\r\n\tTo viable rural development has a vital role for rural communities. In the design of policies to be successful that affect them rural people have to decide and implement. According to this, it is a critical point to involve the poor and disadvantaged, along with related stakeholders, agricultural and rural development. Hence, for the sustainable development by international initiatives and all other institutions were searched and to be present the agricultural and related research results. To help support the effort, various governmental and non-governmental agencies established fundings for sustainable rural development research and fostered the development of human well-being goals in rural areas via national and international initiatives. In this context, most efforts resulted in successful cases. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the theory, approaches, strategies, and cases, and key elements and challenges of sustainable development, and Bioeconomy, Green and Circular economy for sustainability, and UN SDGs-Agenda 2030 and EU Green Deal.
\r\n
\r\n\tI believe that this work will be fundamental in the field of SDG, and it will be a guiding, idea-generating key for researchers, practitioners, rural community, and policy decision-makers, and I hope that together we will establish sustainable rural life and development around the world. \r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80355-421-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-420-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-422-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"759ff88d0677241044b6c8037b924618",bookSignature:"Prof. Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11253.jpg",keywords:"Theory, Approaches, Social Economic, Environment, Bioeconomy, Green Economy, Human Well-Being, Peace, Green Deal, Transformative Policies, Agriculture, Farmers",numberOfDownloads:474,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 7th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 6th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ozcatalbas studies rural development and extension, ICT, and energy policy. He has been a visiting scientist for Postdoc, at Leibniz Hannover University, Institute of Horticultural Economics. He is a member of the Turkish Agricultural Economics Association, and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Society of Agricultural Economics, Scientific Committee Member of the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",biography:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş graduated from Çukurova University Agricultural Faculty at Adana, Turkey in 1986 and completed his PhD in Agricultural Economics in the same institution in 1994. He joined to the Akdeniz University at Antalya in 1998 as an assistant professor of agricultural economics and promoted to professorship in 2011. Dr. Özçatalbas concentrated his work in the field of rural extension and development starting with his MSc and PhD studies, and ICT in agriculture, and rural tourism and development. He has been as a visitor scientist for Postdoc, in Leibniz Hannover University, Institute of Horticultural Economics (Institut für Gartenbau ökonomie), 1999-2000. Dr. Özçatalbaş’s research was focused on the information systems and rural development, and rural energy policy. Dr. Özçatalbaş is a member of the Turkish Agricultural Economics Association, and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Society of Agricultural Economics, Scientific Committe Member of the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion (TEMA). Dr Özçatalbaş is also an editor of the International Journal of Rural Tourism and Development (IRTAD, http://www.turizmvekalkinma.org/ ). He has around 100 papers in national and international journals, as well as 6 book chapters and 2 books. 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1. Introduction
A metaphor is a linguistic tool that transfers the qualities of one object to another. Metaphors can appear not only in language but also in static and motion pictures, sounds, music, gestures, and even in touch and smell [1, 2]. Conceptual metaphors help us understand complicated and abstract concepts in simpler terms [1, 3]. This process involves the matching between two impact areas in our minds. Individuals can categorize the phenomena that they can see, hear, feel, taste, and smell more simply in contrast to these. In this regard, the mind systematically concretizes the abstract to make sense of abstract concepts. The idea of conceptual metaphors was first discovered by Lakoff and Johnson and mainly mentioned in their work ‘Metaphors We Live By’ as follows:
“Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor. (…) In most of the little things we do every day, we simply think and act more or less automatically along certain lines. Just what these lines are is by no means obvious. One way to find out is by looking at language. Since communication is based on the same conceptual system that we use in thinking and acting, language is an important source of evidence for what that system is like” ([1], p. 124).
According to Lakoff and Johnson [1], metaphor is when we understand one conceptual domain from the perspective of another conceptual domain. Metaphors are not only poetical expressions that have no connection with meaning. These are “general matching in conceptual domains” [2]. This matching has a common structure: a source impact domain, a target impact domain, and the relationship between the source and the target.
The transformation of a visual image—particularly of a metaphor in its core—into a visual element of an advertisement turns the image into a representation. This is the stage at which the metaphorical aspect of the visual argument of the advertisement is constructed. Advertisers tend to use metaphors when conveying their messages to convince people. For instance, Rossiteri and Percy define advertisement as “informing customers about products and services and convincing them to buy those” ([4], p. 3). Similarly, Pateman points out that “the purpose of an advertisement is obviously to sell products” and adds:
“It can be argued that it is only because of the genre assignment that we pick out certain formal properties as the relevant properties which then confirm or disconfirm our initial genre assignment. …The relevant ‘formal’ properties of texts and images used in advertisements can only be specified on the basis of the recognition that they are being produced in advertisements” ([5], p. 190).
Advertising takes place in two stages as a design process: content and form. Content also needs form. When it comes to the form, it is inevitable for the advertiser to resort to an esthete language. Considering something to be aesthetic depends on the formal properties it possesses. Aesthetic, as a notion of beauty, also encompasses forms of description that nourish human memory. The semiotics itself is the process of designing whatever is to be transmitted in the advertising within a meaning system. At this point, it can be stated that form and content are two constituents that expand to the use of the semiotic scope of visual images in advertising. For a visual image to transform into the semantic backbone of advertising, it must be built over a content-wise context. The image that is used finds its metaphorical meaning in the language of advertising. In addition to this, it can also be stated that the language developed by the advertising designer from the semiotic fiction of the ad speeds the process of subjective association. When the meaning and association are in relation with the content of the visual image, the function of visual argumentation is positioned at the association level, and the instrumentalized image becomes the rationality of the advertiser.
Because semiotics has a theoretical definition equipped with scientific extensions, it requires scientific evaluation. However, when it comes to incorporating the formal aesthetic in question, advertising requires more of a philosophical language and analysis. In this instance, visual argumentation in advertising is inevitably dualistic; semiotic and aesthetics, that is, science and philosophy. When it comes to visual argumentation in advertising communication, rather than perceiving it as a situation that can be explained solely through semiotics, if we consider that emotions and intuitions are also reflected in the advertising as a reality of duality within the scope of aesthetic, it will be reasonable to assume that the same duality holds here.
Beyond being a visual language aimed at persuasion, advertising communication bears a cultural context that possesses various categories within itself. This is where we encounter visual culture and the visual image memory that composes it. The content of the image utilized as a semiotic instrument and its function in the aesthetic context may necessitate its inclusion in a cultural structure. Because there is an absolute purpose (intentio) and objective (telos) in advertising. No intention or purpose is circulated without generating its own codes. The meaning built for the advertising should be evaluated from a visual cultural perspective. While any image used in advertising, a layered form of communication, is a literal sign, it is also a connotative symbolic signifier. When an image is instrumentalized as a message in advertising, it transforms into an argument not only physically, but also conceptually. At this point, the advertiser circulates the image both formally and contextually as a representative visual presentation at the same time. In line with this objective, in the current study, visual argumentation in advertisements containing metaphorical actions will be discussed and examined through a dualistic structure, aesthetically and semantically.
2. Visual metaphor and advertising
Advertising, one of the application areas of communication design, is a way of communication that aims to attract people’s attention to a product, service, or organization and change their views and attitudes about it in the desired direction. In today’s communication society, it is possible to state that advertisements have evolved into an indicator system. Advertising, which can also be considered a process of creating meaning, is a process in which symbolic changes are experienced at any time, changing according to culture, context, and consumer experiences, and symbols reproduce themselves by including social and cultural codes ([6], pp. 7–8). The meaning of the advertisement is rebuilt during the reproduction process by replacing another ‘thing’ for the person, object, image, or symbol in the advertisement, and it, of course, obtains representational force. The representation in question is usually created with an image taken from outside the advertising world ([7], pp. 23–24). This image, according to Berger, is “a reproduced or recreated view” ([8], pp. 7–10). Therefore, instead of transmitting messages directly with signs, communication is provided with sensory-intensive tools such as visualization. It is possible to say that the most widely used of these tools are metaphors.
When compared to other contemporary forms of human communication, advertising is notable for its frequent use of the imaginative expression to persuade. Studies reveal that the emphasis on images rather than words has progressively increased in advertisements over the last century [9, 10, 11, 12]. A metaphor is a linguistic tool that transfers the attributes of one object to another. Lakoff and Johnson note that “the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” ([1], p. 5). Although a metaphor can be conventionally described as a figurative language, it is more than an “artful deviation” in language, as it is primarily understood in its rhetorical context. It is the foundation of human thought, metaphor as it is first understood in the context of rhetoric, is more than an “artful deviation” in language. Metaphor is the foundation of human thought [1, 2]. Rather than simply summarizing the similarities between two objects, metaphors highlight the difficulty of thinking about a specific object by conceptualizing another object. Metaphors are about combining numerous concepts into a single form, and our minds tend to need a new association or a new similarity beyond the already existing similarities or associations when such a form is formed [1].
Visual images used in advertisements may show similarities in terms of form and content. It is possible to make meaning based on the object in two physically similar images. When it comes to the independence of two images from their formal resemblance, however, the relational system that works for one image may not work for another. According to Phillips and McQuarrie, people assume that similar things also share deeper characteristics. Similarity figures enable advertisers to use these assumptions for persuasive purposes ([11], p. 119). According to the authors, the use of metaphors in advertisements causes the consumer to evaluate an advertisement more cognitively. Further, advertisements using metaphors are more liked by consumers, and metaphorical figures in the advertisement are the forms of communication that are more likely to be remembered at the following exposure to the advertisement. It is assumed that metaphors offer many possibilities to advertisers and expand the limits of creativity. Advertisements take influencing values and characteristics from certain relatively structured areas of people’s experience and transfer them to the product being advertised ([13], p. 69).
Figurative forms of communication are often used to aid in the formation of mental associations in the direction implied by advertising messages. Metaphor is one of those styles, as it seems. Images used in metaphorical communication give rise to implicit patterns of meaning, and as a result, perceivers need to generate mental associations and semantic associations to reconstruct the intended messages appropriately. With visual argumentation and conceptual metaphor, which can be described as tacit expression, the audience is likely to engage and detail the cognitive perception process while receiving the message, which is also a process that increases the persuasion skill of the advertisement. Sopory and Dillard refer to metaphor as a rhetorical form of expression as cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes. For example, mobilization of cognitive process, positive attitude towards the advertisement, increased source credibility [14]. Cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes are three broad categories of explanations offered to explain the relative effectiveness of figurative rhetoric compared to actual arguments. Cognitive explanations include the superior organization of information, the elaboration of thoughts, and the mobilization of cognitive resources. Message using metaphors helps receivers structure and organize their message information better than actual language [15]. This is because metaphors are built on the relational structure between two concepts (A is B) and can evoke a more sophisticated set of associations in people’s semantic memory [16]. Metaphorical messages can influence audiences through emotional processes such as a positive attitude towards advertising and/or motivational processes such as increased source credibility. Regarding emotional processes, metaphors can result in greater persuasion mediated by a positive attitude towards the advertisement. Research on metaphors suggests that metaphorical messages can positively affect the message, such as getting pleasure due to tension and relaxation processes [17]. The motivational explanation for the effects of the metaphor includes the message recipients’ perception of source credibility. Communicators using metaphors can be considered more reliable because they are considered to be highly creative [17, 18]. Perceptions of communicator credibility lead to greater acceptance of the message argument. In this way, metaphors can lead to greater persuasion mediated by message recipients’ positive evaluations of the message source.
Charles Forceville attempts to review previous metaphor literature, hoping to develop a theory of visual metaphor in advertising, but he notes that much of the literature on metaphor is primarily verbal metaphors [19]. Forceville draws on the cognitive perspective from Black’s interaction theory of metaphor and goes to what he calls a pictorial theory of metaphor in advertising. Metaphor takes place first and foremost at the cognitive level and can manifest itself at the pictorial level as well as the verbal level, and possibly in other ways. Forceville defined visual metaphors as follows by conducting an advertisement content analysis to find four different types of pictorial metaphors in advertising: (i) pictorial metaphors with the pictorially present term, (ii) pictorial metaphors with the two pictorially available terms, (iii) pictorial metaphors, and (iv) verbal-pictorial metaphors ([19], pp. 108–164). For example, Forceville [13] stated that cognitive levels emerge as constructs that shape metaphorical perception, and then this perception leads to conceptualizations for both verbal and visual representations. Thus, a visual metaphor can create a conceptual comparison and similarity between two things on a semantic level, even though the two are entirely different. The semantics of visual metaphors are derived from the perception of the audience. Gkiouzepas and Hogg [20] argue that conceptual similarity is related to the semantic relationship between metaphorical objects in the audience’s minds. Therefore, while images tell their stories indirectly, they have to rely on the interpretations of individuals. The requirements of reasoning and perception are based on this reason.
The function of the content of the visual image depends on how much the thematic structure is related to the content of the advertisement. This is related to what the image is representing. An advertiser creates the language of the advertisement in a way that triggers subjective associations of the recipients, that is why aesthetic looked out for.
3. Aesthetic as visual metaphor
Plastic products classified as ‘beautiful’ by art are reciprocated over the idea of beauty. It is aesthetic that deals with this field. Considering something to be aesthetic depends on the formal properties it possesses. Aesthetics includes subjective description forms nourishing the beautiful notion and the human memory. There is therefore a need for a more philosophical language and analysis based on further interpretation of the evaluation of aesthetics data. In aesthetic experience, the reality of the object has become a form of reality, and the only point of interest here is the form that makes the design-related existence of the object possible ([21], p. 73).
The image entering circulation as a metaphor on an advertisement plane brings aesthetic into the agenda as a modality. The designer’s putting the image into circulation as an aesthetic image can be considered as his/her definitely taking the imagination of the onlooker into account as a level of sensation. Kant’s aesthetics names the realization of a comprehensive function by imagination through synthesizing sensation and knowledge as apprehensio. Aesthetic enjoyment is achieved with its determination by a design without the mediation of concepts in the processing of imagination and understanding ability within free and independent intentionality and in compliance with an intention. In this process, imagination sets the understanding ability in motion also for its own freedom, and the understanding ability introduces imagination into an orderly game independently from concepts. As can be understood, another ability that has a distinctive role in aesthetic experience is imagination ([21], p. 32). The function of visual representation is its ability to be effective with the correct selection of design which is instrumentalized for an intention; if an image has not been designed well for an intention and is weak at the visual representation level, it will certainly not create an impact on the individual who perceives it. Here, we can argue that the image that has a functional value has been transformed into a component of visual representation ability. At the center of visual representation is a meaning-based visual linguistic ability. Hence, resorting to a reading performance with a subjective approach makes the value of the image on the aesthetic plane deficient. Therefore, representation and aesthetic, that is, intention and modality, should fulfil what is required by an analytical perspective. In this regard, the Karaca Fine Pearl advertisement inspired by Johannes Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring will be analyzed. Thereby, both the representation capacity of an art piece for advertisement and the metaphorical structure of the advertisement will be revealed.
4. An analysis of Karaca’s “Fine Pearl”
Vermeer’s most known work of art, Girl with a Pearl Earring, is regarded as the Mona Lisa of Netherlands, which emphasizes the importance of this painting. Girl with a Pearl Earring is one of the character representations that came to life on the canvas, reflected from the imagination of the artist. The painting features a girl with slightly open and moist lips, bright eyes, a huge pearl earring, and an ultramarine blue and gold scarf on top of her head. There were numerous claims regarding the identity of the girl in the painting. The majority says that the girl is the servant of Vermeer. It has been claimed that she may have been one of the tourists who came to the Netherlands, as her scarf was not something locals wear daily. There are countless and various assumptions about the painting, but the only thing certain is that it is a painting that was done with an extraordinary technique, of a young white-skinned girl looking over her left shoulder, gazing upon the eyes of the viewer. The girl in the painting turns her head momentarily and catches the eyes of her audience, and that very moment comes to life on a canvas. So much so that Umberto Arte recalls Nietzsche’s words: “Precisely the least thing, the gentlest, lightest, the rustling of a lizard, a breath, a moment, a twinkling of the eye—little makes up the quality of the best happiness.” Arte thinks that this quote defines her momentary look. Girl with a Pearl Earring is the painting of eye contact with the audience and a brief silence [22].
The main theme of Karaca’s “Girl with a Pearl Earring” advertisement prepared by Y&R İstanbul in 2016, which was broadcasted on television, is inspired by “Girl with a Pearl Earring” by Johannes Vermeer in 1665, as the name suggests. Although almost 400 years have passed, it can be seen that such works of art have become the main inspiration of advertisements, as in the works of other famous painters. These advertisements can either be in a printed form or a video. In this context, the television commercial chosen in the scope of the study consists of six shots and one scene. It is seen that the temporal and spatial contexts of the period in which the work was created were adhered to, and these aspects were supported by elements such as decor and costume choices. The commercial begins with shots including Girl with a Pearl Earring, proceeds to move onto next shots including the moments Vermeer creates the painting. The commercial continues with the close-up shot of the moment the Girl with a Pearl Earring puts her pearl earring on. The commercial nears the finale with a wide-angle view of the girl. From the moment she puts on the earring, the camera starts getting closer to her. The camera keeps moving to the point where the composition and framing ratios in the original painting are reached, then the moving image freezes and transitions into a single still shot, that is, the original work itself. Afterward, it is zoomed into the pearl earring, transitions into close shots of Fine Pearl series products of the brand Karaca. The commercial ends with one final shot including all of the Fine Pearl series. These shots are accompanied by calm and low-tempo music that includes string and wind instruments, and dominantly piano. The story is narrated, which supports the commercial.
The assumed story about and behind the painting is told by the narrator during the commercial. The pearl earring of the girl gazes upon the audience is used to draw attention to the fact that the Karaca Fine Pearl series is the world’s first and only dinnerware made of real pearls. The semantical setup and visual metaphor in this commercial are made up by the mystery behind the figure and her earring. One other important thing is that the narrator, which is one of the most impactful elements of the commercial, says: “Of all the women Vermeer has painted, she is the only one that no one knows anything about”, emphasizing the meaning of the commercial. The “Pearl” on the original artwork refers to the aesthetic modality of the painting. The “pearl” on the commercial refers to the inspiration behind the visual representation of the commercial. This effectively establishes the metaphorical link between the original work and the commercial, and the fact that the product is named Fine Pearl compliments this representation. Just as the Girl with a Pearl Earring’s earring represents elegance, purity, aesthetic, and prestige, the commercialized product also represents elegance, purity, aesthetic, and prestige.
The way that Girl with a Pearl Earring, which has gone down in art history as one of the classics, is presented, the content and the aesthetic of the commercial makes up the rhetorical value of the commercial made for the Karaca brand. The fact that aesthetic that came to life in Vermeer’s work of art are transferred into the commercial, consolidates the metaphorical power of the art and the impact of cultural knowledge on the advertisement. Besides, when the expressions related to food are historically examined from semiotic, class, and social aspects, it is seen that food is not only an act of eating for the sustainability of one’s existence but also is a part of daily life since it appeals to the palate and eyes of people, is a part of rituals and celebrations. Moreover, it has a metaphorical function as it has emotional and associative aspects. In this context, the fact that the advertiser noticed that both the dinnerware series especially produced by the Karaca brand, and the artwork itself are associated with high culture, and the meaning of the art has been conveyed to the content of the advertisement is undoubtedly a very accurate choice. As we can notice, unlike many of Vermeer’s pictorial contents she is not engaged with a daily chore. Instead, represented in an evanescent moment, she turns her head, meeting the viewer’s gaze with her inviting eyes. This is a pick point of the idea of the advert. Girl with a Pearl Earring has no any upper social status, she is a simple woman that with a precious touch of pearl became an admirable personality with a brave and shiny look as all those modest dining rooms that with a touch of a Karaca Fine Pearl collection become more precious. The message here is that the pearl, that made the artwork famous with its elegance, is going to enrich the dining tables with its elegance.
On the other hand, the visual representation in the commercial and the narration with music that support this representation, naturally lead the audience to selectively perceive things. This is in parallel with the idea that the way images and stimuli are presented can affect our perceptions and thoughts. It is expected from the audience to associate two things that have nothing to do with each other in the commercial. Both visual and auditory messages point out the actual meaning behind what the audience sees. In the case of this commercial, the thing that is being pointed out is actually the brand Karaca itself.
5. Conclusion
As a cultural phenomenon that encourages consumption, advertisements need images to consolidate a meaning cycle reproduced continuously. Assuming that it is necessary to consider the object as a message that has gained its meaning for sublimation or promotion of the meaning in an advertisement, it is a must to develop the imaginary thinking as reasoning ability. This study reveals how the artwork itself and its backstory are represented as visual images and how these images fulfil the function of creating meaning. The artwork can be considered as both an intellectual product and a philosophy text that contains aesthetic tendencies. The creation process of the advertisement is a two-layered design process that consists of the creation of the image/visual (form) and meaning (content). At the same time, the image used is the message. The communication between the image, in which the message is encoded, and the recipients occurs only when the image supports the meaning and the recipients perceive and interpret them.
In this study, the usage of metaphorical setup, which includes artistic actions, with the work of art in advertising communication was examined. Although the work of art was created for form-regarding purposes, the role it plays during the commercial turns it into a visual element. Especially in advertisements, in which the images with an aesthetic value like artworks are instrumentalized, it can be seen that the meaning is set up using many layers. Because the work of art used in the advertisement turns into a representing image both form-wise and content-wise. In other words, while the work of art is fulfilling a communicational function, the content gets added on top of its aesthetic. The artwork, which turns into a sign in the advertisement, becomes a metaphorical message used to affect and convince recipients. Therefore, it is concluded that visual metaphors in advertisements should be examined as two layers, namely, aesthetic and representation.
\n',keywords:"visual metaphor, aesthetic, advertising, representation, image",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79392.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79392.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79392",totalDownloads:23,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:0,impactScoreQuartile:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 3rd 2021",dateReviewed:"October 12th 2021",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 6th 2022",dateFinished:"November 20th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The function of the visual representation in advertising communication is the fact the image that was instrumentalized for a purpose can be effective with the right wording. In visual representation, which takes place in two stages, form and content, content needs form. Designing everything there is to be conveyed within a certain meaning system creates the language of visual representation. As for the form, it is inevitable to resort to an esthetic language. In this regard, the form and content can be regarded as two basic factors that create the metaphorical meaning in advertisements. When it comes to the metaphorical expression in advertisements, one can say that examining semantical aspects will not be enough, as it is also necessary to take linguistic aesthetic of form into account. In this regard, the purpose of the current study is to examine the visual representations of advertisements that feature metaphors using a dualistic approach, from form and content aspects. The examination is going to be carried out on the television commercial inspired by Johannes Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring and the layers of the metaphorical expressions used in the commercial will be revealed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79392",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79392",book:{id:"10978",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics"},signatures:"Fatma Nazlı Köksal",authors:[{id:"421052",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Fatma Nazlı",middleName:null,surname:"Köksal",fullName:"Fatma Nazlı Köksal",slug:"fatma-nazli-koksal",email:"fatmanazlikoksal@aydin.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Visual metaphor and advertising",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Aesthetic as visual metaphor",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. An analysis of Karaca’s “Fine Pearl”",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Lakoff G, Johnson M. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1980'},{id:"B2",body:'Lakoff G. The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: Ortony A, editor. Metaphor and Thought. London, New York: Cambridge University Press; 1993. pp. 205-251'},{id:"B3",body:'Forceville CJ. Non-verbal and multimodal metaphor in a cognitivist framework: Agendas for research. In: Kristiansen G, Achard M, Dirven R, Ruiz FJ, editors. Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives. USA: Mouton de Gruyter; 2006'},{id:"B4",body:'Rossiteri JR, Percy L. Advertising and Promotion Management. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company; 1987'},{id:"B5",body:'Pateman T. How is understanding an advertisement possible? In: Davis H, Walton P, editors. Language, Image, Media. Oxford: Blackwell; 1983'},{id:"B6",body:'Leppert R. 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İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey
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1. Introduction
Cancer has the potential to spread to nearby or distant organs, posing a life-threatening threat. For the metastatic spread of cancer tissue, the growth of the vascular network is crucial. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are the processes by which new blood and lymphatic vessels originate.
Cancer has the potential to spread to nearby or distant organs, posing a life-threatening threat. Tumour cells can enter blood or lymphatic vessels, circulate through the intravascular stream, and then spread to a new location (metastasis) [1]. The growth of the vascular network is crucial for cancer tissue metastatic dissemination. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are the processes that result in the formation of new blood and lymphatic vessels. Both are necessary for the formation of a new vascular network that will provide nutrients, oxygen, and immune cells while also removing waste. In tumour vascularization studies, angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors are gaining popularity.
1.1 Angiogenesis in cancer
Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, mesothelial cells, and leucocytes, as well as cancer cells and host cells, all release chemicals that aid in angiogenesis. Plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor (I’D-ECGF), plateletderived growth factor (PDGF).
Angiogenesis is a series of events that are triggered by microvascular endothelial cells. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are essential for tumour growth and metastasis, and are triggered by chemical signals from tumour cells in the early stages of development. In a prior study, Muthukkaruppan and colleagues [2] looked at how cancer cells behaved when they were placed in different parts of the same organ. Blood circulation was present in the iris, but not in the anterior chamber [2]. Cancer cells without blood circulation grew to a diameter of 1–2 mm3 and then stopped growing when placed in an area where angiogenesis was possible, but they grew to a diameter of more than 2 mm3 when placed in an area where angiogenesis was possible.
If there is insufficient blood flow, tumours can become necrotic or even apoptotic [3, 4]. Angiogenesis thus aids cancer progression. The neovascularization stage of tumour angiogenesis is one of four steps in the process. Local injury to the basement membrane occurs first in tissues. Destruction and hypoxia take place almost immediately. Angiogenic chemicals cause endothelial cells to become activated and move. Endothelial cells multiply and settle in the third step of the process. Angiogenesis is still influenced by angiogenic stimuli, according to the fourth point.
Every 1000 days on average, vascular endothelial cells divide [5]. When tumour tissues need nutrition and oxygen, angiogenesis is induced. Activators and inhibitors of angiogenesis regulate the process. On the other hand, increasing angiogenic factor activity is insufficient to enhance neoplasm angiogenesis. Negative regulators or vascular growth inhibitors must also be inhibited [6].
1.2 Breast cancer: tumour angiogenesis
Clinical studies in a range of tumour types, including breast cancer, have proven the vital role of tumour neovascularization in the 3 years after the last comprehensive review of antiangiogenic therapy was published in Breast Cancer Research [7]. Bevacizumab (AvastinTM; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA) was utilised in many of these trials since it was particularly intended to target vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). Bevacizumab is a recombinant VEGF antibody that binds to all known isoforms of VEGF-A and blocks receptor interaction, inhibiting angiogenesis and tumour growth. It was made from a mouse monoclonal antibody that had been humanised. One of the successes of antiangiogenic treatment, which was first suggested by Judah Folkman more than 35 years ago, is the critical contribution of this angiogenic factor in controlling many of the processes involved in angiogenesis, as well as its importance as a paradigm for the rational design of an anticancer agent.
Because all tumours (including liquid tumours like leukaemias) are angiogenesis-dependent, angiogenesis is highly restricted in adults, the endothelium of the vessels is accessible, and any treatment would be amplified through subsequent tumour infarction, the antiangiogenic approach has always appealed to researchers. Furthermore, because endothelial cells are non-neoplastic and should have a stable genome, cancer resistance should no longer be an issue [8].
To grow larger than a few centimetres in diameter, breast cancer, like other solid tumours, requires the formation of new blood vessels (neovascularization). The extra veins not only supply more nutrients to the tumour, but they also provide possible pathways for tumour dispersal and metastasis [9].
Tumour-induced angiogenesis first develops in pre-invasive high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ. In this case, a distinctive ring of microvessels emerges around the ducts, which are packed with proliferating epithelial cells. As the tumour grows, the amount of neovascularization increases [10]. Increased microvascular density or development, as well as variables that encourage new vessel growth, have been associated to poor breast cancer prognosis.
As a result, a significant amount of study has been focused on identifying the factors in the tumour microenvironment that promote and maintain angiogenesis in the hopes of limiting neovascularization and, as a result, tumour development and dissemination. Furthermore, unlike tumour cells, which are genetically unstable and can develop resistance to many therapeutic medications fast, normal vascular endothelium lacks mutations that would allow drug resistance [11, 12]. Both research lines are investigated in this paper.
Although the presence of axillary lymph nodes is the most important prognostic marker in operable breast cancer, it does not entirely explain for the wide range of disease outcomes. More precise prognostic indications would aid in the identification of patients at high risk of illness recurrence and mortality who would benefit from systemic adjuvant therapy [13]. Microvessel density (count or grade) in invasive breast cancer (a measure of tumour angiogenesis) is associated with metastasis and so may be a prognostic sign, according to recent research.
Breast tumour growth requires angiogenesis, or the rapid formation of new blood vessels, in order to acquire enough oxygen and nutrients [14]. Breast cancer cells, like all other biological tissues, rely on a vascular network of capillaries to provide food and oxygen on a regular basis. Endothelial cells (ECs), which line the interior surface of blood vessels, do not reproduce, hence capillaries do not proliferate. Hypoxia (low oxygen) triggers a variety of transcriptional responses that are mediated by transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) [15, 16, 17, 18]. HIFs are transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in physiological processes like metabolism, angiogenesis, and cell division. Local angiogenesis is one of the tumour microenvironment’s long-term major responses to low O2 levels [19, 20].
It is the fusion of EC precursors that leads to the creation of capillary plexus, which thereafter evolves into blood vessels. Angiogenesis is required for a variety of normal processes, including embryonic development, growth, and wound healing [21].
As a result, the tumour activates an angiogenic switch and enters an irreversible active angiogenic state. Because of the tumour’s newly acquired status, it can recruit new capillaries, restoring oxygen and nutrients to both angiogenic and non-angiogenic cells, resulting in rapid tumour growth [9, 22, 23, 24]. Despite the fact that surgical excision of tumours is the current standard of care for breast cancer, adjuvant therapy, such as anti-angiogenic therapy, has been used after surgery in advanced disease stages when surgery is no longer an option [25].
Angiogenic growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factors, are primarily involved in the initiation and progression of tumour angiogenesis (FGF). Angiogenic factor levels, as well as the number of vascular networks created as a result, have been shown to predict breast cancer survival in many studies. To put it another way, high levels imply that the tumour cells are aggressive and are linked to a poor prognosis. The rate and degree to which blood vessels permeate are controlled by these variables in connection with beginning angiogenesis [26, 27, 28, 29]. Angiogenesis-targeting compounds have recently received a lot of attention in breast cancer research.
Bevacizumab, a humanised anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, has been the most extensively investigated molecule [30, 31, 32, 33]. After promising results in preclinical trials targeting VEGF, the FDA authorised bevacizumab in 2008 for the treatment of metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer [34, 35].
Following that, multiple anti-angiogenic medicines targeting VEGF or blocking its receptor’s action were licenced, and they are now routinely utilised in the treatment of various malignancies [36, 37, 38, 39, 40]. The FDA, however, revoked its certification in 2011 due to conflicting results from earlier trials and allegations of increased toxicity as a result [41, 42, 43, 44].
While the discovery of these anti-angiogenic drugs and small molecules was heralded as a potential victory in one aspect of the cancer fight, the agents’ modest activities, such as their inability to arrest recurrent tumours in a latent state and the moderate improvement in overall patient survival, dampened the celebration.
1.3 The angiogenic cycle
Endothelial cells in normal, quiescent capillaries are in contact with a laminin-rich basement membrane and a layer of supportive pericytes that is 1- to 2-cell thick. Angiogenesis necessitates the weakening of connections between nearby pericytes as well as the degradation of the basement membrane [45]. The integrin adhesion receptors help endothelial cells re-enter the cell cycle and infiltrate the surrounding stromal matrix. Endothelial cells begin to resynthesize a basement membrane, which aids in cell cycle exit and promotes the creation of a capillary-like morphology [46]. Pericytes are then recruited to newly formed capillaries to help mature arteries stabilise [47]. Chronic exposure to angiogenic factors in the tumour microenvironment that promote basement membrane proteolysis or antagonise endothelial–pericyte interactions leads to the formation of a relatively unstable, highly permeable network of vessels that does not fully mature but can supply nutrients to meet the tumour’s growing metabolic demands. Increased arterial permeability is thought to encourage tumour cell extravasation and, eventually, spread [48, 49].
2. Factors that promote angiogenesis
2.1 Hypoxia
Hypoxia has long been suspected as a significant angiogenic stimulator within the tumour microenvironment. Densely packed, quickly proliferating cells with limited nutritional inputs are the source of low tissue oxygen tension [50]. In recent years, researchers have made tremendous progress in understanding the biochemical and molecular reactions to hypoxia, as well as how the tissue senses low oxygen tension [51]. It was discovered that the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a heterodimeric transcription factor made up of the hypoxic response factor (HIF-1) and the constitutively expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT or HIF-1), is particularly significant [52, 53].
HIF-1 binds to the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein in oxygenated circumstances, causing ubiquitination and fast destruction [54]. In hypoxic settings, on the other hand, this factor is stabilised: it is unable to associate with VHL protein because prolyl hydroxylase, an enzyme that typically alters HIF-1 to facilitate its interactions with VHL protein, is inactive. As a result, the oxygen sensor has been proposed as prolyl hydroxylase [55, 56, 57, 58, 59].
Animals lacking HIF-1 had markedly reduced angiogenic responses, indicating that it plays a vital role in experimental tumour growth and tumour-associated angiogenesis. Human ductal carcinomas overexpress HIF-1, whereas benign tumours with little angiogenesis do not. In the hypoxic tumour microenvironment, stabilised HIF-1 induces the expression of a variety of proangiogenic mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and one of its receptors, VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) [60, 61, 62].
2.2 Vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGF is a powerful and selective endothelium mitogen that can produce a rapid and full angiogenic response, as its name suggests. VEGF (VEGF-A), the most investigated and implicated in tumour-induced angiogenesis, is a family of glycoproteins (VEGF-A, -B, -C, and -D) that are linked to VEGF (VEGF-A). The lymphatic endothelium responds to VEGF-C and -D in a big way [63].
VEGF is produced and released by a range of normal cell types, but its expression is dramatically increased in tumour cells, including a variety of breast malignancies, as well as reactive breast tumour stromal cells [64]. In contrast to other cytokines produced by tumour cells, VEGF functions almost exclusively on endothelial cells because expression of the major VEGF receptor, VEGFR2, is confined to such cells. Interfering with VEGF or VEGFR2 allows for the specific targeting of tumour endothelium [65]. VEGFR1, on the other hand, is expressed by endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages, and its role was unknown until recently.
When VEGF binds to its receptor, it activates an intracellular signalling cascade that causes gene expression modifications that promote endothelial cell migration and proliferation [66]. Furthermore, because VEGF not only functions as an endothelium mitogen but also increases capillary permeability, it’s not surprising that the leakiness of tumour arteries is a fundamental distinguishing feature.
2.3 VEGF and breast tumour angiogenesis
An increase in VEGF synthesis by tumour cells and cells in the tumour stroma has been connected to angiogenesis induced by breast tumours, as previously mentioned. VEGFR2 expression was also shown to be greater in the endothelial cells of the adjacent breast tumour. Indeed, higher VEGF expression correlates with the first detectable breast-tumour driven angiogenesis in pre-invasive high grade ductal carcinoma in situ [67].
The elevated expression of VEGF in the breast tumour environment is thought to be due to a number of causes. Hypoxia and HIF-1 are clearly important factors. The fact that premenopausal women had higher levels of VEGF expression than postmenopausal women suggests that steroid hormones may also boost VEGF expression [68, 69]. Estradiol has long been known to be angiogenic, and evidence suggests that oestrogen effects may be mediated through VEGF induction. In certain breast cancer cell lines, estrogens increase VEGF expression whereas progestins lower it. Tamoxifen, an oestrogen receptor inhibitor, has recently been found to reduce VEGF transcription. However, whether oestrogen receptor expression is linked to VEGF expression and vascular density has to be determined.
VEGF production is also influenced by changes in the tumour environment. Matrix metalloproteinases, for example, are frequently secreted by numerous tumour cells, including human breast cancers [70]. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which is produced by tumour cells and expressed at high levels in human breast cancers, is one member of this family that has attracted a lot of attention. MMP-9 has been found to proteolyze the surrounding extracellular matrix, releasing trapped VEGF and thereby enhancing its bioavailability.
The expression of HER2 is another significant alteration in breast cancers. HER2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor that belongs to the epidermal growth factor receptor family and is expressed by the ERB2 gene [71, 72]. It signals in the lack of a known ligand. Furthermore, HER2 overexpression or heregulin stimulation causes an increase in VEGF mRNA, whereas treatment of breast tumours with an anti-HER2 neutralising antibody inhibits VEGF synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HER2 was found to boost the rate of HIF-1 protein production in a new, rapamycin-dependent mechanism, rather than by blocking degradation as seen during hypoxia [73, 74].
VEGF production can also be boosted by changes in epithelial gene expression linked to tumorigenicity. The 644 integrin, which typically facilitates connections between breast epithelium and basement membrane, is upregulated and mislocalized in breast carcinoma cells, promoting tumour cell invasiveness. According to recent research, 644 signalling causes the inactivation of eIF-4E, a translational repressor, which enhances VEGF translation and, in turn, tumour cell survival [75, 76, 77]. The 644 signalling pathway, which enhances VEGF translation, converges on a rapamycin-sensitive route, similar to the HER2-mediated increases in HIF-1 and VEGF. Importantly, the tumour cells’ increased VEGF production has been shown to act in an autocrine manner, promoting epithelial cell survival directly.
2.4 Mechanisms of angiogenesis
Tumour development and metastasis are dependent on angiogenesis. Necrosis occurs when a tumour’s blood supply is cut off, preventing it from growing. After a while, any further metastatic spread into the systemic circulation is stopped. Scientists have been studying angiogenesis and the different variables that regulate it in order to better understand how it affects breast cancer and develop a strategy to limit tumour progression [25, 29]. Because of the dual nature of this process, it’s critical to understand and distinguish between normal angiogenesis processes, such as wound healing, normal growth, and embryo nutrition, and tumour-related angiogenesis mechanisms.
Angiogenesis, which involves communicating between tumour cells and a variety of other cell types within the tumour microenvironment, is initiated by some compounds known as angiogenic activators because of their capacity to stimulate cell proliferation in vitro. The generation of pro-angiogenic growth factors by tumour cells, which impact the existing vasculature, has been shown to be necessary for the induction of this process [21]. To generate and stabilise newly created blood vessels, a delicate signal balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors is vigorously maintained in the microenvironment during these closely regulated processes [78]. As a result, numerous investigations have demonstrated that these angiogenic activators are critical in the growth of malignancies.
Certain tumour cells express both pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins, which encourage and inhibit angiogenesis, according to previous research. Tumours are thought to turn on the angiogenic switch by reversing the balance of angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors [29, 37]. This switch can be made by altering gene transcription, as seen in various cancers where VEGF and/or FGF levels are higher than in healthy tissue. The levels of endogenous inhibitors are lowered in some cancers, on the other hand. The intricate mechanism that drives these alterations in the regulators’ balances, on the other hand, remains a fascinating subject of research (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Angiogenesis is a physiological process that results in the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. From pre-existing capillaries, new blood vessels emerge. The tumour receives crucial nutrients for growth from the new blood vessels that have sprouted near and within the tumour. Angiogenesis in healthy tissues is regulated by a balance of anti- and pro-angiogenic factors (bottom), but the presence of angiogenic factors in tumours disrupts this balance, resulting in abnormal blood vessel structure and function, as well as hypoxia. The vasculature is normalised and the balance is restored.
The tumours ability to switch on angiogenesis is determined by the balance of this switch. Further research revealed that a decrease in anti-angiogenic protein production activates the tumour angiogenic switch, promoting tumour growth and metastasis [79, 80, 81]. Stimulating angiogenesis in a tumour and forming the endothelial tubes that result is a multistep process governed by hypoxia at each stage. This pathway is heavily reliant on ECs expressing HIF-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor. Under hypoxic conditions, the HIF-1 protein is stabilised and forms a heterodimer with HIF-1, and this pair promotes the transcription of multiple target genes to adapt to the hypoxic environment in human cancer cells.
HIF-1, in conjunction with other members of the HIF family, has been demonstrated in certain studies to govern practically every element of angiogenesis, making the HIF pathway a master regulator of angiogenesis [82]. In various malignancies, HIF-1 and HIF-2 expression has also been linked to a poor prognosis and metastatic illness. As a result, it’s regarded as a promising therapeutic target for a variety of medical conditions (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
This figure depicts the balance hypothesis of the angiogenic switch. Angiogenesis switch mechanism is assumed to be in charge of normal angiogenesis (formation of new capillaries). By utilising angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors, which flip the switch, this balance can be tilted in favour of enhanced blood vessel formation. Reduced inhibitor levels (thrombospondin-1, 16 kD prolactin, interferon, platelet factor-4, Angiostatin, and others) or increased activator levels (aFGF, bFGF, VEGF, and others) can tip the balance and activate the switch, resulting in the formation of new blood vessels.
Hypoxia and activation of the HIF pathway in cancer cells are required for the sprouting and formation of new blood vessels because they control the expression of several pro-angiogenic genes [83]. Some of the most powerful cytokines are VEGF, an endothelial mitogen and pro-angiogenic factor, angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [84, 85, 86, 87, 88].
The FGF and VEGF families of angiogenetic growth factors have gotten more attention than the others. In 1983, the protein VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor) was identified and sequenced. It was the first cytokine to be identified as a key contributor to tumour angiogenesis, was purified from tumour cell ascites as vascular permeability factor (VPF), and was also revealed to have pharmacological effects on EC mitogenesis; consequently, VPF is referred to as VEGF (Figure 3) [89, 90].
Figure 3.
This diagram depicts the receptor binding selectivity and signalling pathways of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. VEGF family members bind to VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 receptor tyrosine kinases, which activate a variety of signalling pathways and allow them to exert their physiological effects.
In vivo and in vitro, VEGF is now known to be a multifunctional peptide capable of triggering receptor-mediated endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The VEGF family contains at least five members, each of which has three VEGF receptors (VEGFR) [91, 92, 93]. These receptors use transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases to communicate with the cell’s interior (RTKs). The VEGF gene is subject to complex transcriptional control, and four distinct RNA isoforms are produced with varying biological features as a result of alternative splicing of its pre-mRNAs. VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, and platelet-derived growth factor are all produced as a result of this process (PDGF).
By attaching to VEGF receptors and ligands, VEGF, for example, can trigger angiogenesis. The effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGF1/2), can be employed to investigate the induction and progression of angiogenesis at various phases of tumour development. VEGF binds to its receptor (VEGFR) and ligands on the surface of ECs. It causes dimerization, autophosphorylation, and activation of the downstream signalling cascade after binding to and activating the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors on the cell’s surface [94, 95, 96]. Tube development and sprouting follow EC survival, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis avoidance through several cascade phases. Over time, this process results in the development of a complex network of new blood vessels. Vasodilation and vascular permeability, a key feature of tissue inflammation and the tumour microenvironment, are also induced by VEGF [97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103].
The activity of the ECs outlined above is caused by an increase in pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and proteolytic enzymes, as well as a decrease in anti-angiogenic factors. Finally, a capillary network is successfully established, supplying enough nutrition and oxygen to the growing tumour. Taking advantage of this new vascular bed, the tumour cell may reach the systemic circulation and induce distant metastases. As a result, the number of metastasis sites is proportional to the amount of cancer cells that enter the circulation at the outset [104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111].
Angiogenic inducers have been implicated in the regulating process of angiogenesis in malignancies since their discovery a decade ago. Anti-angiogenic treatment decreases tumour vascular growth by interfering with VEGF and VEGFR intracellular signalling [112, 113, 114, 115, 116].
Angiogenesis was originally linked to cancer, arthritis, and psoriasis. However, the impact it has on a variety of other disorders has been documented. Tumours are innately primed for successful angiogenic development due to their nature and composition. An active vascular system is made up of adipose tissue that is encased in stromal cells and serves as a scaffold for the tumour’s vascular system to emerge [117, 118, 119].
Brown adipose tissue (made up of cells with numerous mitochondria) promotes tumour growth by supplying a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, whereas white adipose tissue promotes the formation and progression of breast cancer in a mouse model. Both types of adipose tissues, which have been associated to breast cancer, produce angiogenic factors such as VEGF A, B, and C, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)/FGF-2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and IL-8. This aberrant blood vessel creation has been linked to cardiovascular illness, cancer, blindness, and diabetic ulcers [120, 121, 122].
2.5 Non-angiogenic functions of VEGF in breast cancer
VEGF increases the formation of new blood vessels and lymphatics, as well as increasing vascular permeability, and has a variety of tumour-related effects. The importance of VEGF in vascular and lymphangiogenesis has dominated research in breast and other cancers [123]. The importance of VEGF in cancer behaviour cannot be overstated. The presence of hypoxic patches in most malignancies, on the other hand, implies that VEGF-induced angiogenesis is insufficient to alleviate hypoxia [124]. Hypoxia works as a strong selection pressure, allowing only the most aggressive and metastatic cells to thrive. Understanding the mechanisms that allow tumour cells to survive under hypoxia is therefore critical for interpreting cancer biology and developing therapeutic approaches [125, 126].
VEGF produced by tumour or stromal cells interacts to VEGF receptors on tumour cells, producing a signalling response that supports survival in the face of hypoxia and other apoptotic triggers, according to our and other labs’ research [127]. This process, which most likely operates in tandem with p53 inactivation, provides self-sufficiency to tumour cells, making it simpler for them to form tumours and increasing the possibility that they will spread to other parts of the body [128, 129]. To put it another way, we believe that hypoxia favours cells that can signal VEGF, and that the most aggressive tumour cells (metastatic cells) are determined by their dependency on VEGF.
A side effect of VEGF signalling in breast cancer cells is that it can help them move and invade more easily.
3. Breast carcinoma cells and VEGF signalling
3.1 Survival signalling by autocrine VEGF
Tumour cells receive signals from various sources as a result of the complex microenvironment of solid tumours, and these signals alter the activity of other cells. However, it is becoming obvious that cancer cells can attain a certain level of self-sufficiency by creating autocrine signalling pathways that aid critical tasks such as growth, survival, and invasion [130] within this web of paracrine signalling. As tumours develop towards invasive and metastatic illness, autocrine pathways become more critical as the tumour’s environment becomes increasingly hostile. As a result, autocrine signalling pathways are a major target for anti-tumour therapy. Our study on invasive breast carcinoma cell lines provided one of the first indications that VEGF may have autocrine functions in cancer [73, 131].
We discovered that a 50% reduction in VEGF expression resulted in a considerable increase in apoptosis, even in the presence of 10% serum, when we utilised an antisense oligonucleotide approach to limit VEGF expression. This evidence backs with the theory that these cells were selected in vivo because they rely on VEGF to survive [132]. The importance of VEGF in carcinoma and other cancer cell survival has now been validated by research from our lab and others.
Because it increased VEGF expression in invasive breast cancer cell lines, hypoxia inhibited apoptosis caused by serum deprivation. The mechanism by which autocrine VEGF maintains the survival of breast carcinoma cells appears to involve constitutive activation of the PI3-kinase pathway, as evidenced by the findings that reducing VEGF expression results in a significant decrease in PI3-kinase basal activity, hypoxia stimulates Akt activity, and inhibition of PI3-kinase induces apoptosis [133]. According to previous studies, VEGF inhibits apoptosis in breast cancer cells via upregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.
3.2 The role of VEGF in breast carcinoma migration and invasion
Carcinoma cells acquire the ability to migrate and infiltrate tissues as a result of malignant transformation and development. Although chemoattractant gradients may enhance carcinoma migration and invasion, it has been established that cells’ ability to form autocrine signalling pathways might boost their sensitivity to external stimuli [134]. Depleting VEGF expression in the presence of caspase inhibitors, which prevent apoptosis caused by VEGF expression loss, allowed us to find a role for autocrine VEGF in the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells towards chemokines. The capacity of breast cancer cells to migrate and invade in response to chemotactic stimuli is considerably diminished in such circumstances.
One mechanism for VEGF’s involvement in these events is its ability to alter the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 [135]. This finding is significant for breast cancer growth since stromal-derived factor-1, the receptor’s ligand, is abundant in tumour stroma as well as organs such as the lymph and lung, which are the primary targets of invasive breast carcinoma cells, and CXCR4 inhibitors impede metastasis [136].
In addition to its survival benefits, VEGF autocrine signalling may contribute to tumour growth by boosting chemokine receptor expression and allowing tumour cells to migrate towards chemokine gradients [137].
3.3 Perspective
The revelation that breast cancer cells produce VEGF receptors is significant, but further research is needed to understand how these receptors are expressed as a result of transformation and progression, including EMT, and the mechanisms through which these receptors regulate tumour cell behaviour. Despite having inherent signalling capabilities, little is known about how NP-1 enhances VEGF165 signalling on breast cancer cells. In endothelial cells, it appears to work with either VEGFR1 or VEGFR2, although this has yet to be validated in breast cancer cells.
Another hypothesis is that NP-1 transmits NP-1 signals in neurons via interacting with non-VEGF receptors in cancer cells, such as plexins. Our findings reveal that plexin A1 is expressed in breast cancer cells and can affect cell motility. The study of plexin involvement in NP-1 signalling will require a much more in-depth understanding of plexin expression and function in breast and other cancers. In addition, more exact data on the location and relative expression of NP-1 in the mammary gland and human breast malignancies is needed.
VEGF-C and VEGF-D, for example, have been linked to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in breast tumours. It’s critical to figure out whether these VEGFs have a paracrine or autocrine effect on breast cancer cells. Some data suggests that breast cancer cells can respond to VEGF-D autocrinely, although additional research is needed to confirm this.
\n',keywords:"angiogenesis, VEGF, breast cancer",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81783.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81783.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81783",totalDownloads:1,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 28th 2022",dateReviewed:"January 31st 2022",datePrePublished:"May 14th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 14th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Since the last comprehensive assessment of antiangiogenic therapy was published in Breast Cancer Research 3 years ago, clinical trials in a variety of tumour types, including breast cancer, have underscored the key relevance of tumour neovascularization. Bevacizumab, a drug designed to target vascular endothelial cell growth factor, was utilised in many of these studies (VEGF). Clinical trials using antiangiogenic treatment in breast cancer have highlighted the critical role of tumour neovascularization. Personalised medicine will become increasingly important to generate maximum therapeutic benefit to the patient but also to realise the optimal economic advantage from the finite resources available, according to a report by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the National Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health (NIH). This overview covers the history of breast tumour neovascularization in both in situ and invasive breast cancer, the processes by which it occurs, and the impact of the microenvironment, with a focus on hypoxia. The regulation of angiogenesis, as well as the antivascular drugs employed in antiangiogenic dosing schedules, both innovative and traditional, are discussed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81783",signatures:"Pooja G. Singh, Kanthesh M. Basalingappa, T.S. Gopenath and B.V. Sushma",book:{id:"10833",type:"book",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tumor Angiogenesis",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-835-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-834-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-836-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Angiogenesis in cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Breast cancer: tumour angiogenesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3 The angiogenic cycle",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"2. Factors that promote angiogenesis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.1 Hypoxia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.2 Vascular endothelial growth factor",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.3 VEGF and breast tumour angiogenesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.4 Mechanisms of angiogenesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.5 Non-angiogenic functions of VEGF in breast cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Breast carcinoma cells and VEGF signalling",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.1 Survival signalling by autocrine VEGF",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.2 The role of VEGF in breast carcinoma migration and invasion",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.3 Perspective",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis theraperutic implications. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971;285:1182-1186'},{id:"B2",body:'Muthukkaruppan VR, Kubai L, Auerbach R. Tumor-induced neovascularization in the mouse eye. 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Flt-1 (VEGFR-1)-dependent survival characterizes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colonic organoids. Current Biology. 2003;13:1721-1727'},{id:"B128",body:'Sharieff W. Bevacizumab in colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351:1690-1691'},{id:"B129",body:'Brusselmans K, Bono F, Collen D, Herbert JM, Carmeliet P, Dewerchin M. A novel role for vascular endothelial growth factor as an autocrine survival factor for embryonic stem cells during hypoxia. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2005;280:3493-3499'},{id:"B130",body:'Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100:57-70'},{id:"B131",body:'Masood R, Cai J, Zheng T, Smith DL, Hinton DR, Gill PS. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an autocrine growth factor for VEGF receptor-positive human tumors. Blood. 2001;98:1904-1913'},{id:"B132",body:'Dias S, Hattori K, Heissig B, Zhu Z, Wu Y, Witte L, et al. Inhibition of both paracrine and autocrine VEGF/ VEGFR-2 signaling pathways is essential to induce long-term remission of xenotransplanted human leukemias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 2001;98:10857-10862'},{id:"B133",body:'Bachelder RE, Wendt MA, Mercurio AM. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes breast carcinoma invasion in an autocrine manner by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Cancer Research. 2002;62:7203-7206'},{id:"B134",body:'Shvartsman SY, Hagan MP, Yacoub A, Dent P, Wiley HS, Lauffenburger DA. Autocrine loops with positive feedback enable context-dependent cell signaling. American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology. 2002;282:C545-C559'},{id:"B135",body:'Muller A, Homey B, Soto H, Ge N, Catron D, Buchanan ME, et al. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 2001;410:50-56'},{id:"B136",body:'Luo Y, Raible D, Raper JA. Collapsin: A protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones. Cell. 1993;75:217-227'},{id:"B137",body:'Bachelder RE, Lipscomb EA, Lin X, Wendt MA, Chadborn NH, Eickholt BJ, et al. Competing autocrine pathways involving alternative neuropilin-1 ligands regulate chemotaxis of carcinoma cells. Cancer Research. 2003;63:5230-5233'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Pooja G. Singh",address:null,affiliation:'
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After completing a bachelor \ndegree in Environmental Chemistry at Jilin University, She went to the UK for further study and obtained a master degree in Environmental Sciences from University of Nottingham, UK, in 2004, and then she did a PhD in University of East Anglia to study the aerosol chemistry of phenols in the atmosphere. In 2010, she joined the Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. She currently holds the position of Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Engineering. 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He is also serving as Chair, SP Setia Professor of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology. He has been involved in numerous industrial R&D projects and serving as a consultant in Singapore, Taiwan, China, Vietnam and Malaysia. He has received several professional awards, including the prestigious National Technology Award in Singapore, an US Patent 6793822 \nand an International Patent WO 2003/070649 on a biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment. He has published over 140 technical papers in refereed international journals and conferences, 70 research reports and short courses, 2 journal/book editorships, 1 co-authored book and 18 book chapters. A citation record search by Scopus on Dr Show’s journal publications indicated a total citation count of 872 and an h-index score of 16.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},subseries:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",annualVolume:11418,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",annualVolume:11419,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",annualVolume:11420,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/79392",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"79392"},fullPath:"/chapters/79392",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()