Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Efficient Simulation of Airborne SAR Raw Data in Case of Motion Errors

Written By

Yuhua Guo, Shichao Jin and Yuhong Guo

Submitted: 08 June 2021 Reviewed: 10 July 2021 Published: 24 August 2021

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99378

From the Edited Volume

Recent Topics in Electromagnetic Compatibility

Edited by Ahmed Kishk

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Abstract

In the simulation of SAR raw data, it is well-known that the frequency-domain algorithm is more efficient than a time-domain algorithm, making it is more suitable for extended scene simulation. However, the frequency-domain algorithm is perhaps better suited for ideal linear motion and requires some degrees of approximations to take the nonlinear motion effects. This chapter presents an efficient simulation approach based on hybrid time and frequency-domain algorithms under certain assumptions. The algorithm has high efficiency and is suitable for the simulation of extended scenes, which demands highly computational resources. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed, followed by numerical results to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

Keywords

  • synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
  • trajectory deviations
  • antenna pointing errors
  • raw data simulation
  • Fourier transform (FT)

1. Introduction

There are two major approaches to the SAR raw echo data simulation: time-domain and frequency-domain methods. For airborne SAR, the sensor platform trajectory, due to nonideal factors such as atmospheric turbulence, deviates from the linear motion state in the synthetic aperture time, which seriously affects the imaging quality if no proper compensation is made [1]. The time-domain algorithm can accurately reflect the influence of various error factors, but the pitfall is that the computational efficiency is low [2, 3, 4]. On the other hand, the frequency-domain algorithm, based on the two-dimensional frequency-domain expression of the original echo signal, uses a fast FT to realize simulation [5, 6]. This kind of algorithm delivers high efficiency to a high degree. However, it is only for simulation under ideal flight conditions.

The fast simulation of SAR imaging signals has a long history of research. The main idea of the existing methods is to realize the SAR raw data simulation in the frequency-domain with the high efficiency of the fast FT [7]. In recent years, Franceschetti’s team in Italy has conducted a systematic study on the fast simulation algorithm of SAR raw data. A simulation method based on the two-dimensional frequency domain is proposed, which assumes slow platform motion with a narrow antenna beam [8]. Then, the algorithm is modified by introducing a one-dimensional azimuth Fourier transform and range time-domain integration [9]. Reference [10] improved the traditional 2-D frequency-domain method and extended it to the squint mode. However, these two algorithms only consider the case of the tracking error or the case of the squint mode and do not consider the case of the squint with the trajectory deviations. The time-frequency hybrid simulation methods were proposed to improve SAR raw echo data processing speed [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. The original raw data is usually acquired in the squint situation due to the instability of the attitude. Furthermore, the change of antenna attitude will cause the change of beam direction, which leads to the degradation of image quality. The fast echo simulation algorithm for antenna attitude change has been proposed on the premise that the amplitude of linear antenna error is far less than the beam width [21, 22, 23]. For sinusoidal antenna azimuth attitude jitter, it will cause paired echoes. Similarly, sinusoidal antenna range attitude jitter will also cause paired echoes.

In this work, we present the fast echo simulation algorithm of trajectory offset and attitude jitter error. We first attempt to extend the Fourier domain approach to account for trajectory deviations at a non-zero squint angle. Then we consider the Fourier domain approach to account for trajectory deviations and antenna beam pointing errors, given rising more problematic for airborne SAR systems. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: The algorithm for trajectory deviations is presented in Section 2. In Section 3, SAR signal simulations are carried out considering the trajectory deviations and antenna attitude variations. Finally, conclusions are drawn to close the chapter.

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2. Raw echo algorithm of squint airborne strip SAR with trajectory offset error

In this section, an algorithm of raw echo with trajectory error in squint is proposed. The approach adopts the Acquisition Doppler (AD) [24] geometry instead of the standard cylindrical reference system (see Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Geometric diagram of SAR with squint and trajectory offset.

2.1 Raw echo algorithm of squint airborne strip SAR with trajectory offset error

The echo generation algorithm with trajectory error in squint is deduced by rotating the trajectory error along the line of sight. The motion error in the cone coordinate system is shown in Figure 2. The transformation relationship between a cylindrical coordinate system and a conical coordinate system is as follows:

Figure 2.

AD processing geometry.

r0=rcosϕ,x0=x+rsinϕdE1

where x are r the coordinates of the point target in the cone coordinate system, x0 and r0 are the coordinates of the point target in the cylinder coordinate system. d is the trajectory error, β is related to the horizontal and vertical components of the trajectory error. ϕd is the squint angle. Rn and R are the ideal distance and the distance from the carrier to the target, respectively. In the cone coordinate system, Rn and R are transformed into:

Rn=r02+xx02=rcosϕ2+xxrsinϕd2E2
R=rcosϕd+δr˜xr2+xxrsinϕd2E3

where [25].

δr˜xxrϕddxsinβxcosϕdcosϑxrcosβxsinϑxr+12sinϕd2cosϑxr2sinβxcosϕdcosϑxr+12cosβxsinϑxrsinϕd2cosϑxr2E4

Then the trajectory deviations δRxxrϕd can be decomposed into the following terms:

δRxxrϕdδr˜xϕd+ψ˜xrϕd+φ˜xxrϕdE5

where δr˜xϕd is the track deviation caused by the deviation of radar track from the ideal track when the radar beam points to the center of the scene, which is only related to the azimuth position of radars and is the main component of track deviation, ψ˜xrϕd is the range to space variability of track deviation, and φ˜xxrϕd accounts for the influence of radar platform position, azimuth and range variations.

Suppose that the radar transmits the following Linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal. After heterodyne, the echo signal obtained is

hxr=dxdrγxrrectrRDω2xxrsinϕϕdcosϕd×expj4πλRjαrrR2E6

where r is the sampling coordinate of the range signal, λ is the wavelength, γxr is the reflection function, rect represents the rectangular envelope of the pulse. After applying the range FT of hxr, we obtain

Hxη=rectη2αrDexpjη24αr×dxdrγxr×expjη+4πλr+ΔR+δRω2xxrsinϕϕdcosϕdE7

Furthermore, by separating the factor expjη+4πλδrxϕd, we obtain

Hxη=expjη+4πλδrxϕdH˜xηE8

where

H˜xη=rectη2αrDexpjη24αr×dxdrγxr×expjη+4πλr+ΔRxxrϕd+ψ˜xrϕd+φ˜xxrϕd×ω2xxrsinϕϕdcosϕdE9

If the following conditions are satisfied:

φ˜xxrϕdλ4πE10
ψ˜xxrϕdfΔfλ2πE11

we can obtain the azimuth FT of H˜xη as follows:

H˜ξη=drexpjη¯rdrGξlηrΓξlrQηlηr=drexpjη¯rQηξηrξGξηrΓξrE12

where

Qηlηr=FTxexpjη¯ψ˜xrϕdE13

with η¯=η+4πλ, After evaluating H˜ξη, it can be direct get H˜xη by using the inverse FT of H˜ξη along the azimuth direction. Then, using Eq. (8) and the range inverse FT, the original echo signal can be computed. The flowchart of the algorithm is shown in Figure 3. The validity of the range needs to satisfy Eqs. (10) and (11).

Figure 3.

Raw data simulation process of strip squint SAR with trajectory error.

2.2 Computational complexity of the algorithm

Let us now consider the computational complexity of the algorithm in Figure 3. Suppose the data size is Na×Nr, with Na corresponding to the number of azimuth sampling points, and Nr to the number of range sampling points. It follows that the amount of computation required by the algorithm is

NNaNr23+log2Na+NaNr1+log2Na+12log2NrNaNr23+log2NaE14

Recalled that the required computation of time domain algorithm is as follows

N˜NaNrNtpNsaE15

where Ntp is the size of the emitted pulse and Nsa is the synthetic aperture, Ntp is usually equal to the size of Nr. The ratio of Eqs. (14) and (15) takes the form

N˜NNsa3+log2NaE16

It is evident that compared with the time domain simulation method, the proposed method has higher computational efficiency.

2.3 Algorithm simulation verification

In what follows, we use the SAR system parameters listed in Table 1 to verify the SAR raw data simulation algorithm of non-ideal track under squint condition. Figure 4 shows the track deviation between the actual track and the ideal track. For a point target located at the near range r=4840/cos4om, the phase difference between the simulated and the exact raw signal, along the range direction and the azimuth direction, is displayed in Figure 5(a) and (b), respectively. We see that the phase error is much smaller than π/10, which in practice is negligible. By comparing the “depurated” phase error and the expected phase error 4π/λφ˜xxrϕd (see Figure 6), we may conclude that the azimuth “depurated” phase error is given rise by the approximation of Eq. (10). Moreover, the point target impulse response for midrange at squint angle 15o after the motion compensation are shown in Figure 7(a) and (b). In addition, the figure of merits by point target analysis for midrange shown in Figure 7(a) and (b) between the proposed approach and the time-domain one is given in Table 2. The proposed raw data generator has high precision at least as that by the time domain algorithm.

Nominal height4000 mRange pixel dimension3 m
Midrange coordinate5140 mChirp bandwidth45 MHz
Wavelength3.14 cmChirp duration5 μs
Pulse Repetition Frequency400 HzVelocity100 m/s
Sampling Frequency50 MHzNumber of azimuth samples of the raw data972
Azimuth pixel dimension25 cmNumber of range samples of the raw data416

Table 1.

Simulation parameters.

Figure 4.

Sensor displacements.

Figure 5.

(a) Range cut, (b) azimuth cut, the point target is located in the close range position (r=4840/cos4o m) of the scene.

Figure 6.

(a) The phase error (smooth line) after removing the stationary phase influence. (b) the phase error along the azimuth direction (r=4840/cosϕdm) according to the formula φ¯xxrϕd<<4πλ.

Figure 7.

Point target imaging results after motion error compensation. (a) Range cut and (b) azimuth cut.

Simulation methodAzimuth directionRange direction
IRW (m)PSLR (dB)ISLR (dB)IRW (m)PSLR (dB)ISLR (dB)
Time domain simulation algorithm0.2344−13.1035−9.66652.8125−13.2115−9.6759
Simulation algorithm of squint with trajectory offset0.2344−13.2322−9.68622.8125−13.2160−9.6871

Table 2.

Point target evaluation results.

Finally, the extended scene is considered. The final results are given in Figure 8, where Figure 8(a) shows the image without motion compensation, Figure 8(b) displays the results by a two-step MOCO algorithm, and Figure 8(c) is the image after the motion compensation [25]. Concerning the computational efficiency, it took only about 2 min for the simulation run, as shown in Figure 8(c), on an 8-GHz Intel Core i5 personal computer.

Figure 8.

Comparison of imaging results: (a) No motion compensation, (b) second order motion error compensation, (c) the compensation method in ref. [25] is used.

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3. Raw echo algorithm of airborne stripmap SAR with trajectory error and attitude jitter

Due to the air disturbance or the flight instability of the SAR platform, the platform trajectory deviation and attitude error are inevitably introduced into the sensor parameters. This section considers the raw echo algorithm of airborne stripmap SAR with trajectory error and attitude jitter.

3.1 Raw echo algorithm of airborne stripmap SAR with trajectory error and attitude jitter

Firstly, the simulation algorithm of antenna beam pointing error is briefly introduced. In Ref. [22], a two-dimensional frequency-domain echo simulation algorithm is proposed to reflect the beam pointing error. The difference between the raw data echo, including antenna beam pointing error, and ideal echo is the azimuth envelope. When the amplitude of the antenna beam jitter is less than the beam width, the azimuth amplitude weighting function can be approximated by the Taylor expansion. From reference [22], When the beam pointing is sinusoidal jitter, a pair of echoes is erroneously produced.

Suppose the received echo is as follows:

hxr=dxdrγxrexpj4πλRj4πλΔf/frR2×rectrR/2W2xxδxXE17

where δx=r+δr¯xrxxrϕdδ˜azx is the antenna pointing error in azimuth direction. When the amplitude of antenna beam jitter is less than the beam width, the azimuth amplitude weighting function is approximated by the second-order Taylor expansion:

W2xxδxXW2xxXW21xxXr+δrxrxxrδazx+12W22xxXr+δrxrxxr2δaz2xE18

where r is the distance coordinate between the platform and the target point, and the original echo is decomposed into three parts:

hxrh0xr+h1xr+h2xrE19

where h0xr is equivalent to the original echo with trajectory deviations, which can be calculated by the traditional frequency-domain algorithm. The last two terms of Eq. (19) contain trajectory offset error and antenna attitude jitter error. h0xr can be estimated by echo simulation algorithm, which only contains trajectory offset error. Therefore, the main task is to evaluate the two terms of h1xr and h2xr.

In order to expand the range of distance effectiveness, we assume that

f¯1xxηrr+δrrxrγxrexpj4πλψxrE20

which satisfies the following condition: η+4πλφxxr+ηψxr1. The azimuth Fourier transform of f¯1 can be expressed as: F¯1χlηr=ΓχrQ1lr.where Γ is the azimuth FT of γxr.

Q1lr=FTxr+δrrxrexpj4πλψxrE21

Then H¯ξη=expjη¯rQ1ξrξGξηrΓξrdr.

The system function G of SAR is decomposed into two parts

Gξηr=GA1ξrGB1ξηrE22

where the term.

GA1ξr=expj4πλ2ξ24πλr describes the azimuth frequency modulation, including the change of focusing depth, and

GB1ξηr=rectη2bcτ/2PRFvW2ξΔξ2ΩrW2ξ2Ωrexpjη24b×expjη¯2ξ2η¯rexpj4πλ2ξ24πλrE23

the migration effect of range element and the error of antenna beam jitter. Then, we have

h˜1ξηexpjη¯rGB1ξηrQ1ξrξGAξrΓξrdrE24

Similarly, let

f¯2xxηr12r+δrrxr2γxrexpj4πλψxrE25

and

Q2ξr=FT12r+δrrxr2expj4πλψxrxE26
GB2ξηr=rectη2bcτ/2PRFv2W2ξ2Ωx2W2ξΔξ2Ωx+W2ξ2Δξ2Ωx×expjη24bexpjη¯2ξ2η¯r×expj4πλ2ξ24πλrE27

we yield

h˜2ξηexpjη¯rGB2ξηr×Q2ξrξGAξrΓξrdrE28

From Eqs. (24) and (28), we obtain the efficient computation of h˜1ξη and h˜2ξη. Figure 9 summaries the computation flow chart of the procedures outlined above. Finally, hxr can be evaluated from Figure 10. The effectiveness of the algorithm for antenna jitter is δazxXr+δrrxr<Xr=λL.

Figure 9.

Flowchart of the simulation.

Note that the trajectory deviations should satisfy the following condition:

η+4πλφxxr+ηψ(xr)1E29

which ensures that the range of distance effectiveness of the algorithm.

3.1.1 Computational complexity

The complexity of algorithms given in Section 3.1 increases with the order of antenna pattern decomposition. Suppose Na and Nr are the azimuth and range pixel size of the original signal, NaNr is the computational complexity of γxr. Let N˜ and N be the computational complexity of 3.1 part and medium trajectory offset error algorithm, then N˜=n+1N, where N=NxNr2. Now we compare the computational complexity of part 3.1 and the exact time domain algorithm. It is known that the computational complexity of time domain is N̂=NxNrNtpNsa, where Ntp and Nsa are the sizes of the emitted pulse and the synthetic aperture. Generally, n is less than Nsa and Ntp are the same size with Nr. Then the algorithm given in this part is more efficient than the time-domain algorithm. The calculation time-saving rate is

N̂N˜Nsan+1E30

Therefore, the algorithm given in Section 3.1 can simulate the extended scene in a reasonable time.

3.1.2 Algorithm verification

In this part, we will give some simulation results to verify the proposed algorithm. The simulation parameters are selected from the X-band SAR data in Ref.s [8, 9], and the main parameters are shown in Table 3. Note that the precise time domain simulation can be obtained from Eq. (17). In order to simplify, the algorithm given in part 3.1 is called algorithm A, and the time-domain algorithm is called algorithm B. Let a single point target be located in the middle of the scene (r = 5140 m), and the horizontal and vertical components are shown in Figure 11. Let the antenna pointing error be as follows:

Nominal height4000 mRange pixel dimension3 m
Midrange coordinate5140 mChirp bandwidth45 MHz
Wavelength3.14 cmChirp duration5 μs
Pulse Repetition Frequency400 HzAzimuth antenna dimension1 m
Sampling Frequency50 MHzNumber of azimuth samples in the raw data1941
Azimuth pixel dimension25 cmNumber of range samples in the raw signals830

Table 3.

Sensor simulation parameters.

Figure 10.

Horizontal and vertical components of medium trajectory offset error.

Figure 11.

Amplitude comparison results of algorithm A and B (the blue line represents algorithm a and the red line represents algorithm B) (a) azimuth cut. (b) Range cut. The point target is located in the scene, and the close range R = 4840 meters.

δax=δmsin2πvTbx+φ0E31

where δm is the amplitude, Tb is the period of antenna jitter and φ0 is the initial phase. Assumptions δm=120λL, Tb=110Ts and φ0=0. Figure 11 shows the horizontal and vertical components of the trajectory offset, and the antenna pointing error is Eq. (31). Now we consider the near range point (r = 4840 m) in the scene. The amplitude and phase comparison results of algorithms A and B are shown in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. Similar conclusion can be drawn that the amplitude error and phase error of algorithm A and B are very small, which verifies the effectiveness of algorithm A. Table 4 shows the imaging quality evaluation results of algorithms A and B at near range (r = 4840 m), center range (r = 5140 m) and far range (r = 5440 m), including impulse response width (IRW), peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR) and integral sidelobe ratio (ISLR).

Figure 12.

Phase comparison results of algorithm A and algorithm B. (a) Azimuth cut. (b) Range cut. The point target is located in the scene, and the close range R = 4840 meters.

Algorithmr (m)Azimuth directionRange direction
IRW (dB)PSLR (dB)ISLR (dB)IRW (dB)PSLR (dB)ISLR (dB)
A48400.2266−5.0346−3.9095−2.7188−6.8351−5.6503
51400.2227−3.4025−2.23442.8125−12.3214−9.5441
54400.2188−2.4523−1.26222.7656−8.5−7.2288
B48400.2266−5.3933−4.28012.7656−7.1473−6.0101
51400.2227−3.3611−2.19452.7656−12.8208−9.6497
54400.2188−2.4399−1.24962.7656−8.0237−6.8483

Table 4.

The focus performance of the point target response of algorithm A and B.

3.2 Raw echo algorithm of airborne stripmap SAR with trajectory error and attitude jitter under squint conditions

This section presents the simulation algorithm of airborne SAR raw echo with trajectory offset and attitude jitter error under squint conditions.

3.2.1 Simulation algorithm

Suppose the received echo is as follows:

Figure 13.

Flowchart of medium trajectory error and attitude jitter at squint angle.

hxr=dxdrγxrexpj4πλRj4πλΔf/frR2×rectrR/2W2xxδxXE32

where δx=r+δr¯xrxxrϕdδ˜azx is the antenna pointing error in azimuth direction. From [25] we have

δr¯xrxxrϕddxsinβxcosϕdcosϑxrcosβxsinϑxr+12sinϕd2cosϑxr2sinβxcosϕdcosϑxr+12cosβx×sinϑxrsinϕd2cosϑxr2E33

Eq. (32) is a signal model for the exact time-domain simulation and can be used as the criterion to judge the validity of the algorithm proposed below.

When the beam pointing error is less than the beam width, the antenna pattern can be approximated as follows:

W2xxδxXW2xxXW21xxXr+δr¯xrxxrϕdδazx+12W22xxXr+δr¯xrxxrϕd2δaz2xE34

where W2n is the nth derivative of the antenna pattern. Accordingly, the echo can be decomposed as follows:

hxrĥ0xr+ĥ1xr+ĥ2xrE35

The above equation, ĥ0xr only includes trajectory deviations, the latter two terms including trajectory offset and attitude jitter.

Assuming that the range Fourier transform of ĥ1xr is ĥ1xη, then

ĥ1xη=expjη+4πλδr¯xϕdĥ¯1xηE36

The term δ˜azx can be extracted from the integral, that is

ĥ¯1xη=δ¯azxĥ˜1xηE37
ĥ1xη=rectηbcτexpjη24bdxdrγxrexpjη+4πλ×r+ΔRxxr+ψ¯xrϕd+φ¯xxrϕd×r+δr¯xrxxrϕdW21xxXE38

The azimuth Fourier transform of ĥ¯1xη is

ĥ¯1ξη=FTδ˜azxĥ˜1ξηE39

where

ĥ˜1ξη=drexpjη¯rdlG˜1ξlηrF̂˜1ξllηrE40

F̂˜1 is the Fourier transform of f̂˜1, and

f̂˜1xxηr=r+δr¯xrxxrϕdγxr×expjη+4πλψ¯xrϕd+φ¯xxrϕdE41

Similarly, a two-dimensional Fourier transform ĥ2xr can be obtained. By performing a range FT of h2xr and separating the factor expjη¯δr¯xϕd, we get ĥ¯2xη. Then, after azimuth FT of ĥ¯2xη, we obtain: ĥ¯2ξη=FTxδ˜az2xĥ˜2ξη, where

ĥ˜2ξη=drexpjη¯rdlĜ˜2ξlηrF̂˜2ξllηrE42

where F̂˜2 is the two-dimensional FT of f̂˜2. The difference between f̂˜1 and f̂˜2 is that the former contains a factor r+δr¯xrxxrϕd while the latter contains a factor 12r+δr¯xrxxrϕd2. If the two-dimensional spectrum of ĥ˜1ξη and ĥ˜2ξη is obtained from Eqs. (40) and (42), then the estimation of hxr can be obtained from Figure 14. However, due to the coupling of azimuth and distance between f̂˜1 and f̂˜2, it is necessary to decouple them. Therefore, we adopt the following approach:

Figure 14.

SAR raw data echo simulation diagram.

The amplitude approximation f̂˜1 and f̂˜2 satisfy the following conditions:

δr¯xrxxrϕdδr¯xrϕd. Phase approximation needs to meet the following requirements:

f̂˜1r+δr¯xrxrϕdγxrexpj4πλψ¯xrϕdE43
f̂˜2xxηr12r+δr¯rxrϕd2γxr×expj4πλψ¯xrϕdE44
φ¯xxrϕd<<λ4πE45
ψ¯xrϕd<<fΔfλ2πE46

then

ĥ˜1ξη=expjη¯rdlG1ξlηrΓξlrQlηr=drexpjη¯rQξηrξG1ξηrΓξrE47

where

Qlηr=FTxexpjη¯ψ¯xrϕdE48
G1ξηrrectηbcτW2ξξdΔξr2aW2ξξd2a×expjη24bexpjη¯2ξ2cosϕdη¯rjξrsinϕdE49

Similarly, we can get an estimate of ĥ˜2ξη, with the flow chart shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15.

The flowchart of medium trajectory error and attitude jitter.

In the simulation, the attitude change needs to meet the following condition:

δazxXr+δr¯rxrϕd<Xr=λLE50

Combined with conditions (45) and (46), we see that the algorithm is suitable for squint with medium trajectory offset error and antenna beam pointing error.

The computational efficiency of the algorithm is analyzed below. Obviously, the computational complexity of the algorithm increases with the expansion order of the antenna pattern. Let N be the computational complexity with

NnNaNr23+log2NaE51

and N˜ be the computational complexity of the time domain method. It turns out that the following ratio is obtained

N˜NNsan3+log2NaE52

We observe from the above equation that the proposed algorithm has higher computational efficiency than the time-domain algorithm for the same order of antenna pattern expansion n.

3.2.2 Simulation results

In this section, the proposed algorithm is verified by comparing with the simulation results of time-domain algorithm. The trajectory offset error is shown in Figure 16 and the antenna pointing error is given by Eq. (31). Figure 17 shows the phase comparison results of azimuth and range directions, where Figure 17(a) is the azimuth cut and Figure 17(b) is the range cut. It can be seen that the phase errors of the proposed algorithm and the time-domain algorithm are both minimal, proving the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Figure 16.

Moderate trajectory deviations [m] vs. the azimuth pixels.

Figure 17.

SAR raw data phase comparison of the algorithm proposed in Section 3.2 and the time domain algorithm.

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4. Conclusion

In this chapter, we present a fast echo simulation algorithm of airborne striped SAR with trajectory error in squint condition, the fast echo simulation algorithm of airborne stripmap SAR with antenna attitude jitter and trajectory error, and the fast echo simulation algorithm of airborne stripmap SAR with attitude jitter and trajectory error in squint condition. From the comparison between the proposed hybrid-domain echo algorithm and the time-domain algorithm, it can be seen that the phase error slice is within a reasonable range, but the hybrid algorithm runs faster than the time-domain simulation by using FT, which is conducive to the simulation of large scenes.

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Professor Kunshan Chen for his support in reviewing. This work is supported by Innovation Funds of China Aerospace Science and Technology (No. Y-Y-Y-FZLDTX-20).

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Written By

Yuhua Guo, Shichao Jin and Yuhong Guo

Submitted: 08 June 2021 Reviewed: 10 July 2021 Published: 24 August 2021