1. Introduction
Owing to the fantastic potential of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to develop into all cell types in the body, regulating the differentiation of PSCs into particular tissue types is a substantial challenge. Early attempts to differentiate human PSCs (hPSCs) used two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures, resulting in cells that showed germ layer markers but lacked tissue architecture [1, 2]. Because of the potential to generate differentiated cells for therapeutic applications, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are being researched more and more in stem cell research [3, 4]. Recent research has concentrated on developing organoids from human iPSCs and avoiding the ethical problems connected with embryonic stem cell (ESC) usage. Initial attempts at three-dimensional (3D) structure generation relied heavily on aggregation and spontaneous differentiation, resulting in disorganized tissue mixes [4, 5]. Recently, incredible progress has been made in the
Organoid technology has the potential to produce organ-specific tissue organoids and can provide an unprecedented opportunity for effective modeling of human-specific disease and to simulate the physiology and complexity of tissue-specific ailments. Given the existing difference between animal models and human disease pathology, a paradigm shift was needed to model human diseases appropriately. The 3D human organoid platform can aid in acquiring a better knowledge of the pathobiology of human diseases [7]. Organoids throw light on human disease-associated signaling interactions, cell-cell communications, therapeutic target identification, therapeutic discovery, and screening, thereby decoding the process of disease development in humans. Organoids closely replicates human physiology and simulates disorders affecting many organ systems is a more viable alternative to
Organoid-based disease modeling is a rapidly evolving field with significant potential for integrating novel techniques into future investigations [6]. Recent breakthroughs in organoid technology, such as creating a unique organoid platform, the engineering of organoid complexity, and the incorporation of pathological characteristics, have accelerated the development of tiny tissue or organs on a dish. Novel technologies, such as high-resolution 3D imaging, organ on a chip, 3D printing, gene manipulation, and single-cell sequencing, have accelerated the development of organoids, which can provide unprecedented insight into the behavior of stem cells, as well as serve as a platform for preclinical research and theranostics [11, 12]. Genome editing, hybrid culture techniques, biobank development, and single-cell sequencing are all examples of cutting-edge technologies that may help generate more physiologically realistic human disease models, thereby altering the identification of new therapies. A combination of these approaches has the potential to push the frontiers of present scientific study, and future advances will almost certainly result in the development of new paradigms for battling human diseases [7, 12]. This book presents a comprehensive overview of organoids and has three sections: Organ-specific organoid, Patient-derived organoid and tumoroid, and Organoid commercialization.
2. Organ-specific organoid
This section reviews how scientists are cultivating organ-specific tissue from stem cells, which has the potential to revolutionize the way diseases are investigated and treated. Retinal organoids (ROs) are unique to several exciting organoid types. ROs are 3D tissue constructs made from ESCs or iPSCs and accurately reproduce the spatiotemporal differentiation of the retina, making them useful
3. Patient-derived organoid and tumoroid
The current paradigm for preclinical cancer drug development entails extensive and expensive optimization for lead discovery, often using
This section also reviews patient-derived organoids (PDOs) as a revolutionary model system for cancer research. To circumvent the limitations of established cell lines, PDOs have recently been produced from varied tumor types [18, 19]. Researchers standardized 3D organoid culture methods to expand epithelial stem cells further and differentiate them into genetically and phenotypically stable “mini-organs in a dish,” not only for humans but also for other species [17]. The
4. Organoid commercialization
Organoids are 3D microtissue replicators that have been successfully employed for various applications, including disease modeling, drug screening, pathogenesis research, stem cell research, and tumor immunology. Organoids are as diverse as the tissues and organs of the human body and have immense economic potential [21, 22]. They have the potential to pave the path for personalized treatment and precision medicine (Figure 1). PDOs have been utilized in clinical trials to predict patient responses to therapy regimens and perhaps enhance cancer treatment results. Recent advances in stem cell research and genomic technology have resulted in ground-breaking breakthroughs in organoid bioengineering, large-scale production, biobanking, and commercialization [6]. This section of the book reviews the concept of organoid biobanking, the firms engaged, the commercialization process, and ethical issues. Additionally, this book discusses possible barriers to clinical translation of organoids and suggests future research avenues for therapeutic translation and cancer treatment. This collection of chapters is intended for a wide readership and will serve as an indispensable resource for fundamental biologists, translational scientists, and clinicians.
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