\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6708",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Stability Control and Reliable Performance of Wind Turbines",title:"Stability Control and Reliable Performance of Wind Turbines",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is intended for academics and engineers working in universities, research institutes, and industry sectors wishing to acquire new information and enhance their knowledge of the current trends in wind turbine technology. Readers will gain new ideas and special experience with in-depth information about modeling, stability control, assessment, reliability, and future prospects of wind turbines. This book contains a number of problems and solutions that can be integrated into larger research findings and projects. The book enhances studies concerning the state of the art of wind turbines, modeling and intelligent control of wind turbines, power quality of wind turbines, robust controllers for wind turbines in cold weather, etc. The book also looks at recent developments in wind turbine supporting structures, noise reduction estimation methods, reliability and prospects of wind turbines, etc. As I enjoyed preparing this book, I am sure that it will be valuable for a large sector of readers.",isbn:"978-1-78984-148-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-147-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-662-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72160",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"stability-control-and-reliable-performance-of-wind-turbines",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f33b0adf7c69362059657a16f10145df",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",publishedDate:"October 10th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6708.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10748,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 10th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 1st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 30th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172580/images/system/172580.jpg",biography:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu was a research fellow in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, USA, in 2013. He obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan, in 2012. He received his BSc and MEng in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, in 2003 and 2007, respectively, where he was retained as a faculty member from 2005 until the present day. He has also been a visiting faculty member at the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Petroleum Institute. He was also a visiting faculty member at the Caledonian College of Engineering, Oman (Glasgow Caledonian University, UK). He is presently a visiting professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Oman, and an adjunct professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nisantasi University, Turkey. He was recognized as a top 1% peer reviewer in Engineering by Publons in 2018 and 2019 and was the editor’s pick in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy in 2018. Dr. Okedu has published several books and journals/transactions in the field of renewable energy. He is an editorial board member for journals including Frontiers in Renewable Energy Research in Smart Grids, International Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, and Trends in Renewable Energy. His research interests include power system stability, renewable energy systems, stabilization of wind farms, stability analysis of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) variable speed wind turbines, augmentation and integration of renewable energy into power systems, grid frequency dynamics, wind energy penetration, FACTS devices and power electronics, renewable energy storage systems, and hydrogen and fuel cells.",institutionString:"Nisantasi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Kitami Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"63032",title:"Introductory Chapter: Stability Control and Reliable Performance of Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80237",slug:"introductory-chapter-stability-control-and-reliable-performance-of-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:1103,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63032",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63032",authors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],corrections:null},{id:"60987",title:"Modeling and Control of Wind Turbine to Damp the Power Oscillation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74835",slug:"modeling-and-control-of-wind-turbine-to-damp-the-power-oscillation",totalDownloads:1121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Damping inter-area oscillation by using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine is considered. The PMSG wind turbine is connected to the IEEE-30 bus power system at different buses. H-infinity design controller is proposed to modulate the power where the input of the H-infinity control is the variation of the local grid generator speed and the output is feedback to activate the PMSG speed control, blade pitch angle control and dc voltage control. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used in this study. The IEEE-30 bus system is reduced to 7 buses based on the number of generators to simplify the stability study. The method is applied to a seven-area power system that exhibits undamped oscillations. Results presented in this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the wind generator in increasing system damping considerably.",signatures:"Emad M. Elhaji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60987",authors:[{id:"235594",title:"Dr.",name:"Emad",surname:"Elhaji",slug:"emad-elhaji",fullName:"Emad Elhaji"}],corrections:null},{id:"60823",title:"Power Quality and System Stability Impact of Large-Scale Distributed Generation on the Distribution Network: Case Study of 60 MW Derna Wind Farm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74796",slug:"power-quality-and-system-stability-impact-of-large-scale-distributed-generation-on-the-distribution-",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wind energy (WE) has become one of the most promising and developed forms of renewable energy source due to its efficiency and the availability of different capacities according to the loading requirements. The integration of wind turbines in the Libyan network has become an indispensable choice due to Libya’s distinguished location and for the Libyan National Initiative. Despite the numerous benefits of WE, the penetration of WE sources in the distribution network has some negative impacts related to the quality and reliability of the electric power supplied to the network. Owing to, the intermittent nature of these sources and electronic circuits needed to regulate the extracted power to comply with the grid requirements. In this chapter, implementation of the eastern Libyan network in NEPLAN and MATLAB/SIMULINK packages are carried out to investigate and analyze the significance of wind farm penetration in the medium voltage level of Libyan Distribution Network. A 60 MVA wind farm system has been connected to the Libyan distribution network according to the Libyan National Initiative. Different penetration scenarios are simulated to testify the technical aspects of integrating WE on the distribution level.",signatures:"Saad M. Saad, Naser El Naily, Jamal Wafi, Faisal A. Mohamed and\nAbdelsalam Elhaffar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60823",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60823",authors:[{id:"208413",title:"Mr.",name:"Saad",surname:"Saad",slug:"saad-saad",fullName:"Saad Saad"},{id:"209646",title:"BSc.",name:"Naser",surname:"El Naily",slug:"naser-el-naily",fullName:"Naser El Naily"},{id:"209649",title:"Prof.",name:"Faisal",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"faisal-mohamed",fullName:"Faisal Mohamed"},{id:"220016",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelsalam",surname:"Elhaffar",slug:"abdelsalam-elhaffar",fullName:"Abdelsalam Elhaffar"},{id:"220017",title:"BSc.",name:"Jamal",surname:"Wafi",slug:"jamal-wafi",fullName:"Jamal Wafi"}],corrections:null},{id:"60403",title:"Designing Mu Robust Controller in Wind Turbine in Cold Weather Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74626",slug:"designing-mu-robust-controller-in-wind-turbine-in-cold-weather-conditions",totalDownloads:1010,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to wind turbine is in class of complex nonlinear system so the precise model of this plant is not accessible, therefore it can be categorized as an uncertain model. So, controlling of this system is a demanding topic. Many of schemes which presented for controlling of wind turbines investigate these systems in a good weather condition. However, many turbines work in severe weather condition. In this study, wind turbine is suggested in cold weather, and in ice on turbine blades which they are considered as uncertainties in the model. A robust controller is designed for the wind turbine, to control the pitch angle.",signatures:"Tahere Pourseif, Majid Taheri Andani, Hamed Pourgharibshahi,\nHassan Zeynali and Arash Shams",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60403",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60403",authors:[{id:"239518",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahere",surname:"Pourseif",slug:"tahere-pourseif",fullName:"Tahere Pourseif"},{id:"240081",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Zeynali",slug:"hassan-zeynali",fullName:"Hassan Zeynali"},{id:"240082",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",surname:"Shams",slug:"arash-shams",fullName:"Arash Shams"},{id:"241044",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",surname:"Taheri Andani",slug:"majid-taheri-andani",fullName:"Majid Taheri Andani"},{id:"253679",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",surname:"Pourgharibshahi",slug:"hamed-pourgharibshahi",fullName:"Hamed Pourgharibshahi"}],corrections:null},{id:"60247",title:"Dual Robust Control of Grid-Connected DFIGs-Based Wind- Turbine-Systems under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75518",slug:"dual-robust-control-of-grid-connected-dfigs-based-wind-turbine-systems-under-unbalanced-grid-voltage",totalDownloads:880,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, a comparative analysis is made for doubly-fed induction-generator (DFIG) low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) solutions. It is supposed to improve the LVRT capability of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions by hardware or software solutions. Therefore, this chapter proposes a low-cost software LVRT solution based on an efficient control scheme of DFIG driven by a wind turbine. The proposed control scheme is based on dual-sequence decomposition technique and Lyapunov-based robust control (RC) theory. Under an unbalanced grid voltage conditions, the proposed control strategy not only eliminates effectively the oscillations of the active and reactive powers exchanged between the generator and the grid but also achieves the symmetrical and sinusoidal grid currents injection. Simulation analysis under MATLAB®/Simulink® has been carried out on a 1.5 MW DFIG-based wind-turbine-systems, and the results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of the control strategy for a grid-connected application under unbalanced voltage supply. The proposed dual control scheme is shown to be able to successfully mitigate torque, stator power and currents pulsations as compared with the conventional vector control based on the single control scheme.",signatures:"Kamel Djamel Eddine Kerrouche, Lina Wang, Alex Van Den\nBossche, Azzedine Draou, Abdelkader Mezouar and Larbi\nBoumediene",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60247",authors:[{id:"233658",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Kerrouche",surname:"Kamel Djamel Eddine",slug:"kerrouche-kamel-djamel-eddine",fullName:"Kerrouche Kamel Djamel Eddine"}],corrections:null},{id:"60329",title:"Evaluation and Stability Analysis of Onshore Wind Turbine Supporting Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75885",slug:"evaluation-and-stability-analysis-of-onshore-wind-turbine-supporting-structures",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter shows research of stability of supporting structure of onshore wind turbine foundations based on field measurements, finite element (FE) analysis and laboratory experiment. In order to investigate the relation of action-response of tower-foundation system, long-term field measurements were carried out for two existing onshore wind turbines with/without piles for its foundations. Then, the models were built up for three-dimensional nonlinear FE analyses. The damage processes of reaching failure were examined by FE models, and limit state of foundations was individually defined by fatigue limit state of concrete. Consequently, the stress-number of cycle (S-N) diagram derived from both experiment and analysis was discussed for the assessment of existing structure.",signatures:"Chikako Fujiyama, Yasuhiro Koda and Noriaki Sento",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60329",authors:[{id:"235729",title:"Prof.",name:"Chikako",surname:"Fujiyama",slug:"chikako-fujiyama",fullName:"Chikako Fujiyama"},{id:"246335",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhiro",surname:"Koda",slug:"yasuhiro-koda",fullName:"Yasuhiro Koda"},{id:"246336",title:"Ms.",name:"Noriaki",surname:"Sentoh",slug:"noriaki-sentoh",fullName:"Noriaki Sentoh"}],corrections:null},{id:"59733",title:"Estimation Method to Achieve a Noise Reduction Effect of Airfoil with a Serrated Trailing Edge for Wind Turbine Rotor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73608",slug:"estimation-method-to-achieve-a-noise-reduction-effect-of-airfoil-with-a-serrated-trailing-edge-for-w",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes a wind tunnel experiment that was undertaken to investigate the changes in the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine due to the inclusion of a 2-Dimension (2D) airfoil with a serrated trailing edge designed to reduce the noise caused by a wind turbine rotor blade. The restrictive condition for the serrated trailing edge equipped with the use of a 2D airfoil was examined through the use of a wind tunnel experiment after studying existing restrictive condition and analyzing prior research on serrated trailing edges. The study was conducted according to Howe’s theory, which is a cornerstone of the study of noise reduction effects produced by a serrated trailing edge. For the serrated trailing edge equipped on a 2D airfoil, the wake distribution and the relation to noise were analyzed in order to determine the restrictive condition in accordance with Howe’s theory. The results indicated that an empirical formula or a theoretical approach should consider changes in the boundary layer thickness of a 2D airfoil, so an empirical noise prediction formula is suggested for the serrated trailing edge. Also, a comparison and an analysis of the prediction and the experimental results for the noise produced by the NACA0012 or the baseline airfoil equipped with a serrated trailing edge suggested a novel formula for a 2D airfoil. Finally, the 2D airfoil noise data are compared with wind tunnel test data by using an empirical formula estimation method.",signatures:"Jaeha Ryi and Jong-Soo Choi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59733",authors:[{id:"233546",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaeha",surname:"Ryi",slug:"jaeha-ryi",fullName:"Jaeha Ryi"}],corrections:null},{id:"59862",title:"Offshore Wind Feasibility Study in India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74916",slug:"offshore-wind-feasibility-study-in-india",totalDownloads:1363,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Offshore wind provides a scalable alternative to conventional energy resources. This chapter provides an insight into various activities of Ministry of Earth Sciences for the realization of offshore wind in India. To understand the hurdles in policy frame work for offshore wind, the evolution of onshore wind policy is analyzed and suitable strategies for offshore wind are proposed. Wind resource assessment results indicated a high offshore potential at Kanyakumari, Rameshwaram, Gulf of Khambhat, and Gulf of Kutch. Commercial viability studies showed levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of around Rs 10/kWh at identified sites for an internal rate of return (IRR) of 14%. Offshore light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based data collection platform has been installed at Gulf of Khambhat and Kutch to obtain bankable wind data for the development of offshore wind farms. A preliminary design of substructure by exploring different concepts like monopile, jacket, and gravity-based foundations was carried out based on their suitability for site-specific environmental and soil data. The port facilities along Gujarat and Tamil Nadu coast were assessed, and installation methodology was developed considering marine spread along the Indian coast.",signatures:"Satya Kiran Raju Alluri, Devender Gujjula, Krishnaveni B, Dhinesh\nGanapathi, S.V.S. Phanikumar, M.V. Ramanamurthy and M.A.\nAtmanand",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59862",authors:[{id:"233577",title:"Mr.",name:"Satya Kiran Raju",surname:"Alluri",slug:"satya-kiran-raju-alluri",fullName:"Satya Kiran Raju Alluri"},{id:"243241",title:"Mr.",name:"Devender",surname:"Gujjula",slug:"devender-gujjula",fullName:"Devender Gujjula"},{id:"243243",title:"Mrs.",name:"B",surname:"Krishnaveni",slug:"b-krishnaveni",fullName:"B Krishnaveni"},{id:"243244",title:"Dr.",name:"G",surname:"Dhinesh",slug:"g-dhinesh",fullName:"G Dhinesh"},{id:"243245",title:"Dr.",name:"Svs",surname:"Phanikumar",slug:"svs-phanikumar",fullName:"Svs Phanikumar"},{id:"243246",title:"Prof.",name:"Mv",surname:"Ramanamurthy",slug:"mv-ramanamurthy",fullName:"Mv Ramanamurthy"}],corrections:null},{id:"59756",title:"Reliability Analysis of Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74859",slug:"reliability-analysis-of-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:1871,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the rapid development of wind power industry, the reliability of wind turbines has become a hotspot in wind power research. The failure modes and research progress of wind turbine reliability both at home and abroad are analyzed. The failure modes, failure causes and detection methods of some key components in the wind turbines are summarized. Also, the frequently used methods of reliability analysis and research status of wind turbine reliability are analyzed. Following this, research focuses, methods and measures to improve wind turbine reliability are presented. We also shed light on the condition monitoring and assessment process with condition monitoring system and supervisory control and data acquisition. It is of great significance to reduce the cost of operation and maintenance and to improve the safety of wind turbines.",signatures:"Caichao Zhu and Yao Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59756",authors:[{id:"233656",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",surname:"Li",slug:"yao-li",fullName:"Yao Li"},{id:"233674",title:"Prof.",name:"Caichao",surname:"Zhu",slug:"caichao-zhu",fullName:"Caichao Zhu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7636",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49b63353c3d80ef6f449e55b1f6cee29",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu, Ahmed Tahour and Abdel Ghani Aissaou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7636.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8358",title:"Power System Stability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08fa3d9538a3ab150e5a1e5309b51a1c",slug:"power-system-stability",bookSignature:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3633",title:"Solar Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-energy",bookSignature:"Radu D Rugescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8615",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rugescu",slug:"radu-rugescu",fullName:"Radu Rugescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4479",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Approaches and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6907a79a7d35f34d0c719d6297a2667",slug:"solar-cells-new-approaches-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Leonid A. 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Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1bd25a76712d1cb8792820acf2ff001",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",bookSignature:"F. J. 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Even before that, the relevance of the teaching methods and content in academe was becoming increasingly crucial. To adapt learning to future needs that are changing and largely unknown today, we must change its goals, methods, and assessment [1, 2].
Academic institutions are more than transmitters of knowledge to students: They are also agents of cultural change. As such, they must consistently ensure that students develop new skills [3]. Adapting to the labor market requires 21st-century skills, such as problem solving in real time, synthesizing existing knowledge with changing situations, integrating material studied and applying it as part of a team, acquiring managerial abilities, and engaging in self-regulation [2]. Changes in teaching methods, combined with training in learning skills and construction of a learning toolbox, will enable students to remain relevant in the work force and become lifelong learners [4, 5, 6].
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic created an opportunity for quickly introducing such changes by taking advantage of a variety of constraints, such as digital platforms and synchronous and asynchronous distance learning. This chapter describes an intervention program in the undergraduate course titled Patient–Therapist Relationship, taught in the Department of Management of Service Organizations, Health Track. The intervention changed the teaching and learning in the course from traditional frontal teaching to active student-centered learning. This chapter describes the effect of the intervention on students’ perceptions, as revealed in reflective journals kept during the course, and students’ willingness to adopt innovative teaching methodologies in the wake of this experience.
The dominant conceptual approach today [7] is that most learning should be active so as to enhance the student’s abilities and adapt them to the period and its demands [8]. This approach challenges both teachers and students because of the total change in the setting of learning goals and the perception of the learning process. The change requires a shift from teacher-centered pedagogical approaches to approaches in which the students and the development of their learning abilities are at the center. This shift constitutes an important element in adapting academic teaching to 21st-century needs and ensuring that the student becomes a lifelong learner [9].
Student-centered teaching methodologies have existed for years to various extents in educational institutions, but most teachers view them with suspicion and prefer to cling to traditional methodologies [10]. Resistance to student-centered methodologies exists at three levels: teachers, students, and the teaching environment. Many faculty members fear losing their power as the sole authority in learning and knowledge [11]. They also find it difficult to adapt curricula and courses to more innovative methods [12]. Students are deterred by the intensive work deriving from the requirement that they invest resources and time and take personal responsibility for the course of their studies [13]. In addition to this resistance to change on the part of faculty and students, often the academic learning environment does not make it easy to implement the necessary changes. Among these obstacles are budget constraints, a large number of students in a course, fear of students’ objections to the many course requirements, research pressure, and other academic demands. All these create strong competition for the teacher’s time and abilities [14]. These sources of resistance constitute an obstacle to implementing broad changes in academe, where the extent to which changes are adopted varies from one discipline to another.
The requirements of medical systems worldwide have changed in recent years along with global changes in the needs and demands of the general labor market [2]. The localized organizational changes that health organizations are undergoing as part of becoming patient-centered affect the character of the medical staff, medical management, and paramedical professions and training [15]. These changes require health-related higher education to adapt accordingly. This adaptation includes broadening students’ set of abilities and skills and making them lifelong learners [16]. The set of abilities required in medical education includes coping with dilemmas, solving complex problems, teamwork capability, self-regulation, medical literacy, individual and managerial flexibility, and the ability to cope effectively daily with the challenges of a new and constantly changing world, under conditions of pressure and ever-expanding knowledge [17, 18].
The changes in the labor market’s requirements and the consequent need to change teaching methods have moved the center of gravity in the class from the teacher to the student. This change is the basis for the change in approach in learning strategies. Student-guided learning (SGL) refers to a methodology that combines several teaching methodologies, such as problem- or project-based learning (PBL), cooperative learning, and creating a toolbox of skills. In using SGL, the student is guided by the teacher from the very beginning through the stages that include choosing a topic for the course and the learning materials, setting goals, students’ acceptance of responsibility for the process of learning, and presentation of the product of learning. This methodology requires the teacher’s constant supervision and oversight while leading the student on a long, active journey to the goals defined in the course [1].
Methodologically, SGL includes a combination of project-based learning [19] and models of learning collaboration. This combination enables the students to achieve a shared goal [20]. Achieving the goal requires positive interdependence among the students, in which each individual is responsible for his or her own learning and for the contribution to the group [21]. This learning emphasizes the process of learning and is characterized by active learning. The teacher is not the sole source of knowledge, and the learning is led by the students’ choices, with direction from the teacher.
In SGL, the teacher sets the learning goals and broad topics that constitute the values and learning framework of the course. The study topics problem and cases to be written by students and will be presented within these boundaries. The teacher guides the student throughout the process [22].
This methodology has nine stages that constitute points for guidance and interface between teacher and student: describing an individual’s experience, turning the experience into an event or dilemma, making the student an expert in the selected area/building a knowledge base, learning collaboratively, discussing and decision-making as a group, carrying out a summary project, presenting the project by the group, and evaluating the project by peers. This semester-long process is accompanied by maintenance of a reflective journal that describes the process of individual and group learning [1].
This qualitative study used a case study of the implementation of an intervention program in the course titled Patient–Therapist Relationship. The case study, through observations and data gathering, makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding human activity [23]. The data gathered describe patterns and attitudes that enable understanding of broader phenomena. Analysis of the data gathered in categories at two time points makes it possible to form generalizations and deductions on the basis of quotations from the data [24, 25].
The participants were 120 students in a three-credit course titled Patient–Therapist Relationship. The students are second-year undergraduates in the department of Management of Service Organizations, with a subspecialty in health. The course content pertains to the patient–therapist relationship in health contexts and how it is meaningful in healing and support.
The data in this chapter were gathered in four courses over two academic years. The courses were taught simultaneously by both authors. The data were gathered at two time points: the beginning of the course, before the students had any experience of the teaching method, and the end. The students were told that the materials would be analyzed anonymously and that they were free to refuse to allow the use of the materials for research purposes.
The SGL methodology—a combination of problem-based learning (PBL) and collaborative-learning methodologies—is at the heart of the intervention program. This intervention program focuses on a dilemma in the profession, based on the personal experience of the student, with an emphasis on experiences related to patient–therapist relationships. The use of this personal basis make possible an immediate and personal connection to the course content combined with acquisition of knowledge and development of critical thinking in a PBL environment [19, 26]. The students, divided into groups, examine the experience/dilemma from three perspectives characteristic of the course: the clinician, the patient, and the organization. Each student is responsible for sharing with the group the data he or she has gathered at each stage of the program. In this way, the students become experts within the group on their knowledge area. Sharing with the group enables a broadening of the members’ knowledge, collaborative learning, discussion, and group decision-making. The process makes the students experts in their area as they prepare to present the final project (including the intermediate stages) to the other students in the course. The final project presents by digital visual mean—for example, a digital poster or a digital thought map—the examination of the selected experience from three perspectives (therapist, patient, organization). The last stage of the program is the peer review, in which the students evaluate each other in accordance with guidelines set in advance [1]. Students are also asked to maintain a reflective journal and to record in it their individual learning process in each stage of the project, describing their experiences, feelings, attitudes, and challenges.
The students’ reflective journals were collected and analyzed at two time points: the start of the course and its conclusion. The texts underwent thematic analysis, which leads to categorization of the text. The relations between the categories were examined and mapped, and the two time points were compared. In this process, information is constructed and interpreted [27, 28]. Categories were constructed by identifying main themes and consolidating them in main categories. The following is a description of the main categories and the change in the students’ perceptions and attitudes regarding the innovative learning methodology.
The content analysis of the reflective journals revealed six main categories: active learning as opposed to passive learning, previous experience of active learning, feeling of capability, collaboration, a learning experience, and adopting innovative learning methodologies. The analysis of the findings is presented by category in relation to the two time points.
At the first time point, most of the students wrote that their previous experience was largely of passive learning. Thus, for example, they noted that the structure of the course was new to them and that they were used, generally, to other teaching methods:
At the first time point, the students pointed out their anxiety and fear regarding the innovative teaching method and the assignments and difficulties that lay ahead, in their view, from studying in this manner.
In the examination of this category at the second time point, it seemed that most of the students related to the course as a positive experience. They revealed that, despite their initial concerns, they succeeded in coping well with the learning processes and the assignments.
The students also pointed out the difficulties; these included the level of difficulty involved in active learning, the level of involvement in the course, and the time commitment in such learning.
Already at the first time point, students with previous experience of this method noted that their prior positive experience was a mediating factor that eased their learning.
Adapting to innovative learning methodologies often sparks antagonism and concerns, as was evident in the reflective journals and was presented above. The students wrote that they were used to relying on learning by receiving material from the lecturer. This learning process was seen as easier, in comparison to the process of active learning. This worldview is presented in the analysis of the students’ reflections at the first time point:
At the second time point, toward the end of the semester, because of the positive experience the students had in the course, one can see a change in their attitudes and their willingness to adopt innovative methodologies. Thus, for example:
Nevertheless, students still note difficulties and challenges, which they ascribe to this method and which will make it difficult, in their view, to adopt innovative methods in the future.
This category appeared in the analysis of the reflections at the second time point, in which the students wrote their views of the learning experience in the course in comparison to courses with frontal teaching.
The beginning of the course was accompanied by fears, concerns, and even hesitation regarding the capability of completing the course and meeting its goals. “I asked not to have to present.” “I really didn’t think I would succeed.”
The analysis of the reflective journals at the first time point showed that the students related also to the category of collaborative learning and to teamwork, and noted diverse attitudes toward them.
At the second time point, too, the students addressed this category, indicating the problems and challenges in relation to it, on the basis of their experience. Their opinions regarding this category were varied. Some wrote that they prefer working on their own, whereas others wrote that the experience of learning in groups was positive for them.
The analysis of the students’ reflective journals at two time points, the beginning and end of the course, showed a change in attitudes. At the start of the process, their attitudes toward adopting innovative methodologies of teaching were based on perceptions and attitudes formed in response to their acquaintance with traditional teaching methods. At this stage, the students’ worldview was determined, inter alia, by the teaching methods customary in the process of socialization, starting with the preschool, through elementary school, high school, and academe. These attitudes shaped their perception of teaching methods and contributed to their resistance and concerns regarding the adoption of other teaching methods.
During the course, while using SGL methodology, and at the end, the students displayed a change in attitudes, perceptions, and experiences in relation to adopting active teaching methodologies and the process of individual learning. Also, students who had studied in the past with this method, or who had prior experience with various methods of active learning, showed from the start less resistance and greater willingness to cooperate with this teaching method.
Support for the findings can be found in earlier studies on the student-centered class, according to which students reveal behaviors characteristic of the stages of mourning and trauma at being forced to take responsibility and a degree of independence in learning as an alternative to the use of traditional learning methodologies [29].
The students’ responses are subjective. Some went through all the stages smoothly, whereas others remained a longer time in a specific stage, or in several of them. Passage through the various stages of the program is essential and constitutes a substantial part in the student’s growth and turning into a lifelong learner [30, 31]. Therefore, the aim is to lower the level of resistance, on the one hand, and to ease the process of independent learning, on the other. Students should be allowed this type of learning as part of a structured, guided framework [23].
The students’ attitudes toward collaborative learning also changed. In the beginning of the course many students wrote that because of the difficulties and challenges in the process, they rely primarily on themselves and prefer to carry out the assignments and learning processes on their own. At the end of the experience, the students wrote that the collaborative learning contributed to their feeling of vitality, their openness, and their ability to learn from others. As the learning process continued, the students were exposed through a collaborative learning framework to a variety of opinions of group members. This process exposed the complexity of the dilemma and the understanding that it might have various interpretations and various solutions [32].
This study examined the change that took place in the attitudes of students following an intervention program that changed the teaching framework in a course from frontal learning to SGL methodology, which combines PBL with collaborative learning [1]. The study demonstrated how attitudes can be changed and resistance and concerns can be reduced with regard to adopting innovative teaching methodologies, while creating a positive collaborative experience of active learning.
The use of SGL methodology, which enables individual learning as described in this chapter, offers a learning framework that is structured but sufficiently broad, combined with leadership and clear guidance by the lecturer. Choosing the dilemma relevant to the course content on the basis of students’ experiences (personal stories) enables them to connect individually to the topic studied and to maximize their learning abilities. These experiences contribute to changing the perceptions and obstacles to adopting innovative teaching methodologies like this one. In addition, they expose the students to a positive experience of learning and to a sense of capability. All these lead to the removal of students’ resistance and to their willingness and desire to adopt innovative active-learning methodologies.
It is very important to adapt learning and teaching methods to the changing needs of the labor market and the academic world. Adopting these methodologies, in which the emphasis in learning moves to the student and the lecturer’s role becomes more of a support and guide, encountered students’ resistance, negative attitudes, and low motivation to adopt them [12, 26, 31].
Widespread adoption of such methodologies in academe, and in medical education in particular, is a step toward making academe more relevant than ever and training graduates suited to a changing market. Adopting methodologies of active learning such as SGL from the earliest stages of professional training may increase the potential for change and transform students into lifelong learners, thus enabling graduates in the field of health to cope better with the future needs of the health system.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
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\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
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It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance, which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management. The overuse of herbicides, just like other pesticides such as insecticides, has led to increased development of resistance among weeds, causing injury and destruction of useful plants in agriculture, land management, and other related industries. This chapter focuses on the main theme while providing in-depth analysis of the different modes of action of various classes of herbicides. The modes of action of herbicides are as variable as their chemical compositions as they focus on controlling susceptible plants through various biochemical means. Depending upon the specific mode of action at work, it may involve a plant enzyme or a biological system that the herbicide may interrupt, thus injuring or disrupting the regular plant growth and development and causing eventual plant death. Having an in-depth knowledge of the mode of action of herbicides is important in choosing a specific herbicide for a specific crop, understanding the injury symptoms, and devising an appropriate crop-management strategy.",book:{id:"4787",slug:"herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety"},signatures:"Shariq I. Sherwani, Ibrahim A. Arif and Haseeb A. 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This study was carried out under field conditions, over a period of four years, where the effect of indaziflam and glyphosate herbicides on roots of Coffee and Citrus plants was evaluated. The results demonstrate that the methodology used to assess the effect of herbicides on the roots was important to validate and qualify safe herbicide selectivity towards crops. Thus, this analysis should be indicated as a routine method for studies to assess the selectivity of herbicides to crops.",book:{id:"4787",slug:"herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety"},signatures:"Flavio Martins Garcia Blanco, Yuri Guerreiro Ramos, Murilo\nFrancischinelli Scarso and Lúcio André de Castro Jorge",authors:[{id:"90516",title:"Dr.",name:"Flavio",middleName:"Martins Garcia",surname:"Blanco",slug:"flavio-blanco",fullName:"Flavio Blanco"},{id:"176544",title:"BSc.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",slug:"yuri-ramos",fullName:"Yuri Ramos"},{id:"176545",title:"BSc.",name:"Murilo",middleName:null,surname:"Scarso",slug:"murilo-scarso",fullName:"Murilo Scarso"},{id:"176546",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",middleName:null,surname:"Jorge",slug:"lucio-jorge",fullName:"Lucio Jorge"}]},{id:"42925",title:"Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control",slug:"companion-planting-and-insect-pest-control",totalDownloads:6202,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"3521",slug:"weed-and-pest-control-conventional-and-new-challenges",title:"Weed and Pest Control",fullTitle:"Weed and Pest Control - Conventional and New Challenges"},signatures:"Joyce E. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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