The suitable time for water polarization remote sensing on vernal equinox day around the world.
\r\n\tThis book will consist of chapters that are an elegant mix of reviews and current developments on the subject that will be useful both to an expert on the subject as well as a newcomer to this area of research.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-076-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-075-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-092-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"8a2fd9bbbbae283bf115881d9d5cc47a",bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11857.jpg",keywords:"Frenkel Excitons, Wannier-Mott Excitons, Low Dimensional Solids, Molecular Crystals and Aggregates, Exciton Diffusion and Hopping, Exciton–Exciton Annihilation, Dynamics, Scaling Laws, Photoluminescence, Exciton Lifetime, Energy Harvesting, Semiconductors",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 19th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). He has worked on various international post-doctoral fellowships in Japan, Canada, and USA. Dr. Dutta has worked as head of research and product development in several companies, and presently works as vice-president for India Glycols Limited. He has authored/co-authored 36 articles in international journals and 21 patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277477/images/system/277477.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta presently works as the vice president (R&D) with India Glycols Limited, one of the largest manufacturers of Green Surfactants in South East Asia. Earlier, he had worked with Unilever as a senior researcher and product development manager in their Home and Personal Care Category, with United Phosphorus Limited and Indofil as their global head for agrochemical formulations. He has authored/co-authored 36 articles in international journals and 19 patents. He received his Ph.D in physical chemistry from Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) – a premiere research institute in India in 1993. Dr. Dutta has worked on various international post-doctoral fellowships in Japan, Canada and USA. His research interests include supramolecular assemblies, ultrathin nanostructured films, nanoparticles, novel surfactants, surfactant-polymer interactions, bio-membranes and spectroscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett films, tribology and rheology of complex systems.",institutionString:"India Glycols Limited",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440204",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Cink",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440204/images/20006_n.jpg",email:"ana.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Structures of vitamin K homologs.
There are two kinds of natural vitamin K homologs, phylloquinone (PK) (
Following describes several vitamin K derivatives synthesized for structure–activity relationship studies of SXR agonists. Focusing on the double bonds and methyl groups in the side chain of MK-4, compounds
Structure of vitamin K analogs
Since the isoprene structure of the side chain of menaquinones is important for the activity, vitamin K derivatives
Vitamin K analogs 15–24.
Then, in order to investigate how the transcriptional activity changes depending on the polarity of the side chain, vitamin K analogs introduced hydrophilic or hydrophobic functional groups at the end of the side chain; namely, compounds
MK-4 is present at relatively high concentrations in the brain, though its physiological role remains unclear. As one of the biological action in the brain, it has been reported that it protects neurons against oxidative stress [14, 24, 25, 26]. It is also known that neural stem cells differentiate into neuronal progenitors and glial progenitors, and then, neuronal progenitors differentiate into neurons, while glial progenitors differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes [27]. Recently, it has been found that menaquinones selectively induce the differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons, although their potency was not high [28]. This activity differed depending on the repeat structure of the isoprene side chain of the menaquinones. Therefore, if this activity can be increased by derivatization of vitamin K, it might be possible to regulate differentiation using safe and small molecule inducers of neural differentiation. Thus, new vitamin K derivatives that would induce differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons were explored.
Considering the lipophilic environment of the brain, vitamin K analogs bearing various hydrophobic functional groups such as benzene or naphthalene in the side chain were designed and synthesized (Figure 4). The compounds were evaluated for neuronal differentiation-inducing activity toward stem cells derived from mouse fetal cerebrum. After the compounds were added to the cells and the cells were cultured, the expression levels of Map2 and Gfap, which are expressed specifically in neurons and astrocytes, were quantified by real-time PCR. Interestingly, most synthesized compounds showed a significant increase in the induction of neuronal differentiation compared with the control. In particular, derivative
Vitamin K analogs: (a) an aromatic substituent was introduced at the 𝜔-terminal side chain. (b) A
Then, compounds
Thus, the introduction of a hydrophobic functional group at the end of the side chain can enhance the differentiation-inducing activity of vitamin K from neural stem cells to neurons. It is known that natural products such as neuropathiazol, epolactaene, and retinoic acid (retinoid) induce neuronal differentiation. All of these compounds have double bonds or phenyl groups in their side chains, similar to the active vitamin K derivatives synthesized in this study [31, 32, 33]. Based on these findings, it might be possible to obtain compounds that have more potent neuronal differentiation activity. At present, the mechanism by which vitamin K derivatives induce neuronal differentiation is unknown. If the proteins upon which vitamin K acts were identified, this would be helpful for rational design of more potent compounds.
As described above, the biological activity of vitamin K is greatly affected by differences in the side chain structure. In addition to vitamin K, many other fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, and E, also have alkyl side chains containing double bonds. This may suggest that there is an optimal side chain structure for each target biological activity, because the specific action of each vitamin differs depending on the alkyl side chain structure. Further investigation of the structure–activity relationships of the side chains and the naphthoquinone part is needed (Figure 4).
Antitumor activity is one of the most interesting features of vitamin K and its derivatives. Among synthetic compounds, a series of menadione-based alkylthio naphthoquinone derivatives including 2-hydroxyethylthio-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (Cpd 5; compound 5, NSC 672121:
In addition to the aryl moiety, modification of the sulfide side chain was also investigated. Garbay and coworkers developed carboxylic acid derivatives such as compounds
Because 1,4-naphthoquinone structure as well as quinolinedione structure is considered a promising scaffold for Cdc25 inhibitors, several naphthoquinone-based Cdc25 inhibitors other than Cpd 5 derivatives have been also reported as candidate antitumor agents. Quinolinedione derivatives NSC663284 (
Structures of Cpd 5 and related derivatives bearing an alkylthio moiety.
Examples of naphthoquinone- and quinolinedione-based Cdc25 inhibitors.
The inhibitory effect of menaquinones on tumor progression and the molecular mechanism involved have been intensively investigated [7, 49], and there is continuing interest in the use of menaquinones for the chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to their safety. Though several clinical studies have suggested a preventive effect of menaquinone against HCC recurrence [50, 51], the efficacy of menaquinones in suppressing HCC was not confirmed in a large-scale clinical study [52]. Therefore, further study of the anti-HCC activity of menaquinones and derivatives is needed. In order to investigate the anti-HCC activity of menaquinones, we focused on carboxylated derivatives, which include isolated and putative metabolites of menaquinones. In the case of MK-4, one of the most interesting vitamin K homologs because of its multifunctional properties, ω-carboxyl homologs of MK-4 (MK-4-ω-COOH:
Although several synthetic methods for oxidized vitamin K derivatives including K acid I (
Putative catabolic pathway of MK-4 based on the identified metabolites.
Structure of acyclic retinoid (ACR).
Then, the proliferation-inhibitory activity of ω-carboxyl menaquinone derivatives
Fujii and coworkers have also developed a different type of candidate anti-HCC agents based on the structure of menaquinones. Specifically, a series of compounds with a phthalazine-1,4-dione core, instead of 1,4-naphthoquinone in the parent menaquinones, and a prenyl substituent corresponding in length to that of MK-1 to MK-4 (
Structure of menaquinone-based phthalazine-1,4-dione derivatives
Vitamin K derivatives are attractive lead compounds for drug discovery. In this chapter, three topics in the medicinal chemistry of vitamin K, namely, SXR modulation, neural differentiation, and antitumor effect, were covered. Structure–activity relationship study of menaquinone-based SXR ligands has provided detailed information on the SXR-ligand recognition profile, contributing to the further development of novel SXR modulators. Neuronal differentiation-inducing compounds would be useful as chemical tools to probe signaling pathways that control neuronal specification, and also as candidate therapeutic agents for the treatment of neural diseases. The antitumor activity of vitamin K and its derivatives is also of great interest. Various studies have revealed that Cdc25 is an important target of the antitumor effect of naphthoquinone derivatives, including Cpd 5 and related compounds, and caspase- and transglutaminase-dependent pathways are also potential targets of vitamin K-based anti-HCC agents. Further investigation of the mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect of menaquinone derivatives might lead to agents for the chemoprevention of HCC.
Besides properties such as intensity, frequency, and coherence, polarization is another fundamental character of electromagnetic radiation. The polarization phenomenon occurs along with the entire process of electromagnetic radiation reflection, scattering, and transmission. Since the discovery of the scattered light from the blue sky is polarized by D.F.J. Arago in 1809, the effects of various polarization parameters have been observed and measured by many scientists [1]. All of these results have clearly indicated that aerosols and natural land surfaces have large polarization effects, which, therefore, offers a powerful tool for monitoring the aerosol and land objects’ properties from space. While the intensity information tells us about materials, polarization presents information about surface features, shape, shading, and roughness. Polarization information has the potential to enhance many fields of optical metrology. Just like the space applications of the polarization of microwave radiation, space polarization measurement programs are needed in the visible and near-IR spectral regions for better monitoring of the Earth’s environment. Polarization of reflected and scattered solar radiation adds a new dimension to the understanding of the Earth’s environmental radiation field. Furthermore, with the quick development of remote sensing, the numerical solution of the remote sensing retrieval process leads to the so-called, ill-posed inverse problem [2]. This problem is characterized by the incompleteness of the available information, the nonuniqueness of the solutions, and the noncontinuous dependence of the solutions on the input data. The polarization measurement not only can provide the intensity information of land surface objects, but also can provide some extra parameters, such as degree of polarization, polarization angle, and polarization phase information, all beneficial for the solution of the ill-posed inverse problem [3].
\nCurrently, the research of polarization remote sensing focuses mainly on the atmosphere and climate [4, 5]. It is mainly because polarization complements the spectral and angular radiance measurements, and it produces a high sensitivity to microphysical properties of aerosol particles than do radiance measurements. Furthermore, the satellite polarization sensor POLDER’s 6-km pixel size spatial resolution is a benefit for broad-scale (such as atmosphere) researches [6]. However, some researchers have found that objects on the land objects surface have strong polarized reflection. Tamalge and Curran gave a review of early attempts to use polarization information for land surface remote sensing [7]. Theoretical studies also were performed to understand the nature of polarization and to model the polarization from earth surfaces [8]. Until now, most studies were focused on atmospheric polarization than land surfaces because the polarization effect of the atmosphere is much stronger than that of land objects. Removing the atmospheric effect, therefore, would solve the bottleneck problem of using polarized information for remote sensing land surface. As a result, a major concern for the use of polarized light for the study of land surfaces is the capability to discriminate between polarization generated in the atmosphere and that generated by the surface.
\nPolarization is defined as the asymmetry of vibration direction relative to spreading direction. It is a unique feature of horizontal wave. Polarization is an important feature of electromagnetic wave. Objects on the land and in the atmosphere can produce their unique polarized signals during reflection, scattering, and transmission, which means, polarization can reveal abundant information of the objects. In the nature, natural polarizers exist here and there, such as smooth leaves of a plant, soil, water surface, ice, snow, cloud, fog, etc. Reflection of sunshine by such polarizers can result in polarization. Based on this feature, polarized remote sensing provides new and potential information for objects. And polarized remote sensing has become a new Earth observation method, which is receiving more and more attention [9].
\nAccording to electromagnetic theory, light is a horizontal wave and it vibrates vertically to the transmissive direction. Based on the trajectory of light vibration, it has five polarization states: natural light (nonpolarized light), linearly polarized light, partially polarized light, round polarized light, and elliptically polarized light. Natural light has same vibration range in every direction. It may vibrate in each direction that is vertical to its spreading direction with same amplitude. If we decompose the light of all directions to only two vertical directions, then we can find the same vibration energy and amplitude in the two directions. Linear polarized light means that in the vertical plane to the spreading direction, light vector only vibrates toward a certain direction. Partial polarized light can be viewed as a mix of natural light and linearly polarized light; namely it has a vibration range in a certain direction that is superior to other directions. Round polarized light and elliptical polarized light refer to light whose vector end has a round or elliptical trajectory on the vertical plane.
\nPolarized light is normally embodied as elliptical polarization. We need three mutually independent parameters to describe elliptical polarization light, for example, amplitude \n
Strokes Vector has four parameters (three of them are mutually independent). They can be shown as follows, and this set of parameters is called Strokes Vector.
\nThe four Strokes parameters, which can be marked as \n
\n\n
Based on Strokes Vector, we can get polarization status information of any light as below:
\nHerein, \n
When light is slantwise, it irradiates the land objects’ surface, parts of the irradiation is reflected, and the rest is absorbed by the objects. Assuming the incidence angle is
When nonpolarized light reflected and refracted by the two media interfaces, the radiate directions of the reflection and refraction lights are determined by the law of reflection and refraction; however, the vibratory directions of these two lights, namely the polarization state, obey the electromagnetic theory of light. Based on the Fresnel formula, the electric vector’s reflection radiant intensity of the vertical and the parallel component is as follows:
\nWhen \n
These two components are irrelevant. After being synthesized, the reflection light is still unpolarized. Thereby, the polarization does not exist in the reflection light when the incidence light irradiates objects vertically.
\nWhen \n
Then, we get
\nFrom formulae (5) and (6), we found that the physical effects of the two components \n
The bidirectional reflectance is the common macrophenomenon of the electromagnetic wave reflection in nature. It reveals that the reflection has directivity relying on the incident direction. The ability of reflecting and dispersing the electromagnetic wave of targets are closely related to its surface structural characteristic and material composition, the surface of various targets could radiate the incident electromagnetism wave in any directions (except absorption) and form different fringing flux function of material spectrum characteristic. It has been expounded by bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF). In the following discussion, the observation that does not add polarized radiance is bidirectional reflection.
\nThe multiangle polarization remote sensing intends to utilize the polarization characteristic information of the targets on ground or in air. During the process of reflecting, scattering, and transmitting the electromagnetic radiation, the multiangle polarization remote sensing can produce polarized bidirectional reflection as the remote sensing information source.
\nDuring reflection, scattering, and transmission, multiangle spectral feature and polarized feature based on intrinsic characteristics of land objects exist. By studying the multiangle spectral feature and polarized feature, their directional reflectance laws and polarized reflectance laws in 2π space can be identified. Those potential laws, together with abundant information about angle and polarization, bring new methods for remote sensing application [12].
\nWe measured multiangle polarization reflectance and bidirectional reflectance of different types of soils, including brown forest soil, calcareous soil, clay soil, yellow soil, and humus soil with different water content using bidirectional photometer device. The light source angles and viewing zenith angles range from \n
Figures 1
Polarized reflectance (
Polarized reflectance (
Polarized reflectance (
In Figure 1, the curve of \n
These results suggest that when the incidence angle is small, the reflection spectra of soil surface are characterized by diffuse reflection. There is almost no composite of specular and diffuse reflections. When the incidence angle increases, the reflection spectra show a specular reflection pattern. So, it is reasonable to think that there is a composite of specular and diffuse reflections. The incidence angle has influence on whether there will be a composite of specular and diffuse reflection.
\nFigure 1 shows when the incidence angle is small, the reflection spectra of the brown forest soil surface in 2π space have no obvious difference. The surface, thus, can be considered as a Lambert object. In Figures 2 and 3, when the viewing zenith angle is \n
Polarized hyperspectral imaging is a new remote sensing method combining the benefits of polarized and hyperspectral information [13]. It has hundreds of polarized wavelengths per spatial pixel. Polarized hyperspectral imaging combines traditional two-dimensional remote sensing imaging technology and polarized spectroscopy [14, 15], allowing to obtain both images and polarized spectra of objects. The polarization measurement can not only get the intensity information of land surface objects, but can also get extra parameters, such as the degree of polarization (DoP), angel of polarization (AoP), and polarization phase information. This gives people the capability to discriminate, classify, and identify materials present in the image. Using a self-developed polarized field imaging spectrometer system (FISS-P), we collected the polarized hyperspectral images for several vegetations [16].
\nTen related polarization parameters were considered in this study: \n
Figure 4 shows the
The
The
As for the
Figure 5 displays the false color composite images of different parameters. The RGB bands of the three composite bands are the 167th band (666.8 nm), 243th band (771.3 nm), and 340th band (906.7 nm) of the FISS image. Figure 5(a) is the spectrum image cube of
False-color composite images of different parameters (hyperspectral image (a), calculated Stokes parameters (
The sun flare produced by water mirror reflection is one of the main noises of the water color satellite images. It is an important subject to research on the sun flare and the sun flare eliminating method in remote sensing. In order to avoid the sun flare, people often set the satellite Central European Time (CET) to 12 o’clock at noon or design the sensor into multiangle scan states. However, those two methods are unable to avoid the sun flare effectively because most satellite can only broadcast vertical observation. Here, a new method for this question is presented. Combining multiangle remote sensing with polarized light, the multiangle polarized reflection method about eliminating the sun flare and the suitable time of the polarized remote sensing of the water are proposed. This method will improve the utilization of the water color remote sensing images and the precision of the quantitative remote sensing.
\nWhen satellite CET moves from forenoon to 12 o’clock at noon, the central position of the solar flare moves from the image’s east margin to the image’s center; with the covering range of the solar flare changing from big to small, the distributing shape changing from long melon seeds shape to the ellipse with area gradually decreases, to a small flare at 12 o’clock at noon. When the satellite CET’s moving continues, the situation is just on the opposite—the solar flare’s center moves toward the image’s west margin, and the influence to the image by the sun gradually becomes greater. The movement of the satellite to the solar is the relative movement; so the solar’s altitude angle is one of the main factors influencing the water surface solar flare’s formation, size, and distributing shape.
\nThe polarization degree is the physical quantity describing the polarized light’s polarization degree, which expresses the proportion of the whole light taken by the linearly polarized light quantificationally. According to Fresnel formula, and because the light intensity is the square of the electric vector’s amplitude, then
\nwhere E⊥ is the component of the incident light whose electric vector is vertical to the incident interface, E// is the component of the incident light whose electric vector is parallel to the incident interface,
When the incident light is the natural light, \n
The derivative of the P function is then calculated when
The reflected light’s DoP increases while the incidence angle
The water information received by the water color remote sensing sensors mainly contains three kinds of light: (1) the light that is directly reflected by the water surface, (2) the light that arrives at the sensors through the atmospheric photon scatters, and (3) the light that is backscattered from the water body. Only the third kind of light includes water body information, it is the only source of visible light remote sensing nearly, and the first two lights constitute the background noise that must be corrected and eliminated.
\nAccording to the above discussions, light after being reflected by the water body, the polarization phenomenon exists in the reflected light, and the water body is actually the polarizer at this time. When the light’s incident angle is Brewster angle of 53°, that is, the sun’s altitude angle is 37°, its reflected light is totally polarized light whose electric vector is vertical to the incidence interface. By using the polarizer in front of the sensor, the polarizer’s azimuth angle is adjusted and the polarization angle is made just vertical to the polarization direction of the reflected light; at this time, the reflected light totally cannot pass through the polarization sheet due to the polarizer’s light-blocking effect; the information received by sensors is the atmospheric scattering and volume scattering of water body, and the intensity of the water body mirror reflection can be ignored. So, we can use the radiation transfer equation (RTE) of the atmospheric and water to reckon the water quality indicators without the solar reflected light.
\nThe angle between the horizon and the sun is sun’s altitude angle, expressed in symbol h, which can be gained by the formula
\nwhere \n
According to this formula, we can calculate the sun’s altitude angle in any place on the earth at any time. Then, the suitable time for the water polarization remote sensing of all the world also can be figured out when the solar altitude angle equals to 37°. Here, we only list the timetable when the sun’s altitude angle equals to 37° in the place around the world on vernal equinox day (Table 1). The suitable time is earlier or later than 12:00 at noon. On vernal equinox day
North latitude | \n0° | \nN10° | \nN20° | \nN30° | \nN40° | \nN50° | \nN53° | \n\n\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suitable time (h) | \n12 ± 3:32:00 | \n12 ± 3:29:19 | \n12 ± 3:20:42 | \n12 ± 3:03:55 | \n12 ± 2:32:53 | \n12 ± 1:22:16 | \n12 | \n— | \n
South latitude | \n0° | \nS10° | \nS20° | \nS30° | \nS40° | \nS50° | \nS53° | \n\n\n | \n
The suitable time for water polarization remote sensing on vernal equinox day around the world.
The suitable time is the time when the solar altitude angle equals to 37°.
Table 1 shows that, on vernal equinox day, even at noon, the situation is impossible to exist that the sun’s altitude angle equal to 37° in the areas exceeding south and north latitude is 53°; we cannot use the polarization remote sensing to completely eliminate the water surface mirror reflection at this time.
\nCombining the local solar zenith angle, in the areas of south and north latitudes between 0 and 30°, there are 12 months in 1 year that the water surface mirror reflection can be completely avoided; in the areas of south and north between 30 and 40°, there are 8 months that the water surface mirror reflection can be completely avoided; the rest may be deduced by analogy, and in the polar region there is no time in the whole year that the water body surface mirror reflection can be completely avoided, because the sun’s altitude angle is always lower than 37°.
\nThe above discussion is the case of completely eliminating the sun flare, in fact, water glitter sometimes has useful information of water body. This information may play an important role for the water remote sensing retrieval. For example, the mirror reflection produced by the oil slick on water surface, and this information will be lost if we completely eliminate the glitter. In practice, the water body scattering is very weak, after completely eliminating the glitter, the water information received by the sensors will be too little to be detected because of the polarizer’s absorption. On the other hand, it is hard to let the sensors’ detection angle state at the Brewster angle. So, it is impossible and no need to completely eliminate the sun flare. As long as the sensor has not saturated by the glitter’s radiation, the upward radiation of water will be identified effectively. That is to say, when the incident angle is nearby the Brewster angle, we can adjust the glitter’s radiation by controlling the polarizer’s azimuth. In this way, we can eliminate the noise and enhance the useful information.
\nUsing different sensors, we can quantitatively present the suitable solar incident angle and the suitable polarization azimuth for the polarization remote sensing. It can keep the intensity of sun flare in an acceptable range and give the suitable schedule for the water polarization remote sensing. The suitable times will be much longer than the case that completely eliminates the sun flare. The sensor will receive more water information [17].
\nLeaf scattering spectrum is one of the key optical variables that conveys information about leaf absorbing constituents from remote sensing. It cannot be directly measured from space because the radiation scattered from leaves is affected by the three-dimensional canopy structure. In addition, some radiation is specularly reflected by the surface of leaves. This portion of reflected radiation is called partly polarized. It does not interact with pigments inside the leaf and therefore contains no information about its interior. Very few empirical data are available on the spectral and angular scattering properties of leaf surfaces. Whereas canopy structure effects are well understood, the impact of the leaf surface reflectance on estimation of leaf absorption spectra remains uncertain. We, thus, present empirical and theoretical analyses of spectral, angular, and polarimetric measurements of light reflected by needles and shoots of
Samples of needles and shoots in the holder window. Sizes of the shoots were 13 × 15 × 17 cm (
The total radiation reflected by a leaf includes two components, diffuse and specular. The first component emitting from light reflected at the air-cuticle interface is polarized. The diffuse component results from photon interactions within the leaf and large particle on the leaf surface. This portion of reflected light is not polarized. Polarization measurements can help us to extract linearly polarization portion from the total radiation registered by the sensor. Radiation specularly reflected from the needle surfaces exhibits weak spectral dependency, as expected from theory. It increases from very small values in backscattering directions to about 17% in forward scattering directions. The shoot sample, polarized directional-conical reflectance factor (PDCRF), shows a similar phenomenon. Its magnitude, however, is reduced by a factor of about 10, as Figure 7 shows.
\nAngular distribution of average PDCRF of shoot samples (dashed lines) and needle samples (solid lines) averaged over 450–950 nm. Vertical bars denote
Ignoring polarization portion in reflected radiation, however, can cause an overestimation of the scattering coefficient (Figure 8). The impact decreases from strongly (17–140%, 450–500 nm) to weakly (<4%, 800–950 nm) absorbing wavelengths.
\nCorrelation between scattering coefficients of the
To summarize, the spectral, angular, and polarimetric data convey information about properties of the needle surfaces, shoot structural organizations, and needle optics. This information is required to retrieve the needle albedo, which is directly related to the absorption spectra of leaf biochemical constituents [18].
\nScattered atmospheric particles exhibit strong polarization phenomena. The polarization effect of the atmosphere is the main signal of the polarization remote sensing. For this reason, the present spaceborne polarization remote sensing data are mainly used for atmospheric research, such as to study the atmosphere physical properties and optical properties [19]. Land objects also have strong reflected polarization phenomenon and can be valuable information for remote sensing. The land objects’ detection was one of the tasks of the spaceborne polarimeter—POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance (POLDER). However, studies found that the polarization effect of the atmosphere is much stronger than that of land objects in the images. Information on land object polarization received by the polarimeter is always submerged in the atmospheric polarization effect [20, 21]. As a result, a major concern for using polarized light for the study of land surfaces is the capability to discriminate between polarization generated in the atmosphere and that generated by the surface.
\nThe neutral point is the point (or area) where the skylight is unpolarized. In the clear sky, there are three normally occurring neutral points, the Arago, Babinet, and Brewster neutral points, in the principal plane [22]. In this paper, we attempt to set spaceborne polarimeter to detect the Earth at the direction of the neutral point. Because the polarization effect of atmosphere is zero at this direction, the polarization information of the land surface objects can be maximized. This study would promote the polarized remote sensing for land objects detection and expand the polarization remote sensing research to a wider research area.
\nThe solar radiation has no polarization at the outer space, and it will be polarized after the atmosphere particles is scattered. If most of the atmosphere scattering is single scattering, the polarization of the sky will show a regular polarization distribution, and it is also known as the polarization pattern of sky.
\nUnder the clear sky weather conditions, in the vertical plane of sun, the Arago, Babinet, and Brewster neutral points in the sky will appear. As shown in Figure 9, the Arago is normally located \n
Relative positions of neutral points in the sky.
For the single scattering, the polarization of the skylight is generally positive. However, for the multiple scattering, the atmospheric particles can cause negative polarization. The degree of polarization of sky will be zero where the positive and negative polarizations meet at the intersection area. In this way, the atmospheric neutral point is produced [26]. The neutral point is always at the main plane of the sun and zenith. The stronger the multiple scattering, there will be more negative polarization, and the neutral point position will be farther away from the theory position.
\nThe positions of neutral points are close to the sun elevations. Chandrasekhar calculated positions of the three neutral points for various angles of incidence in the main plane. Figure 10 shows the case for atmospheric optical thickness of 0.10. The abscissa and ordinate give the solar elevation angle and neutral point elevation angle, respectively.
\nThe relationship of neutral point and sun position.
Babinet point is visible throughout the day from before sunrise until after sunset. The Brewster neutral point becomes visible when solar elevation angle exceeds \n
The method of using atmospheric neutral point for polarization remote sensing is to set the remote sensing sensor at the direction of the neutral point. At this moment, the atmospheric polarization effect between sensor and land objects can be zero or minimized. The polarization information of land objects received by sensor can be maximized. Figure 11 is the sketch map of using neutral points for polarization remote sensing atmosphere correction. The dash circle is virtual outside the Earth’s atmosphere. This circle is also the sun trail of the very day. The sun position in the figure is a virtual position too, which only denotes the direction of the sun in the figure. From space to land surface, the neutral point can be seen at each height in the line that goes through the neutral point and land object in theory. So, the neutral point can be observed through by airborne or spaceborne sensors.
\nSketch map of using neutral points for polarization remote sensing atmosphere correction.
In the real atmosphere, because of multiple scattering, the neutral point is probably not a point but a small region where all the degree of polarization is close to zero. In addition, this neutral point (region) in the sky is not a fixed position, but a conical region where starting point is the sensor as shown in Figure 11. The atmosphere degree of polarization at any height of this conical region is zero.
\nThe positions of neutral points that we discussed above are based on ground observations; however, remote sensing is a process observed from sky to land. Can the remote sensing sensor detect the neutral point from sky? It is the basic problem of using the neutral point for land surface polarization remote sensing.
\nGábor Horváth [27] took the neutral point photos on the ground and at a 3500 m sounding balloon separately, as the dark areas shown in Figure 12. The local solar elevation angle shooting was similar to 0 when photos were taken. The black spot at the top of the image is the sun. The camera band was red. Figure 12(a) was the ground photo, while Figure 12(b) was the balloon photo. The right picture of Figure 12(b) indicates that the neutral point can be observed from space.
\nThe neutral point observed from ground and space (the black areas are neutral points where DOP is nearly zero). (a) observed from ground, and (b) observed from space.
Coulson calculated the neutral point position of the atmosphere upward radiation and the downward radiation [28]. Figure 13 shows the curve of angular distance between the sun and the neutral points as a function of sun elevation. The abscissa is the solar elevation angle and the ordinate is angular distance from neutral to antisolar. The atmosphere optical thickness is 1.0. The solid curves are the upward radiation and the dash curves are the downward radiation.
\nAngular distance between the sun and the neutral points.
The upward radiation is caused by the backscattering of atmospheric particles. The neutral point’s positions are different in the upward radiation and the downward radiation. So, the neutral points have different names in the upward radiation and the downward radiation. The neutral points observed from ground are Arago point, Babinet point, and Brewster point. And the corresponding neutral points observed from the space are Brewster point, anti-Babinet point, and Arago point.
\nIn Figure 13, the solid and dash lines of curve (a) denote the neutral point below the antisolar and solar separately, which are Arago point and Brewster point. The solid and dash lines of curve (b) denote anti-Babinet point and Babinet point separately.
\nIt can be seen from Figure 13, as for curve (a), that the neutral point positions in the upward and downward radiation are completely the same when the solar elevation angle is about 60°–90°. Their positions began to differ greatly when the solar elevation angle changed from 25 to 60°. Both the neutral points in the upward (Arago point) and downward (Brewster point) radiation cannot appear in the sky when the solar elevation angle is less than 25°. As for curve (b), the two neutral points’ positions in the upward (anti-Babinet point) and downward radiation (Babinet point) are entirely consistent when the solar elevation angle is about 32°–90°. Only when the solar elevation angle is small (about 5°–32°), the positions began to be different slightly.
\nThe above discussion shows that the neutral point positions of the same area observed from space and ground are consistent when the atmosphere optical thickness is small and the solar elevation angle is big. Normally, satellite transit time or aerial remote sensing flight time always choose a high solar elevation, in order to obtain sufficient light conditions. At this time, the space-based neutral point position can be calculated by the ground-based observation position.
\nKattawar compared the neutral point positions of different atmosphere optical thicknesses in the upward and downward radiations [29]. The result shows that when the atmosphere optical thickness increased, the Babinet point position changed slightly while the Brewster point changed greatly. The position between anti-Babinet point in the upward radiation and Babinet point in the downward radiation is almost the same when the atmosphere optical thickness is <5. This also indicates that the Babinet point positions of the ground-based and space-based observations are coincident of the same area. This paper also gives the impact of the surface albedo on the neutral point position. The change of surface albedo has small effect to the neutral point position. But the Brewster point is more sensitive than the Babinet point on the surface albedo impact. The anti-Babinet point in the upward radiation is independent of surface albedo.
\nThere are three common neutral points in the sky. We need to select the most applicable one for the polarization remote sensing. The first satisfied condition is its position in the sky, convenient for remote sensing observation. The second condition is that its position should be more stable.
\nIn the visible-near-infrared remote sensing, satellite transits time or aerial remote sensing flight time always chooses a higher solar elevation, in order to obtain sufficient light conditions. The Arago neutral point can only be observed in the morning or toward evening, and its position in the sky is low when appearing. Its position is always lower than sun. Especially, in high latitude area, the sun cannot reach the zenith position. The Arago point is not suitable for polarized remote sensing. The Brewster neutral point has the same situation. The Brewster point position is bound to be even lower. In addition, the Brewster point is affected by the atmosphere condition and land surface reflection greatly. So, the Brewster neutral point is also not suitable for polarization remote sensing.
\nIn contrast, the anti-Babinet neutral point is an ideal choice for polarization remote sensing. From the earth observing characters of Babinet neutral point, the anti-Babinet point is in the same side of the sun; its position is always higher than the sun. It means that the anti-Babinet point can be observed all the day. Higher elevating angle is a benefit in remote sensing to obtain better light conditions. Moreover, the anti-Babinet point is not sensitive to the atmosphere condition. Its position is more stable in the sky when the atmosphere condition changes.
\nThe position of the anti-Babinet neutral point can be calculated from the position of the Babinet neutral point, since the two points almost have the same position.
\nThe main factor of the anti-Babinet point position is the solar elevation. So when using anti-Babinet point for land surface polarization observation, the first thing is to determine the observation time.
\nThe solar elevation angle is constantly changing at the same place a day. The sun elevation angle of a place can be calculated by the solar elevation angle formula, as in formula (13).
\nGenerally, good weather conditions are selected for aerial remote sensing flight. For the anti-Babinet neutral point, its position in the main plane is the function of the sun elevation when the optical thickness is 0.10. For convenience, the curve was separated into two parts. Both curves fit as segments.
\nwhere \n
For the equatorial region, the solar elevation angle of \n
For nonequatorial regions, the sun elevation angle cannot reach \n
In order to verify the method of using the neutral point for polarization remote sensing, we designed a ground verification experiment. Polarization images were taken and compared from neutral point direction and non-neutral point direction for the same area. Figure 14 is the observation geometry sketch map. Figure 14(a) is the sketch map of neutral point direction observation, while Figure 14(b) is the sketch map of non-neutral point direction observation. The degree of polarization of atmosphere is zero on the line through the neutral point and camera. The imaging device was Nikon D200 digital camera with iodine polarizer. \n
Observation geometry sketch map of ground verification experiment. ?a?Observation at non-neutral point direction (in the noon) (b) Observation at neutral point direction (in the morning).
Figure 14 is the polarization parameter comparison images between non-neutral point imaging and neutral point imaging. The observation time was 7:20 am and 11:20 am separately, April 29, 2010. At that time, the solar elevation angle was \n
Figure 15(a) shows the images without polarizer. The atmosphere visibility is high. Both the images are clear: whether observation at the neutral point direction or non-neutral point direction. Figure 15(b) shows the linear degree of polarization (
The polarization collation images between neutral point imaging and non-neutral point imaging. (a) Images taken without polarizer and (b) Degree of polarization images.
The information entropies were calculated for the unpolarized images in Figure 15(a) and the three bands of
The information entropy comparison between non-neutral point and neutral point imaging.
It is thus clear that the atmospheric polarization effect on the non-neutral point direction image is stronger than the neutral point direction image. The degree of polarization image from neutral point direction has good expressive force for remote objects. The objects’ polarization information on it is far greater than on non-neutral point direction image’s. It means the neutral point imaging can eliminate the atmospheric polarization effect and enhance the objects’ polarized information. And then, we had a polarized remote sensing aerial flight experiment with atmospheric neutral point [30]. This experiment demonstrated the feasibility of using neutral point for polarized remote sensing in atmospheric correction [31].
\nIn conclusion, this chapter showed the researches on land object polarization properties, which can provide a new base knowledge for polarization remote sensing and a new research breakthrough in the separation method for the polarization effect between objects and atmosphere.
The polarized bidirectional reflectance characteristics and polarized hyperspectral properties of land objects were methodically studied. It is attempted to find the object polarization reflectance mechanisms by the measurements and theoretical derivations. The results showed that the land object polarization reflectance had the law of bidirectional reflectance and that there was a quantitative relationship between the bidirectional reflectance and the polarized bidirectional reflectance. These two rules can provide the theoretical basis for polarization remote sensing such as the detecting conditions, modeling, and others. This chapter also gave the polarized spectral property of the typical objects. It can be also used as the spectral basis for polarization remote sensing.
It proposed a method of using atmospheric neutral point for the separation polarization effect between objects and atmosphere. In this study, we attempted to install the polarization sensor at the direction of the atmosphere point, at the neutral point. In this case, the polarization effect of the atmosphere was reduced to zero and the polarization information of the land surface was maximized. The theoretical derivation and ground experimental results indicated the feasibility of using atmosphere neutral point to separate the polarization effect between object and atmosphere.
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The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia and America, including countries that operate phosphate rock (PR) mines and produce PA, phosphatic fertilizers and phosphate-based products.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Benjamín Valdez Salas, Michael Schorr Wiener and Juan Ricardo\nSalinas Martinez",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"}]},{id:"54906",doi:"10.5772/67926",title:"Purification of Phosphoric Acid by Liquid‐Liquid Equilibrium",slug:"purification-of-phosphoric-acid-by-liquid-liquid-equilibrium",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Various ternary and quaternary liquid‐liquid phase equilibrium data for water + phosphoric acid + solvent(s) have been reported. Salting‐out, solvent, and temperature effects on the binodal curve and the tie lines have been highlighted and the capability of solvents with different functional groups to extract phosphoric acid from water has been compared. Studying of influence of magnetic, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic fields on the separation factors and distribution coefficients of aqueous phosphoric acid mixtures has been proposed. Moreover, a summary of the optimized binary interaction values, which resulted from non‐random two‐liquid (NRTL) and universal quasi‐chemical (UNIQUAC) thermodynamic models using genetic algorithm (GA), bee algorithm (BA), and simulated annealing (SA), has been presented. Group method of data handling (GMDH) and linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) methods for the correlation of experimental liquid‐liquid equilibrium (LLE) data have been used.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Khatereh Bahrpaima",authors:[{id:"193562",title:"Dr.",name:"Khatereh",middleName:null,surname:"Bahrpaima",slug:"khatereh-bahrpaima",fullName:"Khatereh Bahrpaima"}]},{id:"55219",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68567",title:"Occupational, Public and Environmental Radiological Impact Caused by the Phosphoric Acid Industry: The Case of Huelva (Spain)",slug:"occupational-public-and-environmental-radiological-impact-caused-by-the-phosphoric-acid-industry-the",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The production of phosphate fertilizers usually uses as raw material sedimentary phosphate rock, which contains enhanced concentrations from U‐series radionuclides about 10–100 times higher than unperturbed soils. This fact implies the need for evaluating the radiological implications of this activity. In our case, the study has been performed in a large fertilizer industrial complex located at Huelva town (SW of Spain), where sedimentary phosphate rock has been processed since 1965 to 2010, generating annually an average of about 2.5 million tons of a by‐product called phosphogypsum (PG), which has been stored in big stacks 1 km away from Huelva city, covering 1000 ha. The fluxes of the radionuclides of interest along the production process and the effective doses received by the workers have been determined. In addition, the radioecological impact associated to the waste management strategy followed has been evaluated.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Luis Guerrero‐Márquez, Fernando Mosqueda Peña, Juan\nMantero, Guillermo Manjón, Rafael García‐Tenorio and Juan Pedro\nBolívar",authors:[{id:"57724",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Manjon",slug:"guillermo-manjon",fullName:"Guillermo Manjon"},{id:"111020",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Bolivar",slug:"juan-pedro-bolivar",fullName:"Juan Pedro Bolivar"},{id:"111022",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Gacia Tenorio",slug:"rafael-gacia-tenorio",fullName:"Rafael Gacia Tenorio"},{id:"193940",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Mosqueda",slug:"fernando-mosqueda",fullName:"Fernando Mosqueda"},{id:"193941",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Mantero",slug:"juan-mantero",fullName:"Juan Mantero"},{id:"193942",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Márquez",slug:"jose-luis-guerrero-marquez",fullName:"José Luis Guerrero-Márquez"}]},{id:"55434",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68236",title:"Diluted Thermopressurized Phosphoric Acid: A Gentle Proton Donor for Polysaccharide Acid Depolymerization and (Bio)processing",slug:"diluted-thermopressurized-phosphoric-acid-a-gentle-proton-donor-for-polysaccharide-acid-depolymeriza",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Phosphorus is a very important element for several metabolic pathways in all living organisms as exemplified by DNA, RNA, glucose and fructose-P, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The whole metabolism of phosphate in any living organism involves the catalysis carried out by many enzymes, such as kinases, pyrophosphorylases, isomerases, and phosphatases. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include neurological dysfunction and disruption of muscle and blood cells and could be caused by malnutrition, failure to absorb phosphate, and metabolic syndromes. Phosphoric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations as an acidulant, flavor, and synergistic antioxidant and sequestering. At the laboratorial and industrial territories, due to safety precautions, phosphoric acid may be considered a valid acid alternative for stronger and risky acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids. Furthermore, phosphoric acid, among the mineral acids, is less corrosive for steel and all goods made therefrom. Taking into account all these favorable arguments, the applied research at our laboratory (LQBB) is focused, with success, in the utilization of much diluted and moderately thermopressurized phosphoric acid (o-PA) in the pretreatment of polysaccharides for many biotechnological, as oligosaccharides production, important prebiotics for the human gastrointestinal tract.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Domingos Fontana, Marcela Tiboni and Heidegrid Siebert\nKoop",authors:[{id:"192320",title:"Prof.",name:"José Domingos",middleName:null,surname:"Fontana",slug:"jose-domingos-fontana",fullName:"José Domingos Fontana"},{id:"195692",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Tiboni",slug:"marcela-tiboni",fullName:"Marcela Tiboni"},{id:"195694",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidegrid",middleName:null,surname:"Siebert Koop",slug:"heidegrid-siebert-koop",fullName:"Heidegrid Siebert Koop"}]},{id:"56294",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68658",title:"Recent Trends in Phosphatase-Mediated Bioremediation",slug:"recent-trends-in-phosphatase-mediated-bioremediation",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Industrial effluents from tanneries and electroplating industries from small‐ and large‐scale sector industrial plants contain substantial amount of toxic heavy metal, which pollutes rivers and lakes, land, air and sea leading to imbalance of ecosystem and certain health issues to humans, animals as well as plants. The worldwide environmental regulations stipulate the reduction of heavy metals in the effluents to permissible levels before discharging into water bodies. Enzyme‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals affords a novel eco‐friendly method for remediation of toxic heavy metals from various industrial effluents like tannery, electroplating and dye industries. This chapter has paid attention to bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) from Escherichia coli C90 and calf‐intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), which catalyses phospho mono‐ and diesters and produces inorganic phosphate (Pi). The Pi thus generated precipitates the heavy metals as metal‐phosphate complexes. The kinetic behaviour of both the enzymes with para‐nitrophenyl phosphate, ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate and α‐naphthyl phosphate was investigated at various pH regimes from 8 to 11. The chapter also explains in detail the descriptive information on the capability of BAP‐ and CIAP‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals, which is desirable and convenient method for the toxic heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel and cobalt.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Gouri Chaudhuri, Uma Selvaraj, Venu Babu and Richard W.\nThilagaraj",authors:[{id:"192857",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Thilagaraj",slug:"richard-thilagaraj",fullName:"Richard Thilagaraj"},{id:"195962",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Venu",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"p.-venu-babu",fullName:"P. Venu Babu"},{id:"195963",title:"Dr.",name:"Gouri",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhuri",slug:"gouri-chaudhuri",fullName:"Gouri Chaudhuri"},{id:"195964",title:"Ms.",name:"Uma",middleName:null,surname:"Selvaraj",slug:"uma-selvaraj",fullName:"Uma Selvaraj"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56162",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry: Problems and Solutions",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:5178,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Phosphoric acid (PA) is an important industrial chemical used as an intermediate in the fertilizer industry, for metal surface treatment in the metallurgical industry and as an additive in the food industry. The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia and America, including countries that operate phosphate rock (PR) mines and produce PA, phosphatic fertilizers and phosphate-based products.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Benjamín Valdez Salas, Michael Schorr Wiener and Juan Ricardo\nSalinas Martinez",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"}]},{id:"55389",title:"Thermochemistry and Kinetics of the Reactions of Apatite Phosphates with Acid Solutions (II)",slug:"thermochemistry-and-kinetics-of-the-reactions-of-apatite-phosphates-with-acid-solutions-ii-",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The principal material in the phosphate ores is composed of calcium fluorapatite Ca10(PO4)6F2, in which the various components have been partially substituted by magnesium, sodium, carbonate, and hydroxyl ions. These substitutions affect the stability of the material and its reactivity toward the acid attack. The present chapter reports the influence of carbonates and magnesium on these properties. Using different calorimeters, dissolution experiments of carbonated and noncarbonated Ca and Ca/Mg apatites were carried out in acid solutions leading to thermochemical quantities. The results show that substitution of carbonate for F ions in the channel (to get A-type carbonate F-apatites) results in increasing the stability of the edifice, while substitution of CO3 for PO4 in fluor- or hydroxyapatites (to get B-type apatites) leads to a decrease in stability. The latter phenomenon was also observed when substituting magnesium for calcium in F-apatites. The presence of the former in the apatite structure results in an increase of the speed of dissolution in acid solution that is enhanced when carbonate is also replacing phosphate groups. Dissolution mechanism of synthesized Ca/Mg F-apatites seems to be a one-step process, while dissolution of a Gafsa (TN) natural phosphate to get superphosphate fertilizer is more complex.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Mohamed Jemal",authors:[{id:"15449",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Jemal",slug:"mohamed-jemal",fullName:"Mohamed Jemal"}]},{id:"55219",title:"Occupational, Public and Environmental Radiological Impact Caused by the Phosphoric Acid Industry: The Case of Huelva (Spain)",slug:"occupational-public-and-environmental-radiological-impact-caused-by-the-phosphoric-acid-industry-the",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The production of phosphate fertilizers usually uses as raw material sedimentary phosphate rock, which contains enhanced concentrations from U‐series radionuclides about 10–100 times higher than unperturbed soils. This fact implies the need for evaluating the radiological implications of this activity. In our case, the study has been performed in a large fertilizer industrial complex located at Huelva town (SW of Spain), where sedimentary phosphate rock has been processed since 1965 to 2010, generating annually an average of about 2.5 million tons of a by‐product called phosphogypsum (PG), which has been stored in big stacks 1 km away from Huelva city, covering 1000 ha. The fluxes of the radionuclides of interest along the production process and the effective doses received by the workers have been determined. In addition, the radioecological impact associated to the waste management strategy followed has been evaluated.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Luis Guerrero‐Márquez, Fernando Mosqueda Peña, Juan\nMantero, Guillermo Manjón, Rafael García‐Tenorio and Juan Pedro\nBolívar",authors:[{id:"57724",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Manjon",slug:"guillermo-manjon",fullName:"Guillermo Manjon"},{id:"111020",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Bolivar",slug:"juan-pedro-bolivar",fullName:"Juan Pedro Bolivar"},{id:"111022",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Gacia Tenorio",slug:"rafael-gacia-tenorio",fullName:"Rafael Gacia Tenorio"},{id:"193940",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Mosqueda",slug:"fernando-mosqueda",fullName:"Fernando Mosqueda"},{id:"193941",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Mantero",slug:"juan-mantero",fullName:"Juan Mantero"},{id:"193942",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Márquez",slug:"jose-luis-guerrero-marquez",fullName:"José Luis Guerrero-Márquez"}]},{id:"56294",title:"Recent Trends in Phosphatase-Mediated Bioremediation",slug:"recent-trends-in-phosphatase-mediated-bioremediation",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Industrial effluents from tanneries and electroplating industries from small‐ and large‐scale sector industrial plants contain substantial amount of toxic heavy metal, which pollutes rivers and lakes, land, air and sea leading to imbalance of ecosystem and certain health issues to humans, animals as well as plants. The worldwide environmental regulations stipulate the reduction of heavy metals in the effluents to permissible levels before discharging into water bodies. Enzyme‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals affords a novel eco‐friendly method for remediation of toxic heavy metals from various industrial effluents like tannery, electroplating and dye industries. This chapter has paid attention to bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) from Escherichia coli C90 and calf‐intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), which catalyses phospho mono‐ and diesters and produces inorganic phosphate (Pi). The Pi thus generated precipitates the heavy metals as metal‐phosphate complexes. The kinetic behaviour of both the enzymes with para‐nitrophenyl phosphate, ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate and α‐naphthyl phosphate was investigated at various pH regimes from 8 to 11. The chapter also explains in detail the descriptive information on the capability of BAP‐ and CIAP‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals, which is desirable and convenient method for the toxic heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel and cobalt.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Gouri Chaudhuri, Uma Selvaraj, Venu Babu and Richard W.\nThilagaraj",authors:[{id:"192857",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Thilagaraj",slug:"richard-thilagaraj",fullName:"Richard Thilagaraj"},{id:"195962",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Venu",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"p.-venu-babu",fullName:"P. 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Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include neurological dysfunction and disruption of muscle and blood cells and could be caused by malnutrition, failure to absorb phosphate, and metabolic syndromes. Phosphoric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations as an acidulant, flavor, and synergistic antioxidant and sequestering. At the laboratorial and industrial territories, due to safety precautions, phosphoric acid may be considered a valid acid alternative for stronger and risky acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids. Furthermore, phosphoric acid, among the mineral acids, is less corrosive for steel and all goods made therefrom. Taking into account all these favorable arguments, the applied research at our laboratory (LQBB) is focused, with success, in the utilization of much diluted and moderately thermopressurized phosphoric acid (o-PA) in the pretreatment of polysaccharides for many biotechnological, as oligosaccharides production, important prebiotics for the human gastrointestinal tract.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Domingos Fontana, Marcela Tiboni and Heidegrid Siebert\nKoop",authors:[{id:"192320",title:"Prof.",name:"José Domingos",middleName:null,surname:"Fontana",slug:"jose-domingos-fontana",fullName:"José Domingos Fontana"},{id:"195692",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Tiboni",slug:"marcela-tiboni",fullName:"Marcela Tiboni"},{id:"195694",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidegrid",middleName:null,surname:"Siebert Koop",slug:"heidegrid-siebert-koop",fullName:"Heidegrid Siebert Koop"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"490",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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