Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Arsenomolybdates for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes

Written By

Zhi-Feng Zhao

Submitted: 22 February 2020 Reviewed: 19 May 2020 Published: 17 June 2020

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92878

From the Edited Volume

Photophysics, Photochemical and Substitution Reactions - Recent Advances

Edited by Satyen Saha, Ravi Kumar Kanaparthi and Tanja V. Soldatovi?

Chapter metrics overview

684 Chapter Downloads

View Full Metrics

Abstract

Polyoxometalates (POMs) have fascinating structures and promising properties. The arsenomolybdates, as an important branch of POMs, are outstanding photocatalysts for organic dyes. In this work, we selected organic dyes to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of arsenomolybdates under UV light, containing compared with photocatalytic activity of different structural arsenomolybdates, stability, and the photocatalytic reaction mechanism of arsenomolybdates as photocatalyst. The arsenomolybdates may be used to as environmental photocatalysts for the degrading of organic dyes and solving the problem of environmental pollution.

Keywords

  • arsenomolybdates
  • photocatalyst
  • photocatalytic activity
  • organic dyes
  • UV light

1. Introduction

POMs is one of the most outstanding materials in modern chemistry, as the metal-oxide clusters with abundant structures and interesting properties [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], which render them to potential applications in electrochemistry [7, 8], photochemistry [9, 10], catalytic fields [11, 12], and so on (Figure 1). Chalkley reported the photoredox conversion of H3[PW12O40] into a reduced POM by photoirradiation with UV light in the presence of 2-propanol as a reducing reagent in 1952 [13]. Hill et al. started systematic investigation of photoredox catalysis using POMs in the 1980s [14]. Accordingly, POMs photocatalysis has been applied to a wide range of reactions, including H2 evolution, O2 evolution, CO2 reduction, metal reduction, and the degradation of organic pollutants and dyes [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].

Figure 1.

The potential application field of arsenomolybdates.

POMs are subdivided into isopolyoxometalates, which feature addenda metal and oxygen atoms, and heteropolyoxometalates, where a central heteroatom provides added structural stabilization and enables reactivity tuning [21]. In recent years, the research of POMs is mainly focused on heteropolyoxometalates. The arsenomolybdates are essential member of the heteropolymolybdates family [22], because of the redox properties of Mo and As atoms. The discoveries of many excellent articles on arsenomolybdates for ferromagnetic, antitumor activity, electrocatalysis properties, and lithium-ion battery performance have been reported in the last years [23, 24, 25, 26]. However, there is no stress and discuss on the progress of arsenomolybdates for degradation of organic dyes. Arsenomolybdates possess high-efficient proton delivery, fast multi-electron transfer, strong solid acidity and excellent reversible redox activity [27], which may result to prominent photocatalytic activities. In particular, the integration of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into arsenomolybdates for photocatalysis has attracted widespread attention over the past decade, since MOFs combine porous structural and ultrahigh internal surface areas.

Based on these results, we provide a summary of recent works in the synthesis, structure, the photocatalytic activity, reaction kinetics and mechanism mechanisms of arsenomolybdates, which aim at finding the direction followed with the opportunities and challenges for the arsenomolybdates photocatalysis to accelerate the step to realize its practical application in degradation of organic dyes.

Advertisement

2. Syntheses and structure of arsenomolybdates

2.1 Syntheses of arsenomolybdates

Arsenomolybdates crystals reported were almost synthesized via self-assembly processes using hydrothermal method (Figure 2). Many factors in the synthetic process should be considered, such as reaction time and temperature, concentration of staring materials, compactness, pH values, and so on. The some experiments indicate that the temperatures are in the range of 110–180°C for srsenomolybdates synthesized, when the pH value of the mixture is adjusted to approximately 3–6.8, [HxAs2Mo6O26](6 − x)− (abbreviated {As2Mo6}), [(MO6)(As3O3)2Mo6O18]4− (abbreviated {As6Mo6}) and [AsIIIAsVMo9O34]6− (abbreviated {As2Mo9}) types were easy to formed, when the pH value is within the range of 2.5–5.5 and 2–4, [AsMo12O40]3− (abbreviated {AsMo12}) and [As2Mo18O62]6− (abbreviated {As2Mo18}) types were successfully synthesized. At the same time, the choice of transition metal, organic ligand, and molybdenic source have also affect for arsenomolybdates crystals. Therefore, further exploration of synthetic conditions is necessary, which can provide more experimental data for arsenomolybdates.

Figure 2.

The synthesis chart of arsenomolybdates crystal.

2.2 Structure of classical arsenomolybdates

Up to now, various structures of arsenomolybdates were reported and discussed in detail. The following types are classical arsenomolybdates clusters: (i) {As2Mo6} type, Pope’s group reported the first {As2Mo6} cluster [28], in which the Mo6O6 ring is constructed from six MoO6 octahedra connected via an edge-sharing mode, the opposing faces have two capped AsO4 tetrahedra. Then Zubieta’s group and Ma’s group reported [MoxOyRAsO3]n− (RAsO3 = organoarsenic acid) and [Mo6O18(O3AsPh)2]4−(Ph = PhAsO3H2) clusters [29, 30]. (ii) {As6Mo6} type, which is derived from the A-type Anderson anion [(MO6)Mo6O18]10−, the central {MO6} octahedron is coordinated with six {MoO6} octahedra hexagonally arranged by sharing their edges in a plane. The cyclic As3O6 trimers are capped on opposite faces of Anderson-type anion plane. Each As3O6 group consists of three AsO3 pyramids linked in a triangular arrangement by sharing corners and bonded to the central MO6 octahedron and two MoO6 octahedra via μ3-oxo groups. Wang and co-workers reported the compound (C5H5NH)2(H3O)2[(CuO6)Mo6O18(As3O3)2] [31], Zhao groups synthesized the compound [Cu(arg)2]2[(CuO6)Mo6O18(As3O3)2]·4H2O [32]. (iii) {AsMo12} type, has a AsO4 tetrahedron at the center and 12 surrounding MoO6 octahedra, such as [NBu4]6[Fe(C5H5)2][HAsMo12O40]2 [33]. {As2Mo9}) type, is derived from the trivacant Keggin moiety, which is capped by a triangular pyramidal {AsO3} group, e.g., [Cu(en)2H2O]2{[Cu(en)2][Cu(en)2AsIIIAsVMo9O34]}2·4H2O and [Cu(en)2 (H2O)]4[Cu(en)2(H2O)2]{[Cu(phen)(en)][AsIIIAsVMoVI9O34]2} [34, 35]. (iv) {As2Mo18} type, as a classical Wells–Dawson cluster, can be described as two [AsMo9O34]9− units derived from an Keggin anion by the removal of a set of three corner-sharing MoO6 octahedra, e.g., [Himi]6[As2Mo18O62]·11H2O [36].

In comparison with the classical arsenomolybdates, many nonclassical arsenomolybdates have also been prepared in the past of years, such as Ag12.4Na1.6Mo18As4O71 [37], (NH4)11[AgAs2Mo15O54]3·6H2O·2CH3CN [38], [AsIII2FeIII5MMo22O85 (H2O)]n− (M = Fe3+, n = 14; M = Ni2+ and Mn2+, n = 15) [39], {Cu(2,2′-bpy)}2{H2As2Mo2O14} [40], [{Cu(imi)2}3As3Mo3O15]·H2O [41], and so on. The novel arsenomolybdate structure is gaining more and more attention.

Advertisement

3. Photocatalytic activity of arsenomolybdates

3.1 Photodegradation process

In recent years, POMs have attracted a lot of attention as photocatalysts for the decomposition of wastewater [42]. Organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), azon phloxine (AP), and so on, is a typical organic pollutant in waste water. In this work, the photocatalytic activities of arsenomolybdates are investigated via the photodecomposition of organic dyes under UV light irradiation (Figure 3). The photocatalytic reactions were conducted using a common process [27]: arsenomolybdates and organic dyes solution were mixed and dispersed by ultrasonic. The suspension was stirred until reached the surface-adsorption equilibrium. Then, a high pressure Hg lamp was used as light source to irradiate the mixture, which was till stirred for keeping the mixture in suspension. At regular intervals, the sample was withdrawn from the vessel and arsenomolybdates was removed by several centrifugations, and the clear liquid was analyzed by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer.

Figure 3.

The structure of dyes and photodecomposed product.

3.2 Photocatalytic degradation of MB

The common arsenomolybdates photocatalysis are shown in Figure 4. The photocatalytic activities of arsenomolybdates are review via the photodecomposition of MB under UV light irradiation (Figure 5). Su groups reported six compounds with [HxAs2Mo6O26](6 − x)− clusters and copper-organic complexes. Six {As2Mo6} compounds were irradiated for 135 min under, the photocatalytic decomposition rates are 94.5%, 93.0%, 92.1%, 92.2%, 93.6%, and 96.5%, respectively [43]. Then the {Co(btb)(H2O)2}2{H2As2Mo6O26}·2H2O exhibited better photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MB at the same process, the photocatalytic decomposition rate is 94.27% [44]. Su groups synthesized two {As2Mo6} compounds with [HxAs2Mo6O26](6 − x)− clusters and free organic ligands, photocatalytic activities of they are detected, the conversion rate of MB is 91.8% and 92.2% when adding two {As2Mo6} compounds as the catalyst 160 min later, respectively [45].

Figure 4.

The common arsenomolybdates photocatalysis polyoxoanion.

Figure 5.

The arsenomolybdates photocatalytic decomposition rates of MB under UV irradiation.

The above data show that the photocatalytic activity of the compound composed of [HxAs2Mo6O26](6 − x)− clusters and metal-organic complexes is higher than supramolecular assemblies based on isomers [HxAs2Mo6O26](6 − x)− clusters in the degradation of MB under UV irradiation, which maybe that the polyoxoanions can connect with transition metals in diverse modes, which enhanced the contact area between catalysts and substrates availing charge-transfer.

The three {As6Mo6} compounds, ((phen)(H2O)4]2 [(CoO6)(As3O3)2Mo6O18]·2H2O,{[Co(phen)2(H2O)]2[(CoO6)(As3O3)2Mo6O18]}·4H2O and {[Zn(biim)2(H2O)]2[(ZnO6)(As3O3)2Mo6O18]}·4H2O), as catalysts under UV light irradiation after 180 min [46], the photocatalytic decomposition rates of MB are about 92.64, 93.40, and 94.13%.

Yu groups prepared three Keggin arsenomolybdates, the photocatalytic decomposition rates of MB are 94.2% for (Hbimb)(H2bimb)[AsMo8VIVV4Co2O40], 96.1% for (Hbimb)2(H2bimb)0.5 [AsMo8VIVV4Cu2O40]·1.5H2O, 99.8% for [CuI (imi)2][{CuI(imi)2}4{AsMo6V Mo6VIO40(VIV2O2)}] after 90 min irradiation, respectively [47].

Four biarsenate(III) capped Keggin arsenomolybdates with tetravanadium(IV) substituted were prepared, which exhibit excellent degradation activity for MB under UV light. The absorption peaks of MB reduced obviously after 120 min in the presence of four Keggin arsenomolybdates, the degradation rates for MB are 92.9%, 95.8%, 96.6%, and 97.7%, respectively [48].

The photocatalytic decomposition rate of MB is about 96% for [{Cu(btp)2}3{As2Mo18O62}] after 40 min [26], and the photocatalytic decomposition rates were 96.32% and 95.57% for [Cu(pyr)2]6[As2Mo18O62] and [Ag(pyr)2]6[As2Mo18O62] after irradiation for 45 min [25]. Yu reported that (H2bimyb)3(As2Mo18O62) exhibits high-efficient degradation ability for MB under UV light. After UV light irradiation of (H2bimyb)3(As2Mo18O62) for 70 min, the photocatalytic decomposition rate is 95.82% [49].

It is reported that the conversion rate of MB is 94.6% when adding compound [Cu(imi)2]5Na[(AsO4)Mo9O27(AsO3)]·5H2O as the photocatalyst after 105 min [50]. {Cu(2,2′-bpy)}2{H2As2Mo2O14} as photocatalyst was investigated via the photodecomposition of MB under UV light irradiation and the same conditions. The photocatalytic decomposition rate of MB that is 96.7% after 180 min [40].

3.3 Photocatalytic degradation of RhB

The photocatalytic activities of arsenomolybdates as photocatalysts are review via the photodecomposition of RhB under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic decomposition rates of RhB are about 96.34 and 95.7% for {Co(btb)(H2O)2}2{H2As2Mo6O26}·2H2O and [{Cu(abi){H4AsIIIAsVMo9O34}](abi)4[Cu(abi)2]·H2O as photocatalysts under UV light irradiation after 135 and 140 min, respectively [27, 44]. [{Cu(btp)2}3{As2Mo18O62}] as photocatalyst was investigated decomposition rate of RhB after 40 min is about 96% [26]. The photocatalytic decomposition rates of RhB are 94.42 and 95.07% for [M(pyr)2]6[As2Mo18O62] (M = Cu,Ag) under UV light irradiation after 45 min [25].

The photocatalytic decomposition rates of RhB are 95.9% for (Hbimb)(H2bimb)[AsMo8VIVV4Co2O40], 94.3% for (Hbimb)2(H2bimb)0.5[AsMo8VIVV4Cu2O40]·1.5H2O, 95.8% for [CuI (imi)2][{CuI(imi)2}4{AsMo6VMo6VIO40(VIV2O2)}] after 108 min irradiation, respectively [47].

3.4 Photocatalytic degradation of AP

AP, as one of the azo dyes, is relatively difficult to degrade, and so it was used as target molecules to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of arsenomolybdates under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of {pyr}{Hbib}2{AsIII2(OH)2AsV2Mo18O62} was evaluated for the degradation of AP under UV irradiation [51], the degradation rate is 91.02% after UV light irradiation 90 min. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of noncapped 0D analog (H2bimyb)3(As2Mo18O62) was also studied under the same condition. Compared with {pyr}{Hbib}2 {AsIII2(OH)2AsV2Mo18O62}, only 32.76% of AP was degraded by (H2bimyb)3(As2Mo18O62) after 90 min [49], which indicates that the photocatalytic degradation effect of the bi-arsenic capped Dawson compound on AP is much better than that of noncapped analog. The 3D Dawson organic-inorganic hybrid arsenomolybdate, {Ag(diz)2}3[{Ag(diz)2}3(As2Mo18O62)]· H2O exhibits merit photocatalytic properties for degradation of refractory dyes AP under UV light [52], the photocatalytic decomposition rate is 93.24% after 80 min.

The photocatalytic activities of (imi)2[{CuI(imi)2}2{Na(imi)2} {AsIIIAs2VMo18O62}]·2H2O and {CuI0.5(trz)}6[{CuI0.5(trz)}6(As2Mo18O62)] were evaluated for degradation of AP under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic decomposition rates are 89.06 and 96.38% after 80 min [53]. The photocatalytic decomposition rates are 92.49% of AP for [Cu(pyr)2]6[As2Mo18O62] and 92.25% of AP for [Ag(pyr)2]6[As2Mo18O62] after irradiation 135 min [25].

On the basis of the aforementioned points, {As2Mo18} type arsenomolybdates with 3D networks possess the highest photocatalytic activities for photodecomposition of MB, RhB and AP under UV light irradiation. The following factors are maybe considered: First, quantity of Mo and O atoms in unit cell is a factor, which can increases the amount of charge-transfer from HOMO of O to LUMO of Mo, generating more electron-hole pairs. Second, the enhanced photocatalytic activity may have arisen from the 3D architecture, more extended 3D frameworks favor the migration of excited holes/electrons to the surfaces of {As2Mo18} type to initiate the photocatalytic degradation reaction with organic dyes.

3.5 Reaction mechanisms of photocatalytic performance

Experimental and theoretical studies of arsenomolybdates photocatalysis have revealed that it typically proceeds based on the following mechanism [41, 42, 48, 52]: Irradiated of arsenomolybdates by UV light with energy equal to or greater than the Eg value of itself, which induces intramolecular charge-transfer from the HOMO of O to the LUMO of Mo, leading to the formation of photoexcited states, subsequently photogenerated electron–hole pairs were generated. The O2 captures electron to form O2ˉ and the hole reacts with H2O or OH ions to form OH. The O2ˉ and OH radical decompose organic dyes’ molecules into the final product, the detail of photocatalytic reaction is shown in Eqs. (1)(4).

arsenomolybdate+hvarsenomolybdatee+h+E1
e+O2O2E2
h++H2OH++OHE3
dye+O2+OHH2O+CO2+otherE4

3.6 Stability

Some research data show that the samples were washed and dried after the arsenomolybdates as photocatalysis several cycles, and the infrared or X-ray diffraction test were carried out, the infrared spectra or X-ray diffraction data of arsenomolybdates demonstrate that there are almost unchanged before and after photocatalytic reaction [44, 45, 46, 47, 48], which indicate that arsenomolybdates photocatalysis have excellent structural stability.

Advertisement

4. Conclusions

In this chapter, the arsenomolybdates are presented, and the attention is mainly focus on photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Various strategies are summarized and discussed based on the knowledge of synthesis, structure and photocatalytic properties for arsenomolybdates, which reflects the major directions of recent research in this field. There are vast research opportunities as new arsenomolybdates architectures are discovered in future; the great effort to promote the development of arsenomolybdates is needed to reduce the gap with commercial applications.

Advertisement

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Project of Introducing Talent of Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology (2019rc052).

Advertisement

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Advertisement

Abbreviations

arg

L-arginine

en

ethylenediamine

imi

imidazole

2,2′-bipy

2,2′-bipyridine

btb

1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-y1)butane)

phen

1,10′-phenanthroline

biim

biimidazole

bimb

1,4-Bis(imidazol-l-yl)butane

btp

1,3-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propane

pyr

pyrazole

bib

1, 4-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene

bimyb

1,4-Bis(imidazol-l-ylmethyl) benze

abi

2-aminobenzimidazole

bib

1,4-bis(1-imidazolyl)benzene

diz

1,2-diazole

trz

1,2,3-triazole

References

  1. 1. Sha JQ, Zhu PP, Yang XY, Li XN, Li X, Yue MB, et al. Polyoxometalates templated metal Ag–carbene frameworks anodic material for lithium-ion batteries. Inorganic Chemistry. 2017;56:11998-12002. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01962
  2. 2. Armatas NG, Ouellette W, Whitenack K, Pelcher J, Liu HX, Romaine E, et al. Construction of metal−organic oxides from molybdophosphonate clusters and copper-bipyrimidine building blocks. Inorganic Chemistry. 2009;48:8897-8910. DOI: 10.1021/ic901133k
  3. 3. Azambuja FD, Parac-Vogt TN. Water-tolerant and atom economical amide bond formation by metal-substituted polyoxometalate catalysts. ACS Catalysis. 2019;9:10245-10252. DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03415
  4. 4. Long DL, Tsunashima R, Cronin L. Polyoxometalates: Building blocks for functional nanoscale systems. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2010;49(10):1736-1758. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902483
  5. 5. Pang HJ, Yang M, Kang L, Ma HY, Liu B, Li SB, et al. An unusual 3D interdigitated architecture assembled from Keggin polyoxometalates and dinuclear copper(II) complexes. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2013;198:440-444. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2012.11.007
  6. 6. Hagrman PJ, Hagrman D, Zubieta J. Organic–inorganic hybrid materials: From “simple” coordination polymers to organodiamine-templated molybdenum oxides. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 1999;38(18):2638-2684. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990917)38:18<2638::AIDANIE2638>3.0.CO;2-4
  7. 7. Kim D, Seog JH, Kim MJ, Yang MH, Gillette E, Lee SB, et al. Polyoxometalate-mediated one-pot synthesis of Pd nanocrystals with controlled morphologies for effificient chemical and electrochemical catalysis. Chemistry--A European Journal. 2015;21:5387-5394. DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406400
  8. 8. Walsh JJ, Bond AM, Forster RJ, Keyes TE. Hybrid polyoxometalate materials for photo(electro-) chemical applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2016;306:217-234. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.016
  9. 9. Wang XL, Rong X, Lin HY, Cao JJ, Liu GC, Chang ZH. A novel Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework constructed from the uncommon in-situ transformed bi(triazole) ligand and azo anion. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2016;63:30-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.11.004
  10. 10. Sha JQ, Sun LJ, Zhu PP, Jiang JZ. The first two-fold interpenetrating polyoxometalate-based coordination polymer with helical channels: Structure and catalytic activities. CrystEngComm. 2016;18:283-289. DOI: 10.1039/C5CE02021B
  11. 11. Zhao ZF, Ding YZ, Bi JC, Su ZH, Cai QH, Gao LM, et al. Molybdenum arsenate crystal: A highly effificient and recyclable catalyst for hydrolysis of ethylene carbonate. Applied Catalysis A: General. 2014;471:50-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2013.11.028
  12. 12. Peng G, Wang YH, Hu CW, Wang EB, Feng SH, Zhou YC, et al. Heteropolyoxometalates which are included in microporous silica, CsxH3−xPMo12O40/SiO2 and CsyH5−yPMo10V2O40/SiO2, as insoluble solid bifunctional catalysts: Synthesis and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol in liquid–solid systems. Applied Catalysis A: General. 2001;218:91-99. DOI: 10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00622-6
  13. 13. Chalkley L. The extent of the photochemical reduction of phosphotungstic acid. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1952;56(9):1084-1086. DOI: 10.1021/j150501a012
  14. 14. Hill CL, Bouchard DA. Catalytic photochemical dehydrogenation of organic substrates by polyoxometalates. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1985;107:5148-5157. DOI: 10.1021/ja00304a019
  15. 15. Tamimi M, Heravi MM, Mirzaei M, Zadsirjan V, Lotfian N, Eshtiagh-Hosseini H. Ag3[PMo12O40]: An afficient and green catalyst for the synthesis of highly functionalized pyran-annulated heterocycles via multicomponent reaction. Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 2019;33:e5043-e5045. DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5043
  16. 16. Daraie M, Heravi MM, Mirzaei M, Lotfian N. Synthesis of Pyrazolo-[4́́,3́,6] pyrido [2,3-d] pyrimidine-diones catalyzed by a nano-sized surface-grafted neodymium complex of the tungstosilicate via multicomponent reaction. Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 2019;33:e5058. DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5058
  17. 17. López X, Carbó JJ, Bo C, Poblet JM. Structure, properties and reactivity of polyoxometalates: A theoretical perspective. Chemical Society Reviews. 2012;41:7537-7571. DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35168D
  18. 18. Proust A, Thouvenot R, Gouzerh P. Functionalization of polyoxometalates: Towards advanced applications in catalysis and materials science. Chemical Communications. 2008;16:1837-1852. DOI: 10.1039/B715502F
  19. 19. Song YF, Tsunashima R. Recent advances on polyoxometalate-based molecular and composite materials. Chemical Society Reviews. 2012;41:7384-7402. DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35143A
  20. 20. Proust A, Matt B, Villanneau R, Guillemot G, Gouzerh P, Izzet G. Functionalization and post-functionalization: A step towards polyoxometalate-based materials. Chemical Society Reviews. 2012;41:7605-7622. DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35119F
  21. 21. Pope MT, Müller A. Polyoxometalate chemistry: An old field with new dimensions in several disciplines. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 1991;30:34-48. DOI: 10.1002/anie.199100341
  22. 22. Chen CC, Wang Q, Lei PX, Song WJ, Ma WH, Zhao JC. Photodegradation of dye pollutants catalyzed by porous K3PW12O40 under visible irradiation. Environmental Science & Technology. 2006;40:3965-3970. DOI: 10.1021/es060146j
  23. 23. Wu PF, Zhang YP, Feng CT, Liu B, Hu HM, Xue GL. A large, X-shaped polyoxometalate [As6Fe7Mo22O98]25− assembled from [AsMo7O27]9− and [FeMo4O19]11− moieties. Dalton Transactions. 2018;47:15661-15665. DOI: 10.1039/C8DT02647E
  24. 24. Zhu TT, Wang J, Chen SH. Synthesis and anti-lung cancer activity of a novel arsenomolybdate compound. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2017;1149:766-770. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.032
  25. 25. Cong BW, Su ZH, Zhao ZF, Yu BY, Zhao WQ, Ma XJ. Two unusual 3D honeycomb networks based on Wells-Dawson arsenomolybdates with d10 transition-metal-pyrazole connectors. Dalton Transactions. 2017;46:7577-7583. DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01240c
  26. 26. Cong BW, Su ZH, Zhao ZF, Wang B. A novel 3D POMOF based on Wells-Dawson arsenomolybdates with excellent photocatalytic and lithium-ion battery performance. CrystEngComm. 2017;19:7154-7161. DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01734k
  27. 27. Zhao ZF, Su ZH, Cong BW, Gao W, Ma XJ. The new arsenomolybdate based on monocapped trivacant Keggin {H4AsIIIAsVMo9O34} cluster and Cu–abi complex: Synthesis, structure, photoluminescence and catalysis properties. Journal of Cluster Science. 2018;29:943-949. DOI: 10.1007/s10876-018-1390-6
  28. 28. Kwak W, Rajkovic LM, Stalick JK, Pope MT, Quicksall CO. Synthesis and structure of hexamolybdobis(organoarsonates). Inorganic Chemistry. 1976;15(11):2778-2783. DOI: 10.1021/ic50165a042
  29. 29. Liu B, Yang J, Yang GC, Ma JF. Four new three-dimensional polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks constructed from [Mo6O18(O3AsPh)2]4− polyoxoanions and copper(I)-organic fragments: Syntheses, structures, electrochemistry, and photocatalysis properties. Inorganic Chemistry. 2013;52:84-94. DOI: 10.1021/ic301257k
  30. 30. Burkholder E, Wright S, Golub V, O'Connor CJ, Zubieta J. Solid state coordination chemistry of oxomolybdenum organoarsonate materials. Inorganic Chemistry. 2003;42:7460-7471. DOI: 10.1021/ic030171f
  31. 31. He Q, Wang E. Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of a new copper(II) molybdenum(VI) arsenate(III), (C5H5NH)2(H3O)2[(CuO6)Mo6O18(As3O3)2]. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 1999;2(9):399-402
  32. 32. Zhao JW, Zhang JL, Li YZ, Cao J, Chen LJ. Novel one-dimensional organic–inorganic polyoxometalate hybrids constructed from heteropolymolybdate units and copper-aminoacid complexes. Crystal Growth & Design. 2014;14:1467-1475. DOI: 10.1021/cg500019g
  33. 33. Li ZF, Cui RR, Liu B, Xue GL, Hu HM, Fu F, et al. Structural and property characterization of two new charge-transfer salts based on Keggin ions and ferrocene. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2009;920:436-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.12.004
  34. 34. Han QX, Ma PT, Zhao JW, Wang ZL, Yang WH, Guo PH, et al. Three novel inorganic-organic hybrid Arsenomolybdate architectures constructed from Monocapped Trivacant [AsIIIAsVMo9O34]6− fragments with [Cu(L)2]2+ linkers: From dimer to two-dimensional framework. Crystal Growth & Design. 2011;11(2):436-444. DOI: 10.1021/cg101125m
  35. 35. Niu JY, Hua JA, Ma X, Wang JP. Temperature-controlled assembly of a series of inorganic–organic hybrid arsenomolybdates. CrystEngComm. 2012;14:4060-4067. DOI: 10.1039/C2CE00030J
  36. 36. Yang YY, Xu L, Jia LP, Gao GG, Li FY, Qu XS, et al. Crystal structure and electrochemical properties of the supramolecular compound [Himi]6[As2Mo18O62]·11H2O. Crystal Research and Technology. 2007;42(10):1036-1040. DOI: 10.1002/crat.200710937
  37. 37. Hajji M, Zid MF. Synthesis, structure and ionic conductivity of the molybdenum arsenate: Ag12.4Na1.6Mo18As4O71. Solid State Sciences. 2012;14(9):1349-1354. DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2012.07.021
  38. 38. Zhang YP, Li LL, Sun T, Hu HM, Xue GL. A cagelike polyanion with a Ag+ enwrapped, [AgAs2Mo15O54]11−. Inorganic Chemistry. 2011;50:2613-2618. DOI: 10.1021/ic102459r
  39. 39. Liu B, Li LL, Zhang YP, Ma Y, Hu HM, Xue GL. Three banana-shaped arsenomolybdates encapsulating a hexanclear transition-metal central magnetic cluster: [AsIII2FeIII5MMo22O85(H2O)]n− (M = Fe3+, n = 14; M = Ni2+ and Mn2+, n = 15). Inorganic Chemistry. 2011;50:9172-9177. DOI: 10.1021/ic201418q
  40. 40. Zhao WQ, Su ZH, Zhao ZF, Cong BW, Xia L, Zhou BB. The synthesis, structure and properties of a new compound with 1D linear chain arsenomolybdate anion building block. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2015;61:118-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.09.008
  41. 41. Zhao ZF, Zhou BB, Su ZH, Ma HY, Li CX. A new [As3Mo3O15]3− ragment decorated with Cu(I)-Imi (Imi = imidazole) complexes: Synthesis, structure and electrochemical properties. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2008;11:648-651. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2008.02.032
  42. 42. Patel A, Patel K. Cs salt of di-manganese(II) substituted phosphotungstate: One pot synthesis, structural, spectroscopic characterization and solvent free liquid phase oxidation of styrene using different oxidants. Polyhedron. 2014;69:110-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.11.033
  43. 43. Cong BW, Su ZH, Zhao ZF, Yu BY, Zhao WQ, Xia L, et al. Assembly of six [HxAs2Mo6O26](6−x)− cluster-based hybrid materials from 1D chains to 3D framework with multiple Cu–N complexes. CrystEngComm. 2017;19:2739-2749. DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00319f
  44. 44. Cong BW, Su ZH, Zhao ZF, Zhao WQ, Ma XJ, Zhou BB. A new rhombic 2D interpenetrated organic-inorganic hybrid material base on [HxAs2Mo6O26](6−x)− polyoxoanion and Co-btb complexes. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2017;83:11-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.05.024
  45. 45. Zhao ZF, Su ZH, Cong BW, Zhao WQ, Ma XJ. Organic-inorganic hybrid supramolecular assemblies based on isomers [HxAs2Mo6O26](6−x)− clusters. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 2017;643:980-984. DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700157
  46. 46. Cong BW, Su ZH, Zhao ZF, Zhao WQ, Xia L, Zhou BB. The pH-controlled assembly of a series of inorganic–organic hybrid arsenomolybdates based on [(MO6)(As3O3)2Mo6O18]4− cluster. Polyhedron. 2017;127:489-495. DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.10035
  47. 47. Li FR, Lv JH, Yu K, Zhang ML, Wang KP, Meng FX, et al. Effective photocatalytic and bifunctional electrocatalytic materials based on Keggin arsenomolybdate and different transition metal capped assemblies. CrystEngComm. 2018;20:3522-3534. DOI: 10.1039/C8CE00550H
  48. 48. Zhao ZF, Cong BW, Su ZH, Li BR. Self-assembly of biarsenate capped Keggin arsenomolybdates with tetravanadium-substituted for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Crystal Growth & Design. 2020;20:2753-2760. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00123
  49. 49. Cai HH, Lü JH, Yu K, Zhang H, Wang CM, Wang L, et al. Organic–inorganic hybrid supramolecular assembly through the highest connectivity of a Wells–Dawson molybdoarsenate. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2015;62:24-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2015.10.006
  50. 50. Zhao ZF, Su ZH, Zhao WQ, Gao W, Cong BW, Zhou BB. The hybrid organic–inorganic assemblies based on monocapped trivacant Keggin arsenatomolybdate and CuI-organic units. Journal of Cluster Science. 2016;27:1579-1590. DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1022-y
  51. 51. Lv PJ, Yuan J, Yu K, Shen JH. An unusual bi-arsenic capped Well-Dawson arsenomolybdate hybrid supramolecular material with photocatalytic property and anticancer activity. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 2018;28:899-905. DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0760-0
  52. 52. Lv PJ, Cao WW, Yu K, Shen JH. A novel 2, 6-connected inorganic-organic 3-D open framework based on {As2Mo18} with photocatalytic property and anticancer activity. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2017;79:95-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.03.028
  53. 53. Li FR, Lv JH, Yu K, Zhang H, Wang CM, Wang CX, et al. Two extented Wells–Dawson arsenomolybdate architectures directed by Na(I) and/or Cu(I) organic complex linkers. CrystEngComm. 2017;19:2320-2328. DOI: 10.1039/C6CE02539K

Written By

Zhi-Feng Zhao

Submitted: 22 February 2020 Reviewed: 19 May 2020 Published: 17 June 2020