Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials with tailored properties are highly required in a wide range of industrial fields. Consequently, the researches dedicated to the identification of new applications for existing materials and to the development of novel promising materials and cost effective, eco-friendly synthesis methods gained considerable attention in the last years. Cobalt ferrite is one of the nanomaterials with a wide application range due to its unique properties such as high electrical resistivity, negligible eddy current loss, moderate saturation magnetization, chemical and thermal stability, high Curie temperature and high mechanical hardness. Moreover, its structural, magnetic and electrical properties can be tailored by the selection of preparation route, chemical composition, dopant ions and thermal treatment. This chapter presents the recent applications of nanosized cobalt ferrites doped or co-doped with divalent transition ions such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ obtained by various synthesis methods in ceramics, medicine, catalysis, electronics and communications.
Keywords
- cobalt ferrite
- doping
- transition metal
- nanoparticles
- applications
1. Introduction
In the last decades, a wide range of nanomaterials were developed for applications in the field of magnetic recording and imaging, data and energy storage, refrigeration, electrical and communication devices, environmental depollution, catalysis, ceramics and pigments, sensors, medicine, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
Spinel ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) with a general formula of MFe2O4 (M = divalent metal ion such as Mn, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn) have open a new and exciting research field because of their unique structural, magnetic, optical and electric properties. Among them, nanosized Co ferrite received a lot of attention due to its remarkable mechanical and chemical stability, wear resistance, dielectric character, electrical conductivity and excellent magnetic properties such as high coercivity (
The doping with different elements adjusts the properties of ferrites by changing the structure, crystallinity and elements distribution among tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites [10]. The dopant amount, valency, size and site preferences define the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of doped Co ferrites [12]. The Co ferrite has an inverse spinel structure, but the doping with divalent metal ions could changes its structure into normal spinel [13]. The change from normal to inverse spinel depends also on the ratio between Co and the dopant ion. Co ferrite is a hard-magnetic material, but it may be softened by doping with non-magnetic ions [14].
The NPs embedding into or coating with insulating matrix such is silica could also considerably change the properties of the obtained nanocomposites (NCs), as the silica network can limit the particles growth, act as a buffer to protect the nanoparticles from mechanical stress and minimize the surface roughness and spin disorder [1]. Thus, by selecting the dopant, synthesis route and parameters, nanosized doped Co ferrites with tailored properties were produced for a broad range of applications [9, 12].
Various methods for the preparation of undoped and doped Co ferrite NPs have been reported such as: sol-gel, co-precipitation, polymerized complex, hydrothermal, thermal plasma methods, sol-gel, solvothermal, thermal decomposition, ultrasonic cavitation, mechanical alloying, ball milling, pulsed laser deposition, reverse micelle, micro-emulsion, microwave assisted synthesis, thermal decomposition, electrochemical and auto-combustion [6, 7, 8, 15, 16]. Although by using these methods, the required sizes and microstructures can be achieved, they are difficult to apply on large scale due to their complex and expensive procedures, long reaction times, high reaction temperatures, hazardous reagents and by-products and potential harm to the environment [16]. Among different synthesis procedures, the sol-gel method and post-annealing treatment is one of the simplest, feasible and most effective routes that produces high purity NCs at low temperatures and permits a good control over the particle size, morphology and chemical composition [1].
In this review, we summarize the recent, significant developments related to applications of Co ferrite NPs doped with divalent transitional metals in different fields based on their coloristic, magnetic, antimicrobial, biological, catalytic and dielectric properties.
2. Applications of coloristic properties
The conventional coloring method of ceramics is based on the addition of pigments or dyes. Generally, the ceramic pigments are crystalline inorganic transition metal oxides powders with high chemical and thermal stability. They are soluble in glasses and glazes at high temperatures, have high tinting strength, high refractive index, low abrasive strength, and acid and alkali resistance. The color of pigments is determined by the presence of chromophore ions (usually transition metals) in an inert matrix (oxidic systems) or these ions may be part of their own matrix, as in the case of ferrites. The nano-pigments (nanoparticles dispersed in an organic vehicle) have a wide range of applications due to their high surface coverage, sharp spectral features, high scattering and uniform dispersion [17, 18]. The color performance of conventional ceramic pigments depends on the coloring efficiency and dissolution kinetics in the ceramic matrix, that are expected to be improved by small particle sizes. Magnetic inorganic pigments are also used in high-tech applications such as radar absorbing materials in military applications [2, 3].
Co ferrite is a black pigment widely used in the ceramic industry due to its excellent properties such as chemical and thermal stability [17]. There are only few studies reporting the use of divalent transition metal doped Co ferrites NPs as pigments. Sol-gel synthesis followed by post annealing pathway was used to obtain Zn doped Co ferrites (Co0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 and Co0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4) embedded in SiO2 matrix in order to be used as dark gray to black color ceramic pigments [19]. The coloring properties of the Zn0.6Co0.4Fe2O4 NPs were tested by embedding in opaque and transparent tile glazes, and their application on ceramic tile. For pigments, the cartesian coordinates confirmed the dark gray color, that becomes almost black in bulk, while by dispersion in glazes the dark pigment present a bright gray color [20].
3. Applications of magnetic properties
The magnetic properties of nanomaterials, associated with the spin of electrons, make them suitable for various applications in biotechnology, telecommunications and electronic industries. The magnetic properties of cubic spinel ferrites depend upon their metallic composition, particle size and cationic distribution between tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites [7, 21]. In case of magnetic NPs, the presence of large number of atoms at the surface due to high-surface-to-volume ratio and finite size effects result in several interesting and superior properties compared to bulk materials [22].
Co ferrite is well-known magnetic nanomaterial with high
Zn doped Co ferrites are soft magnetic materials with good chemical stability and high
In case of Co1−xCdxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1) obtained by auto-combustion, the co-doping with diamagnetic (Zn2+ and Cd2+) ions brings interesting change in the magnetic properties of Co ferrite. The Zn-Cd co-doped Co ferrites (ZnxCd0.375-xCo0.625Fe2O4, x = 0.0, 0.075, 0.125, 0.25) synthesized via chemical co-precipitation route are recommended as soft magnets. The variation of
The magnetic properties of Co1−x−ySrxZnyFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.3 and y = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7) NPs synthetized by spontaneous gel auto-combustion (Pechini) technique were strongly influenced by the presence of both dopant ions, resulting in a superparamagnetic behavior [23]. The decrease of
The addition of surfactants assures the control of the crystal nucleation and growth, due to their capability to act as a protective coating for NPs, reduces coalescence and enhances the crystallite size, porosity and specific surface. All these parameters further allow the control of the magnetic properties. In this regard, Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 NPs prepared by co-precipitation method with ethanol as a surfactant show good
The magnetic properties of Co ferrite are also modified by incorporating Mn2+ ions. In case of MnxCo1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) synthesized by sol-gel precipitation method, the
4. Applications of antimicrobial activity
Nowadays, the alternative antimicrobials are highly considered due to the intense growing bacterial resistance towards conventional drugs [30]. In this regard, the development of novel multifunctional materials with antimicrobial properties that meet the requirements of a drug delivery system allowing the minimization of antibiotic concentration is of great interest. The essential characteristics of ferrite nanoparticles such as the high surface-to-volume ratio and nanoscale particle size, improve their reaction with pathogenic microbes. Also, the high surface area, low crystallite size and porosity have a significant role in improving the efficiency of NPs even at low (20 ppm) concentrations [31]. The main drawbacks in the use of these materials are that their antimicrobial properties easily change by varying their size, shape and crystallinity [32].
There are only few studies that investigate the antimicrobial effect of transition metal substituted Co ferrite nanopowders. Zhang et al. reported that the bactericidal effectiveness against gram-negative
The bacterial growth rate inhibition of Zn-substituted Co ferrite (ZnxCo1−xFe2O4, x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0) nanoparticles (NPs) obtained via sol-gel route was found to be higher for the methicillin-resistant
The bactericidal activity of Co0.5Fe0.5Fe2O4 and Co0.2Fe0.8Fe2O4 NPs with average particle size of 5.0–6.4 nm, has been studied against gram-negative (
Mn1−xCoxFe2O4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) prepared using open-air auto combustion was found to have excellent antifungal activity against
The MxCo1−xFe2O4 (M = Zn, Cu, Mn; x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) NPs synthetized via sol-gel method were investigated as antibacterial agents towards bacteria that commonly diffused on the surfaces of the medical operating room walls (
The antimicrobial performance of MxCo1−xFe2O4; (M = Zn, Cu, Mn; x = 0, 0.5) NPs prepared using a sol-gel method in the presence of citric acid and ethylene glycol upon pathogenic microorganisms infected urinary tract and blood samples was investigated by Maksoud et al. The tested pathogens were gram-positive bacteria (
The antimicrobial activity of co-doped Co0.5M0.5Fe2O4 NPs (M = Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni) obtained by the sol-gel process using citric acid as the chelating agent tested against
5. Applications of biological properties
The applications of nanotechnology in various medical areas, especially in drug delivery have been extensively explored lately. Considering the ultra-small (1–100 nm) and controllable size, high surface-to-mass ratio and high reactivity of NPs, they easily interact with biological systems [46].
The nanosized spinel ferrites and transition metal-substituted ferrites could successfully substitute some antibiotics that are currently used to combat pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, as well as other biomedical applications. Many studies reported the synthesis and characterization of transition metal substituted Co ferrite NPs, but the attention dedicated to their biocompatibility in view of
The use of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications demands appropriate shape and size, high magnetization, good ability to deliver the pharmacologically active compounds, non-toxicity and biodegradability. The overall biocompatibility of Co0.5M0.5Fe2O4 (M = Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni) NPs synthetized by the sol-gel process using citric acid as chelating agent decreased in the following order: Co0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 < Co0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4 < Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 < Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4. The biocompatibility of NPs depended on the toxicity of transition metal and the releasing rate of transition metal ions into the cell culture medium [48]. Some possible mechanisms of magnetic NP-based antimicrobial drug delivery to microorganisms could be: (
The applications of ferrites in tissue engineering are limited due to their inertness towards bioactivity and release of some toxic elements into the human body fluid. However, the migration can be controlled by encapsulation of ferrite NPs by glass matrix. The addition of bioglass in the ferrite displays some biodegradability and supports better osteoblasts growth
6. Applications of catalytic activity
The catalysts are important players in numerous chemical processes, especially in organic synthesis or decomposition of persistent pollutants. In the last decade, the use of magnetic NPs as catalysts attracted considerable interest due to the enhancement of the reaction speed, possibility of catalyst separation from the reaction medium by using an external magnet, without any filtration or centrifugation, and its reuse or recycling [53, 54]. In this regard, several conventional synthesis methods were replaced with more eco-friendly options that use magnetic nanosized catalysts. The catalytic processes that use magnetic NPs as catalysts include decomposition of recalcitrant organics, dehydrogenation, oxidation, alkylation and coupling reactions [9, 54].
The catalytic activity is influenced by the particle size, surface area, morphology, nature and concentration of the catalyst [10, 53]. In spinel ferrites, the presence of cations with different charges determines its catalytic properties as it allow internal redox reactions [55]. The distribution of metal ions between tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites also influences the catalytic activity. Thus, by doping transition metal ions in the ferrite structure, the cationic distribution is changed resulting in modified catalytic activity [10].
One of the main applications of magnetic NPs as catalysts is in the photocatalytic degradation or organics in the presence of visible or UV light. The photocatalytic activity of NPs is based on their capacity to efficiently absorb photons, that excite electrons from the valence band into the conduction band, leaving positively charged vacancy to react with the water molecules and to generate active radicals such are hydroxyl (·OH) or superoxide (·O2) that further react with the pollutants [56]. Beside the ability to absorb photons, the reusability, recyclability, low cost, chemical stability and high corrosion resistance are important factors in the selection of photocatalysts [57]. The crystallite size, surface area, band gap, cations distribution among tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites and magnetic properties are influenced by the dopant type and amount [10, 43].
In the last decades, a wide range of non-biodegradable organic dyes, inks and pigments were identified in wastewaters from the leather, textile, printing, paper, food and cosmetics industries. These dyes may pose carcinogenic and mutagenic risks and are difficult to treat using conventional water treatment methods. Nanosized Co ferrite is a magnetic material with high
The photocatalytic activity of a wide range of doped Co ferrites were tested on rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR), synthetic dyes known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic. Nanocrystalline magnetic ZnxCo1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) with good photocatalytic activity was obtained by reverse micelle technique [63]. The doping with Zn increased the RhB degradation rate and reduced the degradation time, while, the band gap increased with increasing Zn content [63]. The photocatalytic degradation of CR and Evans blue by ZnxCo1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) prepared using curd as a fuel through the combustion method was found also to increase with the increase of Zn doping up to x = 0.4, suggesting that Zn doped Co ferrite are better photocatalysts than Co ferrite [43]. The photocatalytic activity of MxCo1−xFe2O4 (M = Zn, Cu, Mn; x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) NPs synthesized by citrate sol-gel method enhanced with increasing M content, but were lower than that of undoped Co ferrite in case of M = Cu and Zn and higher in case of M = Mn used for MB degradation [31].
The photocatalytic performance of Co0.6Zn0.4CuxFe2 − xO4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) obtained by sol-gel auto combustion method was evaluated by MO dye degradation under visible light and presence of hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that the degradation of MO enhances as the content of Cu in Co-Zn ferrites increases, due to the strong preference of Cu2+ ions for the octahedral (B) sites [61]. The photocatalytic degradation of CR by Cu0.5Co0.5Fe1.9Bi0.1O4 NPs obtained by solution combustion technique was found to have around 90% efficiency, the photocatalyst being stable and reusable [39]. High removal percentage of CR and bisphenol A was reported for Co0.5Cu0.5Fe1.95Ce0.05O4 after exposure to both visible and UV-light [64].
The Zn1−xCoxFe2O4 (x = 0.03, 0.1, 0.2) and CuxCo0.5 − xNi0.5Fe2O4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) NPs obtained by facile reduction-oxidation route and respectively precipitation method in the presence of oleic acid as a surfactant, were found to be able to photodegrade MB, the degradation efficiency decreasing with the increase of Zn and Cu content, respectively [57, 65].
Despite the high number of applications of transitional metal doped Co ferrites in the photocatalytic decomposition of various organic pollutants, there are only few studies on their use in organic synthesis. The Ni-substituted Co ferrite NPs supported on arginine-modified graphene oxide nanosheets (Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4@Arg–GO) were proven to be effective for the one-pot tandem oxidative synthesis of 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives [66]. NixCo1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) ferrite NPs obtained by microemulsion method were found to effectively reduce 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4 as reducing agent [67].
Another important application of magnetic spinel NPs is in the field of renewable energy production and storage as catalysts for driving the water electrolysis by enhancing the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER, OER). Ni-Co ferrite (Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4) anchored on ultrathin conductive graphene oxide nanosheets acts as a highly active, stable and low-cost electrocatalyst in the water splitting processes, being a low-cost alternative to noble metal-oxides catalyst [68]. The OER and HER catalytic activity of CoxNi1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) NPs prepared by citric acid assisted sol-gel combustion method was found to be lower than bulk Ni ferrite, the Ni content increase improving the catalytic activity and the electron transfer rate [69].
7. Applications of dielectric properties
The significant progress in information technology, electronics and wireless communication devices together with a new trend of miniaturization and multifunctionality led to the necessity of new materials with special characteristics. Considering the structural, electric and magnetic properties, the nanosized ferrites may become important candidates for applications in microwave communication systems, electromagnetic devices, resonators and filters for satellites, broadcasting equipment, batteries, supercapacitors and many other microwave devices [70].
The dielectric structure of ferrites consists in well conducting grains separated by highly resistive grain boundaries. The resistive grain boundaries are more effective at low frequencies, while the highly conducting grains act at high frequencies [29]. The dielectric constant at low applied frequencies is determined by the space charge polarization favored by the electrons grouped along the resistive grain boundary [6, 29]. In case of doped Co ferrites, the dielectric constant depends on the content of Fe3+, Co2+ and other divalent transition ions present in the spinel structure [6]. Generally, the dielectric properties are strongly influenced by the grain size, porosity, synthesis method and annealing temperature [6, 29].
Considering its good chemical and thermal stability, high electrical resistivity, magnetic anisotropy, high 2O4 (60 Fg−1) and showed excellent cycling stability [72].
MnxCo1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) NPs synthesized by sol-gel precipitation method have dielectric properties that decrease with the increase of the doping ratio for x = 0.2–0.6 [29]. However, the Mn0.8Co0.2Fe2O4 was found to have the highest dielectric constant (8.38) at 100 Hz, due to the increasing porosity and grain boundaries between the small sized grains. The low
8. Conclusions and future perspectives
The Co ferrite continues to attract considerable attention due to its unique and exciting properties and opens new doors towards many potential applications. The properties of Co ferrite can be easily controlled by preparation technique, morphology, dopants type/content and cation distribution between tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. There is a high number of studies that reported the physical, chemical, magnetic, electrical and optical properties of undoped and doped Co ferrites. Also, an increasing interest towards the incorporation of newer ions into the Co ferrite lattice in order to tailor its properties was noticed. The excellent properties of divalent transition metal doped Co ferrites, together with the possibility to tailor their particle size, shape, purity and chemical composition became a promising alternative for future generation nanomaterials designed for various industrial, environmental and medical applications.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Romanian Research and Innovation Ministry, grant number 19PFE/2018. The APC was funded by the Romanian Research and Innovation Ministry, grant number 19PFE/2018 PROINSTITUTIO.
References
- 1.
Wang L, Lu M, Liu Y, Li J, Liu M, Lin H. The structure, magnetic properties and cation distribution of Co1-xMgxFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites synthesized by sol–gel method. Ceramics International. 2015; 41 :4176-4181. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.12.099 - 2.
Jebeli Moeen S, Vaezi MR, Yousefi AA. Chemical synthesis of nano-crystalline nickel-zinc ferrite as a magnetic pigment. Progress in Color, Colorants and Coatings. 2010; 3 :9-17 - 3.
Debnath S, Deb K, Saha B, Das R. X-ray diffraction analysis for the determination of elastic properties of zinc doped manganese spinel ferrite nanocrystals (Mn0.75Zn0.25Fe2O4), along with the determination of ionic radii, bond lengths, and hopping lengths. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2019; 134 :105-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2019.05.047 - 4.
Priya AS, Geetha D, Kavitha N. Effect of Al substitution on the structural, electric and impedance behavior of cobalt ferrite. Vacuum. 2019; 160 :453-460. DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.12.004 - 5.
Zalneravicius R, Paskevicius A, Mazeika K, Jagminas A. Fe(II)-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles against multidrug resistant microorganisms. Applied Surface Science. 2018; 435 :141-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.028 - 6.
Kershi RM, Aldirham SH. Transport and dielectric properties of nanocrystallite cobalt ferrites: Correlation with cations distribution and crystallite size. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 238 :121902. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.121902 - 7.
Naik AB, Naik PP, Hasolkar SS, Naik D. Structural, magnetic and electrical properties along with antifungal activity & adsorption ability of cobalt doped manganese ferrite nanoparticles synthesized using combustion route. Ceramics International. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.177 [in press] - 8.
Dippong T, Levei EA, Cadar O, Goga F, Toloman D, Borodi G. Thermal behavior of Ni, Co and Fe succinates embedded in silica matrix. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2019; 136 :1587-1596. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-019-08117-8 - 9.
Kharisov BI, Rasika Dias HV, Kharissova OV. Mini-review: Ferrite nanoparticles in the catalysis. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2019; 12 :1234-1246. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.049 - 10.
Dou R, Cheng H, Ma J, Komarneni S. Manganese doped magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for dye degradation via a novel heterogeneous chemical catalysis. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 240 :122181. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122181 - 11.
Casbeer E, Sharma VK, Li XZ. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of ferrites under visible light: A review. Separation and Purification Technology. 2012; 87 :1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.034 - 12.
Kavitha S, Kurian M. Effect of zirconium doping in the microstructure, magnetic and dielectric properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019; 799 :147-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.183 - 13.
El Foulani AH, Aamouche A, Mohseni F, Amaral JS, Tobaldi DM, Pullar RC. Effect of surfactants on the optical and magnetic properties of cobalt-zinc ferrite Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4. J. Alloys and Compounds. 2019; 774 :1250-1259. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.393 - 14.
Andhare DD, Patade SR, Kounsalye JS, Jadhav KM. Effect of Zn doping on structural, magnetic and optical properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation method. Physica B. 2020; 583 :412051. DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2020.412051 - 15.
Perales-Perez O, Cedeno-Mattei Y. Optimizing processing conditions to produce cobalt ferrite nanoparticles of desired size and magnetic properties. In: Seehra MS, editor. Magnetic Spinels. London: IntechOpen; 2016. p. 51. DOI: 10.5772/66842 - 16.
Jauhar S, Kaur J, Goyal A, Singhal S. Tuning the properties of cobalt ferrite: A road towards diverse applications. RSC Advances. 2016; 6 :100. DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21224g - 17.
Medeiros PN, Gomes YF, Bomio MRD, Santos IMG, Silva MRS, Paskocimas CA, et al. Influence of variables on the synthesis of CoFe2O4 pigment by the complex polymerization method. ournal of Advanced Ceramics. 2015; 4 :135-141. DOI: 10.1007/s40145-015-0145-1 - 18.
Cavalcante PMT, Dondi M, Guarini G, Raimondo M, Baldi G. Colour performance of ceramic nano-pigments. Dyes and Pigments. 2009; 80 :226-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2008.07.004 - 19.
Dippong T, Goga F, Levei EA, Cadar O. Influence of zinc substitution with cobalt on thermal behavior, structure and morphology of zinc ferrite embedded in silica matrix. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2019; 275 :159-166. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2019.04.011 - 20.
Dippong T, Levei EA, Goga F, Petean I, Avram A, Cadar O. The impact of polyol structure on the formation of Zn0.6Co0.4Fe2O4 spinel-based pigments. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2019; 92 :736-744. DOI: 10.1007/s10971-019-05140-x - 21.
Shakil IU, Arshad MI, Nabi G, Khalid NR, Tariq NH, Shahd A, et al. Influence of zinc and cadmium co-doping on optical and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrites. Ceramics International. 2020; 46 :7767-7773. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.280 - 22.
Margabandhu M, Sendhilnathan S, Senthikumar S, Gajalakshmi D. Investigation of structural, morphological, magnetic properties and biomedical applications of Cu2+ substituted uncoated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2016; 52 :1-10. DOI: 10.1590/1678-4324-2016161046 - 23.
Imanipour P, Hasani S, Afsharia M, Sheykha S, Seifoddinia A, Jahanbani-Ardakani K. The effect of divalent ions of zinc and strontium substitution on the structural and magnetic properties on the cobalt site in cobalt ferrite. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020; 510 :166941. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166941 - 24.
Singh A, Pathak S, Kumar P, Sharma P, Rathi A, Basheed GA, et al. Tuning the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and spin dynamics in CoxZn1-xFe2O4 (0≤x≤1) nanoferrites. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020; 493 :165737. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165737 - 25.
Kaur H, Singh A, Kumar V, Ahlawat DS. Structural, thermal and magnetic investigations of cobalt ferrite doped with Zn2+ and Cd2+ synthesized by auto combustion method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019; 474 :505-511. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.11.010 - 26.
Chakradhary VK, Ansaria A, Akhtar MJ. Design, synthesis, and testing of high coercivity cobalt doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic applications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019; 469 :674-680. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.09.021 - 27.
Dippong T, Levei EA, Cadar O, Deac IG, Diamandescu L, Barbu-Tudoran L. Effect of nickel content on structural, morphological and magnetic properties of NixCo1-xFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019; 786 :330-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.363 - 28.
Pubby K, Babu KV, Narang SB. Magnetic, elastic, dielectric, microwave absorption and optical characterization of cobalt-substituted nickel spinel ferrites. Materials Science and Engineering B-Advanced. 2020; 255 :114513. DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2020.114513 - 29.
Jabbar R, Sabeeh SH, Hameed AM. Structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of Mn+2 doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020; 494 :165726. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165726 - 30.
Maksoud MIAA, El-Sayyas GS, Ashour AH, El-Batal AI, Abd-Elmonem MS, Hendawy HAM, et al. Synthesis and characterization of metals-substituted cobalt ferrite [MxCo(1-x)Fe2O4; (M = Zn, Cu and Mn; x=0 and 0.5)] nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents and sensors for Anagrelide determination in biological samples. Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials. 2018; 92 :644-656. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.007 - 31.
Maksoud MIAA, El-Sayyad GS, Ashour AH, El-Batal AI, Elsayed MA, Gobara M, et al. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and photocatalytic activities of metals-substituted spinel cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2019; 127 :144-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.045 - 32.
Seil JT, Webster TJ. Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: Methods and literature. International Journal of Nanomedicine - UK. 2012; 7 :2767-2781. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S24805 - 33.
Zhang L, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Povey M, York D. Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids). Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2007; 9 :479-489. DOI: 10.1007/s11051-006-9150-1 - 34.
Schwartz VB, Thetiot F, Ritz S, Putz S, Choritz L, Lappas A, et al. Antibacterial surface coatings from zinc oxide nanoparticles embedded in poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel surface layers. Advanced Functional Materials. 2012; 22 :2376-2386. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201102980 - 35.
Ashour AH, El-Batal AI, Maksouda MIA, El-Sayyad GS, Labib S, Abdeltwab E, et al. Antimicrobial activity of metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel technique. Particuology. 2018; 40 :141-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2017.12.001 - 36.
Yamamoto O, Sawai J. Investigation into the antibacterial behaviour of suspensions of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanofluids). Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 2001; 74 :1761-1765. DOI: 10.1007/s11051-006-9150-1 - 37.
Sawai J, Shoji S, Igarashi H, Hashimoto A, Kokugan T, Shimizu M, et al. Hydrogen peroxide as an antibacterial factor in zinc oxide powder slurry. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering. 1998; 86 :521-522. DOI: 10.1016/S0922-338X(98)80165-7 - 38.
Samavati A, Ismail AF. Antibacterial properties of copper-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method. Particuology. 2017; 30 :158-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2016.06.003 - 39.
Kirankumar VS, Sumathi S. Photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of bismuth and copper co-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2018; 29 :8738-8746. DOI: 10.1007/s10854-018-8890-x - 40.
Iqbal A, Fakhar-e-Alam M, Atif M, Amin N, Alimgeer KS, Ali A, et al. Structural, morphological, antimicrobial, and in vitro photodynamic therapeutic assessments of novel Zn+2-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Results in Physics. 2019; 15 :102529. DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102529 - 41.
Sanpo N, Berndt CC, Wang J. Microstructural and antibacterial properties of zinc-substituted cobalt ferrite nanopowders synthesized by sol-gel methods. Journal of Applied Physics. 2012; 112 :084333. DOI: 10.1063/1.4761987 - 42.
Vinutha CH, Naidu KCB, Sekhar CC, Ravinder D. Magnetic and antimicrobial properties of cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by citrate-gel method. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2019; 16 :1944-1953. DOI: 10.1111/ijac.13276 - 43.
Naik MM, Naik HSB, Nagaraju G, Vinuth M, Vinu K, Viswanath R. Green synthesis of zinc doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Structural, optical, photocatalytic and antibacterial studies. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects. 2019; 19 :100322. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100322 - 44.
Park JY, Choi ES, Baek MJ, Lee GH. Colloidal stability of amino acid coated magnetite nanoparticles in physiological fluid. Materials Letters. 2009; 63 :379-381. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2008.10.057 - 45.
Sanpo N, Berndt CC, Wen C, Wang J. Transition metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Acta Biomaterialia. 2013; 9 :5830-5837. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.037 - 46.
Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, Wang AZ, Langer RS, Farokhzad OC. Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007; 83 :761-769. DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100400 - 47.
Gupta AK, Gupta M. Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials. 2005; 26 :3402-3995. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.012 - 48.
Sanpo N, Tharajak J, Li Y, Berndt CC, Wen C, Wang J. Biocompatibility of transition metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2014; 16 :2510. DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2510-2513 - 49.
Zhang L, Pornpattananangkul D, Hu CMJ, Huang CM. Development of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2010; 17 :585-594. DOI: 10.2174/092986710790416290 - 50.
Sampath KA, Himanshu T, Kevin B, Singh SP. Structural, magnetic and in vitro bioactivity of co-cu ferrite and bioglass composite for hyperthermia in bone tissue engineering. Bioceramics Development and Applications. 2016; 6 :091. DOI: 0.4172/2090-5025.100091 - 51.
Nasrin S, Chowdhury FUZ, Hoque SM. Study of hyperthermia temperature of manganese-substituted cobalt nano ferrites prepared by chemical co-precipitation method for biomedical application. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019; 479 :129-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.02.010 - 52.
Giustini AJ, Petryk AA, Cassim SM, Tate JA, Baker I, Hoopes PJ. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in cancer treatment. Nano LIFE. 2010; 1 :17-32. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07231-2 - 53.
Padmapriya G, Manikandan A, Krishnasamy V, Jaganathan SK, Arul AS. Spinel NixZn1-xFe2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) nano-photocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2016; 1119 :39-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.04.049 - 54.
Kazemi M, Ghobadi M, Mirzaie A. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 MNPs) as catalyst and support: Magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts in organic synthesis. Nanotechnology Reviews. 2018; 7 :43-68. DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2017-0138 - 55.
Vozniuk O, Tabanelli T, Tanchoux N, Millet JMM, Albonetti S, Di Renzo F, et al. Mixed-oxide catalysts with spinel structure for the valorization of biomass: The chemical-loop reforming of bioethanol. Catalysts. 2018; 8 :332. DOI: 10.3390/catal8080332 - 56.
Arifin MN, Karim KMR, Abdullah H, Khan MR. Synthesis of titania doped copper ferrite photocatalyst and its photoactivity towards methylene blue degradation under visible light irradiation. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis. 2019; 14 :219-227. DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.14.1.3616.219-227 - 57.
Fan G, Tong J, Li F. Visible-light-induced photocatalyst based on cobalt-doped zinc ferrite nanocrystals. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2012; 51 :13639-13647. DOI: 10.1021/ie201933g - 58.
Dhiman M, Bhukal S, Chudasama B, Singhal S. Impact of metal ions (Cr3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) substitution on the structural, magnetic and catalytic properties of substituted Co–Mn ferrites synthesized by sol–gel route. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2017; 81 :831-843. DOI: 10.1007/s10971-016-4232-8 - 59.
Singh C, Jauhar S, Kumar V, Singh J, Singhal S. Synthesis of zinc substituted cobalt ferrites via reverse micelle technique involving in situ template formation: A study on their structural, magnetic, optical and catalytic properties. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2015; 156 :188-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.02.046 - 60.
Manikandan A, John Kennedy L, Bououdina M, Judith VJ. Synthesis, optical and magnetic properties of pure and Co-doped ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles by microwave combustion method. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2004; 349 :249-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.09.013 - 61.
Bhukal S, Shivali, Singhal S. Magnetically separable copper substituted cobalt–zinc nano-ferrite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2014; 26 :467-476. DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2014.05.023 - 62.
Singh S, Kaur P, Bansal S, Singhal S. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Ru-doped spinel nanoferrites for treating recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2019; 92 :760-774. DOI: 10.1007/s10971-019-05142-9 - 63.
Sundararajan M, John Kennedy L, Nithya P, Judith Vijaya J, Bououdina M. Visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B using Mg doped cobalt ferrite spinel nanoparticles synthesized by microwave combustion method. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2017; 108 :61-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.04.002 - 64.
Kirankumar VS, Sumathi S. Copper and cerium co-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Structural, morphological, optical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties. Environemental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 :19189-19206. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05286-9 - 65.
Lassoued A, Lassoued MS, Dkhil B, Ammar S, Gadri A. Improved photocatalytic activities of CuxCo0.5-xNi0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles through co-precipitation method in degrading methylene blue. Physica E. 2018; 101 :29-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2018.03.015 - 66.
Ghadari R, Namazi H, Aghazadeh M. Nickel-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles supported on arginine-modified graphene oxide nanosheets: Synthesis and catalytic activity. Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 2017; 31 :3859. DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3859 - 67.
Singh C, Goyal A, Singhal S. Nickel-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Efficient catalysts for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds and photo-oxidative degradation of toxic dyes. Nanoscale. 2014; 6 :7959-7970. DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01730g - 68.
Tan JB, Sahoo P, Wang JW, Hu YW, Zhang ZM, Lu TB. Highly efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalysts prepared by using reduction-engraved ferrites on graphene oxide. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers. 2018; 5 :310-318. DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00681k - 69.
Maruthapandian V, Mathankumar M, Saraswathy V, Subramanian B, Muralidharan S. A study of oxygen evolution reaction catalytic behavior of CoxNi1-xFe2O4 in alkaline medium. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2017; 9 :13132-13141. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16685 - 70.
Bi K, Huang K, Zeng LY, Zhou MH, Wang QM, Wang YG, et al. Tunable dielectric properties of ferrite-dielectric based metamaterial. PLOS One. 2015; 10 :e0127331. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127331 - 71.
Velhal NB, Patil ND, Shelke AR, Deshpande NG, Puri VR. Structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of nickel substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Effect of nickel concentration. AIP Advances. 2015; 5 :097166. DOI: 10.1063/1.4931908 - 72.
Bhujun B, Tan MTT, Shanmugam AA. Study of mixed ternary transition metal ferrites as potential electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Respiration Physiology. 2017; 7 :345-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2016.04.010 - 73.
Elkholy AE, El-Taib Heakal F, Allam NK. Nanostructured spinel manganese cobalt ferrite for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Advances. 2017; 7 :51888. DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11020k