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Tyrosine carries multiple iodines in some echinoderms, and these peptides transferred to progeny serve both protective and signaling purposes. This parental relationship appears to be the most likely evolutionary basis for emergence of the vertebrate thyroid endocrine system, and its critically important development-promoting actions in larval and (later) fetal ontogeny. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) induce settlement and stimulate transitions to alternative feeding modes in some echinoderms. This transgenerational relationship has been conserved and elaborated in vertebrates, including humans, which share common ancestry with echinoderms. Thyroid insufficiency is damaging or can be lethal to larval fishes; egg yolk that is insufficiently primed with maternal thyroid hormones (TH) results in compromised development and high mortality rates at the time of first-feeding. Maternally-derived TH supplied to offspring supports the onset of independent feeding in fishes (eye, mouth, lateral line, swim bladder and intestinal maturation) and survival by comparable developmental mechanisms in placental mammals. Fishes evolved precise control of TH secretion and peripheral processing; early metamorphic and feeding mode actions were joined by controlled thermogenesis in homeotherms.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79063",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79063",book:{id:"11024",slug:"hypothyroidism-new-aspects-of-an-old-disease"},signatures:"Arjay Pataueg, Earl T. Larson and Christopher L. Brown",authors:[{id:"422770",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher L.",middleName:"Lyon",surname:"Brown",fullName:"Christopher L. 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Wine regions affected by global warming have typical problems such as grape varieties with low acidity at harvest time, and high sugar contents that produce wines with flat taste, weak and simple aroma profile, and high alcoholic strength and pH [2]. Moreover, in red wines, the polyphenol content and especially the anthocyanins synthesis is affected, producing wines with less and more unstable colors [3]. Higher pHs make the wines less stable from a physicochemical point of view, but also more susceptible to microbial spoilage. In addition, higher pHs require strong acidity corrections, but pH is not easy to modify with tartaric acid, and wines are usually maintained at inadequate pH values. These values reduce the effectiveness of SO2 by decreasing the molecular content that is more active as antimicrobial and antioxidant. The molecular SO2 level of 0.6 mg/L has been proposed for maximum wine protection [4].
Yeast selection is a powerful tool to search for new strains with improved features that can enhance the sensory profile of wine or facilitate the technological process. Historically, vinifications have been performed with
This chapter is focused on the species
Optical microscopy of
Optical microscopy of
Lt shows a medium fermentative power with some strains reaching 9–10% vol. in ethanol [17]. In addition, Lt has shown other interesting features such as moderate volatile acidity [18, 22], even when used simultaneously with other species (
The low pH produced by the intense biological acidification of Lt also has a positive effect on the color of white wine showing a bright and clean appearance and delaying the browning processes. This effect on browning is also evidenced by the higher levels of molecular SO2 obtained at low pH which produces an intense antioxidant effect. Concerning red wine color, this reduction in pH favors an increase in color intensity by hyperchromic effect, but it also favors the stability of anthocyanins [30, 31].
In addition, we have observed that some Lt strains have an impact on wine structure, producing softer and full-bodied wines. However, this is not a typical feature of the Lt species, but only of some specific strains. It can be interesting to select these strains to achieve a good balance between acidity and mouthfeel.
Normally,
Several enzymatic activities have been described in
Phylogenetic relationships among wine yeast species based on analysis of D1/D2 LSU rRNA gene sequences. The evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model in MEGA7. GenBank access numbers follow strain numbers:
In addition to its interesting fermentative behavior with good implantation and suitable fermentation yield, Hv is useful to modulate the sensory profile of wines. The impact on the aroma is quite significant due to the formation of benzenoid compounds
The impact of Hv on wine aroma is also related to the release or
Another interesting impact of some
The use of a new non-
Variety | Region | Scale | Year | Strain | Effect on pH | Lactic acid (g/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albariño (white) | Rias Baixas | 500 L | 2016 | L31 | 3.12 → 2.85 | 2.7 |
Tempranillo (red) | Ribera del Duero | 1,000 kg | 2017 | L31 | 4.20 → 3.63 | 6.6 |
Tempranillo (red) | Ribera del Duero | 15,000 kg | 2020 | L31 | 3.8 → 3.66 | 2.3 |
Tempranillo (red) | Mancha | 8,000 kg | 2020 | L31 | 3.84 → 3.34 | 9.4 |
Airén (white) | Mancha | 12,500 L | 2020 | A54 | 3.75 → 3.47 | 2.0 |
Performance of
In all conditions, acidification was quite effective, even in crushed grapes where the high presence of indigenous yeasts can affect the implantation by reducing the prevalence of the Lt strain. It is interesting to highlight that acidification is effective in varieties with low pHs such as Albariño (3.1) and varieties with high initial pH such as Airén or Tempranillo (3.75–4.20). In terms of potential alcohol, the varieties showed alcoholic strengths ranging from 11 to 12% vol. in the whites and 14–15% in the reds.
Volatile acidity was quite moderate and ranged from 0.38 to 0.46 g/L. The other fermentative volatiles were at normal values for the wines, only the ethyl lactate content was higher than the Sc controls (40–50 mg/L) due to intense lactic acid production, but below the sensory threshold for this ester (150 mg/L) [22].
It is important to note that when Lt strains are used on an industrial scale on real musts or crushed grapes it is important to keep the total SO2 concentration below 20 mg/L. Otherwise, Lt implantation and development can be seriously affected. The typical acidification pattern shows maximum lactic acid production at the beginning of fermentation (days 3–6, Figure 5) depending on inoculation rate, temperature, nutrients, and must composition [22, 23, 45].
Typical pH evolution in industrial fermentations driven by
It can be observed how the high pH typical of varieties such as Tempranillo in warm areas is deleterious to wine quality, not only producing chemical and microbial instability but also making sulfites inefficient due to low molecular SO2 levels. The natural biological acidification of Lt produces pH reductions from 4.0 to 3.5 or less resulting in molecular SO2 levels increasing from <0.4 (dangerous) to >0.8 (safe) [25]. It should also be noted that lactic acid is a stable acid that cannot be altered or metabolized by microorganisms during wine aging. In addition, at high doses (>4 g/L) it inhibits malolactic fermentation, which can be interesting to maintain extra acidity and protect the freshness in wines from warm areas [46].
From a sensory point of view, biological acidification produces a citric freshness, which can be very crispy at high concentrations but can never be perceived as dairy acidity. This is because the milky profile of malolactic fermentation and fermented milk comes from some secondary metabolites such as acetoin or diacetyl that are found in low concentrations in Lt fermentations.
The typical sensory profile of Lt normally shows increased freshness with improved acidity (Figure 6) which, depending on the level of acidification, can be somewhat unbalanced and crispy. This can be controlled by the timing of Sc inoculation in sequential fermentation or, subsequently, by blending Lt wines with Sc wines. Even when Lt does not have a strong impact on the aroma, the profile is fresh, fruity, and pleasant. The body in the wines is similar to that of Sc, but, as noted above, specific strains have effects on palatability.
Comparative sensory spider net of fermentations with
Additionally, we have compared in Airen fermentations the effect of 72 h of biological acidification with Lt (2 strains: L31 and Laktia from Lallemand) with chemical acidification using 1.5 g/L tartaric acid. Natural biological acidification produced the same effect on pH without using chemical additives [47]. Furthermore, chemical stability is higher due to the high potassium salts precipitation produced during chemical acidification with tartaric acid.
Concerning the use of
Variety | Region | Scale | Year | Strain | Aroma | Mouthfeel/Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albillo (white) | Ribera del Duero | 150 L Stainless steel barrels | 2019 | Hv T02/5A | terpenes (x3) 2phenylethyl acetate (x1.33) | Improved palatability |
Albillo and Tempranillo (rosé) | Ribera del Duero | 150 L Stainless steel barrels | 2020 | Hv T02/5A | 2phenylethyl acetate (x1.65) | Improved palatability Better color (red-bluish) |
Albillo and Tempranillo (rosé) | Ribera del Duero | 150 L Oak barrels | 2020 | Hv T02/5A | terpenes (x2.5) | Improved palatability Better color (red-bluish) |
Airén (white) | Mancha | 12,500 L | 2020 | Ho A56 | 2phenylethyl acetate | Improved palatability |
Performance of
The formation of terpenes and floral esters by
Comparative sensory spider net of fermentations with
Lt and Hv/Ho can be used in mixed fermentations or independent fermentations, subsequently blending both wines in appropriate quantities. When used in mixed fermentations, biocompatibility must be taken into account due to the special sensitivity of
The combined use of
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades project: RTI2018-096626-B-I00 and project: FRESHWINES, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the National Smart Growth Operational Programme FEDER INTERCONECTA EXP-00111498/ITC-20181125.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia and America, including countries that operate phosphate rock (PR) mines and produce PA, phosphatic fertilizers and phosphate-based products.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Benjamín Valdez Salas, Michael Schorr Wiener and Juan Ricardo\nSalinas Martinez",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"}]},{id:"54906",doi:"10.5772/67926",title:"Purification of Phosphoric Acid by Liquid‐Liquid Equilibrium",slug:"purification-of-phosphoric-acid-by-liquid-liquid-equilibrium",totalDownloads:1681,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Various ternary and quaternary liquid‐liquid phase equilibrium data for water + phosphoric acid + solvent(s) have been reported. Salting‐out, solvent, and temperature effects on the binodal curve and the tie lines have been highlighted and the capability of solvents with different functional groups to extract phosphoric acid from water has been compared. Studying of influence of magnetic, electromagnetic, and ultrasonic fields on the separation factors and distribution coefficients of aqueous phosphoric acid mixtures has been proposed. Moreover, a summary of the optimized binary interaction values, which resulted from non‐random two‐liquid (NRTL) and universal quasi‐chemical (UNIQUAC) thermodynamic models using genetic algorithm (GA), bee algorithm (BA), and simulated annealing (SA), has been presented. Group method of data handling (GMDH) and linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) methods for the correlation of experimental liquid‐liquid equilibrium (LLE) data have been used.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Khatereh Bahrpaima",authors:[{id:"193562",title:"Dr.",name:"Khatereh",middleName:null,surname:"Bahrpaima",slug:"khatereh-bahrpaima",fullName:"Khatereh Bahrpaima"}]},{id:"55219",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68567",title:"Occupational, Public and Environmental Radiological Impact Caused by the Phosphoric Acid Industry: The Case of Huelva (Spain)",slug:"occupational-public-and-environmental-radiological-impact-caused-by-the-phosphoric-acid-industry-the",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The production of phosphate fertilizers usually uses as raw material sedimentary phosphate rock, which contains enhanced concentrations from U‐series radionuclides about 10–100 times higher than unperturbed soils. This fact implies the need for evaluating the radiological implications of this activity. In our case, the study has been performed in a large fertilizer industrial complex located at Huelva town (SW of Spain), where sedimentary phosphate rock has been processed since 1965 to 2010, generating annually an average of about 2.5 million tons of a by‐product called phosphogypsum (PG), which has been stored in big stacks 1 km away from Huelva city, covering 1000 ha. The fluxes of the radionuclides of interest along the production process and the effective doses received by the workers have been determined. In addition, the radioecological impact associated to the waste management strategy followed has been evaluated.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Luis Guerrero‐Márquez, Fernando Mosqueda Peña, Juan\nMantero, Guillermo Manjón, Rafael García‐Tenorio and Juan Pedro\nBolívar",authors:[{id:"57724",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Manjon",slug:"guillermo-manjon",fullName:"Guillermo Manjon"},{id:"111020",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Bolivar",slug:"juan-pedro-bolivar",fullName:"Juan Pedro Bolivar"},{id:"111022",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Gacia Tenorio",slug:"rafael-gacia-tenorio",fullName:"Rafael Gacia Tenorio"},{id:"193940",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Mosqueda",slug:"fernando-mosqueda",fullName:"Fernando Mosqueda"},{id:"193941",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Mantero",slug:"juan-mantero",fullName:"Juan Mantero"},{id:"193942",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Márquez",slug:"jose-luis-guerrero-marquez",fullName:"José Luis Guerrero-Márquez"}]},{id:"55434",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68236",title:"Diluted Thermopressurized Phosphoric Acid: A Gentle Proton Donor for Polysaccharide Acid Depolymerization and (Bio)processing",slug:"diluted-thermopressurized-phosphoric-acid-a-gentle-proton-donor-for-polysaccharide-acid-depolymeriza",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Phosphorus is a very important element for several metabolic pathways in all living organisms as exemplified by DNA, RNA, glucose and fructose-P, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The whole metabolism of phosphate in any living organism involves the catalysis carried out by many enzymes, such as kinases, pyrophosphorylases, isomerases, and phosphatases. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include neurological dysfunction and disruption of muscle and blood cells and could be caused by malnutrition, failure to absorb phosphate, and metabolic syndromes. Phosphoric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations as an acidulant, flavor, and synergistic antioxidant and sequestering. At the laboratorial and industrial territories, due to safety precautions, phosphoric acid may be considered a valid acid alternative for stronger and risky acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids. Furthermore, phosphoric acid, among the mineral acids, is less corrosive for steel and all goods made therefrom. Taking into account all these favorable arguments, the applied research at our laboratory (LQBB) is focused, with success, in the utilization of much diluted and moderately thermopressurized phosphoric acid (o-PA) in the pretreatment of polysaccharides for many biotechnological, as oligosaccharides production, important prebiotics for the human gastrointestinal tract.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Domingos Fontana, Marcela Tiboni and Heidegrid Siebert\nKoop",authors:[{id:"192320",title:"Prof.",name:"José Domingos",middleName:null,surname:"Fontana",slug:"jose-domingos-fontana",fullName:"José Domingos Fontana"},{id:"195692",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Tiboni",slug:"marcela-tiboni",fullName:"Marcela Tiboni"},{id:"195694",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidegrid",middleName:null,surname:"Siebert Koop",slug:"heidegrid-siebert-koop",fullName:"Heidegrid Siebert Koop"}]},{id:"56294",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68658",title:"Recent Trends in Phosphatase-Mediated Bioremediation",slug:"recent-trends-in-phosphatase-mediated-bioremediation",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Industrial effluents from tanneries and electroplating industries from small‐ and large‐scale sector industrial plants contain substantial amount of toxic heavy metal, which pollutes rivers and lakes, land, air and sea leading to imbalance of ecosystem and certain health issues to humans, animals as well as plants. The worldwide environmental regulations stipulate the reduction of heavy metals in the effluents to permissible levels before discharging into water bodies. Enzyme‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals affords a novel eco‐friendly method for remediation of toxic heavy metals from various industrial effluents like tannery, electroplating and dye industries. This chapter has paid attention to bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) from Escherichia coli C90 and calf‐intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), which catalyses phospho mono‐ and diesters and produces inorganic phosphate (Pi). The Pi thus generated precipitates the heavy metals as metal‐phosphate complexes. The kinetic behaviour of both the enzymes with para‐nitrophenyl phosphate, ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate and α‐naphthyl phosphate was investigated at various pH regimes from 8 to 11. The chapter also explains in detail the descriptive information on the capability of BAP‐ and CIAP‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals, which is desirable and convenient method for the toxic heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel and cobalt.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Gouri Chaudhuri, Uma Selvaraj, Venu Babu and Richard W.\nThilagaraj",authors:[{id:"192857",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Thilagaraj",slug:"richard-thilagaraj",fullName:"Richard Thilagaraj"},{id:"195962",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Venu",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"p.-venu-babu",fullName:"P. Venu Babu"},{id:"195963",title:"Dr.",name:"Gouri",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhuri",slug:"gouri-chaudhuri",fullName:"Gouri Chaudhuri"},{id:"195964",title:"Ms.",name:"Uma",middleName:null,surname:"Selvaraj",slug:"uma-selvaraj",fullName:"Uma Selvaraj"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56162",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry: Problems and Solutions",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:5178,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Phosphoric acid (PA) is an important industrial chemical used as an intermediate in the fertilizer industry, for metal surface treatment in the metallurgical industry and as an additive in the food industry. The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia and America, including countries that operate phosphate rock (PR) mines and produce PA, phosphatic fertilizers and phosphate-based products.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Benjamín Valdez Salas, Michael Schorr Wiener and Juan Ricardo\nSalinas Martinez",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"}]},{id:"55389",title:"Thermochemistry and Kinetics of the Reactions of Apatite Phosphates with Acid Solutions (II)",slug:"thermochemistry-and-kinetics-of-the-reactions-of-apatite-phosphates-with-acid-solutions-ii-",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The principal material in the phosphate ores is composed of calcium fluorapatite Ca10(PO4)6F2, in which the various components have been partially substituted by magnesium, sodium, carbonate, and hydroxyl ions. These substitutions affect the stability of the material and its reactivity toward the acid attack. The present chapter reports the influence of carbonates and magnesium on these properties. Using different calorimeters, dissolution experiments of carbonated and noncarbonated Ca and Ca/Mg apatites were carried out in acid solutions leading to thermochemical quantities. The results show that substitution of carbonate for F ions in the channel (to get A-type carbonate F-apatites) results in increasing the stability of the edifice, while substitution of CO3 for PO4 in fluor- or hydroxyapatites (to get B-type apatites) leads to a decrease in stability. The latter phenomenon was also observed when substituting magnesium for calcium in F-apatites. The presence of the former in the apatite structure results in an increase of the speed of dissolution in acid solution that is enhanced when carbonate is also replacing phosphate groups. Dissolution mechanism of synthesized Ca/Mg F-apatites seems to be a one-step process, while dissolution of a Gafsa (TN) natural phosphate to get superphosphate fertilizer is more complex.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Mohamed Jemal",authors:[{id:"15449",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Jemal",slug:"mohamed-jemal",fullName:"Mohamed Jemal"}]},{id:"55219",title:"Occupational, Public and Environmental Radiological Impact Caused by the Phosphoric Acid Industry: The Case of Huelva (Spain)",slug:"occupational-public-and-environmental-radiological-impact-caused-by-the-phosphoric-acid-industry-the",totalDownloads:1355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The production of phosphate fertilizers usually uses as raw material sedimentary phosphate rock, which contains enhanced concentrations from U‐series radionuclides about 10–100 times higher than unperturbed soils. This fact implies the need for evaluating the radiological implications of this activity. In our case, the study has been performed in a large fertilizer industrial complex located at Huelva town (SW of Spain), where sedimentary phosphate rock has been processed since 1965 to 2010, generating annually an average of about 2.5 million tons of a by‐product called phosphogypsum (PG), which has been stored in big stacks 1 km away from Huelva city, covering 1000 ha. The fluxes of the radionuclides of interest along the production process and the effective doses received by the workers have been determined. In addition, the radioecological impact associated to the waste management strategy followed has been evaluated.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Luis Guerrero‐Márquez, Fernando Mosqueda Peña, Juan\nMantero, Guillermo Manjón, Rafael García‐Tenorio and Juan Pedro\nBolívar",authors:[{id:"57724",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Manjon",slug:"guillermo-manjon",fullName:"Guillermo Manjon"},{id:"111020",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Bolivar",slug:"juan-pedro-bolivar",fullName:"Juan Pedro Bolivar"},{id:"111022",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Gacia Tenorio",slug:"rafael-gacia-tenorio",fullName:"Rafael Gacia Tenorio"},{id:"193940",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Mosqueda",slug:"fernando-mosqueda",fullName:"Fernando Mosqueda"},{id:"193941",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Mantero",slug:"juan-mantero",fullName:"Juan Mantero"},{id:"193942",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Márquez",slug:"jose-luis-guerrero-marquez",fullName:"José Luis Guerrero-Márquez"}]},{id:"56294",title:"Recent Trends in Phosphatase-Mediated Bioremediation",slug:"recent-trends-in-phosphatase-mediated-bioremediation",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Industrial effluents from tanneries and electroplating industries from small‐ and large‐scale sector industrial plants contain substantial amount of toxic heavy metal, which pollutes rivers and lakes, land, air and sea leading to imbalance of ecosystem and certain health issues to humans, animals as well as plants. The worldwide environmental regulations stipulate the reduction of heavy metals in the effluents to permissible levels before discharging into water bodies. Enzyme‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals affords a novel eco‐friendly method for remediation of toxic heavy metals from various industrial effluents like tannery, electroplating and dye industries. This chapter has paid attention to bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) from Escherichia coli C90 and calf‐intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP), which catalyses phospho mono‐ and diesters and produces inorganic phosphate (Pi). The Pi thus generated precipitates the heavy metals as metal‐phosphate complexes. The kinetic behaviour of both the enzymes with para‐nitrophenyl phosphate, ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate and α‐naphthyl phosphate was investigated at various pH regimes from 8 to 11. The chapter also explains in detail the descriptive information on the capability of BAP‐ and CIAP‐mediated precipitation of heavy metals, which is desirable and convenient method for the toxic heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel and cobalt.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Gouri Chaudhuri, Uma Selvaraj, Venu Babu and Richard W.\nThilagaraj",authors:[{id:"192857",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Thilagaraj",slug:"richard-thilagaraj",fullName:"Richard Thilagaraj"},{id:"195962",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Venu",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"p.-venu-babu",fullName:"P. 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Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include neurological dysfunction and disruption of muscle and blood cells and could be caused by malnutrition, failure to absorb phosphate, and metabolic syndromes. Phosphoric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations as an acidulant, flavor, and synergistic antioxidant and sequestering. At the laboratorial and industrial territories, due to safety precautions, phosphoric acid may be considered a valid acid alternative for stronger and risky acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids. Furthermore, phosphoric acid, among the mineral acids, is less corrosive for steel and all goods made therefrom. Taking into account all these favorable arguments, the applied research at our laboratory (LQBB) is focused, with success, in the utilization of much diluted and moderately thermopressurized phosphoric acid (o-PA) in the pretreatment of polysaccharides for many biotechnological, as oligosaccharides production, important prebiotics for the human gastrointestinal tract.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"José Domingos Fontana, Marcela Tiboni and Heidegrid Siebert\nKoop",authors:[{id:"192320",title:"Prof.",name:"José Domingos",middleName:null,surname:"Fontana",slug:"jose-domingos-fontana",fullName:"José Domingos Fontana"},{id:"195692",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Tiboni",slug:"marcela-tiboni",fullName:"Marcela Tiboni"},{id:"195694",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidegrid",middleName:null,surname:"Siebert Koop",slug:"heidegrid-siebert-koop",fullName:"Heidegrid Siebert Koop"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"490",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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