Values of coupling factors (kp, kt, k31, k33) and piezoelectric constants (d31, d33, g31, g33) of BCZT/0.15 sample sintered at 1350°C.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6939",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Terrorism and Developing Countries",title:"Terrorism and Developing Countries",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional dissemination of biological agents. As in biological warfare, bioterrorism agents can be viruses, fungi, bacteria, toxins, insects or any other number of naturally occurring or synthetic agents. Therefore, it can be difficult for clinicians to discriminate between an act of terrorism and a naturally occurring outbreak.Written by distinguished researchers in the field, this book examines the effects of bioterrorism and terrorism on the socioeconomic sustainability of different countries around the globe.",isbn:"978-1-83880-266-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-265-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-315-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73470",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"terrorism-and-developing-countries",numberOfPages:86,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ad19b1ce8023e63b593a1835e0ec744e",bookSignature:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan and Zhang Yu",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6939.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4582,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 14th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254664/images/system/254664.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Xuzhou University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Nanjing University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"300373",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"zhang-yu",fullName:"Zhang Yu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300373/images/system/300373.jpeg",biography:"Ms. Zhang Yu is a postgraduate student of Chang’an University, China. Her research interests include reverse logistics and packaging. She has published 15 research papers including ISTP, SCIE, and EI indexed papers. Ms. Zhang has also attended several international conferences in China, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Chang'an University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chang'an University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1343",title:"Economic Sociology",slug:"sociology-economic-sociology"}],chapters:[{id:"71595",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) - Death and Terror in 2020",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91955",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-outbreak-of-coronavirus-covid-19-death-and-terror-in-2020",totalDownloads:927,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan and Zhang Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71595",authors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"71366",title:"The Socioeconomic Impact of the Boko Haram Insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin Region",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89905",slug:"the-socioeconomic-impact-of-the-boko-haram-insurgency-in-the-lake-chad-basin-region",totalDownloads:1206,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Lake Chad Basin (LCB), in West Africa, is surrounded by three countries with shared borders. In the previous years, the Lake Chad Basin was a flourishing area, as a result of the opportunities presented by the lake for livelihood, agriculture, tourism, and access to markets and trade. Severe drought has since decimated the socioeconomic potential of the Lake Chad Basin, but more recently, it has worse impact with the Boko Haram insurgency. The insurgency that started in 2002 from Maiduguri town, Borno State in Nigeria, has spread to the Chad and Cameroon leaving destruction, displacement, and the demise of a once-virile economy in its wake. The insecurity that plagues the region has forced millions to flee their homes and abandon their livelihood and trade around the lake. Major trade routes and markets in the area now have greatly reduced activity, as poverty and deep deprivation hold sway and inhabitants who have migrated or live within internally displaced persons camps depend on aid.",signatures:"Cecilia Idika-Kalu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71366",authors:[{id:"309484",title:"Ms.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Idika-Kalu",slug:"cecilia-idika-kalu",fullName:"Cecilia Idika-Kalu"}],corrections:null},{id:"68962",title:"Family-Based Networks: Soft Policy Tools in Countering Radicalisation to Violent Extremism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89122",slug:"family-based-networks-soft-policy-tools-in-countering-radicalisation-to-violent-extremism",totalDownloads:582,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter explores the vital role played by family-based networks, not only as a facilitative function in support of violent extremism (VE) activities but also more importantly as a preventative policy instrument against radicalization and recruitment of youth into violent extremist groups. It draws from social facilitated theory that identifies family as key in dissuading young minds from violent radical behavior and proposes acceptable alternatives. Mothers have been identified to have significant moral authority that shapes behavior and influences decision among their children, while father figures are seen to be vital in building and strengthening the character, identity, and confidence. It is argued that families have the potential to build and strengthen attitudes toward non-violence, identify signs of possible radicalization to violence among their own, and prevent and intervene in the course of the radicalization process. It is concluded here that in a bid to design effective long-term counter-radicalization and de-radicalization strategies to VE, stakeholders must re-affirm the role of family-based community networks as crucial pillars in building resilient communities.",signatures:"Wilson Muna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68962",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68962",authors:[{id:"303687",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Wilson",surname:"Muna",slug:"wilson-muna",fullName:"Wilson Muna"}],corrections:null},{id:"68514",title:"Terrorism in Emerging Economies: A Double-Edged Sword",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88595",slug:"terrorism-in-emerging-economies-a-double-edged-sword",totalDownloads:748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence against civilians to intimidate a government or its citizens to further certain social and political objectives. Usually terrorist attacks on government officials and property to create panic and dictate or enforce their illegal terms and conditions on sitting government. The chapter discussed the definitions of terrorism, types of definitions and consequences on terrorism in developing countries. 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Our main objective was to identify the various coping mechanisms that the poor in the metropolitan city of Douala use to survive. We use the explanatory sequential mixed method to carry out this research: in the first phase, we randomly administered 610 questionnaires constructed using the desired values for living a comfortable life in Douala, and in the second phase, we purposefully selected and interviewed 50 poor youth to understand their survival strategies. We discovered that about 91% of youths are poor and 68.7% of them are the working poor. We discovered that they succeed by being calculative, flexible, and creative, accepting precarious jobs, practicing “long-linked borrowing” and modelling. In the course of struggling for survival, they form various identities of themselves: those of strugglers, helplessness, uncertainty, underachievers, alienated people, etc. We noticed that poverty is situational and not cultural, because they also wish to integrate the main stream values of their society but they are constrained.",signatures:"Nanche Billa Robert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70479",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70479",authors:[{id:"285893",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanche Billa",surname:"Robert",slug:"nanche-billa-robert",fullName:"Nanche Billa Robert"}],corrections:null},{id:"68303",title:"Mexican Migrant Smugglers and Foreign Terrorists",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88427",slug:"mexican-migrant-smugglers-and-foreign-terrorists",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Human smuggling and terrorism are seen as two related activities because the first is a potential source of funding for the last and it could facilitate the clandestine transportation of terrorists. Accordingly, the White House has stated that terrorists are among those who illegally enter from the Mexican border. Engaging a qualitative methodology that included in-depth interviews conducted between 2011 and 2018 with 144 Mexican migrant smugglers, this chapter proceeds from the following research question: Have Mexican migrant smugglers and foreign terrorists built alliances in order for the latter to enter into the United States? This chapter concludes that Mexican migrant smugglers have not built alliances with foreign terrorists. 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Typical materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based on family BaTiO3 have received a lot of attention due to their outstanding dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric performance.
Nevertheless, PZT systems are globally restricted due to evaporating toxic lead oxide to the environment during preparation. With the recent growing demand of global environmental and human health protection, many non-lead materials have been systematically studied to replace the lead-based ceramics [1, 2].
In 2009, based on alternating with A- and/or B-sites in perovskite BaTiO3, Liu and Ren established a new lead-free ferroelectric system Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (abbreviated as BZT-BCT) that has excellent piezoelectricity (d33 = 620 pC/N at x
In this work, the effects of ZnO nanoparticles as well as sintering temperature on structure, microstructure, and some electric properties of 0.48Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.52(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 or BCZT composition were detailedly presented.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc acetate and ammonia solutions as initial materials. Accordingly, zinc acetate was dissolved in distilled water to form solution. Then NH4OH solution was gradually dropped into zinc acetate solution and stirred until a white precipitate was received. The amount of NH4OH was enough so that the overall reaction to form ZnO is as follows [15]:
The obtained white precipitate was filtered and washed several times with the aid of vacuum filter machine and then annealed at a temperature of 250°C for 1 h to remove unwanted products.
Figure 1 shows XRD and microstructure image (measured by D8 Advance, Bruker AXS, and Nova NanoSEM 450-FEI, respectively) of the obtained ZnO powder after annealing at 250°C for 1 h.
(a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) and (b) micrograph of as-prepared ZnO powder.
Detailed structural characterization demonstrated that the synthesized product possesses pure hexagonal symmetry [16]. The obtained ZnO particles are spherical in shape with their average diameter of 59 nm (according to Scherrer equation). The nanostructured ZnO powder was used as a sintering aid in fabrication of BCZT ceramics.
A conventional ceramic fabrication technique was used to prepare lead-free ceramics 0.52(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3-0.48Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 doped with ZnO nanoparticles (abbreviated as BCZT/x, x is the content of ZnO in wt.%, x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25). The raw materials with high purity (>99%) of BaCO3, CaCO3, ZrO2, and TiO2 (Merck) were weighed and mixed in a planetary milling machine (PM400/2-MA-Type) using ethanol as a medium for 20 h. The obtained powders were calcined at 1250°C for 3 h. The calcined powder was milled again in ethanol for 20 h; after that the x wt.% of ZnO nanoparticles were added, finely mixed, and then pressed into desired-shape specimens by uniaxial pressing with a pressure of 100 MPa. Sintering was carried out at various temperatures for 4 h. The X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded at room temperature by a D8 Advance, Bruker AXS. The tetragonal and rhombohedral volume fractions,
where
The crystalline structure and lattice parameters of all samples were estimated from fitting results of the XRD data by using the Powder Cell software [18]. The surface of the sintered samples was processed and cleaned by an ultrasonic cleaner and then observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Nova NanoSEM 450-FEI). Particle size is the mean linear intercept length that was determined using an intercept method with the assistance of Lince software [19]. The silver pastes were fired at 450°C for 30 minutes on both sides of these sintered bulks as electrodes for electrical measurements. Dielectric properties of the materials were determined together using an impedance analyzer (Agilent 4396B, Agilent Technologies, America, HIOKI3532) by measuring the capacitance of the specimens from room temperature to 120°C. Raman scattering spectra was measured using LabRAM-1B (Horiba Jobin Yvon). Ferroelectricity was studied by using the Sawyer-Tower circuit method. In order to study piezoelectric properties, the samples were polled in silicon oil bath by applying the DC electric field of 2 kV/mm for 60 minutes at room temperature. The main piezoelectric parameters were calculated when using a resonance method (Agilent 4396B, HP4193A) and all formulas in the IEEE standard for piezoelectric ceramic characterization [20].
Figure 2(a) shows X-ray diffraction patterns of the BCZT/x ceramics at various contents of ZnO nanoparticles measured at room temperature. All the compositions have demonstrated pure perovskite phases, and no trace of secondary phase was detected in the investigated region. Figure 2(b) plots the enlarged XRD patterns in the range of (44–46)° of BCZT/x ceramics. As shown, all BCZT/x ceramics have tetragonal symmetry (space group P4mm) characterized by splitting (002)/(200) peaks at around 2θ of 45° with the intensity changing between samples. Moreover, the position of these diffraction peaks shifted to lower angles as increasing x.
XRD patterns (a) and expanded XRD patterns in the 2θ range of (44–46)° and (b) of the BCZT/x ceramics sintered at temperature of 1350°C.
Figure 3 illustrates the variation in the lattice parameters, (a, c), and tetragonality, c/a, as a function of the addition of ZnO nanoparticles, x, for BCZT/x ceramics sintered at 1350°C. As increasing x, constant (a) increases significantly, whereas constant (c) and tetragonality (c/a) reach their maximum values at x = 0.15 wt.%. It likely indicated that Zn2+ ions were incorporated into the BCZT lattices, and a stable solid solution was formed in the ceramics. However, Zn2+ ions did not change crystal symmetry of the materials that only varied the size of unit cells. Considering the radii of Ba2+, Ca2+, Ti4+, Zr4+, O2−, and Zn2+ of 1.44, 1.34, 0.605, 0.79, 1.4, and 0.74 Å, respectively, Zn2+ is possibly substituted for the B-site at (Ti4+, Zr4+) positions within ABO3 perovskite structure that induced a lattice distortion in the BCZT/x ceramics. This result would cause the diffuse transition behavior in the materials and will be detailedly discussed in following section.
Lattice parameters and tetragonality for the BCZT/x ceramics.
Surface morphologies of the BCZT/x ceramics sintered at 1350°C are shown in Figure 4.
SEM images of the BCZT/x ceramics sintered at 1350°C.
It is evident that addition of nanostructured ZnO has strongly influenced the microstructure. Clean surfaces were observed for BCZT/
Dependence of grain size, G, and density, ρ, on the ZnO nanoparticle content.
Figure 6 illustrates temperature dependences of permittivity, ε(T), of the BCZT/x ceramics measured with frequency of 1 kHz at room temperature. It is clear to see that the samples with ZnO addition exhibit a typical temperature dependence of permittivity. A wide cubic-tetragonal phase transition at the temperature around 70°C was observed for all samples. Furthermore, another phase transition was found around 40°C for BCZT/0.00 composition (without ZnO nanoparticles) that is in the MPB region of BCZT and seems to be related to a tetragonal-rhombohedral phase transition as reported in the literatures [3, 21]. It is supposed that a part of the material has changed into rhombohedral phase with small amount so that this phase was not identified in X-ray patterns but can be observed in ε(T) curve. The mentioned phase transition was disappeared as raising content of ZnO nanoparticles. It may be shifted to lower temperature. It can be seen that ZnO nanoparticles have strongly affected dielectric properties. First, the shape of permittivity-temperature curves of the ZnO-added samples is broadened and shifted toward the lower-temperature region. This is due to the lattice distortion and indicates the ferroelectric diffuse transitions as reported in the literature [22]. The highest permittivity of the samples, εm, nonlinearly depends on ZnO content. It increases with increasing ZnO content, reaches a maximal value of 14,361 for the BCZT/0.15 composition, and decreases monotonously after that. The temperature Tm corresponding to the maximum permittivity, εm, reduces with the increase of ZnO concentration due to the lattice distortion, as shown in XRD patterns. Figure 7 presents the plots of ln(1/ε − 1/εm) versus ln(T − Tm) measured at 1 kHz for the BCZT/x ceramic that was fitted with modified Curie-Weiss law to obtain diffuseness degree parameter, γ. It can be observed that γ was changed as a function of x and reached the highest value of 1.796 at x = 0.15 composition.
Plot of permittivity versus temperature measured at 1 kHz for BCZT/x systems.
As mentioned above, the diffuse characterization of BCZT/x ceramics may be a result of replacing Zn2+ for B-site ion (Ti4+, Zr4+). To put it more clearly, the room temperature Raman spectrum of the BCZT/x ceramics was recorded and analyzed (Figure 8). As shown, Raman modes of BaTiO3-based systems are named as A1(TO1), A1(TO2), E(TO2), A1(TO3), and A1(LO3)/E(LO3) in the range of 150–1000 cm−1 [6]. The position and half-width of these modes were determined by fitting Raman data with Lorentzian function. E(TO2) vibration mode that has been associated with the tetragonal-cubic phase transition shifted to a lower wavenumber (Figure 9(a)). It means that substitution for B-site by Zn2+ results in reducing average B-O bonding energies. Thus, tetragonal-cubic phase transition temperature was diminished (see inset in Figure 6). The A1(TO2) vibration mode was considered as the most sensitive to the lattice distortion that can be evaluated by FWHM of A1(TO2) as presented in Figure 9(b). It has been shown that FWHM depends on ZnO content and reached a maximum value at x = 0.15. It means the material sample added with 0.15 wt.% of ZnO has shown the highest disorder [23]. In other words, FWHM of the Raman mode A1(TO2) also reflects the diffuseness of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition as diffuseness degree. This obtained result is well appropriated with the result given from the temperature dependence of permittivity as presented in Figure 6 where we can see that the diffuseness degree, γ, reached a maximum value for the same ZnO content x = 0.15 (see Figure 7).
Raman spectrum of BCZT/x systems recorded at room temperature.
(a) Raman shift, ν, of E(TO2) and (b) half-width, FWHM, of A1(TO2) as a function of ZnO nanoparticles, x.
Figure 10 presents P-E relationships for BCZT/x ceramics measured at room temperature. Received hysteresis loops were well saturated and fairly slim for all samples that assert again diffuse ferroelectric nature in BCZT/x ceramics. The characterized values of remanent polarization, Pr, and coercive field, Ec, depended on ZnO nanoparticles concentration as illustrated in Figure 11. As shown, when x content varied in the region of 0.00–0.25, Pr increased and reached a maximum value of 6.19 μC/cm2 at x = 0.15 and then decreased monotonously. This result could be explained based on an amelioration in microstructure [24]. According to that, poor ferroelectricity was received at grain boundary. Thus, polarization of grain boundary may be very small or zero. Alternatively, space charges eliminate polarization charge from grain surface that depletion layer can be established. That caused polarization interruption on particle surface to form depolarization field which lowers polarization. The reduced number of grain boundary is due to increasing grain size that could be the reason for raising remanent polarization and vice versa. In this study, the grain size, G, of these ceramics was controlled by varying doping concentration of nano-sized ZnO particles as shown in Figure 5. The dependence of coercive field on ZnO nanoparticles content shows that the parameter continuously intensified in the range of (1.36–2.72) kV/cm as raising x. In other words, ZnO nanoparticles made the ceramics harder. The enhancement of Ec value could be due to the increase of charged oxygen vacancies as doping that pinned to the movement of ferroelectric domain walls. The obtained values of Ec demonstrated that the BCZT/x materials are typically soft compared to electric properties.
Ferroelectric (P-E) hysteresis loops of BCZT/x systems.
Values of Ec and Pr as a function of x.
Figure 12 displays the electromechanical coupling factor (k), piezoelectric constant (d33, d31, g33, g31), and mechanical quality factor (Qm) with various amounts of ZnO nanoparticles.
Nano-sized ZnO content dependence of some piezo-parameters for BCZT/x ceramics.
It can be observed that k, g33, g31, d33, and d31 curves possess maximum values for the BCZT/0.15 compound as presented in Table 1.
kp | kt | k31 | k33 | d33 (pC/N) | d31 (pC/N) | g33 (10−3 V m/N) | g31 (10−3 V m/N) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.483 | 0.423 | 0.278 | 0.571 | 420 | −174 | 10.68 | −5.55 |
Values of coupling factors (kp, kt, k31, k33) and piezoelectric constants (d31, d33, g31, g33) of BCZT/0.15 sample sintered at 1350°C.
As mentioned above, the comprehensive analysis of X-ray diffraction, SEM images, and dielectric properties have proven the ZnO addition induced lattice distortion. The degree of this local lattice distortion increased up to the maximal value as ZnO concentration raised up to 0.15 wt.%. It is supposed the spontaneous polarization in each nano-domain has contributed to overall spontaneous polarization that enhanced piezoelectric characteristics of the material samples. Beyond the value of 0.15, the piezoelectric parameters decrease due to residual amount of ZnO nanoparticles agglomerating at the surface and grain boundary restricting grain size growth. According to Ying-Chieh Lee et al., Zn2+ is substituted into the B-site to generate a doubly oxygen vacancy for compensation [12]. The presence of charged oxygen vacancies would be pinned by the movement of ferroelectric domain walls and consequently to enhance the Qm value. The result is similar to that reported by Jiagang Wu et al., who used micro-size ZnO as an acceptor for the Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 ceramic sintered at 1450°C [25].
In this section, effects of sintering temperature on the structure, microstructure, and piezoelectric properties of 0.15 wt.% modified BCZT or BCZT/0.15 compound are presented.
Figure 13 shows XRD patterns of BCZT/0.15 ceramic sintered at various temperatures of 1300, 1350, 1400, and 1450°C. All samples exhibited a pure perovskite phase, and no second-phase trace was detected in the investigated region. To study the effect of the sintering temperatures on the structure of BCZT/0.15 material, enlarged XRD patterns in the range of (44–46)° corresponded to each sintering temperature were analyzed by fitting XRD data with Gaussian function (inset in Figure 13). As shown, there were splitting (200)/(002) diffraction peaks at around 2θ of 45° for specimens sintered at 1300, 1350, and 1400°C, which means these samples have tetragonal symmetry. However, coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases was observed for the sample sintered at 1450°C in which tetragonal volume fraction, calculated by using Eq. (1), was 67.3%. In other words, BCZT/0.15 sample sintered at 1450°C could be MPB composition. Mixture of tetragonal-rhombohedral phases was also observed for BCZT/0.00 specimen (without ZnO nanoparticles) sintered at 1450°C (Figure 14) in which tetragonal volume fraction was 71.7% [26]. It could be concluded that ZnO nanoparticle content of 0.15 wt.% did not change crystalline symmetry but only varied the fraction of phases in the samples. This could affect the piezoelectric properties of BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 samples sintered at 1450°C.
XRD patterns of BCZT/0.15 sintered at different temperatures.
Expanded XRD in the region of (44–46)° for BCZT/0.00 composition [
Figure 15 illustrates surface morphologies of BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 materials sintered at various temperatures. Grain size and density were calculated and listed in Table 2.
SEM images of BCZT/0.15 (yellow border) and BCZT/0.00 (red border) ceramics sintered at various temperatures.
T (°C) | 1300 | 1350 | 1400 | 1450 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | BCZT/0.15 | BCZT/0.00 | BCZT/0.15 | BCZT/0.00 | BCZT/0.15 | BCZT/0.00 | BCZT/0.15 | BCZT/0.00 |
G (μm) | 18.2 | 9.7 | 21.6 | 12.1 | 31.4 | 28.5 | 34.6 | 32.4 |
ρ (g/cm3) | 5.52 | 5.01 | 5.60 | 5.31 | 5.64 | 5.57 | 5.69 | 5.62 |
Grain size, G, and density, ρ, for BCZT and BCZT/0.15 ceramics sintered at different temperatures.
Porous microstructure with small grains was received for BCZT/0.00 ceramic sintered at 1300°C (Figure 15). However, when 0.15 wt.% of ZnO nanoparticle content was added, a denser microstructure with larger particles is viewed at the same sintering temperature. Moreover, both grain size and density of BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 samples were raised as sintering temperature increased (Figure 16). Especially, grain size and density of BCZT/0.15 ceramics are larger than that of BCZT/0.00 ceramics for each sintering temperature. It could be concluded that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles can be improved sintering behavior.
Grain size and density of BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 materials as a function sintering temperature.
Figure 17 presents the comparison of the piezoelectric parameters for BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 materials. As the sintering temperature rises, the piezoelectric parameters of both samples increase. Moreover, the piezoelectric parameters of BCZT/0.15 samples are higher than the ones of BCZT materials. These results may be due to the improvement in microstructure of the materials.
Electromechanical factor, kp, and piezoelectric coefficient, d33, of BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 materials as a function sintering temperature.
For the materials sintered at 1450°C, d33 = 576 pC/N and kp = 0.55 were obtained for BCZT/0.15 system, whereas these parameters for BCZT/0.00 system were 542 pC/N and 0.52, respectively [9]. As known, in the MPB region, there are 14 possible polar directions with the low potential energy barrier that includes 6 in tetragonal phase and 8 in rhombohedral phase [27]. These polar directions are the optimum orientation during polarization process leading to the excellent piezoelectric properties. It could be supposed that there are only tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in two mentioning compositions and then their volume fractions are quantified as in Table 3. It can be seen that the nanostructured ZnO addition has heightened concentration of rhombohedral phase leading to enhance directional ability for polarization vectors. It is believed that it was the reason for the higher piezoelectric properties of BCZT/0.15 material than the BCZT/0.00 one. In other words, a competition between structure phases with addition of ZnO nanoparticles could induce the difference in piezoelectric response for BCZT/0.00 and BCZT/0.15 samples.
The addition of ZnO nanoparticles with grain size of 59 nm has aided to successfully synthesize the BCZT/x ceramics at a relatively low sintering temperature of 1350°C. The added ZnO particles in nanoscale influenced the relaxor ferroelectric phase change of the materials. As a result, BCZT/0.15 composition possessed the highest diffuseness characteristic. Remanent polarization was improved and reached to a maximum value of 6.19 μC/cm2 at x = 0.15, whereas the coercive field went up continuously under increasing doping concentration. The ZnO addition has also improved the quality of the piezoelectric material, and best quality was observed for BCZT/0.15 composition, given that the values of d33, d31, kp, kt, and k33 are 420, −174, 0.483, 0.423, and 0.571 pC/N, respectively. The obtained results suggested that the lead-free BCZT/x material could be an expected lead-free piezoelectric ceramic for applications.
Besides, the influence of sintering temperature on structure, microstructure, and some piezoelectric parameters of BCZT/0.15 sample was examined. As the sintering temperature increased, improved sintering behavior and very high piezoelectric properties of d33 = 576 pC/N and kp = 0.55 were obtained for the sample sintered at 1450°C. As a comparison, corresponded properties of BCZT without ZnO nanoparticles or BCZT/0.00 specimen were investigated. The received results show that sintering behavior and some piezo-parameters of BCZT/0.15 samples are better than that of BCZT/0.00 samples at each sintering temperature. Especially, the difference in properties for samples sintered at 1450°C is attributed to competition between structure phases occurred in materials.
This work was carried out in the framework of the National Project in Physics Program until 2020 under no. ĐTĐLCN.10/18.
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The historical database is also useful for assisting doctors to support the medical diagnosis. The continuous technological advancements notably, as regards, networking, sensors, and embedded devices have made it possible to monitor and provide assistance to people in their homes. Smart objects with great capabilities for sensing and connecting could revolutionize the way we are monitoring our environment. This chapter consists of a general overview of several real-time monitoring systems developed and published by the authors. 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With particular reference to Nigeria, studies have shown that many urban centres have been experiencing rapid and continuous growth over the years, as people tend to migrate from rural areas to urban centres in order to better their living conditions. However, there has been an inadequacy of the necessary infrastructures to meet the needs of the increasing urban populace. Empirical studies have also shown that about 75% of the urban settlers live in slums and improper housing, which is antithetical to human dignity. Therefore, this study aims at exploring the causes, advantages, and disadvantages of urban slum dwelling in Nigeria, and similarly proper possible solutions to the prevailing urbanization challenges in the country. The authors agree that the policy can bring about an effective provision of affordable housing, thereby meeting the needs of housing and helping to solve most of the problems of urbanization in Nigeria. It is recommended that each element of an effective housing policy, as entrenched in the National Housing Policy 2012, should be critically explored towards the delivery of affordable housing, which would in turn go a long way in solving urbanization problems in Nigeria.",book:{id:"7205",slug:"housing",title:"Housing",fullTitle:"Housing"},signatures:"Temi Oni-Jimoh and Champika Liyanage",authors:[{id:"245547",title:"Mrs.",name:"Temi",middleName:null,surname:"Oni-Jimoh",slug:"temi-oni-jimoh",fullName:"Temi Oni-Jimoh"},{id:"245550",title:"Dr.",name:"Champika",middleName:null,surname:"Liyanage",slug:"champika-liyanage",fullName:"Champika Liyanage"}]},{id:"9627",doi:"10.5772/8410",title:"Aging in Place: Self-Care in Smart Home Environments",slug:"aging-in-place-self-care-in-smart-home-environments",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3631",slug:"smart-home-systems",title:"Smart Home Systems",fullTitle:"Smart Home Systems"},signatures:"Blanson Henkemans, Olivier A., Alpay, Laurence, L., and Dumay Adrie, C.M.",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67068",title:"Structural Design of a Typical American Wood-Framed Single-Family Home",slug:"structural-design-of-a-typical-american-wood-framed-single-family-home",totalDownloads:2595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Light-wood framing construction techniques have been traditionally used in America for the construction of single-family residences. Dimensional wood lumber is readily available and due to its convenient unit dimension can be packaged neatly and transported to work sites by either commercial transport or personal vehicle. The unit pieces of dimensional lumber are light and easily handled once on the work site. Design of light-framed single-family homes is typically conducted by an architect or construction contractor using prescriptive building codes. A structural engineer can assist, if needed, with design items not within the scope of the building code or if alternative design approaches are required. An owner may choose to involve the engineer to improve quality or economy of the home design. Engineers typically become involved with design items such as foundation design, steel framing design, or engineered product specification. In this chapter, the design of a typical light-framed home is discussed. The main structural assemblies are described and subsequently designed using a combination of prescriptive guidance and engineering design.",book:{id:"8299",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability"},signatures:"Anthony C. Jellen and Ali M. Memari",authors:[{id:"252670",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"M. Memari",slug:"ali-m.-memari",fullName:"Ali M. Memari"},{id:"276003",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Jellen",slug:"anthony-jellen",fullName:"Anthony Jellen"}]},{id:"60236",title:"The Feasibility of Constructing Super-Long-Span Bridges with New Materials in 2050",slug:"the-feasibility-of-constructing-super-long-span-bridges-with-new-materials-in-2050",totalDownloads:1847,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter explores the possibility of designing and constructing a super-long-span bridge with new materials in 2050. The proposed bridge design has a total span of 4440 m with two 330-m end spans and a central span of 3780 m. The height of the two pylons is 702 m, and the deck width is 40 m. The features of this structure include the combination of a suspension bridge and cable-stayed bridge, application of carbon fibre materials, extension of deck width and pretension techniques. Linear static analysis, dynamic analysis and theoretical analysis are conducted under different loading cases. In linear static analysis, the stresses under critical load combinations are smaller than the ultimate strength of the materials. However, the maximum deflection under the dead and wind load combination exceeds the specified serviceability limit.",book:{id:"6395",slug:"bridge-engineering",title:"Bridge Engineering",fullTitle:"Bridge Engineering"},signatures:"Faham Tahmasebinia, Samad Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh\nSepasgozar, Hannah Blum, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Fernando\nAlonso-Marroquin, Qile Gao, Yang Hu, Xu Wang and Zhongzheng\nWang",authors:[{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",middleName:null,surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia"},{id:"221172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samad M.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Sepasgozar",slug:"samad-m.e.-sepasgozar",fullName:"Samad M.E. Sepasgozar"}]},{id:"61896",title:"Children’s Playgrounds in Slovak Mass Housing Estates: History and Current Trends",slug:"children-s-playgrounds-in-slovak-mass-housing-estates-history-and-current-trends",totalDownloads:1328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Children’s playgrounds represent an important amenity in the concepts of mass housing, The study chapter presents the unique concepts of children’s playgrounds that have been applied in the Slovak mass housing estates of the second half of the twentieth century, designed by architects and artist, and inspired by the best European experiences, for example, by the landscape design of the Stockholm School. The early inhabitants of the Slovak mass housing estates were predominantly young families with children. The residential aging of this homogenous social structure caused that during the lifespan of housing estates, the demand for playgrounds decreased, they became underused and fell into decay. Today, the social structure of mass housing estates becomes more heterogeneous, what puts new requirements on the design of open public spaces and, as well as, on the regeneration and design of children’s playgrounds, to serve the rising demands of the inhabitants and to enhance the livability of the housing estates. The study examines the current examples of the children’s playgrounds from Slovak mass housing estates, which show that nowadays the typified design of the standardized catalog type elements is used and preferred.",book:{id:"7205",slug:"housing",title:"Housing",fullTitle:"Housing"},signatures:"Katarína Kristiánová",authors:[{id:"224853",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarina",middleName:null,surname:"Kristianova",slug:"katarina-kristianova",fullName:"Katarina Kristianova"}]},{id:"62555",title:"Risk Management in Indonesia Construction Project: A Case Study of a Toll Road Project",slug:"risk-management-in-indonesia-construction-project-a-case-study-of-a-toll-road-project",totalDownloads:2886,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"While project risks are generally acknowledged merely from owner and contractor perspectives, other parties also play important roles in the project. The aim of this study is to analyze the application of risk management in the toll road project from stakeholders’ perception, such as contractor, owner, design consultant, supervisory consultant, and community surrounding the project. Data of risk factors were collected through interviews with each stakeholder, including the probability of occurrence and their impacts. Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) has been adapted to breakdown project risks from various stakeholders. Risk level of each risk factor is obtained by multiplying the probability and the impact. The overall results of risk analysis show various risks as perceived by each stakeholder due to different roles and interests in the project. This research provides an understanding of how project risks need to be fully comprehended for the success of the project.",book:{id:"5422",slug:"risk-management-treatise-for-engineering-practitioners",title:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners",fullTitle:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners"},signatures:"Mochammad Agung Wibowo, Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko and Asri\nNurdiana",authors:[{id:"190479",title:"Dr.",name:"Mochamad Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Wibowo",slug:"mochamad-agung-wibowo",fullName:"Mochamad Agung Wibowo"},{id:"223348",title:"Dr.",name:"Jati",middleName:null,surname:"Dwi Hatmoko",slug:"jati-dwi-hatmoko",fullName:"Jati Dwi Hatmoko"},{id:"223349",title:"MSc.",name:"Asri",middleName:null,surname:"Nurdiana",slug:"asri-nurdiana",fullName:"Asri Nurdiana"}]},{id:"64153",title:"Leadership Initiatives for Health and Safety Risk Management Systems in a Small Construction Company: A Case Study",slug:"leadership-initiatives-for-health-and-safety-risk-management-systems-in-a-small-construction-company",totalDownloads:1494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The need for leadership in the construction industry has been greater due to the fact that health and safety has become an important business tool to reduce accidents to save lives and minimise injuries. This chapter demonstrates the importance and role of leadership for manging risks associated with health and safety aspects in small construction companies. A case study of an Italian family run small construction company is investigated and reported. A diagnostic tool Leadership and Worker Involvement toolkit was administrated in the company. The toolkit had assessment levels (walking, running and sprinting). Analysis showed the company was at walking and running stages in various aspects. But the leadership aspiration of the company was to reach the ?sprinting? stage as a long-term target and sustain it to minimise health and safety risk. A holistic approach was developed to achieve the leadership aspirations of the company. In conclusion, the role of leadership in small companies is to understand the importance of H&S aspects and develop strategies which are then embedded in the processes of the companies to minimise H&S risks for their sustainability and competitiveness. This chapter is beneficial for professional at site, project and programme level and for leadership team.",book:{id:"5422",slug:"risk-management-treatise-for-engineering-practitioners",title:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners",fullTitle:"Risk Management Treatise for Engineering Practitioners"},signatures:"Subashini Suresh, Chike Oduoza and Suresh Renukappa",authors:[{id:"5932",title:"Dr.",name:"Chike",middleName:null,surname:"Oduoza",slug:"chike-oduoza",fullName:"Chike Oduoza"},{id:"196498",title:"Dr.",name:"Subashini",middleName:null,surname:"Suresh",slug:"subashini-suresh",fullName:"Subashini Suresh"},{id:"207976",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",middleName:null,surname:"Renukappa",slug:"suresh-renukappa",fullName:"Suresh Renukappa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"705",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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