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Latash",authors:[null]},{id:"841",title:"Mobility of Spatial Parallel Manipulators",slug:"mobility_of_spatial_parallel_manipulators",signatures:"Jing-Shan Zhao Fulei Chu and Zhi-Jing Feng",authors:[null]},{id:"842",title:"Feasible Human-Spine Motion Simulators Based on Parallel Manipulators",slug:"feasible_human-spine_motion_simulators_based_on_parallel_manipulators",signatures:"Si-Jun Zhu, Zhen Huang and Ming-Yang Zhao",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3601",title:"Parallel Manipulators",subtitle:"New Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"parallel_manipulators_new_developments",bookSignature:"Jee-Hwan Ryu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5304",title:"prof.",name:"Jee-Hwan",surname:"Ryu",slug:"jee-hwan-ryu",fullName:"Jee-Hwan Ryu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78146",title:"Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design and Installation at Chicamocha Canyon",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99374",slug:"vertical-axis-wind-turbine-design-and-installation-at-chicamocha-canyon",body:'
1. Introduction
There is a need of developing wind energy solutions capable to adapt fluctuating flow resources to have a diversified energy portfolio for the energy demand in Colombia [1]. The Chicamocha’s canyon topography does not allow a stable electrical grid, which difficulties the incentives for tourism and commodities at the location, and the local community needs a sustainable source of energy that does not impact the environment. Therefore, this work assembles the feasibility for installing Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) along with an optimal design.
The performance of a VAWT relies principally on its airfoil and blades, which generate lift and drag forces that take advantage of the wind kinetic energy to produce torque at the shaft of the turbine. The airfoil design and selection is an important task that depends on three main topics: wind flow conditions, airfoil shape, and modeling. The Darrieus VAWT blades design are based on lift aerodynamic forces and commonly use the commercial NACA0018 airfoil, and its performance varies according to the wind velocities [2]. Claessens [3] developed the DU06W200 airfoil for VAWT turbines, which overcomes the aerodynamic performance of the NACA0018 under high wind velocities than the calculated at Chicamocha’s Canyon nature. Yarusevych and Boutilier [4] analyses a similar Reynolds number but only one angle of attack is analyzed. Therefore, Garcia Rodriguez et al. [1] complements previous studies by increasing the range of Reynolds numbers analyzed for the DU06W200 airfoil, providing further information about the aerodynamic global coefficients and analyzing the performance of both airfoils under different attack angles.
In addition, different geometrical factors related to Power Coefficient Cp and VAWT turbine design is presented. These parameters vary depending on the wind characteristics of the region where the turbine is installed, therefore its analysis is fundamental to determine the VAWT performance. The 3D analysis performed allows an accurate VAWT dimensions distribution, correlates literature wind speeds (between 4 and 7 m/s) works with the Chicamocha Canyon region. Finally, different the influence of the VAWT turbine blades design is analyzed, by characterizing the Savonius rotor, Troposkien design, straight blades helical blades, observing the advantages and disadvantages of each type for the conditions of the region in question.
2. Chicamocha’s canyon wind energy characterization
The Chicamocha’s canyon national park, known as “PANACHI”, monitor constantly the wind velocity at the canyon to control the cableway safety installed at the location. The administration of the park provided to [1] research the historical data from the year 2009 up to 2012. The wind velocity magnitude is characterized at three different locations: the two highest points of the location (“Mesa de Los Santos” and “PANACHI”) and the river point.
The wind energy potential of the canyon is analyzed by using the mass conservation principle Eq. (1):
dmdt=ρ∗A∗UE1
where ρ is the air density, U the velocity and A is the swept area. Then, the wind energy potential, P, can be expressed as kinetic energy per time unit as Eq. (2):
PA=12∗ρ∗U3E2
Manwell et al. [5] establishes how significant the wind energy potential is at a selected location (Table 1).
The annual average wind speed and wind power density of the three locations are shown in Table 2. Garcia Rodriguez et al. [1] concludes that the suitable VAWT location is at Chicamocha’s river due to its high wind speed, 6.9 m/s, and the critical point is found at “Mesa de Los Santos” location.
An airfoil is identified using its aerodynamic parameters [5] as shown in Figure 1. The mean curve line is the focus midway points between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil. While the straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges is called the airfoil chord line, and the distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge measured along the chord line is known as the aerodynamic airfoil’s chord (c). Finally, the angle of attack, α, is defined as the angle between the relative wind (Urel) and the chord [6].
Figure 1.
Aerodynamics nomenclature [5].
3.2 Lift, drag, and dimensionless parameters
The airflow over an airfoil produces a force distribution on the surface. The flow velocity increases over the convex surface resulting in lower average pressure on the “suction” side of the airfoil compared to its concave “pressure” side. Meanwhile, the viscous friction between the air and the surface of the airfoil slows the airflow to a certain point near the surface [6].
There are three forces of vital importance for aerodynamic analysis as seen in Figure 2, which are:
The lifting force goes in the perpendicular direction to the incident airflow. The lift force is a consequence of the pressure differential generated between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil.
Drag force is the tangential component and occurs due to friction forces on the surface of the airfoil
Pitch moment is defined around a perpendicular axis to the cross-section of the airfoil.
Lift and drag coefficients: The lift and drag forces (per unit length of the blade) are usually expressed as a function of two coefficients CL and CD in Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) respectively.
Figure 2.
Forces and moments in an aerodynamic section, an angle of attack; c, chord. The direction of positive forces and moments is indicated by the direction of the arrow [5].
CL=L/l12ρU2cE3
CD=D/l12ρU2cE4
where c is the chord of the blade. The lift and drag coefficients are expressed as a function of the angle of attack (γ). Figure 3 shows the typical coefficients of wind turbine blades. Note that the CL coefficient grows approximately linearly with the angle of attack, while CD remains at a low value. For angles of attack greater than 13°, CL decreases while CD grows rapidly, and the blades go into loss.
Figure 3.
Coefficients of lift and drag of a blade [7].
The power output is produced through the lift force generated on the airfoil surface. As the turbine rotates, the airfoils encounter an incident wind velocity that is the vector summation of the surrounding flow velocity and the turbine rotation Figure 4 [8].
Figure 4.
Vertical axis wind turbine principle of operation. α is the relative angle of attack of the incident flow velocity U incident, and e is the angle of rotation [8].
3.3 Reynolds number (Re)
Defines the characteristics of flow conditions Eq. (5):
Re=ULv=ρULμ=Inercial ForceViscous ForceE5
where μ is the fluid viscosity, U and L are the velocity and length that characterize the flow scale. These can be the inflow velocity of the flow, Uwind and the chord length of an airfoil. In addition to the Reynolds number of the flow conditions, the Reynolds number based on the chord c is also important.
Brusca et al. [9], defined the Reynolds number based on the chord (Rec), and can be expressed as follow the Eq. (6)
Rec=cwvE6
where c is the chord, w is the air’s relative velocity to the aerodynamic surface and v is the air’s kinematic viscosity. The c can be expressed as a function of the solidity (σ) of the turbine Eq. (7):
c=σCpmaxNbRE7
where σ is the solidity, Cp is the Power Coefficient, Nb is the number of blades and R is the turbine’s radio. Therefore, Rec is directly proportional to σ and Cp as follow Eq. (7):
Rec=σCpmaxRwNbvE8
The Reynolds number strongly influences the power coefficient of a vertical-axis wind turbine. Furthermore, it changes as the main dimensions of the turbine rotor change. Increasing rotor diameter rises the Reynolds number of the blade.
3.4 Power coefficient (Cp)
The turbine performance is given by the power coefficient Cp. This coefficient represents the energy produced by the turbine as part of the total wind energy that passes through the swept area. Claessens [3], the Cp is represented as follow the Eq. (9):
Cp=PTPwind=PT12ρV3AE9
where PT are the total energy, ρ is the air’s density, V is the velocity of the wind and A is the swept area for the turbine. Hansen et al. [10] express PT as it shown the Eq. (10):
PT=M.ωE10
where M is the instantaneous momentum and ω is the angular velocity. Another parameter is the instantaneous moment coefficient (Cm) indicating the torque generated by the blades in the Eq. (11):
Cm=M12ρV2ARE11
3.5 Solidity and tip speed ratio
The solidity and Tip Speed Ratio of the turbine are directly related with the Cp as will be seen in this section, therefore, they are crucial in the design of VAWT. With the correct relation of these, it can obtain the maximum Cp. These parameters are shown below.
3.5.1 The solidity of the turbine (σ)
The solidity of the turbine (σ) it can see in Eq. (12), is defined as the developed surface area of all blades divided by the swept area [11].
σ=NcRE12
σ has a strong influence on VAWT performance. High solidity machines reach optimum efficiency at a low Tip Speed Ratio (λ) and efficiency drops away quickly on either side of this optimum [12].
A low solidity results in less total blade area, therefore, the blade is lighter. This benefits wind turbine performance as higher rotation speeds can be reached [6].
Paraschivoiu [11] establishes that a maximum Cp value rise a pick in a range of σ between 0.3 and 0.4, and then, it decreases. This peak value is not higher than Cp in the proposed solidity of 0.2. This statement is closely linked to the result obtained by [13], which proposes through its computational tool an optimal value of σ between 0.25 and 0.5.
In Figure 5, it can observe when the solidity is increased from 0.05 to 0.2, the static torque coefficient will increase by a factor of approximately 4 for an H-Darrius wind turbine. Therefore, for a high solidity, the turbine has a self-starting capability, because it has a higher static torque coefficient than the low solidity turbines [15].
Figure 5.
Solidity effect on the static torque coefficient [14].
Increasing σ can decrease the negative Cp region (i.e, when the turbine is not self-starting) and even make the Cp values completely positive for solidity values of 0.6 or more [3]. However, the result of this is very large blades that will increase their manufacturing cost, so a balance must be chosen when defining the robustness of the turbine.
3.6 Tip speed ratio (λ or TSR)
The speed ratio (λ) is a ratio between the tip blade speed (ω.R) and the freestream wind velocity, and this ratio is defined as following in Eq. (13):
λ=ωRVE13
In Figure 6 it can see a relation between the azimuth angle (ɵ), the angle of attack (α), and the speed ratio (λ), this relation is as follow in Eq. (14):
Figure 6.
Forces and velocities distribution on Darrius rotor airfoil [14].
α=tan−1sinθλ+cosθE14
Zouzou et al. [16] conclude in his investigation that a variable pitch VAWT has a major advantage respectively to fixed pitch VAWT in the case of high solidity rotor where the blade wake is large. That is because the pitch variation of the blade reduces flow separation and as result, the drag forces are lower. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the drag force and the λ and the comparison between the fixed and variable pitch.
Figure 7.
The drag force of the different wind turbine configurations depends on the specific speed TSR.
The Cp of a VAWT increases with an increase in the λ and reaches a peak, after which it takes a dip as larger λ are attained. Figure 8 shows the angle of attack (α) is evaluated at different values of λ. To higher λ the value of α is smaller for a λ = 0.5 and λ = 1.5.
Figure 8.
Attack angle variation vs. azimuthal angle for two tip speed ratios of 0.5 and 1.5 at θp = 0° [17].
For VAWT λ is lower the common range is (λ = 1; λ = 5), this ranges of λ values refer to the Wind Turbine peak (Cpmax). Figure 9 shows the performance of main wind turbines and some possible areas for new designs.
Figure 9.
Performance of main conventional wind machines and possible areas for new hybrid designs [18].
The Cp can be expressed in function of the λ and the Cm, replacing and solving Eq. (12) in (9), the Cp follow the Eq. (15) as follow:
Cp=Cm.R.ωV=Cm∗λE15
According to Posa [19] there is a relation between λ and the establishment of the flow downstream of a VAWT, this is related to the optimal distance between turbines in wind farm configurations. Establishing the downstream flow of a VAWT to its far-wake behavior takes a shorter distance at higher λ values.
4. VAWT design
VAWT design correlates geometrical characteristics of the rotor with the Power Coefficient (22) of the turbine. The influence of the main aerodynamic design parameters is compared with the operation of turbines [20]. This section presents the considerations and parameters necessary for the construction of VAWT turbines. The design procedure taking aerodynamics into account can be expressed as follows:
Application and desired power
Geometrical aspects
Airfoil selection.
4.1 Application and desired power
The VAWT turbines have different applications [21] to generate electricity, pump water, purify and/or desalinate water by reverse osmosis, heating, and cooling using vapor compression heat pumps, mixing and aerating bodies of water; and heating water by fluid turbulence. Rathore et al. [22] suggests VAWT use on highways, in which vehicles travel at high speed in both directions producing an acceleration of the surrounding wind that can be used by turbines located in the separators.
To do so, the power (PT) required for the application is selected. This PT is given for a particular velocity (V), area (A), density of the air (ρ), probable Power Coefficient (Cp) and efficiencies of the mechanical components (gearbox, generator, etc.) (η) as following in the Eq. (16) [6].
PT=Cpη12ρV3AE16
4.2 Geometrical aspects
Among the main aspects of VAWT turbines are the chord length (c), rotor height (H), rotor diameter (D), and aerodynamic airfoil (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Schematic view of the architecture of the Darrieus turbines [23].
4.2.1 Height/diameter ratio (Φ = H/D)
The relation Φ is analyzed from the turbine shape indicating the visual proportions of the turbine. On the other hand, for a fixed sweep area, low Φ values are characteristic of turbines in which optimal flow conditions are obtained in the aerodynamics airfoil, due to large diameters that increase the peripheral speed. On the contrary, high values of Φ can be related to turbines where blade efficiency is preferred [20].
The Darrieus rotor has low aspect ratios to minimize the length of the blade and the center column for a given swept area. If the Φ is increased, then the rotor speed increases (to maintain the same relative wind speed and tip speed ratio), and torque decrease if power is constant [11].
4.2.2 Chord/diameter ratio (ξ = c/D)
High ξ values indicate that chord length is increased to improve the Reynolds number, while low values relate to rotors in which the relative wind speed increases proportionally to the relative wind speed on the aerodynamic airfoil [20].
4.2.3 Rotor swept area (A)
The swept area of the turbine (Figure 10), corresponds to the amount of air that is dragged by the turbine blades. In particular, the larger sweep areas guarantee fewer demanding limits of the turbine radius, therefore a high peripheral speed is obtained leading to a good Reynolds number on the blades.
The energy capture is proportional to the swept area and the cube of wind velocity. It is important to identify an equilibrium between energy capture and the cost of the swept area, a bigger area means more manufacturing cost of the turbine. The parameters Φ and ξ are geometric parameters that allow modifying the swept area of the turbine, they are directly related to the design of VAWT turbines.
4.2.4 Number of blades
According to Paraschivoiu [11] for given solidity, it is structurally advantageous to have fewer blades of a larger chord rather than more blades of a smaller chord. This is due to the bending stresses which are dependent on the square of the chord size whereas the aerodynamics loads are dependent on only the first power of the chord. For these reasons, the VAWT have generally two or three blades, but each design is unique for each application, therefore, it’s important to analyze the relationship between the geometric parameters as the solidity and the Cp of the turbine. Table 3, can show some advantages for two and three blades in a VAWT.
The VAWT blades’ performance depends largely on the airfoil behavior, which is selected or designed in terms of the wind flow conditions of the feasible location [1].
Employing CFD modeling, Garcia Rodriguez [1] found that the DU06W200 airfoil aerodynamics performance is larger than NACA0018 under the Chicamocha’s canyon wind energy conditions. Table 4 summarizes the calculated aerodynamic coefficients of the most feasible point, proving the advantage of considering the DU06W200 airfoil [1].
Airfoil
Cl
Cd
NACA0018
0.707
0.0801
DU06W200
0.876
0.0853
Table 4.
Lift and drag coefficients of the airfoils NACA0018 and DU06W200 under Chicamocha’s canyon wind speed [1].
5. VAWT types and selection
According to Liu et al. [24] the VAWTs are categorized as drag or lift-based devices. The first ones utilize wind drag on the blades to rotate and the last one utilizes the lift on the blades. In Figure 11 it can observe these categories.
Figure 11.
Schematic view of different types of VAWTs from left to right: S-type Savonius wind turbine, straight-type, Troposkien-type, and helical-type Darrieus wind turbine [24].
5.1 Drag-based turbines
The Drag-based turbines have the advantage of self-starting ability, and they are commonly found as small-sized turbines in urban and remote areas with relatively low wind speed. These turbines generally are not preferred due to high solidity, heavier weight, and low efficiency. One example of this turbine is the Savonius turbine [24], Figure 12 shows characteristic parameters of a Savonius wind turbine with two semicircular airfoil blades.
Figure 12.
Two bladed Savonius rotor [25].
The Savonius turbine produces high torque at low tip-speed ratios (λ) due to the large area facing the wind. The disadvantage with this turbine is that the same drag of the blades which is used to produce power also works against the turbine by the returning blades, reducing the power that can be obtained [15].
According to Zemamou et al. [25] the number of blades has an important impact on the turbine performance. For obtaining the highest value of the Cp under the same test condition, a Savonius turbine must have two blades as shown the Figure 13.
Figure 13.
The Cp variation with the TSR for two & three blades [25].
5.2 Lift-based turbines
The lift-type turbine consists of airfoil sections that capture the wind energy using the lift force. This lift force produces torque on a shaft, which can then be connected to a generator to produce electricity as power output [15]. The advantage of this configuration is their simple and extruded blades, hence lower manufacturing costs [24]. The straight type, Troposkien type, and helicoidal type are examples of this configuration.
5.2.1 Straight type
These blades usually are used in small-scale, fixed pitch, rooftop designs are commercially available for domestic and other applications. The straight blades have a high value of Cp (0.23). This configuration can have any number of blades, from one to a configuration of five. However, the most used are two-bladed (commonly called H-type turbines) or three-bladed [26]. In Figure 14 it can be the straight blades with two and three blades.
Figure 14.
Darrieus WT type straight blades with two and three blades [27].
According to Ali and Sattar Aljabair [27] this configuration is better than the type helicoidal at low wind velocity, also, the power coefficient values for DWTs straight model with 2 blades are higher than other models as can see in Table 5. The Straight blades present a higher value of Cp compared to the others as shown the Figure 15.
DWT type
Number of blades
Wind velocity self-starting (m/s)
3
4
4.5
4.85
5.15
6.45
7.65
Straight
2
0.2495
0.2506
0.2635
0.275
0.2895
0.3076
—
3
0.2407
0.2494
0.2606
0.2678
0.2846
0.3065
—
Twisted 70°
2
0
0
0
0
0.0372
0.0757
0.1216
3
0
0
0
0.0195
0.0597
0.1008
0.1323
Helical 120°
2
0
0
0
0
0.0449
0.0690
0.0889
3
0
0
0
0.0427
0.0789
0.1332
0.1465
Table 5.
The (CP) at various wind velocities for DWT models number [27].
Figure 15.
The numerical relationship between CP and TSR for the DWT models has 2 blades [27].
5.2.2 Troposkien
The Troposkien architecture is characterized by hub-to-hub blades, this configuration offers a lower aerodynamic drag (compared to the H-shaped one), which minimizes the bending stress in the blades [28]. In Figure 16 it can see the Troposkien type.
Figure 16.
The Troposkien rotor [28].
According to Battisti et al. [28] the Troposkien type is more efficient than the H-shaped configuration (two straight blades) at high values of TSR as can see in Figure 17. On other hand, for low values of TSR, the Troposkien present a lower Cp compared to the other type.
Figure 17.
Rotor power coefficients, as a function of the equatorial tip speed ratio [28].
Quite similar behavior is registered for low wind velocities and a cut-in wind speed of 6–6.5 m/s is observed. For high values of wind velocity, the Troposkien is capable to generate significantly more power than the H-shaped configuration as shown in Figure 18. This quite different behavior could relate to the higher blade Reynolds number, which promotes an improved aerodynamic efficiency, in the investigation of [28], the radius of the Troposkien type is bigger than the H-shaped type to maintain the same rotor swept area. For this reason, the Troposkien type have a bigger Rec and consequently bigger efficient and more power generated.
Figure 18.
Power curves for the two analyzed rotor configurations [28].
5.2.3 Helical type
Helical H-rotor distributes the blade airfoil along the rotor perimeter uniformly, thus making the swept area as well as the blade sections constant to the wind in all cases of turbine rotation [29]. In Figure 19 it can observe the Helical type.
Figure 19.
Helical design [30].
Tjiu et al. [29] made a comparison was made between the helical, straight, and Troposkien types. The comparison was made using 3 blades using the NACA 0015 airfoil with a TSR of 5. The behavior can be seen in Figure 20 where it can be observed that the Troposkien typology obtained the highest fluctuation with a Cp value of approximately 0.3, the straight blades typology had a fluctuation in the Cp of 0.2 and the lowest fluctuation was obtained by the helicoidal rotor with a variation of approximately 0.03 Cp. However, despite the benefits obtained, the helical blades are more expensive to manufacture, so depending on the desired application and the available budget, a middle point must be chosen for the selection of the different types of rotors.
Figure 20.
Power coefficient variations of a typical Troposkien rotor, H-rotor, and helical H rotor.
5.3 VAWT selection
A critical factor in the feasibility of power generation with VAWT turbines is the self-starting of the turbine, according to Ali and Sattar Aljabair [27], at a wind speed of 3 m/s, the VAWT with airfoil DU06W200 has the capability of self-starting as seen in Table 6. The straight blade type has better performance because the turbine can self-start at lower wind velocity than the others turbines.
DWT type
Number of blades
Wind velocity self-starting (m/s)
Straight
2
3
3
3
Twisted 70°
2
5.75
3
5
Helical 120°
2
6.5
3
6
Table 6.
The wind speed at which Darrieus WT models can be DWT auto-started [27].
The straight blade configuration offers the flexibility to adjust the swept area. Rotor height and diameter can be independently adjusted to suit each design. In addition, this configuration is usually mounted on a tower, which provides higher stability, lower bending, and torsional stresses on the blades compared to the Troposkien topology. Similarly, the gravity-induced bending stress is lower in the straight-bladed configuration as they are stiffer with the same chord length and thickness as the blades of a Troposkien rotor. In addition, they are vertically positioned and suspended by supports, so they are not subjected to constant bending stress due to gravity [31].
In his investigation Meana-Fernández et al. [13] proposes an optimized design for medium and low wind speed which presents a maximum 𝐶𝑝 of 0.5798 and 0.5996 respectively, as observed in Table 7.
Wind speed
Medium
Low
Number of blades N
3
3
Rotor radius R
1 m
3 m
Rotor height H
3 m
5 m
Blade chord c
111 mm
333 mm
Rotor solidity σ
1/3
1/3
Airfoil
DU-06-W-200
DU-06-W-200
Nominal Wind speed
9 m/s
4.5 m/s
Rated power
1.5 kW
1 kW
Maximum power coefficient
0.5798
0.5996
Table 7.
Characteristics of the proposed VAWT designs [13].
The type of blades used by [13] were straight blades, it is observed that the proposed design presents a good performance for both medium and low wind speed. It should be noted that for low speeds, as described throughout this section, straight blades perform well without the complexity of construction and high manufacturing cost of the helical type for example, or the instability and torsional stress produced by the Troposkien type.
6. Conclusions
The current literature review analyzes a full VAWT design and installation facility by considering the site wind energy potential, the airfoil performance analysis, and the 3D blade type selection. Experimental and theoretical formulations are referenced to validate the proposed method, leading to an optimal VAWT design. It is found that Chicamocha canyon’s large wind energy potential is found at its river, and the critical point is found at one of its boundaries locations (“Mesa de Los Santos”). This wind velocity is taken as a baseline point to select the airfoil and blade designs, as is the minimum value to overcome inertial effects to start VAWT rotation. Literature found that using DU06W200 airfoil, improves by 23% the aerodynamic performance of the VAWT airfoil blades, the reason why is selected to move on at the current design. Finally, the literature review shows that considering 3 straight blades on the VAWT design, complements the airfoil design and selection, as these blades have shown experimentally an accurate performance under the analyzed critical wind flow conditions. The future work will design the size of the VAWT blades and optimized the current proposes, to reach a feasible domain to be used in local facilities.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"VAWT, Colombia, wind, energy, turbine",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78146.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78146.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78146",totalDownloads:337,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 10th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 18th 2021",datePublished:"January 7th 2022",dateFinished:"August 18th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The use of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) in Colombia could tackle the energy distribution difficulties as large parts of the territory are not connected to the electrical grid. The present chapter explains how to design and select an accurate VAWT for a mountain site, (the Chicamocha’s canyon) by characterizing the wind energy potential, selecting the appropriate blade’s airfoil, and design its corresponding blades to obtain an accurate VAWT performance. This methodology can be used to design and allocate a VAWT for residential use, as it tackles the critical point on wind energy design and selection. It is found feasible the use of wind energy at the location where the mean year density power is 485 [W/m2], and the DU06W200 airfoil is suggested as its aerodynamic efficiency (cl/cd) overcomes by 14% the commonly used NACA0018. Finally, straight blades are recommended to overcome the inertial effects of the low wind velocity at the location.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78146",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78146",signatures:"Luis-Fernando Garcia-Rodriguez, Juan Diego Rosero Ariza, Jorge Luis Chacón Velazco and Julian Ernesto Jaramillo Ibarra",book:{id:"10457",type:"book",title:"Entropy and Exergy in Renewable Energy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Entropy and Exergy in Renewable Energy",slug:"entropy-and-exergy-in-renewable-energy",publishedDate:"January 7th 2022",bookSignature:"Lin-Shu Wang, Wenping Cao and Shu-Bo Hu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10457.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-663-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-662-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-664-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"223830",title:"Prof.",name:"Lin-Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lin-shu-wang",fullName:"Lin-Shu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"325337",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Rodriguez",fullName:"Luis Fernando Garcia Rodriguez",slug:"luis-fernando-garcia-rodriguez",email:"ingarcia1703@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"325341",title:"Prof.",name:"Julian Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Jaramillo Ibarras",fullName:"Julian Ernesto Jaramillo Ibarras",slug:"julian-ernesto-jaramillo-ibarras",email:"jejarami@uis.edu.co",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Industrial University of Santander",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"325343",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Chacon Velasco",fullName:"Jorge Luis Chacon Velasco",slug:"jorge-luis-chacon-velasco",email:"jchacon@saber.uis.edu.co",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Industrial University of Santander",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"424465",title:"Mr.",name:"Juan Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Rosero Ariza",fullName:"Juan Diego Rosero Ariza",slug:"juan-diego-rosero-ariza",email:"juandiegorosero.120@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Industrial University of Santander",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Chicamocha’s canyon wind energy characterization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. VAWT aerodynamics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Aerodynamic airfoil and blades",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Lift, drag, and dimensionless parameters",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Reynolds number (Re)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Power coefficient (Cp)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Solidity and tip speed ratio",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.5.1 The solidity of the turbine (σ)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.6 Tip speed ratio (λ or TSR)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. VAWT design",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.1 Application and desired power",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.2 Geometrical aspects",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"4.2.1 Height/diameter ratio (Φ = H/D)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"4.2.2 Chord/diameter ratio (ξ = c/D)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"4.2.3 Rotor swept area (A)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"4.3 Airfoil selection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19",title:"5. VAWT types and selection",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.1 Drag-based turbines",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"5.2 Lift-based turbines",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_3",title:"Table 5.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"5.2.2 Troposkien",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"5.2.3 Helical type",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"5.3 VAWT selection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_30",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Garcia Rodriguez LF, Jaramillo JE, Chacon Velasco JL. Chicamocha canyon wind energy potential and VAWT airfoil selection through CFD modeling. Rev Fac Ing Univ Antioquia. 2019;(94):56–66'},{id:"B2",body:'Nakano T, Fujisawa N, Oguma Y, Takagi Y, Lee S. Experimental study on flow and noise characteristics of NACA0018 airfoil. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn. 2007 Jul;95(7):511–531'},{id:"B3",body:'Claessens MC. The design and testing of airfoils for application in small vertical axis wind turbines. Masters Thesis. 2006;1–137'},{id:"B4",body:'Yarusevych S, H. Boutilier MS. Vortex Shedding of an Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers. AIAA J. 2011 Oct;49(10):2221–2227'},{id:"B5",body:'MANWELL, J.F., McGOWAN JG and RAL. Wind energy explained: theory, design and application. 2nd ed. Wiley; 2009. 677 p'},{id:"B6",body:'Manwell J, Mcgowan J, Rogers A. WIND ENERGY EXPLAINED Theory, Design and Application Second Edition. Second. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2009. 689 p'},{id:"B7",body:'Bautista H. Control de la calidad de potencia en sistemas de conversión de energía eólica. Las turbinas eólicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; 2000'},{id:"B8",body:'McLaren K, Tullis S, Ziada S. Measurement of high solidity vertical axis wind turbine aerodynamic loads under high vibration response conditions. J Fluids Struct. 2012;32:12–26'},{id:"B9",body:'Brusca S, Lanzafame R, Messina M. Design of a vertical-axis wind turbine: how the aspect ratio affects the turbine’s performance. Int J Energy Environ Eng. 2014;5(4):333–340'},{id:"B10",body:'Hansen JT, Mahak M, Tzanakis I. Numerical modelling and optimization of vertical axis wind turbine pairs: A scale up approach. Renew Energy [Internet]. 2021;171:1371–81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.001'},{id:"B11",body:'Paraschivoiu I. Wind Turbine Design: With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept. Schettini S, editor. Presses Inter Polytechnique. Montreal: Presses Internationales Polytechnique; 2002. 1–438 p'},{id:"B12",body:'Edwards J. The Influence of Aerodynamic Stall on the Performance of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines [Internet]. The University of Sheffie; 2012. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2722/'},{id:"B13",body:'Meana-Fernández A, Solís-Gallego I, Fernández Oro JM, Argüelles Díaz KM, Velarde-Suárez S. Parametrical evaluation of the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines for the proposal of optimized designs. Energy. 2018;147:504–517'},{id:"B14",body:'Mohamed MH. Impacts of solidity and hybrid system in small wind turbines performance. Energy. 2013;57:495–504'},{id:"B15",body:'Mohamed MH. Impacts of solidity and hybrid system in small wind turbines performance. Energy [Internet]. 2013;57:495–504. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.06.004'},{id:"B16",body:'Zouzou B, Dobrev I, Massouh F, Dizene R. Experimental and numerical analysis of a novel Darrieus rotor with variable pitch mechanism at low TSR. Energy [Internet]. 2019;186:115832. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.162'},{id:"B17",body:'Elkhoury M, Kiwata T, Aoun E. Experimental and numerical investigation of a three-dimensional vertical-axis wind turbine with variable-pitch. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn [Internet]. 2015;139:111–123. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.01.004'},{id:"B18",body:'Marinić-Kragić I, Vučina D, Milas Z. Numerical workflow for 3D shape optimization and synthesis of vertical-axis wind turbines for specified operating regimes. Renew Energy. 2018;115:113–127'},{id:"B19",body:'Posa A. Influence of Tip Speed Ratio on wake features of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn [Internet]. 2020;197(April 2019):104076. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104076'},{id:"B20",body:'Bianchini A, Ferrara G, Ferrari L. Design guidelines for H-Darrieus wind turbines: Optimization of the annual energy yield. Energy Convers Manag [Internet]. 2015;89:690–707. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.038'},{id:"B21",body:'Islam M, Ting DSK, Fartaj A. Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2008;12(4):1087–1109'},{id:"B22",body:'Rathore MK, Agrawal M, Baredar P. Materials Today : Proceedings Energy production potential from the wake of moving traffic vehicles on a highway by the array of low economic VAWT. Mater Today Proc [Internet]. 2020;(xxxx). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.638'},{id:"B23",body:'Bianchini A, Ferrara G, Ferrari L. Design guidelines for H-Darrieus wind turbines: Optimization of the annual energy yield. Energy Convers Manag. 2015;89:690–707'},{id:"B24",body:'Liu J, Lin H, Zhang J. Review on the technical perspectives and commercial viability of vertical axis wind turbines. Ocean Eng [Internet]. 2019;182(October 2018):608–26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.086'},{id:"B25",body:'Zemamou M, Aggour M, Toumi A. Review of savonius wind turbine design and performance. Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2017;141:383–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.047'},{id:"B26",body:'Aslam Bhutta MM, Hayat N, Farooq AU, Ali Z, Jamil SR, Hussain Z. Vertical axis wind turbine - A review of various configurations and design techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16(4):1926–1939'},{id:"B27",body:'Ali, Nawfal M., Sattar Aljabair AHA. An Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Types at Low Wind Speed. Int J Mech Mechatronics Eng. 2019;19(December 2019):97–110'},{id:"B28",body:'Battisti L, Persico G, Dossena V, Paradiso B, Raciti Castelli M, Brighenti A, et al. Experimental benchmark data for H-shaped and troposkien VAWT architectures. Renew Energy. 2018;125:425–444'},{id:"B29",body:'Tjiu W, Marnoto T, Mat S, Ruslan MH, Sopian K. Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine for power generation I: Assessment of Darrieus VAWT configurations. Renew Energy. 2015;75:50–67'},{id:"B30",body:'Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhuang M. Improvement of the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines with leading-edge serrations and helical blades using CFD and Taguchi method. Energy Convers Manag [Internet]. 2018;177(May):107–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.028'},{id:"B31",body:'Tjiu W, Marnoto T, Mat S, Ruslan MH, Sopian K. Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine for power generation I: Assessment of Darrieus VAWT configurations. Renew Energy. 2015;75:50–67'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Luis-Fernando Garcia-Rodriguez",address:"ingarcia1703@usp.br",affiliation:'
University of São Paulo, Brazil
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Juan Diego Rosero Ariza",address:null,affiliation:'
University Industrial of Santander, Colombia
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Such theory should be the foundation of design, development, and evaluations of visualization systems. The “direct” semiotic analysis of visualization is defined and the scheme of the analysis is considered. This analysis reveals “who is who” in the process of the visualization semiosis and helps in design and development of the real visualization systems. The analysis allows to describe the problems arising at developments of specialized systems in terms of the semiotics and showing how this analysis can serve as a tool for the visualization systems design. It is important to analyze the sign nature of the human‐computer interface and the visualization. Such conceptions as computer metaphor, metaphor action, and metaphor formula are defined. The properties of metaphors are analyzed with a view to possible usage of metaphors for specific applications. The properties are considered by the example of the hierarchical sequence of the natural Room‐Building‐City (Landscape) metaphors. 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Consequently, knowledge of exoplanets is considerably more limited than Solar System planets. This chapter reviews the essential characteristics of Solar System planets and associated data derived from a variety of observational approaches. Exoplanet characteristics and their comparison to Solar System planets are provided as well as general detection methods and planned probes to gather additional data.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Joseph Bevelacqua",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"John",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}]},{id:"65725",title:"On the Deviation of the Lunar Center of Mass to the East: Two Possible Mechanisms Based on Evolution of the Orbit and Rounding Off the Shape of the Moon",slug:"on-the-deviation-of-the-lunar-center-of-mass-to-the-east-two-possible-mechanisms-based-on-evolution-",totalDownloads:1029,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is known that the Moon’s center of mass (COM) does not coincide with the geometric center of figure (COF) and the line “COF/COM” is not directed to the center of the Earth, but deviates from it to the South-East. Here, we discuss two mechanisms to explain the deviation of the lunar COM to the East from the mean direction to Earth. The first mechanism considers the secular evolution of the Moon’s orbit, using the effect of the preferred orientation of the satellite with synchronous rotation to the second (empty) orbital focus. It is established that only the scenario with an increase in the orbital eccentricity e leads to the required displacement of the lunar COM to the East. It is important that high-precision calculations confirm an increase e in our era. In order to fully explain the shift of the lunar COM to the East, a second mechanism was developed that takes into account the influence of tidal changes in the shape of the Moon at its gradual removal from the Earth. The second mechanism predicts that the elongation of the lunar figure in the early era was significant. As a result, it was found that the Moon could have been formed in the annular zone at a distance of 3–4 radii of the modern Earth.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Boris P. Kondratyev",authors:[{id:"277909",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Kondratyev",slug:"boris-kondratyev",fullName:"Boris Kondratyev"}]},{id:"68357",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: System Analyses, Vehicles, and Moon Bases for Saturn Exploration",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-system-analyses-vehicles-and-moon",totalDownloads:859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human and robotic missions to Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, planetary spacecraft and astronomy, in situ resource utilization (ISRU), and industrialization all point to the vastness of natural resources in the solar system. Advanced propulsion is benefitted from these resources in many ways. While advanced propulsion systems were proposed in these historical studies, further investigation of nuclear options using high-power nuclear electric and nuclear pulse propulsion as well as advanced chemical propulsion can significantly enhance these scenarios. Updated analyses based on these historical visions are presented. At Saturn, nuclear pulse propulsion with alternate propellant feed systems and Saturn moon exploration with chemical propulsion and nuclear electric propulsion options are discussed. Issues with using in situ resource utilization on Saturn’s moons are discussed. At Saturn, the best locations for exploration and the use of the moons as central locations for Saturn moon exploration are assessed. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11399,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. 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to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht 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essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. 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\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
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Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",annualVolume:11399,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"190041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Fernandez",fullName:"Jose Gutierrez Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institutionString:"Sapienza University",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164933/images/system/164933.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge",institution:{name:"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",annualVolume:11401,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",annualVolume:11402,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. 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