Amines for curing ESO and ESO composites.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11032",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Bats - Disease-Prone but Beneficial",title:"Bats",subtitle:"Disease-Prone but Beneficial",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Bats are widely distributed and vary enormously in their ecology, sociality, and behavior. They offer diverse cultural and economic contributions to human populations, such as ecotourism, guano, medicinal products, religious significance, and vector control, to name a few. Insectivorous bats consume massive quantities of insects and other arthropods, controlling important agricultural pests and potential disease vectors. Bats feeding on nectar help to maintain diversity in forests through the dispersal of seeds and pollen, essential to many plant species with high economic, biological, and cultural value. At the same time, bats are often associated with zoonotic disease risks, a trend that has been magnified by the global COVID-19 pandemic, although no direct infection from bat to human has been demonstrated. Rapid deforestation is also a major contributing factor to new viral emergences. This book suggests that education is a suitable tool to minimize prejudice against bats and a key step to creating a harmonious coexistence between humans and bats. Chapters address such topics as bats in folklore and culture, bat dispersal patterns, bats in ecosystem management, pesticide exposure risks, roost-tier preference, diversity and conservation, and ecology of white-nose syndrome.",isbn:"978-1-80355-013-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-012-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-014-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95729",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"bats-disease-prone-but-beneficial",numberOfPages:150,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b3d66958de87140d077b4df2f248b77d",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11032.jpg",numberOfDownloads:750,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 11th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 7th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 26th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 25th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144330/images/system/144330.png",biography:"Heimo Mikkola obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Kuopio (now Eastern Finland University), where he also served as an adjunct professor in Applied Zoology. From 1974 to 2007, he worked with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, first in Colombia and then in Africa, where he served as the organization’s resident representative. After retiring from the FAO in Uruguay, Dr. Mikkola has worked as a part-time professor at three Kazakh universities and one Kyrgyz university. His work has taken him to 137 countries, and he has written almost 700 reports and scientific papers and books, mainly on owls and other birds, fish, insects, and food. He has studied bats for many years on almost all continents as they often share night-time activity and biotopes with owls. This is the second book on bats he has edited for IntechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Eastern Finland",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"University of Eastern Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"31",title:"Animal Biology",slug:"animal-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"80107",title:"Bats in Folklore and Culture: A Review of Historical Perceptions around the World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102368",slug:"bats-in-folklore-and-culture-a-review-of-historical-perceptions-around-the-world",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Belief systems of people have always been closely related to animals, which are symbolized in traditional narratives. Sociocultural definitions of animals as “good or evil” have persisted throughout the history of human beings. In the West, bats are often perceived as evil spirits, Vampires, and harbingers of death, while some cultures across the Asia-Pacific region associate bats with good fortune. Here, we review documented narratives and surveys from around the world and our ethnographic observations from Europe to analyze beliefs associated with bats. We explore the role that bats play in traditional narratives and the likely reasons for their salience, including their connections with the extraordinary and supernatural. Finally, we discuss shortly the need of education to change attitudes toward bats. In North America, education has had some effect as more people have started to understand how useful bats truly are and how few cases of bat-born rabies transmission to humans there have been in the United States and Canada. It remains to be seen, however, how effectively the further education efforts could halt or even reverse the decline of the bats around the world. It is also noted that bat tourism has a potential to conserve bat populations while providing social and economic benefits to local people in host communities.",signatures:"Alan Sieradzki and Heimo Mikkola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80107",authors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"},{id:"313892",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",surname:"Sieradzki",slug:"alan-sieradzki",fullName:"Alan Sieradzki"}],corrections:null},{id:"79317",title:"Pesticide Exposure Risks to Chiropteran Species and the Impacts on Emerging Zoonotic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100643",slug:"pesticide-exposure-risks-to-chiropteran-species-and-the-impacts-on-emerging-zoonotic-diseases",totalDownloads:116,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neonicotinoids have been in the spotlight in the pollinator community as they persist in the soil, have high water solubility, and have been associated with negative health implications on insect pollinators. The risk of new novel pesticides, including neonicotinoids, to bats are largely unknown. Bats have unique physiology as they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight, and have physiological adaptations including echolocation and torpor which under current protocols for acute and chronic toxicity studies in birds and terrestrial animals are not assessed. Due to these characteristics, some have argued that bats may serve as important bioindicators for ecosystem health and pesticide use. This chapter will focus on pesticides, and discuss the increased risk of exposure, morbidity, and mortality of bats species due to their unique physiology and natural life history. Special emphasis will be on potential increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission in bats exposed to emerging contaminants that suppress their immune system or cause increased biological stress.",signatures:"Sarah Hooper and Sybill Amelon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79317",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79317",authors:[{id:"424746",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Hooper",slug:"sarah-hooper",fullName:"Sarah Hooper"},{id:"426441",title:"Prof.",name:"Sybill",surname:"Amelon",slug:"sybill-amelon",fullName:"Sybill Amelon"}],corrections:null},{id:"78750",title:"The Physiological Ecology of White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) in North American Bats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100369",slug:"the-physiological-ecology-of-white-nose-syndrome-wns-in-north-american-bats",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"White-nose Syndrome (WNS) is an emergent mycosis in North America that is caused by a severe cutaneous infection with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) during hibernation. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) was first observed in North America at a single site during the winter of 2006–2007 and has since spread to 39 U.S. States and 7 Canadian provinces. This fungus was introduced to North America from Europe, where it is endemic. WNS has thus far been observed to occur only in hibernating bats and has caused the populations of 4 North American bat species to decline by more than 84% within 7 years. Field studies have revealed that 4 other North American bat species are not afflicted with WNS when hibernating in areas where Pd occurs. The physiological and biochemical adaptations that permit some bat species to resist Pd infections are starting to be elucidated but are still poorly understood. A total of 47 different bat species are found in North America, about half of which hibernate during the winter. The potential future effects of WNS on 13 of these hibernating bat species remains to be determined.",signatures:"Craig L. Frank",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78750",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78750",authors:[{id:"423579",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig L.",surname:"Frank",slug:"craig-l.-frank",fullName:"Craig L. Frank"}],corrections:[{id:"79672",title:"Corrigendum: The Physiological Ecology of White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) in North American Bats",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-the-physiological-ecology-of-white-nose-syndrome-wns-in-north-american-bats",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"79802",title:"Bats and Ecosystem Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101600",slug:"bats-and-ecosystem-management",totalDownloads:116,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bats are among the most misperceived and undervalued animals on the planet. For wildlife ecologists, they are wonderful and incredibly fascinating creatures, but people’s feelings about bats are often negative, perhaps because bats are so mysterious. Unfortunately, these fears and myths about bats threaten conservation, biodiversity, and the entire ecosystem. Bats are among the most diverse and geographically dispersed group of living mammals. They contribute to several ecosystem services and act as biological pest crop control agents. Their abundance may reflect changes in populations of arthropod prey species. Also, bats have significant potentials as bioindicators that demonstrate measurable responses to climate change and habitat loss and that induce large-scale impacts on the biota. Indeed, bat conservation is fundamental not only for biodiversity, but also because these flying mammals provide essential ecological and economic services to humans.",signatures:"Kareem M. Soliman and Wiame W. Emam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79802",authors:[{id:"424622",title:"Dr.",name:"Kareem M.",surname:"Soliman",slug:"kareem-m.-soliman",fullName:"Kareem M. Soliman"},{id:"425404",title:"Dr.",name:"Wiame W.",surname:"Emam",slug:"wiame-w.-emam",fullName:"Wiame W. Emam"}],corrections:null},{id:"78873",title:"Diversity and Conservation of Bats in Jordan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100407",slug:"diversity-and-conservation-of-bats-in-jordan",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The diversity and the conservation status of bats in Jordan are discussed based on recent studies. The bat fauna of Jordan consists of 26 bat species belonging to nine families (Emballonuridae, Hipposideridae, Pteropodidae, Miniopteridae, Molossidae, Nycteridae, Rhinolophidae, Rhinopomatidae, and Vespertilionidae). Bat echolocation calls for some selected species are included. Conservation status based on regional assessment according to the IUCN standards is amended, along with the current legislative laws for the conservation of bats. Threats affecting the bats of Jordan are highlighted including the recent introduction of wind farms and other mining activities. In addition, the role of bats in disease transmission is included.",signatures:"Zuhair S. Amr, Omar A. Abed and Mohammad Abu Baker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78873",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78873",authors:[{id:"426364",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuhair S.",surname:"Amr",slug:"zuhair-s.-amr",fullName:"Zuhair S. Amr"},{id:"435738",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Abu Baker",slug:"mohammad-abu-baker",fullName:"Mohammad Abu Baker"},{id:"435739",title:"Mr.",name:"Omar A.",surname:"Abed",slug:"omar-a.-abed",fullName:"Omar A. Abed"}],corrections:null},{id:"78887",title:"Dispersal Patterns, Mating Strategy and Genetic Diversity in the Short Nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Southern India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100496",slug:"dispersal-patterns-mating-strategy-and-genetic-diversity-in-the-short-nosed-fruit-bat-em-cynopterus-",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx is a common plant-visiting bat that is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Malayan region. In this chapter, we discuss the dispersal patterns, mating strategy and genetic diversity in the short-nosed fruit bat C. sphinx. We used a broad-range of techniques, including mark-recapture, radio-telemetry and molecular biology analyses. Our studies uncovered unique aspects of the dispersal, mating system and genetic diversity of these bats. Both the sexes of C. sphinx were found to disperse completely from the natal harems before subadult stage and young female C. sphinx become members of a harem much earlier than their male counterparts. The nonharem males are reproductively active, gain access to harem females and sire more offspring in July–August breeding season than March–April breeding season and presumably obtain some reproductive success. Our molecular study shows that considerable genetic diversity was observed in this species from different zonal populations, possibly due to complete dispersal of juveniles of both the sexes from their natal groups and gene flow between the zones. All these studies suggest not only a predictive framework for future studies, but also the use of these data in the management and meaningful conservation of this species.",signatures:"Thangavel Karuppudurai and Steffi Christiane Ramesh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78887",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78887",authors:[{id:"423490",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Thangavel",surname:"Karuppudurai",slug:"thangavel-karuppudurai",fullName:"Thangavel Karuppudurai"},{id:"424795",title:"Ms.",name:"Steffi Christiane",surname:"Ramesh",slug:"steffi-christiane-ramesh",fullName:"Steffi Christiane Ramesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"77884",title:"Roost-Tier Preference in Roost-Trees: A Case Study in the Bats Pteropus giganteus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99450",slug:"roost-tier-preference-in-roost-trees-a-case-study-in-the-bats-em-pteropus-giganteus-em-",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Indian flying foxes Pteropus giganteus are habituated to spend the day hours roosting in suitable roost trees. They are seen hanging here and there in a roost tree. It is not known whether they have preferred roost sites rather hanging spots in the concerned roost tree. To testify the said hypothesis we selected two roost trees, Albizia lebbeck and Tamarindus indica locating at distant places (75 km apart) in the arid zone of West Bengal, India during the period of last ten years. It is revealed that P. giganteus preferred branches of the roost tree which are locating in the mid-tier of tree. But depending upon the situations the less preferred sites are not spared as these sites are used by the late comers. Statistical tests following application of one-way ANOVA justified significant effect of the roost branch on the abundance of bat population (P<0.05), abundance of bats in the roost branches is highly correlated in respect to the study years (r=0.96) is also justified from the study of normality distribution plot, and the results of GLMM strongly support the hypothesis irrespective of the variables, that is branches of the roost tree and the year of observations (P = 0.0).",signatures:"Susanta Mallick, Asif Hossain and Srimanta Kumar Raut",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77884",authors:[{id:"350977",title:"Dr.",name:"Asif",surname:"Hossain",slug:"asif-hossain",fullName:"Asif Hossain"},{id:"426630",title:"Dr.",name:"Srimanta",surname:"Kumar Raut",slug:"srimanta-kumar-raut",fullName:"Srimanta Kumar Raut"},{id:"426637",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanta",surname:"Mallick",slug:"susanta-mallick",fullName:"Susanta 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2021",datePublished:"June 2nd 2021",book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. 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Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"76313",slug:"the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",signatures:"Güntuğ Batihan and Kenan Can Ceylan",dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2020",dateReviewed:"March 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 16th 2021",datePublished:"June 2nd 2021",book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11832",leadTitle:null,title:"Neurorehabilitation and Physical Therapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tIn recent years, neurorehabilitation (neuroscience-based rehabilitation), which utilizes the brain's plasticity, has made remarkable progress and has attracted much attention. The term "neurorehabilitation" is defined as "concepts, evaluation methods, therapies, and devices that apply the knowledge of brain theory revealed by neuroscience and related research to rehabilitation medicine. The concept of neurorehabilitation is widely accepted in physical therapy, and evaluation and treatment based on this concept are being practiced. What is required in neurorehabilitation research is to analyze the changes and improvements in motor behavior and cognitive and learning abilities and the changes in brain functions that bring about these changes. This will allow us to get closer to the neural mechanisms of rehabilitation effects and is expected to develop effective methods that are more suitable for the subject.
\r\n\r\n\tThe purpose of this book is to provide a broad introduction to neurorehabilitation, from basic research to advanced treatment and science and technology, which is also being developed in the field of physical therapy. This book hopes to cover three topics related to neurorehabilitation and physical therapy (basic research, applied research, and advanced technology).
\r\n\t
Areas of exercise-resistant or diet-resistant fat, skin issues, and muscle concerns are many reasons the patients turn to cosmetic surgeries. Whether these concerns come from fatty areas at the abdomen, back, or thighs that would not budge, loose skin after dramatic weight loss, or pregnancy, many people try to find the best ways to eliminate these problems.
\nWhile skin excision is needed in some cases, liposuction is often the most preferred treatment for patients to contour or shape their bodies and eliminate the extra fat for different areas. Liposuction, also referred to as lipo, lipectomy, liposculpture suction, or lipoplasty, is a popular cosmetic surgery that breaks and sucks away the fat from the body. A cannula, a hollow instrument, is used to remove the fat during the procedure. The instrument is inserted into the skin, and a high-pressure, powerful vacuum is applied to the cannula to evacuate the fat. Due to its invasive nature, the whole procedure often requires anesthesia to combat patient discomfort associated with the insertion of a cannula. It is commonly used on the abdomen, flanks, upper back, neck, buttocks, thighs, and volar arms and calves.
\nThe procedure is highly popular around the world and is one of the top-performing cosmetic procedures [1]. This treatment helps permanently remove the fat cells and enhance the shape of the body. Nevertheless, the remaining fat cells could grow bigger if the patient does not follow a healthy lifestyle after the surgery. Also, liposuction does not resolve skin irregularities as stretch marks, dimples, or cellulite. It does not affect muscle tissue by any means since it primarily focuses on enhancing or changing the body’s adipose contour. Additionally, only a limited amount of fat can be eliminated, and there are certain risks and downtime associated with the treatment.
\nWhile most patients are happy with the outcome of their traditional body contouring procedures, a fair number of them are left with unresolved problems. Moreover, many are still reluctant to undergo surgery to reduce fat and prefer a procedure without any down time or scars. Fortunately, in recent years, numerous minimally invasive and non-invasive alternatives to liposuction have been introduced. These procedures for fat reduction and body contouring do not require any anesthesia or incision and have no downtime. The introduction of non-invasive treatments allows physicians to offer such patients with non-invasive fat reduction and body contouring treatments as an alternative to surgery-assisted liposuction (SAL).
\nWhile the numerous body-contouring treatments aim to target adipose tissue by utilizing light energy [2, 3], ultrasound [4, 5] or cold temperatures [6, 7], the new revolutionary non-invasive HIFEM technology [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] has brought attention to the underlying muscle tissue as well. In addition, the combination of High-intensity Focused Electromagnetic field (HIFEM) with synchronized [13] or externally applied radiofrequency (RF) and targeted pressure energy (TPE) [14] can provide a new solution for body contouring dilemmas, such as striae, skin contour irregularities, cellulite, residual subcutaneous fat, and diastasis recti without the need for any surgery.
\nThis chapter aims to introduce non-invasive HIFEM, RF, and TPE technologies as a viable alternative to the conventional SAL procedure when used in a standalone regime or as a combination treatment. As always, patient selection and preferences are the key factors when prescribing the procedure that should fit his/her needs regarding the specific body area and imperfection that is going to be treated. Given the technological advancements in the non-invasive field of esthetics in recent years, we believe the technologies mentioned above may achieve competitive and perhaps advantageous results in some specific cases.
\nSince patients who attend your practice are unique with varying goals and needs, it is essential to understand the importance of providing various solutions to help them accomplish their desired results. Over time, you might have encountered many patients who wanted to achieve a contoured body, tight muscles, and smooth skin appearance without the necessity of the invasive surgical procedure.
\nWhile this might have been impossible a decade ago, the non-invasive solution evolved greatly in the past few years. Today, with appropriate patient selection and treatment planning, it may offer an outstanding alternative to liposuction (see Section 3. Non-invasive technologies as an alternative to SAL). Not only these non-invasive solutions may provide an alternative to SAL, but they also have capabilities to enhance the results post-SAL. Physicians can combine these procedures to further enhance patient results post-liposuction based on the patient’s expectations and goals. To understand the abovementioned procedures in detail, it is integral to learn about their mechanism of action (MOA).
\nA systematic electronic search by using the terms “HIFEM” and “targeted pressure energy (TPE)” was carried out to identify the relevant literature published since January 2018. Articles investigating the effect of the HIFEM procedure as a standalone tool or in combination with synchronized RF, and monopolar radiofrequency combined with TPE were further evaluated based on the Author’s knowledge. In addition, the reference lists of analyzed articles were inspected to identify the additional valid source of information. Research that quantitatively documents changes in fat, muscle and skin tissue in response to the treatments was summarized with special attention given to histological studies, evidencing the induced changes at the molecular/tissue level. Besides, the outcomes, including but not limited to improvement of patient appearance, comfort, and satisfaction, have been reviewed as well.
\nThe first-ever HIFEM based procedure was shown in 2018 when the Emsculpt device (BTL Industries Inc., Boston, MA) was introduced to the market and gained considerable popularity among patients and physicians. Emsculpt is FDA-approved for toning and strengthening the abdominal muscles, arms, calves and lifting and toning the buttocks. This technology treats muscle laxity in numerous parts of the body, including calves, thighs, biceps, triceps, abdominal areas, and buttocks. Its function is based on the law of electromagnetic induction. Hence it utilizes electromagnetic coil build-in the device’s applicator, which generates a strong and varying magnetic field, penetrating the treated area and targeting neuromuscular tissue. Since medical usage did not require such an intensive magnetic field, broad spot size, and stimuli with a high repetition rate before introducing the Emsculpt device, HIFEM technology must be specifically engineered to meet the criteria necessary for esthetics.
\nFour treatment sessions are recommended to induce visible changes in the treated area. Nonetheless, some subjects may benefit from a few additional treatments to maximize their goals [10]. Each session typically lasts for around 30 minutes, including the pre-treatment preparations, and depending on the patient’s availability. They can be scheduled 1–2 times a week. The device allows using two applicators simultaneously, enabling the concurrent application of HIFEM, especially over the buttocks, arms, calves, and abdomen in higher BMI subjects. It is necessary to take the subcutaneous fat thickness into account. Ideal candidates for HIFEM treatments are men and women with fat thickness up to 3 cm [15].
\nOverall, the treatment is safe without any side effects, and besides slight muscle soreness the day after the therapy due to the fatigue and muscle regeneration, it causes no discomfort. Emsculpt has shown considerable improvements in body image a few months following the final treatment [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17], comparable to the progress one achieves after an intensive workout. Many patients claim that noticeable changes may be seen just after a few days of treatment.
\nHIFEM utilizes a rapidly changing magnetic field with intensities up to 1.8 T and penetration depth of roughly 7 cm, generated by the circular coil embedded in the device applicators. Based on the law of electromagnetic induction, this alternating field induces electrical currents in the targeted tissue. In general, the current passes across a nerve membrane into its axon. It results in depolarization, which is required to trigger the opening of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels. Then, the action potential is initiated, and it is further propagated by the physiological mechanisms of nerve conduction, evoking a contraction of muscle fibers. The excitation is selective to muscle tissue due to the tailored parameters of the HIFEM field. The alpha motor neurons (a component of peripheral nerves) directly responsible for initiating muscle contractions are activated first [18, 19].
\nIn normal conditions, the highest tension that can be physiologically held and developed is Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC), lasting for barely a second. The contractions with higher tension are referred to as supramaximal. The HIFEM technology can create supramaximal contractions and sustain them for multiple seconds to drastically enhance the physiologic stress required for muscles to adapt. On the contrary, in the voluntary means of muscle contractions, the muscles’ fibers relax between every stimulus because of the inability of the central nervous system to signal the other impulse when it is still in action [18]. However, this non-invasive technology generates the impulses with such frequency that it offers no relaxation phase, thus generating the continuous contraction of high intensity. During one therapy, muscles are forced to contract several thousand times. When the muscle tissue is exposed to such overload, it adapts to these supramaximal contractions by remodeling its inner structure, leading to the growth of myofibrils (hypertrophy) and possibly generating new muscle fibers (hyperplasia) [20]. Consequently, this increase in muscle volume and density results in improved muscle definition and tone.
\nMuscles require a sufficient amount of energy during any physical activity to generate contractions. This energy is primarily derived from Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and then from glycogen and creatine phosphate. However, if those compounds are insufficient, the body’s catabolic processes occur through lipolysis, which refers to the breakdown of the lipid in glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA). FFA molecules are then utilized as the energy source required for body metabolism and muscle activity.
\nSupramaximal contractions demand a high amount of energy; thus, adipocytes – the basic unit of fat tissue – close to contracting muscles are depleted by lipolysis to compensate for the considerable increase in energy consumption. It has been evidenced that when FFA‘s are in a surplus, the fat cells get quickly overwhelmed and may enter apoptosis, otherwise known as a programmed adipocytes deletion, resulting in metabolically induced fat reduction [21].
\nSo far, the abdominal and buttock body areas have received the greatest attention from researchers. Therefore, most clinical studies performed with HIFEM investigate the changes in fat and muscle tissue on the abdomen and buttocks. Although results may vary based on patient group and evaluation technique, the evidence is sufficient to extrapolate the expected results after the HIFEM procedure.
\nAt first, various objective methods were used to assess changes in the treated abdominal tissues, including computed tomography (CT) [10], magnetic resonance (MRI) [8, 9], diagnostic ultrasound (USN) [11], and circumference measurements [17]. The results were consistent across the studies, with maximum improvement in fat and muscle observed 3 months after the last treatment. In the North American population sample, the average fat reduction was 18.9%, coinciding with a 15.6% increase in muscle thickness, a 10.6% decrease in rectus abdominis separation, and a 4.1 cm decrease in waist circumference, on average. In specific patient samples, the results may have been offset even towards higher levels, as experienced in limited groups of post-partum subjects [8] or European patients [22]. Regarding the longevity of achieved results, Kinney and Kent [23], in their follow-up study, evidenced that results are maintained at 12 months post treatments in subjects who follow a healthy and active lifestyle. They also suggested an application of maintenance treatment after 1 year, which may be used as prevention against individual results decline. Also, the same authors recently unveil that HIFEM technology has a positive effect on visceral adipose tissue by using retrospective analysis of CT and MRI scans from the previous studies [24]. HIFEM was found to decrease visceral fat by 14.3% on average in reviewed patients, offering an interesting option to combat abdominal obesity non-invasively.
\nCorrespondingly to the abdomen, reduction in fat and increase in muscle tissue was also observed when investigating HIFEM’s effect on upper arms and calves. MRI examination revealed increment in cross-sectional area of musculus biceps brachii (+17.1%), triceps brachii (+10.2%), and gastrocnemius (+14.6%) while fat thickness on upper arms (−12.8%) and calves (−9.9%) was significantly reduced [16].
\nFinally, Busso, Denkova, and Jacob et al. have documented improvement of body image and lifting effect after HIFEM treatments on buttocks. In these questionnaire-based studies, the patients reported high satisfaction levels (up to 85%) and noticeable changes in buttock contour, visible on digital photographs. The buttock lifting effect was further explained by Palm’s12 MRI study, which found that a significant volumetric increase of gluteal muscles (+13.2% on average) occurs, while more prominent growth of musculus gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was found in the upper buttock region. Interestingly, no significant changes in fat thickness were found, which was attributed to the different metabolic activity of adipose tissue on buttocks that shows considerably lower lipolytic rate [25].
\nWith an increasing demand for both fat reduction and muscle enhancement, with patients having to go for multiple procedures to target each, the further innovation of the HIFEM technology was inevitable. Since HIFEM is selective to muscle tissue only, there has been a strong focus on developing a novel technology simultaneously combining HIFEM’s muscle conditioning with radiofrequency (RF) heating intended for fat elimination. Emsculpt Neo device (BTL Industries Inc., Boston, MA), introduced in late 2020, is the first device that combines RF and HIFEM in a single applicator. The combination of HIFEM+RF allows administering two distinct procedures in a single treatment. At the same time, the synergy of two proven technologies ensures a high level of efficacy even in subjects with considerable fat depots and fat thickness over 3 cm. The device has been FDA-cleared for non-invasive lipolysis, strengthening, toning, and firming. The treatment areas so far include the abdomen, buttocks, outer thighs, inner thighs, front & back thighs, calves, biceps, and triceps. Similar to its predecessor, four 30-minute sessions scheduled once a week is recommended. Combined treatments are safe and comfortable. The only documented side effects are skin redness that resolves within 30–60 minutes post-treatment without any further consequences and muscle soreness the day after the therapy due to the HIFEM component.
\nRF is an electromagnetic wave in the frequency range of approximately 20 kHz to 300 GHz that can generate heat in the treated tissue by transforming its energy to the oscillation of molecules as propagating through. Utilizing specific frequencies of the RF spectrum allows for selective heating due to the difference in properties between the tissues in the targeted area. Most of the devices on the esthetic market utilize a solid metal electrode to emit RF energy. However, it would be impossible to simultaneously emit the HIFEM and RF alongside since there will be interference between them, resulting in the harmful overheating of the metallic electrode and increased risk of adverse events. Thus, the device employs a novel Synchrode RF electrode that eradicates this interference due to the unique interspaced design making it transparent to the propagating magnetic fields and allowing for synchronized emission of RF and HIFEM energy [13].
\nFat tissue reduction is energy-dependent and may be achieved by reducing the lipids via lipolysis or permanently removing adipocytes. Therefore, the device’s radiofrequency component (27.12 MHz) is designed to uniformly elevate the adipose tissue temperature to the levels of 42–45°C, inducing adipocytes deletion by the natural apoptotic pathways. Initially, the elevated temperature results in increased blood flow and acceleration of metabolic activity. In response, the lipids stored in fat cells are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol. Also, the RF-induced fat loss is further enhanced during the intense localized muscle work provided by HIFEM, as described above. When the elevated temperature is sustained for a sufficient time period, the adipocytes exposed to temperatures up to 45°C lose viability. They are forced to enter the apoptotic process, i.e., natural and permanent cell deletion [26]. The apoptotic cells subsequently lose their membrane integrity and are ultimately digested by macrophages, responsible for clearing the degraded cells and the debris to maintain tissue homeostasis.
\nThe combined use of HIFEM and RF not only enhances the effects on fat considerably but also introduces the synergy at the level of muscle tissue. It has been evidenced that controlled heating within safe limits for the muscle tissue (40–41°C) positively affects the muscle response during the workload. Additionally, muscle protein synthesis might be even more promoted when heat stress is combined with mechanical stress, as in the case of HIFEM application [27, 28]. The synergistic effect of simultaneous delivery of HIFEM and synchronized RF enhances muscle hypertrophy since it significantly increases the levels of myosatellite cells (muscle-derived stem cells), which activates the regeneration and strengthening of the existing muscle fibers through differentiation. Histology study in the animal model showed that the amount of activated satellite cells in muscle tissue after this dual-energy treatment is comparable with programs involving 12 to 16 weeks of intense exercise. Post-treatment, the increased number of large hypertrophic fibers and elevated levels of small-diameter muscle fibers were found, indicating that not only hypertrophy but muscle fiber hyperplasia may occur after the activation of satellite cells [29].
\nThe synergistic effect of HIFEM+RF has already been studied and documented by several investigators [26, 30, 31, 32] by using proven diagnostic modalities such as MRI or USN. Like Emsculpt, device results improved with time and peaked at 3 months after the last treatment. However, the more profound effect on fat tissue due to the radiofrequency heating resulted in a bolstered average reduction of abdominal fat thickness by 29.6%, which showed to be highly consistent with a maximum reduction of 30.8% measured by MRI [31]. Muscle tissue benefited from elevated temperatures as well, since it reached an increase of 25.2% at 3 months on average. Most probably, due to the more developed musculature, abdominal muscle separation was reduced up to 19.8% when compared to the pre-treatment condition. At the same time, the considerable fat reduction inevitably contributed to circumference reduction exceeding 6 cm. Although the improvement in all aspects mentioned above was most recognizable at 3 months post-treatment, most subjects maintained the results up to 6 months with a slight but insignificant decline in some individual cases.
\nSince the technology is still relatively novel, it undergoes extensive research, which may possibly reveal the evidence for the superior efficacy of the RF + HIFEM procedure in other areas than the abdomen. Given the results from abdominal studies, it is strongly assumed that simultaneous application of RF and HIFEM will lead to more pronounced results in body parts previously treated by HIFEM alone. Also, combining two technologies of different modus operandi may allow efficient treatment of additional body areas, especially those with a high amount of subcutaneous fat overlying the muscle tissue. For instance, interim data gathered by Palm et al. showed promising results of RF + HIFEM treatment when applied on the lateral thigh, causing significant fat reduction [33]. Future studies should build upon the existing evidence and reveal all the possible use of RF + HIFEM technology, from which patients may benefit.
\nSimultaneous use of targeted pressure energy (TPE) and RF for skin treatment was introduced in 2019 with the Emtone (BTL Industries Inc., Boston, MA) device, which is FDA-approved for reducing cellulite dimples appearance, and it is the first and only device that combines such technologies in a single applicator. The combination of monopolar RF with TPE allows physicians to treat major causes of loose skin and cellulite non-invasively and effectively. The synergistic emission of mechanical and thermal energy allows the procedure to focus on the root causes of the problem instead of focusing on merely treating the symptoms. The device treats major factors that cause cellulite, including loss of skin elasticity, loose connective tissue leading to dimpling and fat chambers protruding to the skin, metabolic waste accumulation, and lack of blood flow. RF and TPE treatment can be done in any part of the body affected by cellulite or skin laxity and has no downtime. Four treatments (often consisted of the bilateral application over both extremities) in a frequency of 1–2 sessions per week are recommended, while the duration of each treatment varies (10–25 minutes) depending on the area where it is administered. Application of monopolar RF + TPE is again safe and comfortable; harmless skin redness is visible up to 60 minutes after the therapy as a logical consequence of tissue heating.
\nThe device uses monopolar RF (447 kHz) heating through a solid electrode that remains in direct contact with the patient’s skin. The RF currents travel to the grounding pad, ensuring a safe flow of the energy through the treated area while controlling its delivery. TPE component consists of a tube with a floating projectile accelerated towards an applicator tip by the pneumatic system, transferring TPE energy of significant intensities (maximum of 4 bar) to the target tissue. A projectile is moved by the compressed air, hitting a transmitter that conveys energy from the impact to the patient’s body. This process is repeated in quick succession (10 Hz). Both technologies are embedded in a single handpiece applicator, thus they are delivered simultaneously. During the therapy, the operator moves the applicator over the treated area to evenly distribute both energies. Handpiece also utilizes a build-in thermometer, providing immediate feedback to the physician regarding skin surface temperature, indicating whether the temperature stays in the expected range of 40–45°C, thus minimizing the risk of under/over-treatment [14].
\nCollagen and elastin are primary elements of the connective tissue and an integral part of the structure of the papillary and reticular dermis and hypodermis. Skin laxity is manifested by the gradual degradation of dermal connective tissue. At the same time, cellulite is mainly characterized by the rigid structure of fibrotic collagen fibrils and the thickening of hypodermal connective septae. The simultaneous emission of TPE and RF activates the metalloproteinases (MMPs), responsible for degrading the protein structure of the collagen [34]. The mechanical stress leads to the fibrils dissociation that reduces the structural density and increases the conformational freedom while also decreasing the thermal stability of existing fibers.
\nMoreover, this phenomenon also reduces the temperature needed for collagen denaturation. The thermal stimulation interrupts the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and also partially shrinks the collagen triple helix [35]. Consequently, the neocollagenesis and remodeling of the collagen are initiated as a direct consequence to the treatment [36], since the fibroblasts’ micro-inflammatory stimulation due to accumulation of heat leads to the proliferation process that significantly increases the procollagen mRNA production. Mechanical energy speeds up the fibroblasts’ proliferative activity, creating an ideal environment for elastin and collagen synthesis by decreasing the tissue’s oxidative stress [37]. In summary, the thermal and mechanical energy’s simultaneous effect leads to a better organization and increased density of collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis and interlobular septa in the hypodermis. This leads to an increase in skin elasticity and thickening of the dermis. The skin thus becomes more tight and resistant to bulging caused by the underlying fat cells [36].
\nAlso, due to the mechanical and heat stimulation exposure, there is a change in the cell membrane properties. The higher amount of cell membrane permeability enables the fluids to move throughout the membrane rapidly, and one can observe the increase in cell metabolism. Besides, both of the energies enhance the blood circulation and may contribute to the new blood vessels formation [36]. The accelerated cell metabolism and blood flow activate the enzymes that break down the fat stored in adipocytes underlying the skin. This leads to a significant reduction in the sizes of fat chambers protruded into the dermis and enhancement of the skin’s visual appearance. TPE also positively affects lymph transport and waste removal, supposedly another key aspect associated with cellulite [38].
\nRecently, Fritz et al. utilized various means for cellulite and skin quality evaluation, providing ample evidence to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of RF + TPE simultaneous application. In their first study [39], significant changes at the level of adipose and dermal tissues were noticed. Ultrasound images and digital photographs showed diminished cellulite dimples and improved esthetic appearance of treated areas at 3 months post-treatment. Additionally, the enhancement of skin topography was also verified by the improved homogeneity of surface temperature. The high patient satisfaction correlates with objective results since cellulite was reduced in 93% of cases. The second study [40] was focused on improving abdominal skin laxity, showing promising results again. The elasticity measurement performed in this study showed considerable improvement in 90.9% of subjects. In comparison, an even higher number of subjects (95%) responded to the treatment in terms of reduction in waist circumference. The primary outcome – reduction in skin laxity – was achieved in 86% of treated subjects derived from photography evaluation.
\nThe increased comfort level, lack of downtime, and low potential risks involved have made these non-invasive procedures popular among the patients and may provide a new solution for body contouring. With the capability of building, firming, and toning muscles without the need to go to the gym, the mixture of wellness and esthetic advantages offered through these technologies has attracted more patients who want to enhance their appearance and overall health. In addition, combining those treatments with RF and TPE technology for skin treatments in case of sagging or wrinkling may represent a complete esthetic solution that SAL alone cannot achieve.
\nWe will be discussing the three specific case studies to highlight the clinical effects of these non-invasive alternatives for liposuction. Patients with different concerns who achieved significant improvements after combined therapies with HIFEM and/or RF with TPE are included. See a brief description of the cases below.
\nPatient A presented with a localized region of abdominal fat and lax muscles. His chief concerns included muscle laxity and overall body contour. The patient underwent a set of HIFEM treatments. Two applicators were placed over the abdominal area with HIFEM intensity being gradually set to a maximum tolerable level, reaching 100% during his second session. The subject regularly goes to the gym for weight training 2–3 times a week and was looking for an improvement in muscle tone, strength, and laxity. His results are shown in Figure 1.
\nPatient A - male 36 years old, BMI 26.6 kg/m2, four treatments administered with HIFEM. 12 weeks after the last treatment (right), the subject showed significantly improved body contour and posture. The muscle laxity was resolved while the abdomen looks and feels tighter and stronger. The distribution of subcutaneous tissue changed considerably in response to the muscle enhancement.
Patient B presented with a protruding stomach due to excessive subcutaneous fat, visceral fat deposits, and loose muscles. The patient declined liposuction and abdominoplasty. He wanted to achieve both fat reduction and muscle strength. Therefore, he opted for HIFEM+RF procedure. Each treatment lasted for 30 minutes, starting with the HIFEM intensity set to 0%, increasing it to the maximum tolerable level. The RF intensity was set to 100% since the beginning of the procedure. Two applicators were used at the same time on the abdomen. Subject’s results, captured in the digital photographs, are shown on the Figure 2. In addition, an MRI examination was performed to identify changes in the abdominal fat and muscle tissue.
\nPatient B - male 57 years old, BMI 32.8 kg/m2, 3 treatments administered with HIFEM+RF, digital photographs captured at baseline (left) and 1-month (right) post-treatment. The subject reported none to mild discomfort during the procedure and maintained his diet and exercise regime post-treatments. At 3 months, the MRI showed a 30.3% increase in muscle thickness, 35.3% subcutaneous fat reduction, and 17.2% reduction in muscle separation. Due to these extensive changes, the body contour was improved greatly just after three HIFEM+RF treatments.
Patient C presented with concerns regarding all three: Skin laxity, loose muscles, and localized fat. After multiple childbirths, the patient suffered from the separation of abdominal muscles (diastasis), excessive fat accumulation on the abdomen, and skin laxity (so-called jelly belly). She opted for the combination of HIFEM and RF + TPE treatments to target the skin, muscle, and partly fat tissues. Each HIFEM treatment lasted for 30 minutes, and intensity was gradually increased to maximum tolerable level within the range of 0–100%. RF + TPE combined therapies lasted 15 minutes and were administered immediately post each HIFEM procedure. The RF intensity was set to 65%, and the built-in thermometer monitored tissue temperature to be in the range of 40–45 degrees Celsius. TPE was set to 4 at the device’s pressure scale. Both procedures were tolerated well. The achieved results are shown in Figure 3.
\nPatient C - female 35 years old, BMI 22.7 kg/m2, four treatments administered with HIFEM, RF, and TPE. The subject showed considerable improvement of body contour and skin appearance 6 weeks after the last treatment (right). The patient reported a noticeable muscle tightening effect on top of the improvement in skin laxity.
Although the technologies mentioned above are new and still evolving, the clinical evidence combined with our personal experience highlights that using HIFEM, RF, and TPE may target multiple types of patients with skin, fat, or muscle concerns. It needs to be considered that every patient is different and has specific requirements based on the physical constitution and personal preferences when it comes to visual appearance and body contour. Liposuction has always been perceived as a problem-solving procedure regarding the improvement of esthetic appearance. However, due to its invasive nature and discomfort, which limits patient’s post-treatment, many would prefer a more convenient way of achieving desirable improvement. The interest in non-invasive body contouring procedures is therefore on the rise in recent years.
\nConsidering the patient comfort and safety, the non-invasive alternatives to SAL were searched intensively in the past. In 2009, Zelickson et al. [41] established a concept of controlled and selective destruction of fat cells by inducing temperatures in the subcutaneous fat layer close to or below the freezing point, termed cryolipolysis. Using the Yucatan pig animal model, they found the reduced thickness of the fat layer associated with local inflammatory response, inferring that such treatments in humans may lead to subsequent changes in body contour. The further studies conducted by several authors evidenced the proposed effectiveness for fat reduction in human subjects. It was found that, in general, cryolipolysis causes a 22% reduction of subcutaneous fat thickness when used on the abdomen or flanks, i.e., the most frequent body parts treated by traditional SAL [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. However, although these body parts’ efficacy is relatively high, cryolipolysis solely focuses on the reduction of fat tissue, limiting its application and versatility. Also, although the majority of animal or human studies found no significant risks associated with cryolipolysis, still it has been evidenced that on rare occasions, treated subjects may develop adverse reactions referred to as paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH) [50, 51], leading to sudden fat bulging and need of corrective surgical treatment.
\nSimilar to cryolipolysis, focused high-intensity ultrasound (HIFU) was also introduced in the past decade as a possible substitute for invasive procedures in body contouring. HIFU technology primarily relies on disruptive mechanical effects on adipocytes with minimal damage to neighboring structures such as vessels, nerves, and connective tissue [52, 53]. According to various sources [5, 53, 54, 55, 56], the therapy may result in substantial contour improvement with fat reduction above 20% after multiple treatment sessions. Nonetheless, Shek et al. [52] concluded that HIFU treatments showed insignificant changes among the Southern Asians, suggesting design modifications for this particular group of patients.
\nMost recently, modalities such as HIFEM, RF, and TPE have emerged in esthetic practices. Due to its effectiveness, great safety profile, convenient use, and multifactorial treatment effect, it may pose a promising and complex alternative to SAL, with treatment outcomes not limited to fat reduction only. HIFEM is a patented technology and the first of its kind to be used in the esthetic field to enhance the overall appearance of individuals and, most importantly, target the muscle tissue, which has been neglected for a long time. Before this technology was introduced in 2018 with the launch of the Emsculpt device, intensive magnetic fields for esthetic treatments were barely understood. Since then, physicians are getting more and more familiar with the technology, discovering all its possible applications. Emsculpt pioneered the use of non-invasive body shaping through enhancing muscle strength. Nonetheless, the patient demand for outstanding results and the strong emphasis on reliable fat reduction are still pushing the technological progress forward. Therefore, the Emsculpt Neo device launched in 2020 took the concept of Emsculpt further by combining HIFEM with radiofrequency. Due to the simultaneous application and synergistic effect of both electromagnetic fields, physicians have now available the efficient tool to deliver two types of treatment in a single procedure. Recent clinical studies documented the more pronounced results stemming from the HIFEM+RF combination, showing the significant changes at the level of muscle and fat tissues (−30% in fat thickness, +25% in muscle thickness, and 19% reduction in abdominal separation). In response to the treatments, patients demonstrated measurable changes in body contour and muscle definition [26, 30, 31].
\nCertain concerns cannot be resolved with the customary liposuction as it only focuses on fat reduction. For instance, skin pendulosity and laxity cannot be addressed and even worsened after SAL, as the skin naturally contracts due to fat removal. While liposuction reduces the fat efficiently, in some cases, it leads to deformities accompanied by sagging skin. Fortunately, all of these concerns can be addressed non-invasively utilizing RF and TPE energy to ensure complete esthetic enhancement after the fat reduction. Emtone is one of the first and sole device that delivers both mechanical and thermal energy simultaneously, removing the major causes of loose skin and cellulite non-invasively and effectively. The combination of mechanical and thermal energy is designed to treat the major factors of cellulite and skin laxity on top of that. It may help eliminate any irregularities due to skin aging as well as correct visible sagging post liposuction treatments.
\nThese innovative technologies are an excellent alternative to liposuction, or they can be used in some specific cases as a complementary solution to profound the results. They can help in strengthening muscles, improving core muscles, enhancing the overall esthetics of the patients by skin improvements in addition to fat reduction. HIFEM, RF, and TPE have proven effective in a standalone regime or when used as combination treatments. Particularly, the combination treatments usually show to be highly effective for many individuals. Generally, the pre-treatment assessment often determines that the cosmetic concerns are of multifactorial origin. Therefore, combining multiple modalities that targets multiple tissues or causes can provide the best possible results. While HIFEM alone focuses on the deep tissues, inducing predominantly changes in the muscles, monopolar RF and TPE focuses on improving the condition of superficial layers, including dermal microcirculation, improved quality, tone of the skin, and laxity reduction. This type of therapy is ideal for addressing the concerns of the patients regarding body contouring. When combined, it is recommended to use Emsculpt first to restore the musculature and body contour before using Emtone to address skin concerns. However, in cases where extensive fat tissue changes are required, the subjects may benefit more from simultaneous HIFEM+RF therapy, which eliminates excessive fat tissue alongside muscle toning.
\nThere are definitely some specifics that come with non-invasive treatments. As mentioned above, physicians should carefully choose the most suitable procedure (for instance, see presented cases in Section 3). The subject’s lifestyle may also help determine appropriate treatment and dosage since individuals with better-developed musculature and active lifestyles tend to achieve high HIFEM intensities sooner. Typically, the treatments are done over the course of two to four weeks in four sessions, requiring 30-minutes per application. In general, achieved results may vary from subject to subject. Nonetheless, the improvement should be best recognizable from 1 to 3 months after the last treatment, maintaining the enhancement level at a minimum for 6 to 12 months depending on the subject’s dietary and sport habits [23]. Based on the reported results from multiple investigations, we recommend to follow-up your patients 12 to 24 months after their last treatment, and in case that any significant decline in results occurs, identify the cause and consider the importance of the maintenance procedures.
\nEven after countless squats, crunches, cardio, muscle training, or diets, many individuals remain unsatisfied with the core strength and body contour. There are certain areas that cannot be tackled even with a strict diet and exercise. Many opt for liposuction to resolve those issues, but some problems still may remain unresolved. Also, a certain number of individuals hesitate to go for surgeries and are looking for non-invasive ways to deal with their concerns. HIFEM, RF, and TPE can greatly enhance outcomes for body contour independently or following traditional liposuction. Fat reduction and muscle contouring, as well as skin smoothing and tightening, can be safely achieved by combining those technologies without the need for any anesthesia, surgery, and downtime. These treatments offer not only fast and comfortable therapy but also provide reliable results for patients who are not willing to undergo a surgical procedure or who still have concerns after liposuction, looking for a faster and easier remedy for their concerns.
\nThe utilization of renewable resources in the field of polymer synthesis has gained a great deal of attention due to the growing public concerns for the environmental concerns and the sustainable development [1, 2]. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is the bio-based product from the epoxidation of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid obtained by converting the double bonds into epoxy groups, which is non-toxic and of higher chemical reactivity [3]. It is mainly used as a green plasticizer for many plastics currently [4]. Meanwhile it has also attracted an increasing attention as a green epoxy resin utilizing the reactive epoxy groups into both the monomer synthesis and the polymer preparation due to its low cost, little toxicity, and large production, which imply its great potential in industrial process [5].
ESO can be converted by different kinds of reactions with co-monomers and/or initiators [6]. Permanent network that comes from the directing cross-linking of ESO and hardeners endows ESO with great stability, superior mechanical properties and satisfying chemical resistance, which make the products competitive among a variety of materials. In addition, the chemical modification of ESO has gained more and more attention in recent years. Introducing hydroxyl groups to make polyols for polyurethanes synthesis is one of the most important chemical modification methods [7]. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) obtained by ring opening esterification between acrylic acid and ESO is of high reactivity for thermal and UV initiated polymerization [8, 9]. This chapter reviews the applications of ESO and its derivatives for the preparation of a series of bio-based polymeric materials.
Functional amines are widely used as curing agents for generating epoxy resin. For ESO, a series of amines used as curing agents are listed in Table 1 and the reaction scheme between ESO and amine is shown in Figure 1. Most of the researchers focused on the investigation of the cross-linking process of partially bio-based polymers because of the unsatisfying properties of fully bio-based ones. Three main methods can be applied to improve the properties of ESO-based thermosets, which are using commercial curing agents, adding commercial epoxy resins to ESO, and adding other materials to make composites [10, 11, 12].
No. | Epoxy resin | Hardener |
---|---|---|
1 | ESO | Triethylene glycol diamine (TGD) [13, 14] |
2 | ESO | Triethylenetetramine (TETA) [10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18] |
3 | ESO | Diethylenetriamine (DETA) [10, 15] |
4 | ESO | Jeffamine D-230 [10] |
5 | ESO | Jeffamine T-403 [10] |
6 | ESO | Jeffamine EDR-148 [10] |
7 | ESO + diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) | TETA [11, 12, 19] |
8 | ESO + DGEBA | DETA [11, 12] |
9 | ESO + DGEBA | Jeffamine D-230 [11] |
10 | ESO + DGEBA | Jeffamine T-403 [11] |
11 | ESO + DGEBA | Jeffamine EDR-148 [11] |
12 | ESO + DGEBA | Linear polyethylenimine [12] |
13 | ESO, ESO + DGEBA | Dicyandiamide (DICY) [20] |
14 | ESO [21] | Decamethylene diamine, succinic anhydride |
15 | ESO + DGEBA | Isophorone diamine(IPDA) [22] |
Amines for curing ESO and ESO composites.
The curing process between ESO and amine curing agent [
The curing processes of ESO or the mixture of ESO and commercial epoxy resin have been investigated, and some of these systems have been made into composites through adding fibers [10, 11, 12, 14], clay [16, 18] and other reinforcement [19]. Viscoelastic properties, mechanical properties and many other analyses have been studied to evaluate their applicability to be used in industry. The partially bio-based polymers show great potential to replace fully petroleum-based polymers in many areas according to the testing results. Glass-transition (Tg) and viscoelastic properties of amine-cured ESO can be enhanced by increasing the amount of triethylenetetramine (TETA) or triethylene glycol diamine (TGD). TETA endows the polymer with similar viscoelastic properties to a commercial rubber and a higher Tg than TGD does [13]. In this respect, the biopolymers made from ESO and amines have great potential to replace some synthetic rubbers or plastics [13, 14]. Besides, the quasi-static and dynamic compressive properties of the cured products based on ESO and amines and the corresponding composites reinforced by clay have also been investigated to develop compressive one-dimensional stress-strain material models [15, 16]. Solid freeform fabrication method has been applied to the preparation of ESO-based composites and proved to be a suitable method for this kind of curing system [10, 11, 12]. ESO/TETA/clay composites show controllable biodegradability, low cost, good thermal and mechanical properties, and these properties indicates that the composites may work as alternative to petroleum-based polymers in the field of insulation materials and coating materials [18]. For clay-reinforced composites based on commercial epoxy resin the addition of ESO can enhance the impact strengths [22]. More interestingly, the product from ESO and TETA can be made into an ion-exchange resin through hydrolysis [17]. Usually, epoxy groups in the internal of the long aliphatic chain exhibits much poorer reactivity than those terminal epoxy groups. Due to this fact, the reported curing processes of ESO usually needs higher temperature and longer time than commercial petroleum-based epoxy resin, such as bisphenol A epoxy resin. However, the combination of the hardener, dicyandiamide (DICY), and the accelerator, carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), can make the gelation of ESO occur within 13 min at 190°C [20]. Moreover, the gelation of the mixture of ESO and DGEBA is achieved with the aid of DICY and CDI within 3 min at 160°C [20].
Fully or high bio-based polymers are also attractive to researchers owing to people’s strong attention to environment concerns. A series of fully bio-based elastomers have been synthesized through the ring-opening reaction between ESO and a bio-based amine hardener, decamethylene diamine, and they can be cross-linked by further reaction with another bio-based anhydride hardener, succinic anhydride [21]. These fully bio-based elastomers have great potential to replace some petroleum-based rubbers in engineering because of their good damping property, low water absorption and weak degradability in phosphate buffer solution [21].
Anhydrides, which are less toxic than amines, are another kind of mainly-used hardeners (Table 2). The structure of anhydride-cured ESO is shown in Figure 2.
No. | Epoxy resin | Hardener |
---|---|---|
1 | ESO | Maleopimaric acid (MPA) [24, 25] |
2 | ESO | Methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA) [34, 35] |
3 | ESO + DGEBA | MTHPA [22, 36] |
4 | ESO [37, 38, 39, 40], ESO + DGEBA [41, 42] | Methylhexahydropthalic anhydride (MHHPA) |
6 | ESO | Maleic anhydride (MAL) [43, 44] |
7 | ESO | Phthalic anhydride [45] |
8 | ESO | Nadic methyl anhydride [46] |
9 | ESO | maleinized polybutadiene (MMPBD) [47] |
10 | ESO [30] | terpene-based acid anhydride (TPAn), maleinated linseed oil, hexahydrophthalic anhydride |
11 | ESO [44] | hexahydrophthalic anhydride (CH), MAL, succinic anhydride (SUC), dodecenylsuccinic anhydride (DDS) |
12 | ESO [26, 27, 28, 33], ESO + DGEBA [48] | Sebacic acid |
13 | ESO [33] | Adipic acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, sebacic acid |
14 | ESO [32] | Citric acid, carboxylic acid functionalized MWCNTs |
15 | ESO [49], ESO + epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) [50] | Carboxyl-terminated polyester |
16 | ESO | Dicarboxyl terminated oligomeric poly(butylene succinate) [51] |
17 | ESO | Dicarboxyl-terminated polymide1010 oligomers [23] |
18 | ESO + ELO | Phosphorylated castor oil [31] |
Anhydride and acid for curing ESO and ESO composites.
The curing process between ESO and dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides [
The investigation of green anhydride curing agents is one of the research priorities. Maleopimaric acid (MPA), which comes from rosin acid, has been used for ESO curing to obtain new polymeric thermosets with a high bio-based content [24, 25]. The total heat release is only 31.7 kJ/mol epoxy group. Compared with its petroleum-based analogues, MPA endows the polymer with larger breaking elongation, higher storage modulus and better thermal stability. Sebacic acid is another bio-based curing agent for ESO in lab. A fully bio-based composite with highly improved thermal and mechanical properties can be produced through interaction between sebacic-cured ESO and PLA [26, 27]. What’s more, sebacic acid-cured ESO can be applied in the field of superhydrophobic materials to make a sustainable and biodegradable superhydrophobic material [28, 29]. Other bio-based chemicals, such as terpene [30], vegetable oils [30, 31] and citric acid [32], are all the optional raw material for green curing agents. A terpene-based acid anhydride has been found to endow ESO with higher Tg, higher tensile strength and greater modulus than maleinated linseed oil and hexahydrophthalic anhydride do [30]. But maleinated linseed oil makes the thermoset easier to biodegrade [30]. Biodegradable and biocompatible elastomers, which may be competitive in the field of implantable materials, can be obtained by curing ESO and Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) with phosphorylated castor oil [31]. Carboxylic acid functionalized MWCNTs are always used as the filler for fully bio-based ESO/citric acid system [32]. The produced composites with good mechanical properties and high bio-based content may be applied in the field of industry [32]. Physical tests of fully sustainable polymers obtained from curing ESO with different dicarboxylic acids show the decreases of Tg and elongation at break, and the increases of tensile strength and Young’s modulus with the increasing of chain-length of the curing agents [33]. In this respect, besides bio-based micromolecular chemicals, bio-based dicarboxyl-terminated polymers are also able to work as green curing agents for ESO to make fully bio-based polymers [23]. Polymer curing agents with long chain length can avoid the short, brittle and amorphous cross-link structures which may be the reason for the poor performance of ESO-based thermosets [23].
Like the situation occurring in amine-cured systems, anhydride-cured ESO with a high bio-based content usually cannot exhibit excellent properties as petroleum-based polymers do. In order to overcome this deficiency, ESO usually works together with some petroleum-based chemicals. For this kind of complicated reaction systems, many factors are worth investigations. We are going to discuss this kind of reaction systems in terms of the properties of epoxides, the addition of commercial curing agents, the influence of the catalysts and the incorporation of fillers.
The internal epoxy rings in ESO exhibits lower reactivity than terminal ones do and the epoxy equivalent weight of ESO is usually higher than commercial epoxy resins. The addition of ESO in the mixture of DGEBA and ESO results in the increase of peak exothermic temperature, and activation energy and the decrease of enthalpy of reaction [36, 48]. Tensile strength, modulus, fracture toughness, impact strength, storage modulus (E′) in the glassy state and Tg of the cured products decrease because of the addition of ESO [36, 41]. Besides, the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured products has a positive correlation with the epoxide content of ESO [35].
Aside from the alteration of epoxides, the properties of the cured products can be enhanced with the aid of commercial curing agents. Bio-based foams based on methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA)-cured ESO show similar mechanical properties to synthetic epoxy foams and the contents of ESO can be larger than 55 wt%, which indicates that this kind of green foams can be valuable alternative for commercial epoxy foams [34]. Polymers with anhydride groups [47] and dicarboxylic acids [49, 50, 51] are also able to work as curing agents for ESO. The carboxylic acid-terminated polyesters can work with ESO to produce green pressure-sensitive adhesives, which are environmentally friendly [50], thermal stable and with flame retardance [49]. In this kind of curing systems, the molecular weight of the polymer curing agents obviously have a great influence on the curing process and the physical properties of the cured bio-based products [51]. One of the remarkable advantages of bio-based polymers is their potential biodegradability. Lower crosslink density usually means higher biodegradability for ESO-based thermosets [40]. The cross-link density of the cured product reaches maximum at stoichiometric ratio between ESO and hardener [45].
Not only the properties of the main reactants, but the loading and type of the catalyst have a great influence on the on the curing process [38] final polymers [39]. The curing kinetics of ESO/methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) system show a significantly autocatalytic characteristic and ESO with 1.5 phr (parts per hundreds of resin) of 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI) catalyst is a recommended composition for ESO/MHHPA system to be cured effectively at relative low temperature and short time [38].
ESO-based thermosets can also be used as good matrixes for organoclays [22, 35], organo-montmorillonite clay [37], proteins [46], regenerated cellulose [30] and other fillers. These works show that the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites can be improved significantly with the addition of different fillers.
Besides adding curing agents, ESO can also be cross-linked only by initiators, as shown in Figure 3. Fluoroantimonic acid hexahydrate (HSbF6·6H2O) [6] and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2) [52, 53, 54] are commonly employed to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of ESO. As the special macromolecular structure and mechanical properties, the products have the potential to be made into hydrogels and applied in the areas of personal and health care [6, 53]. Besides, the cross-linked ESO initiated by BF3·OEt2 can be used to synthesize bio-based surfactants, which can help produce microbubbles effectively [54] and may take the place of petroleum-based detergents and surfactants [55].
Chain-growth polymerization of ESO under initiators [
Besides the curing, introducing hydroxyl groups is one of the most important chemical modification of ESO. Hydroxyl groups are functional groups that can be compatible with matrixes through hydrogen bonding or can be able to covalently bond with matrixes using some active chemicals [56].
Bio-based polyols with two or more hydroxyl groups can be synthesized from ESO by epoxy ring opening applying different approaches (see Figure 4). Ring opening reagents mainly include in mono-functional amines, alcohols (such as methanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or butanol), acids (such as acrylic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, fatty acids, carboxylic acid, hexanoic acids, or octanoic acids), thioethers or ketones [57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64]. Lewis acid is known as a kind of useful initiator for the hydroxyl reaction with epoxides. ESO-based polyether polyols are capable to be prepared by Lewis acids catalyzing ring opening with propylene glycol [60]. After that, the ESO-based polyether polyols with higher molecular weight can be cured with phenolic, melamine and other conventional crosslinkers to give reasonable film properties [65]. Besides, ESO phosphate ester polyols have been synthesized by using super phosphoric acid phosphorylated ESO, which is able to be incorporated in bake coatings with excellent performance [62]. A series of methoxylated soybean oil polyols (MSOLs) have been prepared with different hydroxyl functionalities by the ring opening of ESO with methanol [66]. These polyols have been applied to synthesize the environmentally friendly vegetable-oil-based polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) with very promising properties. Thioglycolic acid (TGA) bearing thiol and carboxylic acid as two different functional groups, glycolic acid (GA) containing hydroxyl and carboxyl functionality and methyl ester of thioglycolic acid (TGAME) have been also used as ring opening agents of ESO to synthesize novel bio-based polyols [57, 67]. Using TGA and GA, the epoxy rings are opened by the carboxylic acid group, while the epoxy rings are opened by the thiol group primarily when using TGAME. In addition, polyols obtained by ring opening with TGA have higher molecular weight comparing to GA and TGAME. That is because some of the thiol groups of TGA initially remain intact and then are involved in ring opening of other epoxy groups resulting in chain coupling [57, 67].
Epoxy ring opening reactions with various ring opening reagents [
There are some side reactions occurring during the ring-opening of ESO epoxide groups, and these side reactions often depend on reaction parameters [68, 69]. A substantial degree of oligomerization due to oxirane-oxirane, and oxirane-hydroxyl reaction will take place in the presence of phosphoric acid. It is possible to synthesize ESO-based polyols having varying hydroxyl content and phosphate-ester functionality by controlling the type and amount of polar solvent and phosphoric acid content [70]. Inter-esterification or intermolecular ether formation are also observed as side reactions, depending on the molar proportion of the hydrogen donor [68]. Different catalysts for the ring opening of the epoxide groups in ESO have been evaluated in many works. The most common catalysts are sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, perchloric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4) and activated clays. HBF4 have been found to produce polyols with a higher OH content, and lower viscosity than other catalysts in the ring opening reaction of ESO with methanol [69]. And, triflic acid is a very effective catalyst for preparing ESO polyether polyols [60]. As alcohol concentration relative to ESO is reduced, higher molecular weight polyether polyols can be produced in a controlled way [60].
Currently, vegetable oils-based polyols are gradually replacing petroleum-based hydroxyl for preparing PUs, which are considered as sustainable and environmentally friendly polymers from biomass industry [5]. ESO based polyols can be co-polymerized with some commercial isocyanates, such as toluene di-isocyanate (TDI), methylene-4,49-diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) or others, to obtain bio-based PUs with useful properties, including enhanced hydrolytic and thermal stability, as shown in Figure 5.
Synthesis of soybean-oil-based PUs [
The structure-property relationships between ESO based polyols and PUs have been extensively investigated. Several factors have important influences on the properties of the PUs, such as chemical structure of the segment, chemical composition, hydroxyl group position, hydroxyl values of polyols and cross-linking densities of the PUs networks [71]. The structure and properties of PUs prepared from halogenated as well as non-halogenated soybean polyols with commercial isocyanates have been studied which shows that brominated polyols and their corresponding PUs have the highest densities and Tg while their thermal stabilities are lowest. Chlorinated polyols have comparable glass transition and strength to brominated polyols, somewhat higher than the methoxy-containing and hydrogenated polyols [69]. Besides, the NCO/OH mole ratios also show effects on the properties of the PUs networks that the cross-linking densities, Tg, and tensile strengths deteriorate as the NCO/OH ratios decrease and glassy polymers can be produced when the NCO/OH ratio is between 0.8 and 1.05 [72]. The studies on polyurethane resins from a blend of glycerol and polyol show that the increasing of Tg caused by the incorporation of glycerol into soy polyols obviously enhances the rigidity of PUs [73]. The polyurethanes elastomers synthesized from ESO based polyols obtained by ring opening with Ricinoleic acid (RA) and sebacic acid with citric acid as the cross-linker display biocompatibility and biodegradability and are very suitable for bone tissue engineering [74].
Furthermore, ESO is able to be effectively converted to carbonated soybean oil (CSBO) containing five-membered cyclic carbonates by reacting with carbon dioxide in the presence of tetra-butylammonium bromide at 110°C in high yield [75]. Then, CSBO can easily react with diamines to give the corresponding non-isocyanate polyurethane networks(NIPUs), and the thermal and mechanical properties of NIPUs can be well adjusted and controlled by changing the CSBO/amine ratio [76].
AESO is commercially-manufactured derivative of ESO and has been extensively used in coatings, resins and composites. The acid-catalyzed synthesis process of AESO is shown in Figure 6. The acid catalyst promotes the formation of an oxonium ion, which can be stabilized by local epoxide group. And the ring-opening reaction happened between acrylic acid and the oxonium ion. Inhibitor is needed in this reaction to prevent polymerization of vinyl groups. The acrylation reaction has a first-order dependence on the concentration of epoxy groups, but the rate constant increases with the decreasing of epoxides per fatty acid due to steric hindrance and the stabilization effect of local epoxide group on oxonium groups [77].
Mechanism of AESO synthesis [
Through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, AESO can be made into a hyper-branched bio-based polymer without macro-gelation [8, 79]. The conversion of vinyl is usually over 50%, which indicates that it is possible for multifunctional renewable feed stocks to be made into bio-based thermoplastics polymers at a high conversion without gelation [8].
Most of the researches focused on the cross-linking reaction of AESO through free radical polymerization. Like the ESO, the cross-linked homopolymers from AESO also have the shortage that the polymers exhibit poor mechanical properties [80]. One of the common methods used to enhance its mechanical properties is adding reinforcements to make polymer composites. There are many polar groups in the structure of AESO, including C〓O, ▬OH and epoxy groups. These polar groups provide the possibility for the formation of hydrogen bonds between AESO and fillers [80]. Thermoplastic polyurethane [81], microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) [80] and cellulose fiber [82] are the common reinforcements worth investigation for poly(acrylated epoxidized soybean oil)(PAESO). The interaction between PAESO and polyurethane can be enhanced by the formation of hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic functional groups from both of the two components which give rise to the result of improving the toughness and increasing the elongation of PAESO [81]. As a green filler, microcrystalline cellulose will increase the density, hardness, flexural strength and modulus of the material without decreasing the bio-based content [80]. Cellulose-reinforced PAESO can also be successfully made into bio-based foams with enhanced mechanical properties, which shows the great potential to replace petroleum-based foams [82].
Another common way to adjust the properties of AESO-based materials is the incorporation of co-monomers. Styrene [83, 84, 85, 86], N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) [64, 87], 3-isopropenyldimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI) [88], isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) [88], 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate [89], divinylbenzene [86, 89] and unsaturated polyester [90, 91, 92, 93, 94] are widely used as co-monomers for AESO. The diblock copolymers based on AESO and styrene are able to work as an additive for asphalt to modify the rheological performance so that the corresponding stiffness, elasticity and rutting resistance of the asphalt can be substantially improved [83]. The copolymer based on AESO and styrene can also be reinforced by natural fibers [84] and denim [85] to obtain bio-based composites for structural applications, such as roof structure and safety helmets. Due to the toxicity of styrene, styrene-free polymers become more attractive recently. NVP is an alternative to styrene in the synthesis of copolymer based on AESO, and the corresponding hemp fibers (HFs) composites exhibit superior static and dynamic mechanical properties [64]. As both AESO and HFs contains ▬OH groups in their structures, the addition of isophorone diisocyanate, whose isocyanate groups can react with ▬OH groups, to the AESO/HFs/NVP system can improve the properties by working as both a cross-linker and a coupling agent [87]. Accordingly, TMI and IEM bringing both C〓C double bonds and isocyanate groups into the reaction systems may also be good co-monomers for AESO/HFs system. Besides the free radical polymerization of vinyl groups, the reactions between isocyanate groups and the ▬OH groups of AESO and HFs also occurred at the same time in this bio-based polymer composite systems [88]. Consequently, the crosslinking density and interfacial reaction between reinforcement and the matrix can be improved significantly, leading to the enhancement of storage modulus, Tg and water resistance. As a nonvolatile and nonhazardous chemical, AESO is a suitable replacement for styrene in unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin to obtain hybrid polymer networks [90, 91, 92, 93, 94]. The UPE with unsaturated sites works as the co-monomer for AESO, and the final products usually exhibit comparable properties to correspondingly styrene-based products. The combination of a variety of co-monomers may provide AESO based copolymers with more possibilities. The thermosets based on the combination of AESO, styrene and divinylbenzene can be the potential replacements for commercial electronic materials [86]. The combination of AESO, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate and divinylbenzene is able to make into the matrix for bacterial cellulose nanocomposite foams and the properties of the composites can be tailored by adjusting the compositions [89].
Although petroleum-based co-monomers can bring excellent properties, the decrease of the bio-based content is still not expected. Functional bio-based co-monomers are desired in consequence. Isosorbide can be used to synthesize a bio-based co-monomer for AESO through the reaction with methacrylate anhydride [95]. The product, isosorbide-methacrylate (IM), which has stiff structure, endows the bio-based networks with ideal thermal and mechanical properties. Similarly, rosin is also a bio-based raw material with a rigid molecular structure. Its derivative, N-dehydroabietic acrylamide (DHA-AM), can enhance the storage modulus, Tg, thermal stability, tensile strength and hydrophobicity of AESO/DHA-AM thermosets [96]. Methacrylated lauric acid (MLAU) is another bio-based reactive diluent for AESO. The mixture exhibits a suitable viscosity for liquid molding techniques to get AESO based thermoset specimens with low densities and Tg around room temperature [97].
AESO has been widely applied in the UV curing systems for their lower volatility and relatively higher reactivity of C〓C bonds which are able to conduct free-radical polymerization in the presence of functional initiator. In general, residual internal stress in the UV-curing coating film often leads to poor adhesion with substrate. AESO can be used to synthesize cured films with reduced internal stress and its flexible triglyceride structure can improve adhesion [9]. UV-curable materials based on AESO have been found many applications like coatings, adhesives and composite materials [98]. As petroleum-based fiber composites often swell after water absorption resulting in deterioration of mechanical properties, the dried distillers grains (DDGS)-flax mat coated with AESO polymerized by UV light with the initiation of irgacure 819 shows improved water resistance property [99]. Besides, AESO-based UV-cured PUDs with higher functionality can be used in textiles printing. Different content of AESO based UV-curable PUDs pigment prints adhesive have been successfully synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), poly(caprolactone glycol) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and all UV-curing films have excellent thermal stability [98]. With the increasing of AESO content, the color strength of printed fabrics can be enhanced correspondingly. Conversely, the increasing of UV radiation time shows positive impact on the color fastness [100]. UV-curable, AESO-based organic shape-stabilized phase change materials also can be obtained by UV technique with enhanced thermal performance, decreased melting and freezing temperature, which verify the promising application of UV-curable material for thermal energy storage [100].
However, the existing of soft long aliphatic chains usually results in low mechanical or thermal properties and some rigid compounds are often added as the co-monomers to improve the performances of AESO-based UV-curable materials. Acrylate acid is one of the most common-used petroleum-based rigid compounds. The performances of AESO-based UV curable coating materials by using petroleum-based hyper-branched acrylates (HBAs) as co-photo-polymerization monomer, using acrylated sucrose (AS) as tougheners and using tetra-hydrofurfural acrylate (THFA) as reactive diluents show the increased coating hardness, adhesion, modulus, solvent resistance and glass transition temperature [101]. Nowadays, many researchers are devoted to exploit bio-based co-monomers to develop high bio-based content UV-curable coatings. Monomer acrylated betulin (AB) synthesized from botulin [102], unsaturated monomer (named IG) synthesized from itaconic acid and glycidyl methacrylate [103], monomers (named EM2G and EM3G) synthesized from eugenol via a thiol-ene reaction and epoxide ring-opening reaction [104] have been all evaluated to be successfully used with AESO matrix polymer and have great potential to improve the properties of UV curable coating. Coating films containing AB from 5 to 10 wt% contents have better modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, abrasion resistance and hardness, higher Tg and lower strain at break value, while the transmittance of the cured films is reduced with increasing AB loading, especially for wavelengths below 650 nm. In comparison, the polycyclic structure of betulin imposes a more rigid structure on AESO matrix polymer to enhance the applied performance [102]. In the presence of irgacure 184 as initiator, a series of UV-cured coatings without any solvent can be successfully prepared with IG (EM2G or EM3G) and AESO, and EM2G and EM3G show higher reactivity when copolymerized with AESO. The introduction of IG, EM2G and EM3G in the UV-curing system results in significantly improved mechanical and thermal properties as well as coating performances such as hardness, flexibility, adhesion, solvent resistance [103, 104].
ESO is initially used as a plasticizer in industry for poly(vinyl chloride) chlorinated (PVC) rubber, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) emulsions to improve stability and flexibility [105, 106], and ESO is also considered to be potential nontoxic biocompatible plasticizers for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) when combined with other plasticizers [107, 108, 109]. Moreover, it is an interesting trend to prepare composites of ESO or its homo-polymers with other materials because of their special properties. A double network composites with ESO and a di-hydrocoumarin derived network can been synthesized with toughening effect, which make the ESO-based polymer possible to be applied in the fields of coatings and films [110]. The composites of cross-linked ESO and acrylic monolith [111] or poly(lactic acid) [112] apparently exhibit much larger Young’s modulus and tensile strength than ESO homo-polymer and can work as shape memory materials, which makes ESO a potential component for manufacture of intelligent polymer materials.
Interestingly, the long chain alkane fatty acid residues in ESO can give the composites hydrophobicity, so cross-linked ESO can also work as a water-resistant film for paper that the obtained composites may be competitive in the field of packaging considering their good properties [113]. An efficient method has been reported for the formation of cellulose-based materials grafting with poly epoxidized soybean oil (PESO) with controllable hydrophobic properties [114] 1–2. A kind of PESO coated paper composites with good water-resistant property have been obtained via in situ polymerization of ESO on the surface of the paper cellulose fibers [113].
This chapter summarizes the most recent advances in the application of ESO and its derivatives for preparation of bio-based polymeric materials. The multiple reactive epoxy groups from triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids imply its great potential in the bio-based polymer preparation fields with controllable biodegradability, thermal and mechanical properties. ESO can crosslink directly with variety curing agents to form permanent network, or to introducing reactive function groups by chemical modifications. Two most important modifications are introducing hydroxyl groups and esterification to produce acrylates. Based on these, varieties of new polymeric materials have been prepared recently from ESO and derivatives that exhibit industrially viable thermos-physical and mechanical properties and thus may find many possible applications. It is believed that ESO based compounds will gain continuously strong interest and allow new developments both in academic and industrial points of view.
The authors are grateful to the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2016YFB0302701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 21676083), the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (Grant no. 16QB140130), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the 111 Project (B08021).
The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Journals",metaDescription:"IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-journals",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\\n\\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\\n\\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\\n\\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\\n\\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\\n\\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\\n\\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\n\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\n\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\n\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\n\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\n\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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He completed M.Sc. from Bangaluru University, India and was awarded a Ph.D. from Kuvempu University, India. Dr. Sarat obtained post-doctoral training in 'modelling Parkinson’s disease using Drosophila” from Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA and University of Regensburg, Germany. His laboratory, funded through multiple research grants from Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India, University of Grants Commission (UGC), India and Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, focuses on Drosophila approach to understand Parkinson's Disease associated neurodegeneration as well as identification of novel therapeutic targets which may help to reduce the burden of PD in human.",institutionString:"Nagaland University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Nagaland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:34,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25677",doi:"10.5772/29495",title:"Pyrethroid Insecticides: Use, Environmental Fate, and Ecotoxicology",slug:"pyrethroid-insecticides-use-environmental-fate-and-ecotoxicology",totalDownloads:8119,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:105,abstract:null,book:{id:"2036",slug:"insecticides-advances-in-integrated-pest-management",title:"Insecticides",fullTitle:"Insecticides - 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Its major nutritional limitation has been the low protein content and poor protein quality, which necessitates the use of expensive high‐protein supplements or synthetic amino acids such as lysine in diets containing large proportion of maize. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted by maize breeders on the world maize germplasms collection with the aim of improving its nutritive value, particularly protein quality for monogastric animals. This chapter assesses the genetic upgrading of the nutritional quality of maize protein that culminated in the development of a new class of maize known as “Quality Protein Maize (QPM)”. Various studies on the nutritionally improved maize for poultry as well as future challenges confronting maize utilisation in poultry production are highlighted.",book:{id:"5315",slug:"poultry-science",title:"Poultry Science",fullTitle:"Poultry Science"},signatures:"Herbert K. 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Mainly, type FAdV-4 is responsible for hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HP), type FAdV-1 for gizzard erosion and ulceration (GEU), and types FAdV-2, 8a, 8b, and 11 seem to be responsible for inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). Defining the spreading of the avian adenovirus strains in different types of fowl profile production, recognising their property and determining their types and molecular characterisation are very important from the epidemiological point of view and are considered as excellent basis for vaccine development and gene therapy implementation. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of FAdVs, including their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic, detection, and molecular characterisation. This comprehensive review is needed to better understand the latest progress in study of the viruses and prospects regarding disease control and implementation of gene therapy.",book:{id:"6623",slug:"application-of-genetics-and-genomics-in-poultry-science",title:"Application of Genetics and Genomics in Poultry Science",fullTitle:"Application of Genetics and Genomics in Poultry Science"},signatures:"Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk",authors:[{id:"212649",title:"Dr.",name:"Jowita Samanta",middleName:null,surname:"Niczyporuk",slug:"jowita-samanta-niczyporuk",fullName:"Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk"}]},{id:"65864",title:"Poultry Housing and Management",slug:"poultry-housing-and-management",totalDownloads:3121,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Majority of the people in the poorest regions of the tropics rely on poultry production as their major source of protein supply. However, poultry production is hindered by the harsh environmental conditions in this regions therefore, reducing the daily supply of protein. It is believed that understanding heat stress in birds by paying detail attention to the sources of heat generation in a poultry house can help manage the heat stress situation in this region. This text reviews the internal climatic conditions of the poultry houses, how the birds respond to them, and their implications for heat management in poultry production. Thus, it provides pertinent information for guidance on parameters for open poultry houses architectural design that ensures optimum climatic conditions that will alleviate heat stress problem in poultry production in hot and humid climate.",book:{id:"8470",slug:"poultry-an-advanced-learning",title:"Poultry",fullTitle:"Poultry - An Advanced Learning"},signatures:"Ayodeji Oloyo and Adedamola Ojerinde",authors:[{id:"273409",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Oloyo",slug:"ayodeji-oloyo",fullName:"Ayodeji Oloyo"},{id:"274920",title:"MSc.",name:"Adedamola",middleName:null,surname:"Ojerinde",slug:"adedamola-ojerinde",fullName:"Adedamola Ojerinde"}]},{id:"61583",title:"Domestication and Welfare in Farmed Fish",slug:"domestication-and-welfare-in-farmed-fish",totalDownloads:1657,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The domestication of fish species is still in its early stages when compared to terrestrial animals. The effects of domestication on welfare of farmed fishes are complex to study because fish differ from livestock in genetics, physiology and behaviour, and experience different sensory worlds. Consequently, empathy with fish and understanding of their needs becomes more problematic than with land animals. Additionally, the acknowledgement and study of mental dimensions of fish existence is very recent. We discuss that higher levels of domestication in fish do not necessarily correspond to better welfare because (1) artificial selection by the aquaculture industry is mostly focused on production-related traits such as growth, and this selection process may have unknown negative effects on welfare-related traits; (2) the number of fish species presently farmed (circa 300) is 10-fold higher than land animals, rendering the establishment of standard welfare guidelines extremely complicated; (3) the current paradigm of the Five Freedoms guiding welfare is out-dated and was designed for livestock; and (4) there are still severe knowledge gaps in the biology of farmed fishes, especially in welfare-related traits. The implementation of humane farming systems should integrate industry, science and ethics in an open dialogue in order to produce relevant results.",book:{id:"6053",slug:"animal-domestication",title:"Animal Domestication",fullTitle:"Animal Domestication"},signatures:"João L. Saraiva, Maria F. Castanheira, Pablo Arechavala-López, Jenny Volstorf and Billo Heinzpeter Studer",authors:null},{id:"53276",title:"Mycotoxins in Poultry",slug:"mycotoxins-in-poultry",totalDownloads:3686,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Mycotoxins, the toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, particularly produced by many species of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, have affected animal and human health for over thousand years, whereas little has been discovered so far about these complex substances in poultry, which are generally very sensitive. Even though it varies by species and sex, some common effects are reduced feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, growth performance, immunity and hatchability along with increased mortality, organ damages (mainly kidney and liver), carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and decreased egg production. Besides their adverse health effects and the decrease in production rate, concerns over their importance in public health is still under debate. Decontamination approaches to reduce mycotoxins in feed are technologically diverse and based on chemical, biological and physical strategies. Chemical remediation strategies involve the conversion of mycotoxins via chemical reactions. Biological strategies involve various substances such as plant ingredients, enzymes and microorganisms. Physical processes include sorting, milling, dehulling, cleaning, heating, irradiation or combinational approaches. New strategies for the prevention and treatment of mycotoxicosis, including beneficial microorganisms/products, along with alternative treatments, including plant extracts/essential oils, are current hot topics in the poultry industry.",book:{id:"5315",slug:"poultry-science",title:"Poultry Science",fullTitle:"Poultry Science"},signatures:"Ayhan Filazi, Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen, Ozgur Kuzukiran and Ufuk\nTansel Sireli",authors:[{id:"152542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayhan",middleName:null,surname:"Filazi",slug:"ayhan-filazi",fullName:"Ayhan Filazi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"31",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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