Abstract
Vibrio is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria, which is widely distributed in marine and estuarine environments worldwide. It is an important component of the aquatic ecosystem and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycle. Its population dynamics are usually affected by climate and seasonal factors. Most of the Vibrios in the environment are not pathogenic, but some of them are pathogenic bacteria for human and animal, such as Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio anguillarum, etc., which are generally reported to be related to aquatic animal diseases and human food-borne diseases. Over the last couple of years, due to the influence of the rising seawater temperature and climate change, the incidence of diseases caused by Vibrio infection has increased significantly, which poses a great threat to human health and aquaculture. The research on pathogenic Vibrio has attracted more and more attention. The abundance and community changes of Vibrio in the environment are usually controlled by many biological and abiotic factors. The Vibrio pathogenicity is related to the virulence factors encoded by virulence genes. The process of Vibrio infecting the host and causing host disease is determined by multiple virulence factors acting together, instead of being determined by a single virulence factor. In this chapter, community changes of Vibrio, as well as the virulence factors of Vibrio and the related virulence genes of Vibiro are summarized, and their important roles in Vibrio infection are also discussed.
Keywords
- Vibrio
- community change
- foodborne diseases
- pathogenicity
- virulence factors
1. Introduction
The
Most
Aquaculture is a fast growing sector and continues to grow to meet the increasing global demand for seafood. From 2000 to 2017, aquaculture business grew by approximately 150%. China is the world’s largest aquaculture producer (accounting for 58% of global production) producing 46.8 million tons of aquaculture animals per year [9]. In order to further meet the needs of the national economy and food security, the mariculture industry in southern China has gradually developed into intensive and industrialized [16]. However, high-density farming, severe human activities and global climate change have led to frequent Vibriosis, which has posed a huge threat to human health and social and economic development [17]. Vibriosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases affecting a variety of marine fish and shellfish [18, 19]. Studies have demonstrated that the content of
2. Dynamic changes of Vibrio community
2.1 Abundance of Vibrio
2.2 Diversity of Vibrio
At least 110
At present, studies on the diversity of
2.3 The influence of environmental factors on Vibrio community
In a marine environment, abundance and community composition of
The abundance and community structure of
Salinity was the second largest factor affecting the abundance of
Although the composition and abundance of
In a study of wetlands in Macchiatonda Regional Nature Reserve, it was found that the CFU abundance of TCBS depended on temperature and salinity, and the effect of temperature was greater than that of salinity (27% and 20%, respectively), but since temperature and salinity accounted for only 40% of the total CFU abundance, other environmental and biological factors had to play a role in driving
Dissolved oxygen is an important hydrological parameter, which affects the number of
In addition to physical factors, biological factors also play an important role in affecting changes in the
Finally,
3. Pathogenicity of Vibrio
3.1 Adhesion factor
Adhesion is the prerequisite for pathogenic bacteria to cause disease to the body infection, and it is of great significance in invading the host and effectively exerting the virulence [76]. Adhesion is mainly achieved by adhesion factors that specifically recognize and bind to host cells, the ability of
Adhesion factor is a kind of macromolecular substance that can make pathogenic bacteria adhere to the surface of eukaryotic cells, and it plays an important role in the host infection process of
Although
3.2 Capsular and polysaccharide
After entering the host, bacteria usually activate the host immune system to cause a series of immune responses to eliminate pathogens [89]. In order to survive and reproduce in the host, bacteria must adopt a series of strategies to improve their viability and virulence in the host as well as their resistance to phagocytosis and antibiotics.
The correlation between the capsular and polysaccharide and virulence has been confirmed [90]. The capsule encapsulated on the surface of bacteria is a dense, high molecular weight capsule that plays a major role in evading the host’s immune defense. The encapsulated pathogen shows strong resistance to phagocytosis and complement-mediated lethality. Studies have shown that organisms with capsular polysaccharides are more likely to survive in serum, that isolates expressing opaque colonies are more resistant to serum than translucent isolates, and there are differences in colony characteristics between seafood isolates and clinical isolates. Clinical isolates were more resistant to serum complement proteins than environmental isolates, and the clinical genotype had a consistent survival advantage when exposed to serum [91, 92, 93]. In addition, the formation of biofilm will also promote the adhesion of pathogens to the host, coordinate the quorum sensing between bacteria, and improve the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics, playing a major role in the escape of pathogens from host immunity.
3.3 Cytotoxins
Cytotoxic is the main killer factor of pathogens in the process of attacking the host. Toxins secreted by
3.4 Other virulence factors
In addition to secreting toxins, some pathogenic bacteria can secrete a variety of extracellular products, which are also the main factors causing host diseases. For example, Balebona and Morinigo discovered in 1995 that the extracellular products of
Iron, as an indispensable trace element, is also an important component of various cellular enzymes, and plays an important role in the growth, reproduction, pathogenicity and cellular metabolism of pathogenic bacteria [111]. The iron carrier of
4. Conclusion
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