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The manufacturing SMEs are facing the burden of non-equilibrium of the supply–demand chain along with the global change in the climate. Several SMEs are looking for a substitute that can create a balance between performance and the environment. In spite of numerous studies related to green and lean that has been evolved, none of them is able to clearly define the spheres of green and lean. Here in this chapter, there is an exploration of advancement of lean and green manufacturing and its impact on other sectors. It also highlights the methodology adopted in implementing the same. This chapter recognizes the commonalities between lean and green approaches, the collaboration and impact, techniques involved. Also, the impediments and perplexities confronted by the manufacturing sector are examined. Further, this gives a better understanding of the challenges before implementing lean with green. This chapter also recognizes possible gaps in the literature that will help to eliminate the barrier toward this Neo manufacturing.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VidyaVardhaka College of Engineering Mysuru, Karnataka, India
*Address all correspondence to: rishijp@vvce.ac.in
1. Introduction
Liberalization Privatization Globalization (LPG) has created market possibilities for manufacturing businesses around the Globe. This encourages competition worldwide for quality products, thereby leading to different ways to enhance their competency. A global phenomenon like financial instability, political imbalance, technology revolution, stringent regulation and global climate changes are affecting the competition [1]. Both energy and resources cost are always escalating due to non-equilibrium between supply and demand this is effecting the operation cost and economics of manufacturing directly. One vital strategy for SMEs to face competition to diminish the waste of resources by inefficient operation and production methods.
Numerous big Industries have implemented the lean-to step up competition worldwide [1]. This idea of lean is exceptionally well known and embraced in numerous businesses including Toyota, Boeing and Ford. With numerous elucidations for defining lean that have come to perplexity to recognize its effect. The description of lean itself is tricky. Some expressed lean has philosophy than a plethora of tools. On the other side, a viable and system approach depicts lean is an assortment of waste diminishment approaches. Also lean is a framework with the primary objective to dispense waste. In any case, the common lean plan centres on the diminishment of waste. The lean tactics offer technique, tools, practices, and methodologies which can be useful to the manufacturing framework resulting in fewer resources utilization and fewer wastes. Lean manufacturing is actualized within manufacturing facilities since the effective usage by the Toyota Production System (TPS). Lean Manufacturing is characterized as an approach that disposes of all non-value added activities in production. Whereas lean centres the operational part, green looks into environmental perspective. Green addresses ecological balance and includes distinctive apprehensions like a waste, air, water and land pollution along with recycling management to enhance productivity [2]. The European Commission expressed the principles and practice of green in liaison with other buffer zones thus creating green economy which enhances the product value with lesser utilization of environmental-friendly resources everyplace conceivable. The green economy is an imperative way to propel financial development in the advancement of reducing carbon emission in process and products. From the green development point of view, the World Bank (2012) characterized green growth as a development effective in utilizing normal resources, limit contamination and natural impacts and resilient towards normal risks. Green development underscores worldwide maintainability that empowers the world’s poorest and most powerless to take advantage of proficient, clean and buoyant progress. Green also additionally branded as the modern Lean wherein businesses have begun to provide support [3]. It is proved that green component primarily centres on cutting down contamination by increasing the value using resources judiciously [4, 5].
Green manufacturing has numerous acknowledgements in the literature study. Green Manufacturing is a trading technique that centres on productivity by the responsive and active environmentally friendly process. It is also seen as a rejuvenation of the manufacturing sector [6]. It alludes to any Manufacturing unit which employs innovation and renewable sources of energy whereas “Green” refers to activity to decrease contamination and waste by the reduction in the resource. The study reveals that industries that have implemented innovative green management, not only progress but also fulfil the requests of the buyer to enhance reputation among controllers and the public [7].
The collaboration within lean and green will encourage and improve performance by creating valuable products and waste diminishment. This combination has blended and intrigued many analysts. Numerous rudiments drive the accomplishment of Lean Green Manufacturing are examined within this chapter. Its usage is a major challenge due to the want of a Lean green domain expert, thereby deferring its execution and decrease in industry competitiveness. This chapter surveys standard of Lean Green manufacturing and its execution strategies. Also covers their metrics and determinants, challenges and future prospectus about Lean Green manufacturing.
Lean Manufacturing considered an important component of modern manufacturing units, subsequent to industrial revolutions. It removes activities/events that don’t add to the product value. Figure 1 depicts the milestones of Lean Manufacturing. With the onset of first industrial revolution in the UK in early 1800 by Eli Whitney where machines were for the first time used in manufacturing. He conceived the idea of interchangeability which permitted a huge number of unskilled labours to be employed in musket manufacturing which was considered as a skilful job done by craftsman only during that time. This substantially enhanced the scale of economics in the production units. The manufacturing units intensively relied upon specific technologies till the late 1890’s when one F.W. Taylor brought time study to reduce processing time. This approach measures and examines the quantum of time essential for an operator to finish the given job by means of a stopwatch thus establishing “Standard time” to complete a definite task. Subsequently, Process control chart by Frank and Lilian Gilbreth and followed by Motion Study during early 1900. The process control chart is drawn to give an actual picture of the manufacturing process and is used to take corrective and remedial actions to improve the process. The motion study is a methodology adopted to reduce unnecessary motions required to perform the task. Now both Motion study and time study are improved further and integrated and to be called method engineering. It assesses the engrossment of human beings with devices and guides human beings to effectively accomplish the given task. These innovations are the originators of waste elimination in terms of motion and idleness which are considered as forms of waste in Lean Manufacturing.
Figure 1.
The road map of Lean Manufacturing post-Industrial Revolution.
2.2 Lean Manufacturing practices, principles and tools
Progress of Lean Manufacturing technique has a positive effect on the overall performance of manufacturing SMEs. This evolution in manufacturing from a traditional to lean method makes the SMEs have good productivity and in a modest manner. Lean itself is a philosophy that encapsulates productivity. Any Lean manufacturing principles are based on five principles constituting a systematic framework to effect lean implementation as shown in Table 1 and pictorially in Figure 2. These principles identify non-value added activities in a production process using a variety of lean tools [8].
Lean Attributes
Functions
References
Value
To recognize the customer’s need for the product. This determines the willingness of the customer to purchase the product/service.
BMA (2008);
Recognize Value Stream
It makes the production department comprehend the Product life cycle and recognize the process or stages that don’t add value to a product.
Ensure Smooth flow
In order to smoothen the value flow, identify and eliminate the non-value-added process. Thereby raw material flows interruptedly and the end-user receives the products smoothly.
Implementation of Pull-Based Production
Here production is based on demand. Production will be scheduled only based upon receipt of the Client order. This system requires flexible manufacturing systems and an agile supply chain network.
Crawford (2016)
Continuous Improvement
Aim towards perfection constantly improving the process.
Table 1.
Five principle functions of Lean.
Figure 2.
The Five Principles of Lean and Green.
In short Lean Manufacturing, methodology improves productivity by creating value and reduces 7 types of common wastes encountered in a production scenario shown in Figure 3. In order to easily implement Lean manufacturing effectively in SMEs, a variety of Lean tools are available to support SMEs in order to implement lean. A variety of Lean tools are available as shown in Figure 5 and their selection plays a very important role in improving the moral of SMEs in order to effectively implement the Lean Manufacturing technique. Few lean tools at an outset look to be similar in the name like process mapping or value stream mapping. Also, These Lean tools can be adopted in any SMEs situated in any country with suitable adjustments. Also, applying the wrong lean tools may cause additional resource consumption. In order to apply the correct lean tool, it is required to reclassify criteria for selecting lean Tool and map it with a particular type of waste that needs to be eliminated. So it requires a roadmap for implementing lean and it cannot be done overnight.
Figure 3.
Waste list according to Lean Manufacturing.
On successful implementation of Lean tools in SMEs resulted in enhanced Performance, Quality improvement, cycle time reduction. Lean tools enable smooth, well-organized layout yielding a high-quality product with low waste in SMEs Green factory shown in Figure 4. These tools have impacted significantly on manufacturing cost performance, waste reduction and improved performance [6].
Figure 4.
Green factory.
2.3 Systematic implementation of Lean Manufacturing
Lean Manufacturing can improve existing productivity by eliminating non-value-added activity in the production chain. Figure 5 enumerates vital lean tools used in any industry. Even though there are benefits with effective implementation of lean but still there will be few challenges left. Few lean tools incline towards similar intent of value making and they complement one another. For illustration, bottlenecking analysis, value stream mapping, continuous flow tools and Gemba analysis are used for analyzing block diagram for upgrading the value [9]. Many assortments of lean tools are available but due to poor guidance in mapping, the appropriate lean tool to beset non-value-added activity is tedious.
Figure 5.
Top 25 Lean Tools with their applications.
Normally Lean experts use a blend of different lean tools to formulate combined methods like Value stream mappings and kaizens. In the year 2015 a new model which integrate lean with the Green concept and Six Sigma using Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC), which is parallelly implemented along with Lean tools. To implement Lean Manufacturing the main basis is organizations culture and leadership to influence the follower’s attitude and behaviour. Also, it is required to overcome inhibitors and identify critical success factors that are critical for implementing the integrated Lean Green model. Many studies discovered that human resources management is a very important critical success factor to implement successfully Lean Manufacturing in any organization. For this to happen a systematic top-down approach inside the SMEs is required [10].
Global warming is escalating and people concerned are paying more attention to a clean and green environment. Even though Lean enhances performance in the SMEs but does not consider any environmental factors during its implementation. Green Manufacturing is popularly known as sustainable manufacturing, it is a business strategy yielding profit through proactive environmental friendly operating methods.
Green Manufacturing originated at the beginning of the 1990s by eco-innovation is a novel production method leading to mitigating environmental pollution and negative effects of resources utilized. Numerous research work has been done to discover the green approach in SMEs. It is considered as an environmental and economical-driven method to minimalize waste by designing an efficient process and selecting materials without compromising the environment factors. Only Best practice should be adopted so that Green Manufacturing becomes effective. The International Standard Organization (ISO) came up with an international standard for Environmental Management System known as ISO14001 during the year 2013. These standards act like a systematic continuous improvement tool to implement Green Manufacturing.
3.2 Green Manufacturing Philosophies
In order to accomplish Green Manufacturing, there is a prerequisite to set up a suitable method to achieve it. For this, there are one dozen Principles used as strategies for designing a green manufacturing process as depicted in Figure 6. Also, there is a need for assessment of product lifecycle, types of Energy and material used. After further developments, a basic framework consisting of five principles of Green Manufacturing was evolved as shown in Figure 7. The objectivity of both approaches highlights assessment in a manufacturing SME considering Product life cycle (PLC), by offering deep importance to eco-friendly resources [11].
Figure 6.
Green Principles and their scope.
Figure 7.
Refined Green Principles.
The product lifecycle (PLC) rudiments viz., designing, procuring, manufacturing, package and delivery, old product disposal and reuse, need to have Green Manufacturing ingredients. After extending the further analysis of product lifecycle stages, a more refined framework is evolved by polishing principles, practice and tools involved in lifecycle design. The proposed framework has three main segments viz., design, development, manufacturing and services. This framework emphasis on resource utilization, Production Planning and Control (PPC), product assembly and warehousing, packaging. A environmental-based study reveals that about 80% impact on social, economic and environmental is found out in the design of the Product/Process. Therefore a new study Design for Environment (DfE) is presented which includes elements of green technology in designing process/product based on its impact on the Product life cycle. One more analysis called life cycle assessment (LCA) on a product is comparatively vital in the first stage of product design by analyzing key environmental factors that influence the complete product life cycle [12]. These two analyses are closely related to emission/waste and are important in assessing the product features leading to environmental pollution.
In a Product Along with DfE and LCA, energy consumption pattern plays a vital role in SMEs. Nowadays Green Ideology is no longer a new word to the entire world. It is defined as the “usage of science in the environment to preserve the resource and environment to control the negative impact of human activity”. Few Energy-efficient technologies viz., co-generation, photovoltaic, biogas, etc. can enhance the green quotient of any SMEs. Even though settled green technologies are available they are not utilized to their full potential. So a lot of changes are required in terms of technology and knowledge in order to achieve complete Green Manufacturing. Screening of new technologies to lessen pollution is a must-have a positive effect on the Management of Energy by optimization of resources in SMEs. Example Gas Turbine (GT) co-generation plant can cut operation cost by developing two or more forms of energy from a single source [13].
A Material requirement planning system (MRP) should consider material identification, selection procurement and consumption to help in understanding both quantitative and financial term. Also, an analytical model to assess and analyze the effect of environmental risk factors during manufacturing which can produce different types of waste. Industrial collaboration lets SMEs acquire quality resources having low waste deposition. This type of transformation process will involve adaptation, replacement and circumvention steps.
The adaptation steps involve collecting waste material from a collaborators area and fed it as an energy source.
The replacement steps will replace stock by adjusting the alternate stock.
The circumvention step stresses reducing/eliminating waste generation that may cause environmental pollution.
3.3 Enablers of Green Manufacturing
Green Manufacturing as similar waste reduction resourcefulness as Lean Manufacturing. So it is important to bring into line green and lean waste in order to bridge the void between both approaches and also correlate them to improve performance. Typical green wastes like greenhouse gases, high resource consumption like energy, water etc., pollutant, rubbish, and Safety and health [13].
An interview conducted with SMEs in Indian Industrial clusters (i.e. Foundry, garments and printing press etc.) on green technology and it was found out impediments for implementing Lean and green approach. The productivity of the workforce and lack of Lean and Green expert in SMEs results from sluggish implementations of Lean and Green. Also, Low or No cost improvement in SMEs is always welcomed because the management of these SMEs are not keen on huge investment in new technology, since they don’t possess the required expertise and proficient employee to lead the team. Also return on investment is also important to convince the management. If SMEs focus on smaller energy-efficient equipment it can pay substantially towards overall growth. One main observation in SMEs is if any wing in a manufacturing SMEs if initiated with green technology will go on to complete the implementation.
According to a survey on the Energy consumption pattern by International Energy Outlook (2016), it was found that industry alone is consuming 55% of the world energy, and consumption is increasing by 2.1% in 2018. This Energy production and consumption of fossil fuel is the main reason for global warming. The main factors which can control this undesirable consumption rate are the legislature, corporate image, competition, and tax holiday. Also, stakeholders of SMEs can create an urge towards Green Manufacturing. Government play a pivotal role in encouraging and backing the SMEs in implementing Green Manufacturing. To achieve these mandate, the government has offered tax holidays for SMEs who have gone green and funding’s and the incentive is given to Green SMEs will augment Green Manufacturing. One such case is of the Japanese government, which have shown commitment and zeal in realizing the green approach by introducing the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) to have low-carbon technology collaboration with few developing countries. In return, Japan will have reduced total Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Green technology like cogeneration/tri-generation can step up energy generation capability.
Today, educated customers have more awareness of global climate change and they can put pressure on the SMEs to include Green Manufacturing technology in their units. The customers are often pressurized and demand manufacturer which is directly related to competitor pressure. Many companies have improved their image and public perception by adopting green manufacturing technologies through their corporate social responsibility. Along with ISO 9000 certification for design and manufacturing company have to adopt green manufacturing technologies in order to acquire ISO14000 certification related to an environmental management system. ISO 14001 certified companies assess their supplier’s environmental performances and compel their suppliers to adopt environmental practices [14].
Research unveils that Green Manufacturing mainly focuses on pollution, energy and waste management. Many SMEs around the globe have prioritized Green Manufacturing technologies and subsidy/incentives are given for their successful implementation. In facts, some SMEs have started green in their organizations without comprehending its actual benefits.
The objective of both the approach is same i.e. minimizing non-value-added activities they can very effective when unified and implemented simultaneously. The growth of Lean and Green manufacturing approach is recently initiated and not more than the past decade mainly both by researchers and Industrialist as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Commonalities between Green and Lean Manufacturing.
Both Lean and Green Manufacture are similar and effective approaches that can improvise global competition by improving productivity with zero-waste. Various apps have been developed for Lean Manufacturing that can support SMEs to integrate smart systems in their up and downstream processes thereby completely reducing waste and later it Green Manufacture can be accomplished with a positive vibe on operational and environmental performances.
Research shows that Lean Manufacturing creates a positive impact on the environment because these lean SMEs possess the ability to cut environmental pollution. SMEs who have adopted Lean Manufacturing for continuous improvement in their facilities resulted in high efficiency and better environment-friendly performance. Especially lean tools can be used to achieve Green Manufacture.
Implementation of Green Manufacturing has impacted positively on many SMEs by allowing the production utilities to perform better. It develops compatibility between environment and operation Management. The lean and Green approach is mutually complementary and augments the capability and efficacy of operations when related individually [15]. Both have the same objectives i.e. to enhance performance, quality, Lead time thereby reducing operation cost and creating a product with high values. This reveals the cross association between both manufacturing systems.
The integration of both approaches based on attributes like public and organization, waste, lead time, supply chain, tools, practices, performance indicators. Figure 9 depicts the connection and lapping of Lean and Green, at an outset, both have the same traits but differently defined. The main similarity is in their objectives of waste reduction. It is seen that lean can maximize profit by reducing cost while green reduces environmental hazards thereby maintain ecological balance. Even though in Figure 3 different objectives are stated for the lean and green approach, the Lean approach guarantees effective resource utilization by eliminating waste while the green approach reduces environmental pollution. So it can be said that both having different waste elimination approach but the same waste is targeted. This illustrates the symbiosis relation between the two approaches.
Figure 9.
Opportunities for Green manufacturing.
4.1 Impediments in the path of Lean and Green Manufacturing
Various Lean and Green tools are developed for its implementation but there is no validation of these method/model for an application in Figure 10. Manufacturing and Industrial engineering attract the attention of researchers in this area’s leading to advancement. Also, management commitment is a key factor in implementing Lean and Green manufacturing and wherever there is a lack of organizational responsibility it becomes the main impediments for its implementation. Using the Management strategy and direction, the Lean and Green approach can be used as a continuous improvement program [16].
Figure 10.
Lean vs. Green.
Lean and Green model can correlate waste data by using a systematic approach to support and realize d the benefit of this approach. Lean handles aids SMEs to transfer lean knowledge to the employee. From the operations perspective total productive maintenance (TPM) with root cause analysis are capable of smoothening production operation and from the green perspective, consumption can be controlled by optimization approach. By adopting energy management total operation cost can be cut off using energy saving opportunities. Environmental emission are continuously monitored and controlled by regulators in place. Today’s SMEs is market demand driven, thus they need to adapt rapidly to latest technologies and performance boosters.
Figure 11 list trials faced while implementation of Lean green. The first step towards a green economy is the importance of endorsing teaching and training to the top management for their commitments towards implementing Lean and Green. For this Stake, holders are SMEs, NGOs, lean experts, Lean practitioners and academicians who can inculcate lean as well as green culture. Along with this, strong government backing is a must. Many SMEs are facing financial constraints in implementing the Lean Green approach in their setup, so government policies play a vital role in facilitating funds through financial institution’s. An important utility is the Management Information System (MIS) for the collection of Data and performance index, this enables SMEs to categorize problems and assess the efficacy of solution [17]. Also employing a capable individual to implement and progress Lean and Green is a big challenge. After reviewing the literature it is observed that there is no organized framework and analytical model to guide SMEs in refining their overall performances as shown in Figure 12.
The necessity to meet demands globally without harming the Environment.is the order of the day for many SMEs. Industry 4.0 posed challenges for SMEs in acquiring advanced technologies to be competitive. The digitalization of manufacturing has led the shift in industrial Engineering popularly recognized as industrial revolution 4.0 and resulted in smart factories, smart products and smart services embedded with the Internet of Thing (IoT). It integrates the production system with intelligence and creates new technology [18].
Today researchers have formulated guidelines for SMEs for implementing Lean and Green manufacturing. Collecting Data is the key to enhance SMEs performance. Using this data one can analyze operation parameters to step up productivity, quality and efficiency. To accomplish this SMEs need to embrace Industry 4.0, wherein the variety of smart sensors, expert system, advance solver, intelligent devices and data acquisition systems are a must. This requires huge investment by SMEs, who are not in the position to afford this upgradient. Therefore there exist a void in implementing Industry 4.0 with a confidence level within SMEs, with respect to the huge investment cost and global competition. To fill this void a model depicting flow in implementing Lean and green process of Industry 4.0 compliant is shown in Figure 4. This model can be implemented with confidence by SMEs at an affordable price. In order to adopt and implement Industry 4.0 an efficient data management system for further analysis permits continuous improvement.
A Lean and Green framework is proposed with collecting data and Lean and Green agenda as shown in Figure 13. This proposed framework primarily comprises five key elements such as manpower, money, machine, material and environment (5me). This proposed L&G framework alters 5me with the amalgamation of the green element. “Manpower” is the main element in SMEs, it has to adapt to the latest manufacturing technology, so a positive environment is a must for adapting rapidly. On the other hand, employee retention and capacity building are vital to any SMEs functioning globally. There is relationship between cost-saving, efficiency and sustainability, the Money factor is a direct indicator of the performance index of an SME. Next is “machine”, SMEs depends on a machine for manufacturing, so optimization of machine performance will improve production efficiency and create a continuous improvement environment for the employee to strive for better performance [19]. The element “material” includes resources like raw materials, products, logistic and storage, quality are considered. Finally, “environment” is involved to signify the green facet of the framework and it contributes severely to global warming and climate change.
Figure 13.
Planned Process chart for Lean and Green.
These five major elements will help SMEs to implement the Lean and Green approach by giving direction regarding decision making by creating a multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) tool which can help the organization to take the right decision based on their operational behaviour.
Also by using this proposed framework SMEs will be able to bridge the gap between an implementation using simulation technique used in implementing Industry 4.0. by combined development and analysis of process automation. The framework aims to overcome the barrier in implementing Lean and Green in the industry as shown in Figure 14.
The essentials of the Lean and Green facet has a foundation for beginners to comprehend the concepts of both is made. This integration leads to the synergy between Lean and Green yielding good result benefiting both environmental and operational performances. This chapter outlines the principles of Lean and Green manufacturing, tools for its application, enablers and inhibitors of this technology. The study reveals that due to ignorance, poor planning and no government policy to support and industries in implementing this approach. Total involvement of management within SMEs is a must for successful implementation. After identifying impediments of this integrated management still cannot implement effectively due to the shortage of experts in this domain. This chapter has reviewed the literature and identified the research gap amongst the barriers and implementation tools adopted, to fill this gap, a Lean Green framework model is developed to overcome the barriers of implementation. The ingredients of this proposed Lean and Green model are Men, Material, Machine, Money and Environment [20]. This model through simulation can fill the research gap to enhance the rate of implementation of this Lean and Green approach. This chapter can act as a primer to SMEs for a better understanding of Lean and Green, also to aid them to effectively implement sustainability in their manufacturing facilities. This chapter motivates and inspires SMEs to adopt Lean and Green manufacturing and to become Industry 4.0 compliant.
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Written By
J.P. Rishi
Submitted: 13 November 2020Reviewed: 23 March 2021Published: 03 November 2021
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
