Specifications for the counter-flow regenerative IEHX.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-552-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-551-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-553-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c2e03f295fbc697350f0bf3bf89a14f",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz, Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi, M.Sc. Ercan Gürbulak and MSc. Mesut Tekbaş",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11840.jpg",keywords:"Aridity and Drought, Precipitation and Evapotranspiration, Land Use, Human Activity, Desertification, Desert, Soil Structure, Water Treatment, Water Scarcity, Irrigated Agriculture, Remote Sensing, Climate Change",numberOfDownloads:47,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 28th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 27th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Murat Eyvaz has co-authored many journal articles and conference papers and has taken part in many national projects. 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He has co-authored numerous journal articles and conference papers on water and wastewater treatment, and advanced waste remediation technologies. His research interests are the application and designing of hydrothermal processes for industrial wastewater treatment/solid waste management and monitoring of organic micropollutants by both chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Dr. Tekbaş is a pioneering researcher in environmental sciences and engineering, he has co-authored numerous journal articles and conference papers on water and wastewater treatment, and advanced waste remediation technologies. His research interests are the application and designing of supercritical water oxidation processes for wastewater treatment/solid waste management and electrochemical analyses.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170083/images/system/170083.png",biography:"Dr. Murat Eyvaz is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include applications in water and wastewater treatment facilities, electrochemical treatment processes, filtration systems at the lab and pilot-scale, membrane processes (forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactors), membrane manufacturing methods (polymeric membranes, nanofiber membranes, electrospinning), spectrophotometric analyses (UV, atomic absorption spectrophotometry), chromatographic analyses (gas chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography). He has co-authored many journal articles and conference papers and has taken part in many national projects. He serves as an editor and reviewer for many indexed journals. 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vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"62339",title:"Energy Efficient Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79223",slug:"energy-efficient-indirect-evaporative-air-cooling",body:'\nThe evaporative cooling technique takes the advantage of water evaporation to achieve cooling effect. As a potential alternative to the conventional mechanical vapor compression system, it has drawn great attention for building cooling applications.
\nAn indirect evaporative cooling system is able to produce the cool air without moist change. For a typical indirect evaporative heat exchanger (IEHX), the primary air (or product air) and the secondary air (or working air) flow in separate passages. The secondary air in wet channel acts as a heat sink by absorbing heat due to water evaporation.
\nThe evaporative cooling system has the following advantages over the current mechanical vapor compression system [1, 2, 3, 4]: (1) energy and cost savings; (2) reducing peak power requirements; (3) no CFCs; (4) reducing pollutant releases; and (5) easily incorporation with existing systems. On the other hand, the traditional IEHX shows the following limitations: (1) the air humidity increases in direct evaporative cooling systems resulting in uncomfortable indoor thermal environment for humans; (2) the indirect evaporative cooling system generally has a low cooling efficiency [5]; and (3) the theoretical ultimate cooled air temperature is the wet-bulb temperature.
\nTo further enhance the cooling performance of conventional IEHX, research works have proposed a novel regenerative IEHX, which can cool the air below its wet-bulb temperature [1]. Since this design was proposed by Maisotsenko, the airflow arrangement is also named as M-cycle [2, 6]. Several studies have theoretically and experimentally investigated the dew-point evaporative cooling system [7, 8, 9]. This type of IEHX is able to branch part of the pre-cooled primary air into the wet channel [10, 11].
\nIn order to investigate the cooling performance of a regenerative IEHX, analytical models have been developed based on modified effectiveness-NTU method [10, 12]. In addition, numerical simulations have been carried out to study the impact of key parameters on a counter-flow IEHX [13, 14, 15]. Anisimov and Pandelidis [16] presented a numerical study analyzing the indirect evaporative cooler with four different configurations. Zhao et al. [17] conducted a numerical study on a novel dew-point IEHX. According to the simulation results, the wet-bulb effectiveness of the IEHX was greatly influenced by the dimension of the airflow passages, the inlet air velocity, and working-to-intake-air ratio. The cooler achieved the highest wet-bulb effectiveness of 1.3 for a typical summer condition in the UK. Moshari and Heidarinejad [18] developed a numerical model and solved the governing equations by using finite difference method in MATLAB. The regenerative evaporative heat exchanger has been demonstrated to provide sub-wet-bulb cooling. Jradi and Riffat [19] conducted an experimental and numerical investigation on a dew-point evaporative cooling system. An optimized design of the indirect evaporative heat exchanger has been presented to obtain a dew-point effectiveness of 78%. Ham and Jeong [20] proposed a novel design on dew-point evaporative heat exchanger to address the issues of complex ventilation control and energy waste. Moshari et al. [21] investigated indirect evaporative cooling systems with one- and two-stage to analyze the optimum configuration by considering the cooling effectiveness, water consumption and thermal comfort. Chen et al. [22] developed an analytical model to study the heat and mass transfer process in an indirect evaporative cooler as a pre-cooling device in tropical areas. The model was established taking account of the condensation in the dry channels. Woods and Kozubal [23] conducted an experimental and numerical study on a desiccant-enhanced air conditioner by combining a dew-point evaporative heat exchanger and a desiccant dehumidifier. The second stage of this air conditioner was a counter-flow regenerative IEHX, which had a similar configuration compared with the IEHX designed by Zhao et al. [17] and Riangvilaikul and Kumar [24].
\nIn this chapter, we first introduce the design of novel indirect evaporative heat exchangers, followed by the mathematical description, which was employed to study the air treatment process in the IEHX. An experimental study was then conducted to validate the computational model. Finally, the validated model was used to study the cooling performance of the novel dew-point IEHX and to investigate the impact of several influential parameters.
\nIn this section, we introduce two types of IEHX. The first type is a counter-flow regenerative IEHX. The other one is a novel dew-point IEHX based on the modification of the M-cycle arrangement.
\nThe schematic of a one-unit channel pair of a typical counter-flow regenerative IEHX is shown in Figure 1. A number of this type of channel pairs is stacked to form the structure of the IEHX. The intake air flows in alternative primary channels (dry channels). Before the outlet of the dry channel, a part of the primary air is diverted into the secondary channel (wet channel). The primary air in the IEHX can be cooled along the flow passages without changing the humidity ratio.
\nSchematic of a one-unit channel pair of a typical counter-flow regenerative indirect evaporative heat exchanger.
Figure 2 illustrates the airflow in novel dew-point IEHX in terms of a one-unit channel pair. It comprises a product channel and adjacent working channels. By spraying water in working wet channels, inner surfaces are maintained in wet conditions. The working channel employs a closed-loop arrangement. The working air firstly enters the working dry channels, and it is then recirculated into the wet channels. The configuration is able to pre-cool the working air before entering the wet side. Therefore, at the recirculation point of the working channel, the air stream achieves a high cooling capacity as a result of a lower wet-bulb temperature compared with the inlet air. Theoretically, the outlet temperature of product air can be reduced toward its dew-point temperature.
\nSchematic of the novel dew-point IEHX (one-unit channel pair).
To develop a mathematical model predicting the air treatment performance in the IEHX, the following assumptions are considered: (1) the airflow is steady and incompressible; (2) the channel height is comparatively small; (3) the airflow is fully developed and laminar; (4) the surface of wet channel is covered with a thin water film; and (5) the outer surface is insulated.
\nThe moist air flowing in both the working channel and the product channel is governed by the following equations [9].
\nThe continuity equation:
\nMomentum conservation equation:
\nEnergy conservation equation:
\nEquation of species diffusion for water vapor is expressed as
\nThe inlet boundary conditions of the air are indicated as
\nAt the air-water interface, the moist air is assumed to be saturated with the water film temperature. The vapor pressure of the saturated moist air can be expressed as a function of temperature using the following equation [25]:
\nwhere
The water vapor concentration is specified as
\nwhere \n
As a result, the interfacial condition at the water film surface in the working wet channel is given as
\nTo evaluate the cooling efficiency of the indirect evaporative heat exchangers, following expressions (wet-bulb effectiveness and dew-point effectiveness) are defined.
\nA prototype of the plate-type counter-flow regenerative IEHX was fabricated as schematically illustrated in Figure 3. The one-unit channel pair comprises a product channel and two adjacent working channels. The intake air, which consists of both the working air and the product air, flows into the product channel (dry channel). At the end of the product channel, part of the product air is branched into the adjacent working wet channels by passing through the perforated plates. The dimensions for the counter-flow regenerative IEHX are listed in Table 1.
\nSchematic of the counter-flow regenerative IEHX.
Dimension | \nSymbol | \nValue | \nUnits | \n
---|---|---|---|
Product channel gap | \n10 | \nmm | \n|
Working channel gap | \n6 | \nmm | \n|
Channel length | \n750 | \nmm | \n|
Channel width | \n300 | \nmm | \n|
Wall thickness | \n0.3 | \nmm | \n|
Wick thickness | \n0.2 | \nmm | \n
Specifications for the counter-flow regenerative IEHX.
The schematic of the experimental setup for the IEHX is shown in Figure 4. A variable speed blower, which was used to control the intake airflow rate, was equipped at the inlet of the IEHX. The intake air temperature was adjusted by a heater before the blower. The measured parameters included the air temperature, humidity, and velocity.
\nSchematic diagram of the experimental setup.
Thermistors with accuracies of ±0.1°C were employed to measure the air dry-bulb temperature. The probes were inserted into the center of the airflow passages to measure the relative humidity and velocity of the air stream. The measured data were recorded using a data acquisition unit.
\nThe experimental study was carried out to study the performance of the IEHX under varying inlet conditions. The inlet air velocity and temperature were adjusted to a stable condition by controlling the air blower and the heater. The operating conditions in this study were presented in Table 2.
\n\n | Flow rate I | \nFlow rate II | \n
---|---|---|
Flow rate of intake air (L/s) | \n4.5 | \n6 | \n
Velocity of product air (m/s) | \n1.5 | \n2.0 | \n
Velocity of working air (m/s) | \n1.0 | \n1.3 | \n
Inlet air humidity ratio (g/kg) | \n10 | \n10 | \n
Inlet air temperature (°C) | \n22–29 | \n22–29 | \n
Operating condition of the counter-flow regenerative IEHX.
The experimental data were first employed to validate the numerical model for the regenerative IEHX. The experimental condition was replicated in the simulation. Figure 5 illustrates the comparison between the calculated outlet air temperature and the experimental results. The numerical model shows a good agreement within a maximum discrepancy about 5%.
\nValidation 1: comparison between modeled results and experimental data on the counter-flow regenerative IEHX (a) flow rate of intake air is 4.5 L/s; (b) flow rate of intake air is 6 L/s.
The numerical model was further validated against experimental data presented by Woods and Kozubal [23, 26]. The experimental study was conducted for an M-cycle indirect evaporative heat exchanger. The supply air temperatures were measured under different operating conditions. The validation was performed by comparing the simulated supply air temperature reduction with the experimental data. The discrepancy was within ±10% as shown in Figure 6.
\nValidation 2: compare the supply air temperature change.
By comparing the simulated results with experimental data, we can draw the conclusion that the validation has demonstrated the capability of the numerical model to theoretically investigate the cooling process for the IEHX.
\nBy using the validated model, we investigated the air treatment process of the novel dew-point IEHX. Simulations were carried out to predict the states of air stream in the flow passages of the cooler [5]. The assumed inlet conditions were as follows: the dry-bulb temperature was 35°C and the humidity ratio was 10 g/kg for both working air and product air. The geometry parameter and the air velocity were maintained as the pre-set conditions as shown in Table 3.
\nParameters | \nValue | \nUnits | \n
---|---|---|
1 | \nm | \n|
6 | \nmm | \n|
3 | \nmm | \n|
35 | \n°C | \n|
10 | \ng/kg | \n|
1 | \nm/s | \n|
1 | \nm/s | \n
Pre-set conditions for the novel dew-point IEHX.
The psychrometric analysis of the air conditions in the novel dew-point IEHX is shown in Figure 7. The inlet conditions for both the working air (point W1 in Figure 7) and the product air (point P1 in Figure 7) are the same. In the product channel, the air dry-bulb temperature decreases with constant humidity ratio, resulting in a change of the condition from point P1 to point P2. In the working dry channel, sensible heat is transferred to the wet channel so that the working air temperature is reduced from state W1 to state W2. Since the air (at point W2 in Figure 7) is directed into the adjacent wet channel, it is humidified in the working wet channel where the heat is absorbed as a result of vaporizing water. The air in the working wet channel is finally exhausted at state W3.
\nIllustration of air conditions on the psychrometric chart.
Figure 8 illustrates the dry-bulb temperature profiles in airflow passages including one product channel and two working channels. In both the working dry channel and the product channel, the air temperature decreases in the direction of the airflow. In the working wet channel, the lowest air temperature is achieved. It can be inferred from Figure 8 that the heat is transferred from dry channels to working wet channels. The working air absorbs heat in the working wet channel resulting in a temperature increase along the flow direction in the wet channel [11].
\nTemperature profiles of air in dry working channel, wet working channel, and product channel.
Figure 9 shows the wet-bulb effectiveness and dew-point effectiveness of the novel dew-point IEHX under different inlet air temperature and humidity conditions. In this study, the inlet air temperature varied in a range of values from 25 to 40°C and the humidity ratio was changed from 8 to 20 g/kg. The inlet air velocity and other geometry parameters were maintained as specified in Table 3.
\nCooling effectiveness for different inlet air conditions.
As shown in Figure 9, the dew-point effectiveness ranges 81–93%, and the wet-bulb effectiveness spans from 122 to 132%. Simulation results illustrate that the wet-bulb effectiveness of the IEHX is above 100%, which demonstrates the capability of the IEHX to produce air with a temperature lower than the wet-bulb temperature of inlet air.
\nWhen the inlet air humidity ratio is low, the vapor pressure gradient at the air-water interface is large resulting in a greater driving force for mass transfer. As a consequence, the working air is able to absorb more moisture during the process of vaporizing water, and the working air has a greater capacity to cool the air in adjacent dry channels. Therefore, a higher wet-bulb effectiveness can be reached by decreasing the inlet air humidity ratio.
\nAnother finding from Figure 9 is that the dew-point effectiveness may be decreased for a lower inlet air humidity ratio. It can be attributed to the following reason. As shown in the psychrometric chart, the dew-point temperature decreases significantly for a lower humidity ratio. Therefore, the temperature difference between the dew-point and the inlet dry bulb temperature shows a larger value at low humidity ratio [11].
\nThe cooling efficiency of the IEHX is also affected by the channel height and channel length. Simulations have been conducted by using two types of the channel dimensions. For the first type, the height of product channel (
Figure 10 illustrates the correlation between the dimensionless channel length (
Impact of the dimensionless channel length on the cooling effectiveness.
Table 4 indicates the thermal resistances with examples values for the counter-flow regenerative IEHX. The channel dimension significantly influences the thermal resistances due to convective heat transfer (
Thermal resistance | \nExpression | \nExample values | \n
---|---|---|
\n\n | \n||
\n\n | \n||
\n\n | \n||
\n\n | \n
Thermal resistances in the IEHX.
The impact of channel height on the thermal resistances for convective heat transfer (
Thermal resistance for convective heat transfer under varying channel height.
Thermal resistance for conduction in plate and water film.
According to the analysis on thermal resistances, following suggestions are obtained in order to enhance the cooling performance of the IEHX. The airflow channels may be redesigned to generate larger flow turbulence resulting in a lower thermal resistance so that a larger heat transfer coefficient can be achieved [30]. The Reynolds number of the airflow in this IEHX is close to 1100. Therefore, the channel can be modified to create the flow turbulence by installing physical ribs in the airflow channels, which could potentially reduce the thermal resistance and increase the Reynolds number above 3000. In addition, the IEHX with a smaller hydraulic diameter will positively influence its cooling effectiveness due to a higher Nusselt number. To enhance the mass transfer process due to water evaporation in wet channels, some techniques may be employed involving increasing the water vapor concentration gradient between the water surface and the air stream.
\nThe performance of novel indirect evaporative heat exchangers has been investigated. We developed a numerical model to study the influences of several parameters on the cooling performance. Wet-bulb and dew-point effectiveness were employed to evaluate the cooling efficiency of the IEHX. The cooling performance was impacted by the operating conditions and the structure of airflow passages. To promote cooling effectiveness, suggestions are provided to improve the thermal performance of the cooler. To achieve a lower thermal resistance, it is possible to modify the IEHX’s channel and to create larger airflow turbulence. In addition, the performance of the IEHX can be positively improved by employing a geometry with a smaller hydraulic diameter.
\nThe eggs of the first generation are deposited separately or in groups of two or three on grapevine buds, pedicels and flowers [15]. Their shape is elliptical, flat and slightly convex, and they measure between 0.65–0.90 mm long by 0.45–0.75 mm wide. Recently laid eggs are translucent and creamy white in color (Figure 1A), turning pale yellow with time (Figure 1B). They then turn black, with the head of the developing larva visible (Figure 1C) [16]. Finally, the egg hatches 7–11 days after laying, depending on temperature and humidity conditions (Figure 1D) [8, 15]. Once the larva emerges from the egg, only the shell or the round and nacreous mark of the shell remains (Figure 1E).
First generation larvae are called the anthophagous generation, since they attack the plant in or near its flowering season, feeding on flower buttons, flowers and occasional small recently formed fruits. First generation larvae form “nests” or glomerules before and during flowering (Figure 3) [14]. These glomerules are formed by various flower buds joined together by silk threads spun by the larvae [8]. Damage caused by first generation larvae on the vines have minimal repercussions [17]. However, larvae in the second generation cause decreased vine productivity, since they attack developing grapes, perforating the skin and feeding on their pulp. Finally, these grapes are scared (Figure 4), dry out, fall or rot, depending on their size and the ambient humidity. Third generation larvae, by comparison with second generation larvae (both called carpophagous generations) produce greater damage to vine productivity, since the grapes are matured or in the maturation process [14]. Therefore, larval action exposes their sugary juices, favoring the entry, establishment and proliferation of microorganisms responsible for diseases including
Grape damage from
In vineyards,
In springtime, when temperatures rise, adults emerge from pupae in diapause. They emerge in stages, beginning before grapevine budding or extending over several weeks. The first adults to emerge are generally males, but in the later part of the flight period females predominate.
Adult
Regarding the dispersion capacity of
Insecticides are applied according to economic damage level, which can vary depending on generation, cultivar susceptibility to subsequent infection by
Neurotoxic insecticides are mainly used for controlling
To be effective, these substances must be applied when the pest is in its most vulnerable development stage, which makes predicting the
Pheromones are volatile chemical messengers released into the environment which can influence the behavior of other individuals of the same species at a distance. They are secreted by individuals via their exocrine glands. They are highly specific at the species level, affecting insects’ aggregation, dispersion, alarm and sexual behavior [23].
In the exocrine glands of female
The chemical attractant capacities of this pheromone lead to its use as a tool for monitoring adult male
Ethological control. A, traps baited with synthetic lures. B, MD emitter for
When applying this method, pest population density must be considered, as it is more effective with a lower adult population density. Above a certain density, mating is not interrupted regardless of ambient pheromone concentrations; the critical density for
For MD to be effective, 500 sexual MD dispenser per hectare must be installed in vineyards before the first seasonal flight begins. MD dispenser must be uniformly distributed around the vineyard and attached to shoots so that foliage protects them from direct sunlight exposure and high temperatures [23]. To compensate for atmospheric pheromone dilution around lot perimeters, twice as many MD dispenser must be placed along property edges [29].
MD efficacy evaluation is done by checking the presence of adults and larvae via field monitoring and follow-up. Catching males in traps baited with synthetic lures is considered the easiest way to evaluate MD effectiveness. Capturing no males in traps is considered a “necessary but insufficient” indicator of effective MD, since the pheromone quantity necessary to interrupt males’ orientation towards traps baited with synthetic lures is lower than the amount needed to disrupt mating [30]. Thus, capturing a few males in the same trap indicates a high risk of MD control strategy failure. The reliability of traps for monitoring adults might be increased by the use of high-dose lures. In other hand, monitoring of this pest and its damages can be done in the vineyard to determine infestation rate. For this, the following variables must be considered: percentage of bunches infested, number of larvae per inflorescence, number of eggs, larvae and damaged grapes per bunch. The mean number of larvae per bunch gives the most precise evaluation of meting disruption effectiveness, while the number of larvae per inflorescence (i.e., the number of first-generation larvae) can be very quickly evaluated in the field. Precise larval population estimates during the second and third generation require destructive sampling and dissection which take significant time, especially for varietals with compact grape bunches. Sexual confusion evaluations based on final crop damage can be deceptive because this damage, especially primary and secondary rotting, may be due to factors apart from larva feeding [30].
Finally, it must be noted that employing MD has many advantages, including being an ecologically clean method which leaves no wastes, is targeted and does not alter the ecosystem. Finally, it has a cumulative effect through the years, along with being comfortable to apply [23].
An alternative to chemical control is using natural enemies such as “parasites and predators”. Around 21 species have been described as preying on
97 species of insects can parasitize
Natural enemies for controlling
Within the biological control market, biopesticides based on
The insecticidal activity of most
The lethality of δ-endotoxins from
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are microorganisms able to infect and naturally control arthropod populations, allowing them to be used as an alternative to chemical insecticides for pest control. In the microbial pest killer market, around 80% of available EPF products are based on species from the
EPF form complex relations with plants, apart from naturally controlling arthropod populations. Studies have shown that EPF species
The action mechanism developed by EPF to parasitize insects requires EPF to differentiate into morphologically different cellular structures: conidium, germ tube, appressorium, hypha and blastospores. These structures participate in the insect infection and parasitizing process: conidia adhesion to the host cuticle (Figure 8A), formation and differentiation of the germinal tube in a structure called appressorium along with its penetration inside the insect cuticle (Figure 8B). Hemocoel colonization by blastospores (Figure 8C). Emergence of EPF hyphae from inside the insect and EPF sporulation on the corpse (Figure 8D), thereby promoting conidia dispersion and the start of new infections.
Infection and development cycle of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) on an insect pupa. Panel A: Conidium adhesion; panel B: Spore germination; panel C: Appressorium differentiation and cuticle penetration; panel D: Hemocoel colonization; panel E: Hyphae emergence and sporulation; panel F: Strata which EPF must cross to colonize the hemolymph.
Although the action mechanism of EPF is known and interest in adopting biological pest control strategies is high, there are few scientific studies which have evaluated EPF effectiveness on
Chile is the main global table grape exporter. One major challenge for grapevine cultivation is controlling
In Chile
Integrated
We gratefully acknowledge to the farmers and the National Program of
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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",metaTitle:"IntechOpen events",metaDescription:"In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel worldwide to present our publications, authors and editors at international symposia, conferences, and workshops, as well as attend business meetings with science, academia and publishing professionals. We are always happy to host our scientists in our office to discuss further collaborations. Take a look at where we’ve been, who we’ve met and where we’re going.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/events",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
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At this point, we relied on the firstly discovered ability of the DNA base mispairs to tautomerize via the sequential intrapair proton transfer and highly stable, highly polar, zwitterionic transition states, accompanied by a significant shifting of the base mispairs toward DNA minor or major grooves. These tautomeric transitions are characterized by a change in geometry—from wobble to Watson-Crick and vice versa—of the purine·pyrimidine (A·T, G·C, G·T and A·C), purine·purine (A·A, A·G and G·G) and pyrimidine·pyrimidine (С·С, С·T and Т·Т) DNA base mispairs. Reported results allow us to explain, on one side, the origin of the mutagenic tautomers at the separation of the DNA strands before replication and, on the other side, how DNA base mispairs adapt to enzymatically competent size in the tight recognition pocket of the high-fidelity DNA polymerase.",book:{id:"6684",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-new-insights",title:"Mitochondrial DNA",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial DNA - New Insights"},signatures:"Ol’ha O. Brovarets’ and Dmytro M. 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The primary mechanism responsible for DOX’s cardiospecific toxicity remains unidentified so far; however, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by DOX is now considered one of the leading reasons for DOX’s toxicities and undesired side effects. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in the heart is a significant contributor to developing mitochondrial dysfunction-exposed DOX based on a variety of evidence. The objective of this review chapter is to critically evaluate and highlight the role of mitochondria in the development of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.",book:{id:"6060",slug:"mitochondrial-diseases",title:"Mitochondrial Diseases",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial Diseases"},signatures:"Celal Guven, Yusuf Sevgiler and Eylem Taskin",authors:[{id:"192567",title:"Prof.",name:"Eylem",middleName:null,surname:"Taskin",slug:"eylem-taskin",fullName:"Eylem Taskin"},{id:"195229",title:"Dr.",name:"Celal",middleName:null,surname:"Guven",slug:"celal-guven",fullName:"Celal Guven"},{id:"206996",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Sevgiler",slug:"yusuf-sevgiler",fullName:"Yusuf Sevgiler"}]},{id:"68488",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88445",title:"Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Event during Aging: From Synaptic Failure to Memory Loss",slug:"mitochondrial-dysfunction-as-a-key-event-during-aging-from-synaptic-failure-to-memory-loss",totalDownloads:1206,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Mitochondria are important cellular organelles with key regulatory functions in energy production, oxidative balance, and calcium homeostasis. This is especially important in the brain, since neurons require a large number of functional mitochondria to supply their high energy requirement, mainly for synaptic processes. A decrease in the activity and quality of mitochondria in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, is associated with normal aging and a large number of neurodegenerative diseases compromising memory function. Although synaptic and cognitive dysfunction is multifactorial, growing evidence demonstrates that mitochondria play a key role in these processes and suggests that maintaining mitochondrial function could prevent these age-dependent alterations. In this chapter, we will discuss the hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction present in aging and how these defects promote age-associated synaptic damage and cognitive impairment. We will summarize evidence that shows how neurodegeneration can be accelerated or attenuated during aging by modulating mitochondrial function.",book:{id:"7850",slug:"mitochondria-and-brain-disorders",title:"Mitochondria and Brain Disorders",fullTitle:"Mitochondria and Brain Disorders"},signatures:"Claudia Jara, Angie K. Torres, Margrethe A. Olesen and Cheril Tapia-Rojas",authors:[{id:"183873",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Jara",slug:"claudia-jara",fullName:"Claudia Jara"},{id:"299224",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheril",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia-Rojas",slug:"cheril-tapia-rojas",fullName:"Cheril Tapia-Rojas"},{id:"299227",title:"Ms.",name:"Angie K.",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"angie-k.-torres",fullName:"Angie K. Torres"},{id:"299230",title:"Ms.",name:"Margrethe",middleName:null,surname:"A. Olesen",slug:"margrethe-a.-olesen",fullName:"Margrethe A. Olesen"}]},{id:"63421",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80871",title:"Directed Mutations Recode Mitochondrial Genes: From Regular to Stopless Genetic Codes",slug:"directed-mutations-recode-mitochondrial-genes-from-regular-to-stopless-genetic-codes",totalDownloads:920,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Mitochondrial genetic codes evolve as side effects of stop codon ambiguity: suppressor tRNAs with anticodons translating stops transform genetic codes to stopless genetic codes. This produces peptides from frames other than regular ORFs, potentially increasing protein numbers coded by single sequences. Previous descriptions of marine turtle Olive Ridley mitogenomes imply directed stop-depletion of noncoding +1 gene frames, stop-creation recodes regular ORFs to stopless genetic codes. In this analysis, directed stop codon depletion in usually noncoding gene frames of the spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersusʼ mitogenome produces new ORFs, introduces stops in regular ORFs, and apparently increases coding redundancy between different gene frames. Directed stop codon mutations switch between peptides coded by regular and stopless genetic codes. This process seems opposite to directed stop creation in HIV ORFs within genomes of immunized elite HIV controllers. Unknown DNA replication/edition mechanisms probably direct stop creation/depletion beyond natural selection on stops. Switches between genetic codes regulate translation of different gene frames.",book:{id:"6684",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-new-insights",title:"Mitochondrial DNA",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial DNA - New Insights"},signatures:"Hervé Seligmann",authors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}]},{id:"60263",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75555",title:"True Mitochondrial tRNA Punctuation and Initiation Using Overlapping Stop and Start Codons at Specific and Conserved Positions",slug:"true-mitochondrial-trna-punctuation-and-initiation-using-overlapping-stop-and-start-codons-at-specif",totalDownloads:1024,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In all the taxa and genomic systems, numerous trn genes (specifying tRNA) exhibit at specific conserved positions nucleotide triplets corresponding to stop codons (TAG/TAA). Similarly, relatively high frequencies of start codons (ATG/ATA) occur in fungi/metazoan mitochondrial-trn genes. The last nucleotide of these triplets is the first involved in the 5′-D- or 5′-T-stem, respectively. Their frequencies are tRNA species dependent. The products of these genes which bear one or two types of these codons are called ss-tRNAs (for stop/start). Metazoan mt-genomes are generally very compact, and many same strand overlapping sequences may simultaneously code for tRNAs and mRNAs. However, this study suggests that overlaps are not a direct mechanism to substantially reduce genome size. For protein-encoding genes, occulting possible overlaps, there are only alternative start codons and/or truncated stop codons, but the first putative in-frame standard initiation codon or complete stop codon is in the upstream or downstream overlapping ss-trn sequences, respectively. Even if, to date, experimental data are missing, stress signals might regulate producing extended or not proteins. Finally, possible implications of tRNA/mRNA hybrid molecules in the “RNA world” to “RNA/protein world” transition will be discussed.",book:{id:"6684",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-new-insights",title:"Mitochondrial DNA",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial DNA - New Insights"},signatures:"Eric Faure and Roxane Barthélémy",authors:[{id:"182675",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Faure",slug:"eric-faure",fullName:"Eric Faure"},{id:"233312",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxane-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Barthélémy",slug:"roxane-marie-barthelemy",fullName:"Roxane-Marie Barthélémy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63034",title:"Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Doxorubicin",slug:"mitochondrial-dysfunction-associated-with-doxorubicin",totalDownloads:1653,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Cancer prevalence is scaling up each year. Anthracycline groups are still the best chemotherapeutic agent. The most popular anticancer drug in the group is doxorubicin (DOX). Unfortunately, DOX has potent toxicity on noncancerous tissues, e.g., heart, kidneys, etc. However, it is well documented that the severest toxicity of the drug affects heart tissue. Of course, some reasons have been suggested why and/or how the heart is so vulnerable to toxicity. The primary mechanism responsible for DOX’s cardiospecific toxicity remains unidentified so far; however, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by DOX is now considered one of the leading reasons for DOX’s toxicities and undesired side effects. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in the heart is a significant contributor to developing mitochondrial dysfunction-exposed DOX based on a variety of evidence. The objective of this review chapter is to critically evaluate and highlight the role of mitochondria in the development of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.",book:{id:"6060",slug:"mitochondrial-diseases",title:"Mitochondrial Diseases",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial Diseases"},signatures:"Celal Guven, Yusuf Sevgiler and Eylem Taskin",authors:[{id:"192567",title:"Prof.",name:"Eylem",middleName:null,surname:"Taskin",slug:"eylem-taskin",fullName:"Eylem Taskin"},{id:"195229",title:"Dr.",name:"Celal",middleName:null,surname:"Guven",slug:"celal-guven",fullName:"Celal Guven"},{id:"206996",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Sevgiler",slug:"yusuf-sevgiler",fullName:"Yusuf Sevgiler"}]},{id:"68488",title:"Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Event during Aging: From Synaptic Failure to Memory Loss",slug:"mitochondrial-dysfunction-as-a-key-event-during-aging-from-synaptic-failure-to-memory-loss",totalDownloads:1206,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Mitochondria are important cellular organelles with key regulatory functions in energy production, oxidative balance, and calcium homeostasis. This is especially important in the brain, since neurons require a large number of functional mitochondria to supply their high energy requirement, mainly for synaptic processes. A decrease in the activity and quality of mitochondria in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, is associated with normal aging and a large number of neurodegenerative diseases compromising memory function. Although synaptic and cognitive dysfunction is multifactorial, growing evidence demonstrates that mitochondria play a key role in these processes and suggests that maintaining mitochondrial function could prevent these age-dependent alterations. In this chapter, we will discuss the hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction present in aging and how these defects promote age-associated synaptic damage and cognitive impairment. We will summarize evidence that shows how neurodegeneration can be accelerated or attenuated during aging by modulating mitochondrial function.",book:{id:"7850",slug:"mitochondria-and-brain-disorders",title:"Mitochondria and Brain Disorders",fullTitle:"Mitochondria and Brain Disorders"},signatures:"Claudia Jara, Angie K. Torres, Margrethe A. Olesen and Cheril Tapia-Rojas",authors:[{id:"183873",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Jara",slug:"claudia-jara",fullName:"Claudia Jara"},{id:"299224",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheril",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia-Rojas",slug:"cheril-tapia-rojas",fullName:"Cheril Tapia-Rojas"},{id:"299227",title:"Ms.",name:"Angie K.",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"angie-k.-torres",fullName:"Angie K. Torres"},{id:"299230",title:"Ms.",name:"Margrethe",middleName:null,surname:"A. Olesen",slug:"margrethe-a.-olesen",fullName:"Margrethe A. Olesen"}]},{id:"62948",title:"Pyrethroid Insecticides as the Mitochondrial Dysfunction Inducers",slug:"pyrethroid-insecticides-as-the-mitochondrial-dysfunction-inducers",totalDownloads:1437,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Pyrethroids are used to decrease vector-based health concerns and to increase field yield against agricultural pests. Their metabolism is a concern to disrupt a cell’s homeostatic machinery via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. They interact with lipid membranes to damage the fine balance between membrane lipids and membrane proteins, especially mitochondrial substrate transporters and electron carriers. Pyrethroids cause a shift in the metabolic energy production strategy, resulting in ROS production and intracellular lipid deposition. The change of open/closed conformation of some mitochondrial membrane proteins increases the vulnerability of mitochondria to Ca2+ ions. Membrane lipid fluidity change is also a concern because of permeability to the substrates and ions to produce energy and other substrates necessary for the cell. Pyrethroids can change the Ca2+ signaling and its interaction with ROS signals via disruption of the fine balance between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. They can disrupt the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) via their hydrophobic nature or their ROS production capacity. In conclusion, mitochondria are the center of pyrethroid toxicity, and dysfunction of this organelle via pyrethroid toxicity plays an important role in the fate of cell. Their lipophilic and pro-oxidative nature together with Ca2+ homeostasis plays a synergistic role in this mitochondrial effect.",book:{id:"6060",slug:"mitochondrial-diseases",title:"Mitochondrial Diseases",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial Diseases"},signatures:"Celal Guven, Yusuf Sevgiler and Eylem Taskin",authors:[{id:"192567",title:"Prof.",name:"Eylem",middleName:null,surname:"Taskin",slug:"eylem-taskin",fullName:"Eylem Taskin"}]},{id:"58177",title:"Mitochondria and Heart Disease",slug:"mitochondria-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:1266,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Mitochondria play a key role in the normal functioning of the heart and in the pathogenesis and development of various types of heart disease. In addition, specific mitochondrial cardiomyopathies due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been identified. Increasing studies demonstrate that mitochondrial function has emerged as a therapeutic target in heart disease. This chapter addresses the recent studies of the role and the mechanism of mitochondria in the development of heart disease, and the progress in clinical diagnosis and treatments on a mitochondrial basis. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to outline current knowledge about mitochondria in the heart disease.",book:{id:"6060",slug:"mitochondrial-diseases",title:"Mitochondrial Diseases",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial Diseases"},signatures:"Shaunrick Stoll, Christiana Leimena and Hongyu Qiu",authors:[{id:"207057",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Qiu",slug:"hongyu-qiu",fullName:"Hongyu Qiu"},{id:"217395",title:"Mr.",name:"Shaunrick",middleName:null,surname:"Stoll",slug:"shaunrick-stoll",fullName:"Shaunrick Stoll"},{id:"217396",title:"Dr.",name:"Christiana",middleName:null,surname:"Leimena",slug:"christiana-leimena",fullName:"Christiana Leimena"}]},{id:"58886",title:"Modulation of Mitochondria During Viral Infections",slug:"modulation-of-mitochondria-during-viral-infections",totalDownloads:1746,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Mitochondria are organelles critical for cell survival because they produce ATP and modulate programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. PCD pathways are important in many clinical disorders, such as ischemia/reperfusion injuries, trauma, and toxic/metabolic syndromes, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Moreover, many viruses and other pathogens target the mitochondria. Viruses induce the production of various proteins in their hosts that have proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic activities, depending on the cellular environment. More specifically, many viruses that target mitochondria regulate the balance between the anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and thereby increase their own survival within the host cell. Recent studies indicated that mitochondria centralize several critical innate immune responses based on the presence of several important signaling proteins within the mitochondria: mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS), stimulation of interferon genes (STING), and NLR family member X1. Therefore, mitochondria are not only vital because they regulate cell survival and death but also they have broad roles in the control of cell functions following pathogen invasion. This chapter highlights the tight interplay between viral infection and mitochondria.",book:{id:"6060",slug:"mitochondrial-diseases",title:"Mitochondrial Diseases",fullTitle:"Mitochondrial Diseases"},signatures:"Latif Reshi, Hao-Ven Wang and Jiann-Ruey Hong",authors:[{id:"66487",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiann",middleName:"Ruey",surname:"Hong",slug:"jiann-hong",fullName:"Jiann Hong"},{id:"206951",title:"Dr.",name:"Lateef",middleName:null,surname:"Reshi",slug:"lateef-reshi",fullName:"Lateef Reshi"},{id:"213164",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao -Ven",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"hao-ven-wang",fullName:"Hao -Ven Wang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1049",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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