:"Riaz",slug:"sana-riaz",fullName:"Sana Riaz"},{id:"312685",title:"Dr.",name:"Divey",surname:"Manocha",slug:"divey-manocha",fullName:"Divey Manocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"68968",title:"Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: The Beginning of a New Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89054",slug:"eosinophilic-granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis-the-beginning-of-a-new-era",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare type of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) with unique features, such as involvement of eosinophils in the pathogenesis, which requires different therapies from those used for other AAV. Conventional treatment includes glucocorticoids (GC) and immunosuppressants. GC are the cornerstone of the initial treatment of EGPA, but relapses are frequent. Cyclophosphamide is typically used in combination with GC for patients with life- and/or organ-threatening disease manifestations. Azathioprine and methotrexate are recommended to maintain remission after induction with cyclophosphamide or as a GC-sparing agent. Nowadays, a better comprehension of the physiopathology of EGPA has opened new therapeutic targets, such as interleukin-5, which has a key role in the refractory disease, relapses, and GC dependence, especially for asthma manifestations. Mepolizumab is the first anti-IL5 antibody approved to treat EGPA. Another anti-IL5 monoclonal antibody, reslizumab, and an anti-IL5 receptor monoclonal antibody, benralizumab, are now being investigated for EGPA.",signatures:"Carlos Melero Moreno, Marta Corral Blanco and Rocío Magdalena Díaz Campos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68968",authors:[{id:"178740",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Melero Moreno",slug:"carlos-melero-moreno",fullName:"Carlos Melero Moreno"},{id:"306316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío Magdalena",surname:"Díaz Campos",slug:"rocio-magdalena-diaz-campos",fullName:"Rocío Magdalena Díaz Campos"},{id:"306317",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Corral Blanco",slug:"marta-corral-blanco",fullName:"Marta Corral Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"69097",title:"Assessment of Immune Reconstitution Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89198",slug:"assessment-of-immune-reconstitution-following-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potential curative treatment for both congenital and hematological malignancies. Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is implicated in successful transplant outcomes such as overall survival and relapse-free survival. The reconstitution of immune cell subsets after HSCT occurs in different phases at different time points encompassing pre-engraftment, engraftment, and post-engraftment. The recovery of innate cellular immunity with the appearance of monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in peripheral blood correlates with initiation of cellular engraftment. The cellular adaptive immunity is characterized by both thymic-independent expansion of T cells infused with graft and thymus-dependent expansion of naïve T cells derived from donor stem cells. The humoral immunity consists of B-cell reconstitution, which consists primarily of transitional and naïve subsets with the recovery of memory B cells that occur much later. In this review, we highlight the factors affecting immune reconstitution, the reconstitution of innate and adaptive immunity, techniques to assess immune reconstitution, and ways to enhance it.",signatures:"Meenakshi Singh, Selma Z. D’Silva and Abhishweta Saxena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69097",authors:[{id:"217471",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",surname:"D\\'Silva",slug:"selma-d'silva",fullName:"Selma D\\'Silva"},{id:"267032",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",surname:"Singh",slug:"meenakshi-singh",fullName:"Meenakshi Singh"},{id:"310438",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhishweta",surname:"Saxena",slug:"abhishweta-saxena",fullName:"Abhishweta Saxena"}],corrections:null},{id:"66927",title:"Sorption Detoxification as an Addition to Conventional Therapy of Acute Radiation Sickness and Iatrogenic Leukopenia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85690",slug:"sorption-detoxification-as-an-addition-to-conventional-therapy-of-acute-radiation-sickness-and-iatro",totalDownloads:861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leukopenia is an essential part of the clinical course of acute radiation sickness and is a side effect of anti-cancer treatment. In both situations, the main factors which determine the survival are the degree of bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal tract damage due to the presence of a large pool of fast-dividing cells. Leuko- and neutropenia are main limiting factors which may contribute to chemotherapy failure. Hematopoietic cytokines the part of conventional therapy in this field, but their effects require boosting. That is why the use of means and methods of adsorption therapy is considered promising. Sorption therapy creates a basis for sorption detoxification, a doctrine of curative measures directed to the removal of toxic endogenous or exogenous compounds from body fluids. The most widely used types are the purification of blood or its components (hemosorption), oral administration of sorption materials (enterosorption) and application-sorption therapy of wounds and burns. In this chapter, the results of early and recent research and prospects for the use of carbon adsorption therapy for the treatment of acute radiation sickness and cytostatic myelosuppression are discussed.",signatures:"Oksana O. Shevchuk, Elisaveta A. Snezhkova, Anatoliy G. Bilous, Veronika V. Sarnatskaya, Kvitoslava I. Badakhivska, Larysa A. Sakhno, Vasyl F. Chekhun and Volodymyr G. Nikolaev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66927",authors:[{id:"141767",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatolii",surname:"Belous",slug:"anatolii-belous",fullName:"Anatolii Belous"},{id:"296488",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",surname:"Shevchuk",slug:"oksana-shevchuk",fullName:"Oksana Shevchuk"},{id:"296490",title:"Dr.",name:"E.A.",surname:"Snezhkova",slug:"e.a.-snezhkova",fullName:"E.A. Snezhkova"},{id:"296491",title:"Dr.",name:"V.V.",surname:"Sarnatska",slug:"v.v.-sarnatska",fullName:"V.V. Sarnatska"},{id:"296492",title:"Dr.",name:"L.A.",surname:"Sakhno",slug:"l.a.-sakhno",fullName:"L.A. Sakhno"},{id:"296493",title:"Prof.",name:"V.G.",surname:"Nikolaev",slug:"v.g.-nikolaev",fullName:"V.G. Nikolaev"},{id:"296500",title:"Prof.",name:"V.F.",surname:"Chekhun",slug:"v.f.-chekhun",fullName:"V.F. Chekhun"},{id:"297630",title:"Dr.",name:"K.I.",surname:"Bardakhivska",slug:"k.i.-bardakhivska",fullName:"K.I. Bardakhivska"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5276",title:"Myelodysplastic Syndromes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dbb51d4215f4c5ed2069686e46ec2b",slug:"myelodysplastic-syndromes",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9791",title:"Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91ae15c94c1c8b771c959a4cee4ed8ba",slug:"multiple-myeloma",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9791.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7138",title:"Recent Developments in Myelodysplastic Syndromes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f25aae5d062706d31025b1b21bb1d072",slug:"recent-developments-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7138.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3396",title:"Current Trends in Atherogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"914c59b8518185a41a0931cc0637c0bf",slug:"current-trends-in-atherogenesis",bookSignature:"Rita Rezzani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63457",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Rezzani",slug:"rita-rezzani",fullName:"Rita Rezzani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8959",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cea4f56328f9d1ee0c6f1486a12afa23",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena and Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"287184",title:"Prof.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287184/images/system/287184.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hridayesh Prakash is a fellow of the Royal Society of Biology, London. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, NOIDA. He has expertise in innate immunity with a special interest in macrophage immunobiology, tumor immunology/immunotherapy, cell-based immunotherapies, pulmonary infection biology, and radiation biology. \n\nDr. Prakash conducts research to exploit various immunotherapeutics for managing persistent bacterial and viral Infections and gastric cancer. He is unraveling the therapeutic potential of M1 effector macrophages against solid tumors. He is also studying various mechanisms that certain pathogens like Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia, and Mycobacteria are exploiting for polarizing M1 effector macrophages towards the M2 phenotype during chronic and persistent infections. Under this major objective, he is now validating the therapeutic impact of M1 effector macrophages for the control of persistent infection-driven cancer (adenocarcinoma) progression. \n\nDr. Prakash is also exploring the palliative potential of macrophages against autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory disorders like IBD, radio-pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and radiation syndrome.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9848",title:"Antimicrobial Immune Response",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81f326b26578dca756e003ba6980add0",slug:"antimicrobial-immune-response",bookSignature:"Maria del Mar Ortega-Villaizan and Veronica Chico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254101",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Mar",surname:"Ortega-Villaizan",slug:"maria-del-mar-ortega-villaizan",fullName:"Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigentum-to-scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",title:"Corrignedum to: Scientific Swift in Bioremediation: An Overview",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82323.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82323",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82323",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82323",chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11868",leadTitle:null,title:"Current Challenges and Advances in Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe goal of this book is to provide a detailed overview of the current status and the biggest challenges in the field of organ donation and organ transplantation. The first part of the book will present the donation process, including surgical, legal, and ethical issues, as well as different types of donors and the advantages and disadvantages in each case, in addition to the surgical issues involved. The next part of the book will present information regarding the current status and future challenges of renal and hepatic transplantation. Specifically, the issues that will be addressed will include donor choice, recipient choice, determining priority and differences around the globe, technical advice regarding the surgery and potential complications, immunological issues, strategies to increase donation, and preservation pumps. The audience for this book will be as broad as possible. The target audience will be a combination of transplant physicians and surgeons, scientists involved in basic science having to do with transplantation, and various other related fields.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-006-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-005-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-007-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"21a6e87fb67eac39f12b64bd2b6402a0",bookSignature:"Prof. Georgios Tsoulfas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11868.jpg",keywords:"Organ Preservation, Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, Donation Techniques, Donor Types, Laparoscopic Donation Surgery, Non-heart Beating Donors, Renal Transplantation Surgery, Paired Exchange Programs, Pediatric Renal Transplantation, Transplant Oncology, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Live Metastatic Disease",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Tsoulfas received his medical degree from Brown University School of Medicine. He completed his general surgery residency at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics and a transplant research fellowship at the Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh. He completed a transplantation surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and served at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, as Assistant Professor of Surgery. His h-index is 25.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/57412/images/system/57412.png",biography:"Dr. Georgios Tsoulfas received his medical degree from Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island, and completed his general surgery residency at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, as well as a transplant research fellowship at the Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh. He then completed a two-year transplantation surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and then joined the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, as Assistant Professor of Surgery. He has currently moved back to Greece, where he is a Professor of Transplantation Surgery and Chief of the Department of Transplantation Surgery at the Aristotle University School of Medicine. He has published more than 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals and PubMed, as well as 35 book chapters. He is a reviewer for more than forty international journals and serves on the editorial boards of several others.",institutionString:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6705",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ab81caf9179b0618c80dcd9bfd84a3",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation-current-status-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6705.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6211",title:"Medical and Surgical Education",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c32a9763401f2d6e07b50f3e6451870",slug:"medical-and-surgical-education-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5960",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Update and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df63a0d7ea66a47de3c3e47d5bede328",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7875",title:"Liver Disease and Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"163f3050d8d21a64401f9ef6f7230da5",slug:"liver-disease-and-surgery",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas and Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7875.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7528",title:"Surgical Challenges in the Management of Liver Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581524c01bd3dca324da84c25aa31a48",slug:"surgical-challenges-in-the-management-of-liver-disease",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9821",title:"Trauma and Emergency Surgery",subtitle:"The Role of Damage Control Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5f6d0e79ff1167c8db9a24fa69ed232",slug:"trauma-and-emergency-surgery-the-role-of-damage-control-surgery",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas and Mohammad Meshkini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"9449",title:"High-Speed VLSI Architectures for Turbo Decoders",doi:"10.5772/8246",slug:"high-speed-vlsi-architectures-for-turbo-decoders",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/9449.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9449",totalDownloads:3434,totalViews:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:17,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/9449",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/9449",book:{id:"3630",slug:"vlsi"},signatures:"Zhongfeng Wang and Xinming Huang",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3630",type:"book",title:"VLSI",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"VLSI",slug:"vlsi",publishedDate:"February 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Zhongfeng Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3630.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-049-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5873-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"2569",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhongfeng-wang",fullName:"Zhongfeng Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"739"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"9442",type:"chapter",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transform Structures for VLSI Architecture Design",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transform-structures-for-vlsi-architecture-design",totalDownloads:3131,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hannu Olkkonen and Juuso T. Olkkonen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9443",type:"chapter",title:"High Performance Parallel Pipelined Lifting-based VLSI Architectures for Two-Dimensional Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform",slug:"high-performance-parallel-pipelined-lifting-based-vlsi-architectures-for-two-dimensional-inverse-dis",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ibrahim Saeed Koko and Herman Agustiawan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9444",type:"chapter",title:"Contour-Based Binary Motion Estimation Algorithm and VLSI Design for MPEG-4 Shape Coding",slug:"contour-based-binary-motion-estimation-algorithm-and-vlsi-design-for-mpeg-4-shape-coding",totalDownloads:2329,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tsung-Han Tsai, Chia-Pin Chen and Yu-Nan Pan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9445",type:"chapter",title:"Memory-Efficient Hardware Architecture of 2-D Dual-Mode Lifting-Based Discrete Wavelet Transform for JPEG2000",slug:"memory-efficient-hardware-architecture-of-2-d-dual-mode-lifting-based-discrete-wavelet-transform-for",totalDownloads:2278,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chih-Hsien Hsia and Jen-Shiun Chiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9446",type:"chapter",title:"Full HD JPEG XR Encoder Design for Digital Photography Applications",slug:"full-hd-jpeg-xr-encoder-design-for-digital-photography-applications",totalDownloads:3937,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ching-Yen Chien, Sheng-Chieh Huang, Chia-Ho Pan and Liang-Gee Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9447",type:"chapter",title:"The Design of IP Cores in Finite Field for Error Correction",slug:"the-design-of-ip-cores-in-finite-field-for-error-correction",totalDownloads:2056,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ming-Haw Jing, Jian-Hong Chen, Yan-Haw Chen, Zih-Heng Chen and Yaotsu Chang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9448",type:"chapter",title:"Scalable and Systolic Gaussian Normal Basis Multipliers over GF(2m) Using Hankel Matrix-Vector Representation",slug:"scalable-and-systolic-gaussian-normal-basis-multipliers-over-gf-2m-using-hankel-matrix-vector-repres",totalDownloads:2316,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chiou-Yng Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9449",type:"chapter",title:"High-Speed VLSI Architectures for Turbo Decoders",slug:"high-speed-vlsi-architectures-for-turbo-decoders",totalDownloads:3434,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhongfeng Wang and Xinming Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9450",type:"chapter",title:"Ultra-High Speed LDPC Code Design and Implementation",slug:"ultra-high-speed-ldpc-code-design-and-implementation",totalDownloads:3700,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jin Sha, Zhongfeng Wang and Minglun Gao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9451",type:"chapter",title:"A Methodology for Parabolic Synthesis",slug:"a-methodology-for-parabolic-synthesis",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Erik Hertz and Peter Nilsson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9452",type:"chapter",title:"Fully Systolic FFT Architectures for Giga-Sample Applications",slug:"fully-systolic-fft-architectures-for-giga-sample-applications",totalDownloads:3555,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D. Reisis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9453",type:"chapter",title:"Radio-Frequency (RF) Beamforming Using Systolic FPGA-based Two Dimensional (2D) IIR Space-Time Filters",slug:"radio-frequency-rf-beamforming-using-systolic-fpga-based-two-dimensional-2d-iir-space-time-filters",totalDownloads:3263,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Arjuna Madanayake and Leonard T. Bruton",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9454",type:"chapter",title:"A VLSI Architecture for Output Probability Computations of HMM-based Recognition Systems",slug:"a-vlsi-architecture-for-output-probability-computations-of-hmm-based-recognition-systems",totalDownloads:2348,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kazuhiro Nakamura, Masatoshi Yamamoto, Kazuyoshi Takagi and Naofumi Takagi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9455",type:"chapter",title:"Efficient Built-in Self-Test for Video Coding Cores: A Case Study on Motion Estimation Computing Array",slug:"efficient-built-in-self-test-for-video-coding-cores-a-case-study-on-motion-estimation-computing-arra",totalDownloads:2516,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chun-Lung Hsu, Yu-Sheng Huang and Chen-Kai Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9456",type:"chapter",title:"SOC Design for Speech-to-Speech Translation",slug:"soc-design-for-speech-to-speech-translation",totalDownloads:2178,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shun-Chieh Lin, Jia-Ching Wang, Jhing-Fa Wang, Fan-Min Li and Jer-Hao Hsu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9457",type:"chapter",title:"A Novel De Bruijn Based Mesh Topology for Networks-on-Chip",slug:"a-novel-de-bruijn-based-mesh-topology-for-networks-on-chip",totalDownloads:2432,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, Mehdi Modarressi and Hamid Sarbazi-Azad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9458",type:"chapter",title:"On the Efficient Design & Synthesis of Differential Clock Distribution Networks",slug:"on-the-efficient-design-amp-synthesis-of-differential-clock-distribution-networks",totalDownloads:3106,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Houman Zarrabi, Zeljko Zilic, Yvon Savaria and A. J. Al-Khalili",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9459",type:"chapter",title:"Robust Design and Test of Analog/Mixed-Signal Circuits in Deeply Scaled CMOS Technologies",slug:"robust-design-and-test-of-analog-mixed-signal-circuits-in-deeply-scaled-cmos-technologies",totalDownloads:2926,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Guo Yu and Peng Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9460",type:"chapter",title:"Nanoelectronic Design Based on a CNT Nano-Architecture",slug:"nanoelectronic-design-based-on-a-cnt-nano-architecture",totalDownloads:2712,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bao Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9461",type:"chapter",title:"A New Technique of Interconnect Effects Equalization by Using Negative Group Delay Active Circuits",slug:"a-new-technique-of-interconnect-effects-equalization-by-using-negative-group-delay-active-circuits",totalDownloads:2520,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Blaise Ravelo, Andre Perennec and Marc Le Roy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9462",type:"chapter",title:"Book Embeddings",slug:"book-embeddings",totalDownloads:2175,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Said Bettayeb",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9463",type:"chapter",title:"VLSI Thermal Analysis and Monitoring",slug:"vlsi-thermal-analysis-and-monitoring",totalDownloads:2527,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Lakhssassi and Mohammed Bougataya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3576",title:"Solid State Circuits Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a14e0865ac126e0234df9b53a5943ebf",slug:"solid-state-circuits-technologies",bookSignature:"Jacobus W. Swart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3576.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5235",title:"Professor",name:"Jacobus",surname:"Swart",slug:"jacobus-swart",fullName:"Jacobus Swart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"6487",title:"CMOS Voltage and Current Reference Circuits consisting of Subthreshold MOSFETs – Micropower Circuit Components for Power-Aware LSI Applications –",slug:"cmos-voltage-and-current-reference-circuits-consisting-of-subthreshold-mosfets-micropower-circuit-co",signatures:"Ken Ueno",authors:[null]},{id:"6488",title:"Low-Power Analog Associative Processors Employing Resonance-Type Current-Voltage Characteristics",slug:"low-power-analog-associative-processors-employing-resonance-type-current-voltage-characteristics",signatures:"Trong Tu Bui and Tadashi Shibata",authors:[null]},{id:"6489",title:"The Evolution of Theory on Drain Current Saturation Mechanism of MOSFETs from the Early Days to the Present Day",slug:"the-evolution-of-theory-on-drain-current-saturation-mechanism-of-mosfets-from-the-early-days-to-the-",signatures:"Peizhen Yang, W.S. Lau, Seow Wei Lai, V.L. Lo, S.Y. Siah and L. Chan",authors:[null]},{id:"6490",title:"Thermal Noise in Modern CMOS Technology",slug:"thermal-noise-in-modern-cmos-technology",signatures:"Chih-Hung Chen",authors:[null]},{id:"6491",title:"Statistical Prediction of Circuit Aging under Process Variations",slug:"statistical-prediction-of-circuit-aging-under-process-variations",signatures:"Wenping Wang, Vijay Reddy, Varsha Balakrishnan, Srikanth Krishnan and Yu Cao",authors:[null]},{id:"6492",title:"Standby Supply Voltage Minimization for Reliable Nanoscale SRAMs",slug:"standby-supply-voltage-minimization-for-reliable-nanoscale-srams",signatures:"Jiajing Wang and Benton H. Calhoun",authors:[null]},{id:"6493",title:"Ultralow-power LSI Technology with Silicon on Thin Buried Oxide (SOTB) CMOSFET",slug:"ultralow-power-lsi-technology-with-silicon-on-thin-buried-oxide-sotb-cmosfet",signatures:"Takashi Ishigaki, Ryuta Tsuchiya, Yusuke Morita, Nobuyuki Sugii and Shin’ichiro Kimura",authors:[null]},{id:"6494",title:"The Progress and Challenges of Applying High-k/Metal-Gated Devices to Advanced CMOS Technologies",slug:"the-progress-and-challenges-of-applying-high-k-metal-gated-devices-to-advanced-cmos-technologies",signatures:"Hsing-Huang Tseng and Ph.D.",authors:[null]},{id:"6495",title:"Metal Gate Electrode and High-Dielectrics for Sub-32nm Bulk CMOS Technology: Integrating Lanthanum Oxide Capping Layer for Low Threshold-Voltage Devices Application",slug:"metal-gate-electrode-and-high-dielectrics-for-sub-32nm-bulk-cmos-technology-integrating-lanthanum-ox",signatures:"HongYu Yu",authors:[null]},{id:"6496",title:"Computational Study of the Effects of Channel Materials & Channel Orientations and Dimensional Effects on the Performance of Nanowire FETs",slug:"computational-study-of-the-effects-of-channel-materials-amp-channel-orientations-and-dimensional-eff",signatures:"Chee Shin Koong and Gengchiau Liang",authors:[null]},{id:"6497",title:"Integration of Carbon Nanotubes in Microelectronics",slug:"integration-of-carbon-nanotubes-in-microelectronics",signatures:"Stanislav A. Moshkalev, Carla Veríssimo, Rogério V. Gelamo, Leonardo R. C. Fonseca, Ettore Baldini-Neto and Jacobus W. Swart",authors:[null]},{id:"6498",title:"Carbon Nanotube Interconnect Technologies for Future LSIs",slug:"carbon-nanotube-interconnect-technologies-for-future-lsis",signatures:"Mizuhisa Nihei, Akio Kawabata, Motonobu Sato, Tatsuhiro Nozue, Takashi Hyakushima, Daiyu Kondo, Mari Ohfuti, Shintaro Sato and Yuji Awano",authors:[null]},{id:"6499",title:"On-Chip Interconnects of RFICs",slug:"on-chip-interconnects-of-rfics",signatures:"Xiaomeng Shi and Kiat Seng Yeo",authors:[null]},{id:"6500",title:"Highly Energy-Efficient On-Chip Pulsed-Current-Mode Transmission Line Interconnect",slug:"highly-energy-efficient-on-chip-pulsed-current-mode-transmission-line-interconnect",signatures:"Tomoaki Maekawa, Shuhei Amakawa, Hiroyuki Ito, Noboru Ishihara, and Kazuya Masu",authors:[null]},{id:"6501",title:"An Inductive-Coupling Inter-Chip Link for High-Performance and Low-Power 3D System Integration",slug:"an-inductive-coupling-inter-chip-link-for-high-performance-and-low-power-3d-system-integration",signatures:"Kiichi Niitsu and Tadahiro Kuroda",authors:[null]},{id:"6502",title:"Polycrystalline Silicon Piezoresistive Nano Thin Film Technology",slug:"polycrystalline-silicon-piezoresistive-nano-thin-film-technology",signatures:"Xiaowei Liu, Changzhi Shi and Rongyan Chuai",authors:[null]},{id:"6503",title:"Sputtered AlN Thin Films for Piezoelectric MEMS Devices - FBAR Resonators and Accelerometers",slug:"sputtered-aln-thin-films-for-piezoelectric-mems-devices-fbar-resonators-and-accelerometers",signatures:"Friedel Gerfers, Peter M. Kohlstadt, Eyal Ginsburg, Ming Yuan He, Dean Samara-Rubio, Yiannos Manoli and Li-PengWang",authors:[null]},{id:"6504",title:"Micromachined Arrayed Capacitive Ultrasonic Sensor/Transmitter with Parylene Diaphragms",slug:"micromachined-arrayed-capacitive-ultrasonic-sensor-transmitter-with-parylene-diaphragms",signatures:"Seiji Aoyagi",authors:[null]},{id:"6505",title:"Application of Microsystems Technology in the Fabrication of Thermoelectric Micro-Converters",slug:"application-of-microsystems-technology-in-the-fabrication-of-thermoelectric-micro-converters",signatures:"L.M. Goncalves and J.G. Rocha",authors:[null]},{id:"6506",title:"Ppt-Level Detection of Aqueous Benzene with a Portable Sensor Based on Bubbling Extraction and UV Spectroscopy",slug:"ppt-level-detection-of-aqueous-benzene-with-a-portable-sensor-based-on-bubbling-extraction-and-uv-sp",signatures:"Serge Camou, Akira Shimizu, Tsutomu Horiuchi and Tsuneyuki Haga",authors:[null]},{id:"6507",title:"CMOS Readout Circuit Developments for Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor Based Sensor Applications",slug:"cmos-readout-circuit-developments-for-ion-sensitive-field-effect-transistor-based-sensor-application",signatures:"Wen-Yaw Chung, Febus Reidj G. Cruz, Chung-Huang Yang, Fu-Shun He, Tai-Tsun Liu, Dorota G. Pijanowska, Wladyslaw Torbicz, Piotr B. Grabiec and Bohdan Jarosewicz",authors:[null]},{id:"6508",title:"Low-Temperature Polymer Bonding Using Surface Hydrophilic Treatment for Chemical/Bio Microchips",slug:"low-temperature-polymer-bonding-using-surface-hydrophilic-treatment-for-chemical-bio-microchips",signatures:"Hidetoshi Shinohara, Jun Mizuno and Shuichi Shoji",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6521",title:"MEMS Sensors",subtitle:"Design and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0da20f1660250a3391770069a4655cc5",slug:"mems-sensors-design-and-application",bookSignature:"Siva Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7189",title:"Application Specific Integrated Circuits",subtitle:"Technologies, Digital Systems and Design Methodologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c3f002a63206646e71b199ebe1360a6",slug:"application-specific-integrated-circuits-technologies-digital-systems-and-design-methodologies",bookSignature:"Edward Fisher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7189.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199505",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Fisher",slug:"edward-fisher",fullName:"Edward Fisher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7749",title:"Memristors",subtitle:"Circuits and Applications of Memristor Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00f6cb499cb527fdca83568f8f1c8f9d",slug:"memristors-circuits-and-applications-of-memristor-devices",bookSignature:"Alex James",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7749.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6992",title:"Prof.",name:"Alex",surname:"James",slug:"alex-james",fullName:"Alex James"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9309",title:"Integrated Circuits/Microchips",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c7ff3f191842303cc95e466e28b5e33",slug:"integrated-circuits-microchips",bookSignature:"Kim Ho Yeap and Jonathan Javier Sayago Hoyos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"879",title:"Advances in Piezoelectric Transducers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d868d46b3db64dcefa833403fec32346",slug:"advances-in-piezoelectric-transducers",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/879.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73178",title:"Rights and Responsibilities: The Reality of Forest Fringe Communities in the Northern Region of Ghana",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93550",slug:"rights-and-responsibilities-the-reality-of-forest-fringe-communities-in-the-northern-region-of-ghana",body:'\nAn important guiding principle of the revised forest and wildlife policy is that it recognizes and confirms the importance of local people in pursuing all other guiding principles of the policy, and therefore proposes to place particular emphasis on the concept of participatory management and protection of forest and wildlife resources and to develop appropriate strategies, modalities and programs in consultation with relevant agencies, rural communities and individuals [1]. The principles and strategies of the policy of participatory management recognizes the rights of local people to have access to natural resources for maintaining a basic standard of living and their concomitant responsibility to ensure the sustainable use of such resources. To this effect, since the adoption of the 1994 Forest and wildlife policy, several operations of the Forestry Commission (FC) have been revised to help meet its aim of achieving equitable sharing of benefits and improved efficiency in management, particularly, in Southern Ghana [1].
\nFor instance, under the Forestry Sector Development Programme (FSDP II) and the High Forest Biodiversity Programme (HFBP), the FC has been providing support toward forest–based livelihood schemes such as grass-cutter rearing, seedling production and snail farming [2]. Although access to NTFP’s for domestic use had been enshrined in reserve settlement judgments, foresters had over the years not been fulfilling these rights to land owners. As such all current management plans reassert the rights of communities to harvest NTFP’s for domestic use, to have access to fetish sites and other rights as enshrined in original agreements.
\nIn addition to the above, the FC is promoting initiatives to assist forest fringe communities to add value to harvested products through processing and market promotion. This initiative known as Marketing Analysis and Development (MA and D) according to the report is being piloted in three districts of Cape Coast. These are Pra (Suhien forest reserve), Goaso (Bia Tano forest reserve) and Mpreaso (Esukawkaw forest reserve). The ultimate goal is to organize forest fringe communities to form co-operatives to produce items for the export market ([2], p. 7). In terms of integrated use of forest resources, Oduro [3] reports that the collaborative forest management unit (CFMU) of FC has initiated programs that involve helping communities to develop their capacity to manage forest resources in southern Ghana. For instance in Assin Fosu, the author reports that, CFMU has supported communities to manage ancestral forest groves. In the Esen forest reserve at Akyem Oda, the CFMU has involved local communities in devising improved management of NTFPs. The program involved experiments in developing nurseries for the propagation of various NTFPs, using different methods including seed planting, root and stem cuttings. This report has been affirmed by the Forestry Commission of Ghana [2]. Report by Oduro [3] also indicates that the CFMU has carried out a survey of people’s attitude in communities near forest reserves which have been proposed for different types of protection: special biological protection areas, hill sanctuaries, and convalescence and fire block areas. The report from the survey showed considerable local support for the continued protection of the forest reserves, particularly for the protection of drinking water supplies, rehabilitation of degraded forests and fire protection belts.
\nOne factor that is worth noting from the literature is that, all the initiatives and successes were recorded in southern Ghana where timber abounds. There are no records of such initiatives or operations by the FC for fringe communities in the timber-poor Northern Region. Being a timber—poor zone, presupposes that communities do not enjoy social responsibility agreement (SRA) as enjoyed by those in Southern Ghana. Ironically, among the challenges that the revised Ghana’s forest and wildlife policy sought to address are; the inadequate response to the domestic demand of timber and timber products which has led to increased illegal chainsaw operations in the supply of timber to the market, and the challenges to CFM strategy on how to achieve sustainability in forest management, to integrate local communities into planning and management whilst maintaining a profitable sector. Yet work by [4] found out that participation of fringe communities in the management of forest reserves is passive and tokenistic with local people having no control over access to resources and management. The critical question is, do the fringe communities in the Northern region and for that matter Northern Ghana have any user-rights or obligations to forest reserves at all? Answering this question is the main objective that this article sought to achieve.
\nDecisions of forest fringe communities may have positive or negative environmental, economic, and social impacts on sustainable development depending on whether it is managed sustainably or not. However, managing forest ecosystems sustainably requires knowledge of their main functions, and the effects of human practices, especially human practices or activities of the communities and/or settlements fringing the forest ecosystems including forest reserves. These practices are often perpetuated with the intension of meeting their needs or wants. Therefore it is important to consider the rights and responsibilities of people living around the forest ecosystems in forest management decisions so as to take onboard those practices that inure to the benefits of the society and the forest environment. This can only be done successfully if the frontiers of forest ecosystems and resource management understand the fringing communities and how they interact with the forest ecosystems. This is because, according to Metz et al. [5] even though over the years scientific literature shows there has been an increasing attempt to understand and integrate long-term effects of current practices of forest management on sustainable development, often, there is no sufficient understanding of the potential long-term impacts of current practices on sustainable development. According to the authors this may stem from the fact that often governing agencies fail to recognize the rights and responsibilities of key stakeholders whose actions and inactions define the forest practices, thereby defeating the purposes of collaborative forest management.
\nCollaborative forest management (CFM) denotes collective action by multi-stakeholders including local communities for sustainable forest management (SFM) for all. It is premised on the fact that community participation will increase resource flows to local people and help reduce rural poverty by providing them with their livelihoods [6]. According to the principles of CFM, sustainable forest management is the long term aim of CFM. Therefore, aside meeting other aims such as fair benefits to partners and equity in benefit sharing within community, the key objective is sustainability. The Forest Principles adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 specifically states that: “Forest resources and forest lands should be sustainably managed to meet the social, economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations. In doing so the interests of Forest-Dependent Communities, security of tenure of forest resources and access to forest land to private and public land holdings, including the rights and obligations of forest owners and local communities must be regarded [7]”.
\nSustainable development (SD) on the other hand has been defined by FAO Forest Resources Assessment [8] as: “the management and conservation of the natural resources base, and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations” [9, 10].
\nThe essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life as good as the present generation. This implies that, SD can only be achieved through SFM which hinges upon collaborative management of forest resources.
\nHowever, because local communities living in or around forests and forest reserves have a traditional dependency upon same, their actions and inaction affects collaborative management decisions and the sustainability of the forest resources. Therefore, respecting the rights and obligations of forest owners and local communities, and enhancement of their well-being are critical to sustainable forest management and development. As emphasized by Metz et al. [5], significant economic, social, and environmental contributions to sustainable development can be gained by involving local people and stakeholders and developing adequate policy frameworks.
\nRiding on the back of rational choice theory by Buchanan and Tullock [11], this article equates the rights and responsibilities of fringe communities to their expected benefits and costs from forest reserves and discusses these under the current practice of the concept of collaborative forest management in the study area.
\nThe region has a total land area of about 70,384 sq. km (7 million ha) which is 29% of the land area of Ghana. Of the total land area of 70,384sq km of the region, 3556.92 sq. km (5.05%) is under reservation [12]. Northern Region is located between latitude 8 30″ and 10 30″ N and lies completely in the savannah belt. It has Togo and La Cote D’Ivoire to the East and West, respectively, as its international neighbors. To the south, the region shares boundaries with Brong Ahafo and the Volta Regions, and to the north, it shares borders with Upper-East and Upper-West Regions. Results of the 2010 population and housing census gave the regional population as 2479, with an intercensal growth rate of 2.9% between 2000 and 2010 [13].
\nThe main vegetation is classified as vast areas of grassland, mainly Guinea savannah interspersed drought-resistant trees such as the acacia, baobab, shea dawadawa, mango, neem Ghana [14]. The region is drained by the Black and white Volta and their tributaries, such as Rivers Nasia and Daka www.ghana.gov.gh/.
\nThis study employed a mixed method which combined survey and in-depth interviews. The article is part of a larger study conducted on the fringe communities surrounding forest reserves in four forest districts in the Northern region of Ghana. Two reserves were randomly selected from each of the four forest districts, giving a total of eight sampled forest reserves. Proportionate sampling was then used to select communities whilst simple random sampling was employed in sampling household heads. With a target population of 14,343, a total of 370 households were sampled at 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. For detail methodology of the study, see Husseini et al. [4]. \nTable 1\n shows a summary of the sampled reserve and communities.
\nForest districts | \n\n | Forest reserves selected | \n\n | Sampled communities | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Tamale | \n\n | Water works F/R | \n\n | Yohini, Zogbele, Choggu | \n
Sinsablegbini | \n\n | Zakariyili, Zibogu,Tugu | \n||
Walewale | \n\n | Nasia Tributaries | \n\n | Pigu, Pishigu, Sakpule | \n
Gambaga scarp West BLK I | \n\n | Samini, Gbani, Langbinsi | \n||
Yendi | \n\n | Daka head water | \n\n | Nakoa, Kpatili, Nawuni and Gushiegu | \n
Kumbo | \n\n | Kpatugri, Juanayili, Pusuga | \n||
Damongo | \n\n | Yakumbo | \n\n | Old Buipe and Lito | \n
Damongo scarp | \n\n | Damongo and Soalepe | \n||
Total | \n\n | 8 | \n\n | 23 | \n
Forest districts, sampled reserves and communities for the study.
Key informants comprised 13 forestry staff, 21 assembly members, 23 women’s group leaders (magazias), 23 chiefs, 1 representative from stool lands and the head of the CFM Unit (CFMU) of the Resource Management Support Centre (RMSC) of FC, summing up to 82 key informants.
\nQuantitative data was collected using structured interview schedule while qualitative data was obtained by in-depth interviews. The quantitative data was analyzed with Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 16 software, using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and percentages. The results from the in-depth interviews were categorized into appropriate themes and analyzed through discourse analysis.
\nKowero et al. [15] assert that enabling policies, legislation and institutional instruments like clear tenure rights, are important in promoting sustainable management of natural resources. The study revealed that 310 household heads (representing 83.8%) interviewed (\nTable 2\n) are of the opinion that forest reserves are owned by the state or the government whilst only 38 (10.3%) respondents think that forest reserves are owned by the community.
\nDistrict | \nCategory of ownership | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | Community owned | \nState owned | \nNGO owned | \nThe chief | \nTotal | \n
\n | \n|||||
Damango | \n7 (18.4%) | \n60 (19.4%) | \n1 (16.7%) | \n3 (18.8%) | \n71 (19.2%) | \n
Tamale | \n22 (57.9%) | \n175 (56.5%) | \n3 (50.0%) | \n9 (56.2%) | \n209 (56.5%) | \n
Walewale | \n4 (10.5%) | \n35 (11.3%) | \n1 (16.7%) | \n2 (12.5%) | \n42 (11.4%) | \n
Yendi | \n5 (13.2%) | \n40 (12.9%) | \n1 (16.7%) | \n2 (12.5%) | \n48 (13.0%) | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Households’ awareness about ownership of forest reserves.
It was also found that, of the 370 household heads interviewed, 306 of them (representing 82.7%) believe that forest reserves are managed by the Forest Services Division (FSD) staff while 64 of them (representing 17.3%) are of the opinion that forest reserves are either managed by community and FSD, district assembly or traditional rulers (\nTable 3\n).
\nDistrict | \nCategory of stakeholders managing forest reserve | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | Forest service division | \nCommunity and FSD | \nDistrict assembly | \nTraditional rulers | \nTotal | \n
\n | \n|||||
Damango | \n60 (19.6%) | \n7 (25.9%) | \n4 (17.4%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n71 (19.2%) | \n
Tamale | \n175 (57.2%) | \n12 (44.4%) | \n13 (56.5%) | \n9 (64.3%) | \n209 (56.5%) | \n
Walewale | \n36 (11.8%) | \n2 (7.4%) | \n3 (13.0%) | \n1 (7.1%) | \n42 (11.4%) | \n
Yendi | \n35 (11.4%) | \n6 (22.2%) | \n3 (13.0%) | \n4 (28.6%) | \n48 (13.0%) | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Household awareness about who manages the forest reserves.
The key informants’ interview with chiefs revealed that with the exception of three chiefs (Gulkpe-Naa, the Pusuga naa and Kpatugri naa) who knew that forest reserves are owned by the traditional authorities, 17 of the sampled chiefs believe that forest reserves within their communities are owned by the state and managed by the FSD. The other three chiefs are of the opinion that reserves belong to District Assembly and managed by the government. Similarly, with the exception of the women leader (magazia) for Pusuga and the assembly person for Damongo, who knew that forest reserves are owned by traditional authorities, the rest (22 magazias and 22 assembly person) are of the opinion that forest reserves are owned by the state and managed by the FSD.
\nThese responses are a manifestation of the processes of development planning in Ghana which have generally been top-down and highly centralized. According to Tandoh-Offin [16], while there has been four development plans under the so-called decentralized development planning in Ghana, majority of the decisions and activities that inform all of these plans since 1992 have followed similar approaches as those before, where central government agencies continued to have dominance in the processes and activities. This results affirms Adjei et al. [17] assertion that although Ghana’s decentralized forest management intervention recognizes local authorities and creates the requisite democratic space for community representation in forest governance, failure of Forestry Commission (FC) to transfer adequate decision-making power and resources among other factors have collectively undermine local authorities’ capacity to be responsive and accountable to the collaborative process in forest management. To the extent that chiefs and assembly members are unaware of the ownership of forest reserves in their localities, tells the un-participatory nature of our so-called decentralized system of development planning.
\nThe above responses on ownership also show that fringe communities of forest reserves in Northern region are unaware of their tenure rights. Forest reserves in Ghana according to Boakye and Baffoe [18], are communally owned, but are held in trust by Government on behalf of the stool or skin landowners through the Forest Ordinance of 1927. According to Asare [19] ownership of forest is closely linked to the indigenous system of landownership. Land is communally owned and held in trust on behalf of the people through the stools and skins. Landowners therefore exert substantial control in deciding whether an area should be set aside for reservation. Though the national law grants the government the authority to constitute a reserve on any land it deems appropriate, landowners must be consulted through an arbitration process to take their concerns into consideration. What this means is that landowners whether stools or skins have immense power on setting aside an area as permanent forest estate and always have rights to revenue from the exploitation of the resource.
\nThis was confirmed by the key informants interview with the head of operations of stool lands in the region, who revealed that, all the forest reserves in the region are situated on skin lands with the overlords being the Yaa Naa (Dagbon land), the Nayiri (Mamprugu land), the Yagbun-wura (Gonja land) and the Bimbila Naa (Nanumba land). Unfortunately, the reality is that almost all chiefs and community members believe otherwise as there is no legal framework to that effect. The perception of the fringe communities about tenure rights of forest reserves upholds Brown’s [20] report that Ghana’s forest policies have not any legislative or tenurial change to stimulate the process of community involvement in forest management. It also agrees with the findings of Ahenkan and Boon [21] that consultation processes that led to the 1994 forest and wildlife policy had limited involvement of local communities. Further, it confirms the assertion by Boakye and Baffoe [18] that, even though Ghana’s forest reserves are supposed to be managed by both public and communal property regimes, management is leaned more to the former. State control often deprives fringe communities of access to forest resources due to their bureaucratic and centralized processes which distance them from management decisions and access to benefits.
\nThe lack of knowledge of communities about the ownership or tenure rights is indirectly contributing to their exclusion from forest management activities [4]. This may affect their commitment and cooperation toward any collaborative efforts.
\nCollective action in solving natural resource problems is more likely when users are dependent on the resource system for a major portion of their livelihood and when users have a common understanding of the problem [6, 22]. Gibson et al. [23] also assert that the value people place on their benefits and losses from development projects is critical in motivating and increasing their commitments to project sustainability. In this study therefore, we sought the opinions of respondents on the benefits derived by their communities from the forest reserves as well as their use- rights and responsibilities.
\nThe survey revealed major benefit derived from the forest reserve which include; wood for charcoal and firewood, bush meat, herbal medicine, protection from rainstorm and poles for roofing. The least mentioned benefits include ropes, provision of shade, esthetics, and chew stick. \nTable 4\n shows a summary of the common benefits that are derived from the forest reserves by the fringe communities.
\nMajor benefits | \nLeast mentioned benefits | \n
---|---|
Wood for charcoal and firewood | \nRopes | \n
Bush meat | \nProvision of shade | \n
Herbal medicine | \nEsthetics | \n
Protection from rainstorm | \nIncome | \n
Poles for roofing | \nChew stick | \n
Thatch grass | \nStimulation of rain or good weather | \n
Grazing grounds for animals | \nSand winning for building purposes | \n
Fodder | \nForest serving as a hideout for wee smokers | \n
Food (fruits) | \n\n |
Water | \n\n |
Farmland | \n\n |
Honey | \n\n |
Using the reserve as a place of worship | \n\n |
Using the forest as a place of convenience | \n\n |
Using the reserve as recreational grounds | \n\n |
Summary of benefits derived from the forest reserves.
Given the statement by Odera’s [24] that, sustained forest benefits to community members guarantees a successful collaborative forest management implementation, the enjoyment of aforementioned benefits by fringe communities in the study area is likely to boost their interest and commitment to any collaborative effort for sustainable management of the forest reserves. Notwithstanding that, the survey also revealed that not all the above benefits are enjoyed legally. Some community members harvest quantities beyond what is enjoyed on them. The study therefore sought views of both household respondents and key informants on communities’ rights to use the forest reserves.
\nAdmitted rights are customary rights enjoyed by communities and individuals living close to forest reserve at the time of reservation when they are not seen as harmful to the forest. These rights include cultural and religious rights such as entry into the reserve to perform some cultural rites ([25], p. 29). The household survey revealed that majority 262 of the respondents (70.8%) admitted to having the right to freely enter the forest reserves whilst the remaining 108 (29.2%) said they do not have free access to forest reserves. The most common reasons given by the 29.2% (108) of household heads who said they are not allowed entry into the forest reserves are that, they are denied because:
\nSome members destroy the forest by cutting down trees for fire wood; the forest reserve is not for the community; if people are allowed to enter the forest freely, they can destroy the reserve; forest staff feel unsafe to let local people enter freely due to past experience with encroachers; and finally that some members go into the forest reserves to sell illegal drugs like marijuana.
\nThese reasons by those who said they are denied entry into the reserves may suggest that some members are sometimes not allowed to enter the reserve not because they do not have the right, but due to the possible illegal activities they may carry out in the reserve. This is evident in the list of benefits (\nTable 4\n) enjoyed by communities which included harvesting of wood for charcoal and firewood for sale. As indicated by Marfo [26] the statutory law only recognizes “customary” access and use rights for domestic purposes. Therefore it is illegal for fringe communities to access non-timer forest products for commercial purposes. However, when respondents were asked about their admitted rights (\nTable 5\n) 78.4% of them admitted to their communities having rights to harvest medicinal plants, 70% admitted to collecting edible fruits like shea and dawadawa, 60.3% admitted to harvesting thatch grass for roofing and 54.6% admitted to harvesting firewood for domestic purposes. \nTable 5\n shows the admitted rights enjoyed by the fringe communities.
\n\n | Harvest firewoodfor domestic use? | \nCollect shea and dawadawa fruits? | \nHarvest medicinal plants? | \nHarvest thatch for roofing? | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | Yes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \nYes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \nYes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \nYes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \n
Damongo | \n71 (35.1%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n71 (27.4%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n70 (24.1%) | \n1 (1.2%) | \n64 (28.7%) | \n7 (4.8%) | \n
Tamale | \n77 (38.1%) | \n132 (78.6%) | \n106 (40.9%) | \n103 (92.8%) | \n131 (45.2%) | \n78 (97.5%) | \n77 (34.5%) | \n132 (89.8%) | \n
Walewale | \n26 (12.9%) | \n16 (9.5%) | \n41 (15.8%) | \n1 (0.9%) | \n41 (14.1%) | \n1 (1.2%) | \n41 (18.4%) | \n1 (0.7%) | \n
Yendi | \n28 (13.9%) | \n20 (11.9%) | \n41 (15.8%) | \n7 (6.3%) | \n48 (16.6%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n41 (18.4%) | \n7 (4.8%) | \n
Total | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Responses on admitted rights enjoined by the fringe communities.
Like the household heads, the interviews with the district forest managers revealed that fringe communities in the study area have the right of access into the reserve (using the right paths) and the right to harvest non-timber forest products for domestic use such as thatch grass, medicinal plants, dry wood for firewood, controlled grazing, shea nuts, dawadawa fruits and canes. However, due to abuse of rights for controlled grazing, it is no more allowed in the reserves. Some forest guards believe that communities are entitled to harvest non-timber forest products, but these rights are sometimes abused. One of the forest guards replied as follows:
\n\n
In contrast to the views of the district managers and some forest guards, four of the eight forest guards interviewed are of the opinion that farmers do not have any right to collect any product from the reserves because those rights are confined to only off-reserve woodlands (woodlands outside reserves).
\nIn reality, the responses from these four forest guards only imply that they do not understand what user-rights are, or are unaware of the user-rights of communities over forest reserves. The lack of awareness of forest guards may serve as the basis for abuse of use-rights of communities (by way of access restriction to forest reserves) and that can be a source of conflict between them and community members.
\nA chi- square test of independence on household responses on admitted rights gave p-value of 0.000. Being smaller than the alpha value of 0.05, a p-value of 0.000 indicate that there is significance differences between the forest districts with regards to respondents’ views on their rights over the forest reserves. For instance, \nTable 5\n shows that for harvesting of fruits and medicinal plants, almost all the respondents in Damongo, walewale and Yendi answered in the affirmative whilst for Tamale 37.3% think otherwise. The trend is different with regards to harvesting of firewood for domestic use, where all the respondents from Damongo district answered in the affirmative with only 36.8% (77) of the respondents in Tamale district answering in the affirmative. This differences are probably because some community members do not know their rights. It may also be due to the over protective attitude of forest guards in the Tamale district as compared to those in other districts. Tamale Metropolis is the most concentrated in terms of population density and also the most urbanized district in the region, it has the highest proportion (14.3%) of the economically active population in the Northern region [13]. As such there is a likely need for more land for development, hence the need for tight precautions against encroachment. This could be a good reason to make forest guards in the Metropolis over protective of the forest reserves.
\nThe key informant interview with chiefs partly confirms the responses from the household survey. Sixteen out of the 23 chiefs admitted to their communities having user-rights though sometimes with difficulties. The remaining seven chiefs (six from the Walewale district and one from Tamale district) indicated that their communities do not have any use- rights to the reserves. Similarly, 16 out of the 23 “magazias” (women leaders) interviewed admitted to their community members having rights to collect some firewood and some non-wood forest products for domestic purposes. It was revealed by the “magazias” that the rights of women differ from that of men. Whereas women usually fetch water from the streams in the reserves, gather vegetables and fruits and harvest firewood for domestic use, men are allowed to hunt, harvest termites (for fowls), poles, thatch, as well as harvest firewood for sale.
\nThe responses from some household heads, chiefs and magazias who indicated their communities do not have user-rights to the reserves show they are ignorant of their rights. Their responses could be attributed to their exclusion from management decisions or due to lack of awareness of communities’ rights by the forest guards who blatantly restrict communities’ access to the reserves. This is manifested in the responses of some forest guards about their knowledge on communities’ right to the reserves in the following paragraph.
\nWhen asked about the knowledge on user-rights of communities the following were some of the responses from the forest guards:
\n\n
\n
The above responses from some forest guards point to the fact that administration of forest reserves in the study area is not participatory. To the extent that frontline staffs of FSD believe that fringe communities do not have any user-rights to forest reserves, shows FSD is still holding onto the “command and control” system of management as was reported by Husseini et al. [4]. Moreover, because some community members are unaware of their rights over the forest reserves, they have come to accept the denial of their rights as the norm and so they do not challenge the status quo. The likely result of this denial is illegal access of the forest resources by community members since there is no motivation for them to protect the forest reserves. A situation which downfalls one of the purposes of the revised Forest and Wildlife policy (2012) as stated in its policy strategic direction Section 4.1 Subsection 4.1.2, clause f, which seeks to define forest and tree rights in all kinds of forests and ownership systems (2012, p. 28).
\nA social responsibility agreement (SRA) may be defined as an agreement capable of being enforced in a court of law which imposes a duty on a timber contractor to provide certain acceptable social amenities to the communities whose forest the contractor operates to the tune of 5% of the annual royalties payable by the contractor. These agreements are ways of ensuring that all Timber Utilization Contract activities are done in a more socially responsible way that respect the rights of the land owners. It is usually attached as a schedule to the contract, which is legally binding. SRAs are negotiated by the FSD with the affected communities in advance of the contract being advertised ([25], p. 33).
\nWhen respondents were asked whether they enjoy social responsibility benefits from the reserves, 342 of them (representing 92.4%) admitted they do not benefit whilst 28 (7.6%) indicated they benefit. The reasons given by the 28 (7.6%) respondents, who answered in the affirmative, are that it is their social responsibility to protect the forest from intruders and fire outbreaks. Others think that their SRA is the benefits they get from the reserve like firewood, grazing fields, hunting and football pitches. Certainly, it is clear from the reasons given by the few (7.6%) who claim their communities enjoy SRA that, they do not understand the concept of SRA or the facility does not exist at all as indicated by the majority.
\nFor the 342 (92.4%) who answered in the negative, some of them indicated that it was the first time they were hearing about SRA. Others said that the tree species in the Northern region are not attractive enough for exploitation due to the unfavorable climate, to warrant such social responsibility benefits. Obviously, the latter reason affirms the climate and vegetation of the region, ie. relatively dry with a single rainy season and Guinea savannah [14], which does not support the growth of tall timber tree species. Further, the interview with the forestry staff revealed that, forest reserves in the region were gazetted mainly for protective purposes and so little or negligible exploitation goes on in them. This result also agrees with Mashall [27] that the functions of forest reserves in the Northern territories were for the conservation of water supplies, shelterbelts, and prevention of erosion, shelterbelts and domestic supply of fuel wood, poles and possibly the production of a limited amount of sawn timber. This implies that production of commercial timber was from the unset not the main objective for forest reservation in the study area.
\nSimilar to the views of household heads and the forestry staff, response chiefs, assembly persons and Magazias revealed that fringe communities do not enjoy any social responsibility benefits from the forest reserves. These responses were further confirmed by the head of operations of stool lands in the region, who revealed that due to the non-productive nature of forest reserves in the region, land owners do not receive any royalties or SRA from the reserves. According to him, most revenue from the skin lands in the region come from ground rents, compensation and annual rents. These are fees taken for use of land for farming, residential, commercial and other uses related to physical development. The head of operations of stool lands in the region believes that this situation derails the interest of the chiefs in the reserves.
\nHis response confirms Oduro’s [3] observation that the current forest and wildlife policy is silent on how to reward owners of forests, zoned for permanent protection. The author argues that although owners of production forests receive royalties, those whose forests have been designated for permanent protection and for environmental benefits do not receive any. The lack of social responsibility benefits for fringe communities is a hindrance to their allegiance to any effort toward CFM. Among the reasons for community participation in CFM is to secure access to a given forest and use rights as well as create new sources of income for communities [6]. Therefore, the rights of fringe communities in Northern region have to be secured if their commitment in the collaborative management of forest reserves is to be guaranteed.
\nFringe communities do not only have rights but also have the duties and roles in protecting forests within their areas, under the law and Constitution of Ghana. Section 19 of the LI 1649 places upon the land owner a responsibility not to allow the use of unregistered chainsaw for cutting trees or sawing timber on his or her land. As such, communities have the obligation to control the extent of forest exploitation so that the very important roles played by the forest resources can continue [25]. Households views were therefore sought on what they think are the responsibilities of community members to the management of forest reserves. \nTable 6\n shows the responses on what households perceive as responsibilities of their communities toward management of forest reserves.
\nDistrict | \nWeeding as a responsibility of community members | \nBoundary clearing as a responsibility of community members | \nNursing seedlings as a responsibility of community members | \nBoundary patrolling as a responsibility of community members | \nFire control as a responsibility of community members | \nBoundary planting as a responsibility of community members | \nPlanting trees as a responsibility of community members | \n|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \n|
Damango | \n32 (19.5%) | \n39 (19.0%) | \n54 (24.2%) | \n17 (11.6%) | \n12 (11.8) | \n59 (22.0%) | \n22 (15.4%) | \n49 (21.6%) | \n71 (24.1%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n26 (17.0%) | \n45 (20.7%) | \n67 (24.5%) | \n4 (4.2%) | \n
Tamale | \n78 (47.6%) | \n131 (63.6%) | \n103 (46.2%) | \n106 (72.1%) | \n49 (48.0%) | \n160 (59.7%) | \n68 (47.5%) | \n141 (62.1%)1 | \n136 46.3%) | \n73 (96.1%) | \n72 (47.1%) | \n137 (63.1%) | \n123 (44.9%) | \n86 (89.6%) | \n
Walewale | \n24 (14.6%) | \n18 (8.7%) | \n29 (13.0%) | \n13 (8.8%) | \n16 (15.7%) | \n26 (9.7%) | \n22 (15.4%) | \n20 (8.8%) | \n40 (13.6%) | \n2 (2.6%) | \n24 (15.7%) | \n18 (8.3%) | \n39 (14.2%) | \n3 (3.1%) | \n
Yendi | \n30 (18.3%) | \n18 (8.7%) | \n37 (16.6%) | \n11 (7.5%) | \n25 (24.5%) | \n23 (8.6%) | \n31 (21.7%) | \n17 (7.5%) | \n47 (16.0%) | \n1 (1.3%) | \n31 (20.3%) | \n17 (7.8%) | \n45 (16.4%) | \n3 (3.1%) | \n
Household perception about communities’ responsibilities to forest reserves.
The study showed that only three management activities namely boundary clearing, fire control and planting of trees in the reserves were admitted by the majority of households’ respondents as the responsibilities of their communities toward the management of forest reserves (\nTable 6\n).
\nSimilarly, responses from the key informants’ interviews with the district forest managers, Forest guards, chiefs, assembly members and magazias revealed fringe communities’ roles in the management of forest reserves to be provision of labour for plantation establishment and contract boundary clearing. These results are not surprising since these are the activities that FSD usually involves community members as reported by Husseini et al. [4].
\nCommunities seeing these activities as their responsibilities are a positive condition that can be used as a means to awaken their interest and commitment to the collaborative management of forest reserves. That notwithstanding, it can be realized from \nTable 6\n that majority of the households do not regard the remaining four activities (Weeding, nursing of seedlings, boundary patrol and boundary planting) as their community responsibilities. This mind set defeats the very purpose of the revised forest and wildlife policy (2012, p. 27) which has in its policy strategic direction 4.1 Subsection 4.1.1 clause d; to “support local communities, non-governmental Organizations including women and youth to receive training that allow them meet their objective and assume optimal management responsibilities.”
\nThe implication is that in the absence of contract boundary cleaning or fire outbreak, and in the absence of plantation programs like the Modified taungya system in the reserves, communities do not bear any responsibility toward the management of forest reserves. Lack of shared responsibilities among the communities and forestry department coupled with communities’ perception that forest reserves belong to the state, is likely to hinder any effort toward collaborative management. Collaborative forest management is most beneficial if both parties take on responsibilities that maximize their capacity ([28, 29], pp. 55–77).
\nWe conclude that fringe communities enjoy some benefits and limited access to the forest reserves, but they do not know their tenure rights, user-rights and responsibilities to the reserves. Most front-line staff of FSD are unaware of the user-rights of fringe communities which is the reason for denying access of the reserves to community members. Improving collaborative management means changing the perceptions and attitudes of communities and frontline staff of FSD, respectively, and securing communities rights to the reserves.
\nTo serve the interest of fringe communities and secure their commitment to responsible collaborative management of forest reserves, we recommend the following: The forestry department should educate community members on their tenure, rights and responsibilities to the reserves and involve them in the processes of decision-making. FSD in collaboration with collaborative forest management Unit (CFMU) of the Ghana forestry commission, should improve the capacity of their frontline staff on the rights and responsibilities of communities in CFM so as to avoid the unlawful denial of fringe communities of what rightfully belong to them.
\nForest Fringe communities in the Northern region are not enjoying social responsibility benefits and royalties because the forest reserves were gazetted mainly to protect major rivers within the region. Meanwhile the beneficiaries of these rivers are the Ghana Water Company and the Volta River Authority who are making huge financial gains against the restrictions of right to communities. It is thus recommended that Government ensures that the two beneficiary companies give at least 0.5% of their revenue to FC, fringe communities and land owners as their social responsibility contributions. The part given to the FC could be used to develop the forest reserves through plantation development and to facilitate their activities with communities. That of the communities could be used to provide social amenities for them while the part for the land owners will boost their interest and motivate them to support their communities in sustainable management of forest reserves. This will, in the long term, benefit the two companies since the continuous protection of the rivers depends on the sustainable management of these forest reserves; the success of which in turn depends on the continuous support and cooperation of the fringe communities.
\nIntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
",metaTitle:"Partnerships",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/partnerships",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:500},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"886",title:"Natural Resources",slug:"natural-resources",parent:{id:"145",title:"Sustainable Management",slug:"sustainable-management"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:16,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"886",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1675",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73b3d7d9bea3fd36b94299f40088e0e8",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",bookSignature:"Abiud Kaswamila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1675.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25746",doi:"10.5772/32987",title:"An Analysis of the Contribution of Community Wildlife Management Areas on Livelihood in Tanzania",slug:"an-analysis-of-the-contribution-of-community-wildlife-management-areas-on-livelihood-in-tanzania",totalDownloads:4561,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Abiud Kaswamila",authors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"}]},{id:"25747",doi:"10.5772/36424",title:"Assessment of Livestock Loss Factors in the Western Serengeti, Tanzania",slug:"assessment-of-livestock-loss-factors-in-the-western-serengeti-tanzania",totalDownloads:2382,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"J. W. Nyahongo and E. Røskaft",authors:[{id:"108296",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Nyahongo",slug:"julius-nyahongo",fullName:"Julius Nyahongo"}]},{id:"25744",doi:"10.5772/35035",title:"Sustainable Natural Resource Management, a Global Challenge of This Century",slug:"sustainable-natural-resource-management-a-global-challenge-of-this-century",totalDownloads:3534,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Esmail Karamidehkordi",authors:[{id:"102701",title:"Dr.",name:"Esmail",middleName:null,surname:"Karamidehkordi",slug:"esmail-karamidehkordi",fullName:"Esmail Karamidehkordi"}]},{id:"25743",doi:"10.5772/36369",title:"Sustainable Use of Natural Resources of Dryland Regions in Controlling of Environmental Degradation and Desertification",slug:"sustainable-use-of-natural-resources-of-dryland-regions-in-controlling-of-environmental-degradation-",totalDownloads:2251,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Peter F. Ffolliott",authors:[{id:"108039",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ffolliott",slug:"peter-ffolliott",fullName:"Peter Ffolliott"}]},{id:"25745",doi:"10.5772/33019",title:"Roles of Diverse Stakeholders in Natural Resources Management and Their Relationships with Regional Bodies in New South Wales, Australia",slug:"roles-of-diverse-stakeholders-in-natural-resources-management-and-their-relationships-with-regional-",totalDownloads:2416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Brent C. Jacobs and Peter R. Brown",authors:[{id:"93667",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",slug:"peter-brown",fullName:"Peter Brown"},{id:"93672",title:"Dr.",name:"Brent",middleName:"Charles",surname:"Jacobs",slug:"brent-jacobs",fullName:"Brent Jacobs"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"25747",title:"Assessment of Livestock Loss Factors in the Western Serengeti, Tanzania",slug:"assessment-of-livestock-loss-factors-in-the-western-serengeti-tanzania",totalDownloads:2383,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"J. W. Nyahongo and E. Røskaft",authors:[{id:"108296",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Nyahongo",slug:"julius-nyahongo",fullName:"Julius Nyahongo"}]},{id:"25744",title:"Sustainable Natural Resource Management, a Global Challenge of This Century",slug:"sustainable-natural-resource-management-a-global-challenge-of-this-century",totalDownloads:3536,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Esmail Karamidehkordi",authors:[{id:"102701",title:"Dr.",name:"Esmail",middleName:null,surname:"Karamidehkordi",slug:"esmail-karamidehkordi",fullName:"Esmail Karamidehkordi"}]},{id:"25743",title:"Sustainable Use of Natural Resources of Dryland Regions in Controlling of Environmental Degradation and Desertification",slug:"sustainable-use-of-natural-resources-of-dryland-regions-in-controlling-of-environmental-degradation-",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Peter F. Ffolliott",authors:[{id:"108039",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ffolliott",slug:"peter-ffolliott",fullName:"Peter Ffolliott"}]},{id:"25745",title:"Roles of Diverse Stakeholders in Natural Resources Management and Their Relationships with Regional Bodies in New South Wales, Australia",slug:"roles-of-diverse-stakeholders-in-natural-resources-management-and-their-relationships-with-regional-",totalDownloads:2417,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Brent C. Jacobs and Peter R. Brown",authors:[{id:"93667",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",slug:"peter-brown",fullName:"Peter Brown"},{id:"93672",title:"Dr.",name:"Brent",middleName:"Charles",surname:"Jacobs",slug:"brent-jacobs",fullName:"Brent Jacobs"}]},{id:"25741",title:"Upstream Landscape Dynamics of US National Parks with Implications for Water Quality and Watershed Management",slug:"upstream-landscape-dynamics-of-us-national-parks-with-implications-for-water-quality-and-watershed-m",totalDownloads:1942,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"William B. Monahan and John E. Gross",authors:[{id:"96954",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Monahan",slug:"william-monahan",fullName:"William Monahan"},{id:"100976",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Gross",slug:"john-gross",fullName:"John Gross"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"886",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"