Forest districts, sampled reserves and communities for the study.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10980",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biogas - Basics, Integrated Approaches, and Case Studies",title:"Biogas",subtitle:"Basics, Integrated Approaches, and Case Studies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Anaerobic digestion is by far the most important technology for providing clean renewable energy to millions of people in rural areas around the world. It produces biomethane with anaerobic-digestate as a byproduct that can be used as a biofertilizer. In the context of energy consumption, more than 85% of the total energy consumed currently comes from non-renewable fossil resources. A wide variety of biowastes can be used as feedstocks for biogas production. Biogas technology can provide sustainable, affordable, and eco-friendly green energy along with useful byproducts. This book discusses the basics of biogas production and aims to address the needs of graduate and postgraduate students as well as other professionals through further evaluation of biogas production via case studies.",isbn:"978-1-80355-109-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-108-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-110-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95674",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biogas-basics-integrated-approaches-and-case-studies",numberOfPages:142,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5ae044532b8c1b30f5802c74ba76e1ae",bookSignature:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra and El-Sayed Salama",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10980.jpg",numberOfDownloads:341,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 1st 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 2nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 7th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 26th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",middleName:null,surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186114/images/system/186114.jpg",biography:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra is a professor of Environmental Engineering and the director of the New Energy and Environmental Laboratory (NEEL), Chengdu University, China. He is a DAAD fellow and performed postdoctoral research at Hamburg University, Germany, and Harbin Institute of Technology, China. He was named in the world’s top 2% of scientists for two consecutive years. His team is primarily working on green energy production from different biomass feedstocks.",institutionString:"Chengdu University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Chengdu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"890",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"environmental-sciences-waste-management-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"81327",title:"Introductory Chapter: From Biogas Lab-Scale towards Industrialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104500",slug:"introductory-chapter-from-biogas-lab-scale-towards-industrialization",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"El-Sayed Salama and Abd El-Fatah Abomohra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81327",authors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"},{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],corrections:null},{id:"79776",title:"Biogas Production: Evaluation and Possible Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101544",slug:"biogas-production-evaluation-and-possible-applications",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biogas is an excellent example of renewable feedstock for energy production enabling closure of the carbon cycle by photosynthesis of the existing vegetation, without charging the atmosphere with excessive carbon dioxide. The present review contains traditional as well as new methods for the preparation of raw materials for biogas production. These methods are compared by the biogas yield and biogas content with the possible applications. Various fields of biogas utilization are discussed. They are listed from simple heating, electricity production by co-generation, fuel cell applications to catalytic conversions for light fuel production by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The aspects of carbon dioxide recycling reaching methane production are considered too.",signatures:"Venko Beschkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79776",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79776",authors:[{id:"191530",title:"Prof.",name:"Venko",surname:"Beschkov",slug:"venko-beschkov",fullName:"Venko Beschkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"80192",title:"Resource Reclamation for Biogas and Other Energy Resources from Household and Agricultural Wastes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101747",slug:"resource-reclamation-for-biogas-and-other-energy-resources-from-household-and-agricultural-wastes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter’s goal is to highlight how the reclamation of household and agricultural wastes can be used to generate biogas, biochar, and other energy resources. Leftover food, tainted food and vegetables, kitchen greywater, worn-out clothes, textiles and paper are all targets for household waste in this area. Agricultural waste includes both annual and perennial crops. Annual crops are those that complete their life cycle in a year or less and are comparable to bi-annual crops, although bi-annuals can live for up to two years before dying. The majority of vegetable crops are annuals, which can be harvested within two to three months of seeding. Perennials crops are known to last two or more seasons. Wastes from these sources are revalued in various shapes and forms, with the Green Engineering template being used to infuse cost-effectiveness into the process to entice investors. The economic impact of resource reclamation is used to determine the process’s feasibility, while the life cycle analysis looks at the process’s long-term viability. This is in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), whose roadmap was created to manage access to and transition to clean renewable energy by 2030, with a target of net zero emissions by 2050.",signatures:"Donald Kukwa, Maggie Chetty, Zikhona Tshemese, Denzil Estrice and Ndumiso Duma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80192",authors:[{id:"245715",title:"Ms.",name:"Zikhona",surname:"Tshemese",slug:"zikhona-tshemese",fullName:"Zikhona Tshemese"},{id:"281613",title:"Dr.",name:"Maggie",surname:"Chetty",slug:"maggie-chetty",fullName:"Maggie Chetty"},{id:"323336",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald",surname:"Tyoker Kukwa",slug:"donald-tyoker-kukwa",fullName:"Donald Tyoker Kukwa"},{id:"443095",title:"Mr.",name:"Ndumiso",surname:"Duma",slug:"ndumiso-duma",fullName:"Ndumiso Duma"},{id:"443096",title:"Mr.",name:"Denzil",surname:"Estrice",slug:"denzil-estrice",fullName:"Denzil Estrice"}],corrections:null},{id:"80783",title:"Role of Microbial and Organic Amendments for the Enrichment of Methane Production in Bioreactor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102471",slug:"role-of-microbial-and-organic-amendments-for-the-enrichment-of-methane-production-in-bioreactor",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Studies were carried out on lab-scale levels for biogas production using two different wastewaters, that is, herbal pharmaceutical wastewater and food processing wastewater. A total of eight methane bacteria were isolated from cattle dung and mass culturing was carried out to study their feasibility in biogas escalation. Optimization of methane bacteria that could increase biogas production was identified. Among the methane bacteria, two species Bacillus sk1 and Bacillus sk2 were found to enhance the biogas production to a maximum level. Gas analysis showed CH4 content of 63% in the case of food processing wastewater and around 67% with herbal pharmaceutical wastewater. Bacillus sk1 was found to be more suitable for both wastewater and biogas production and was found to be 46.4% in food processing wastewater and 43.3% in herbal pharmaceutical wastewater. Amendment of Bacillus sk2 in food processing wastewater produces 39.7% and 30.3% of biogas in herbal pharmaceutical wastewater was observed. Enzyme Bacillidine™ (P-COG-concentrate aqueous base) was also tried but results were not very encouraging. Comparative studies on both the wastewater have been discussed in detail in this article.",signatures:"Sharda Dhadse and Shanta Satyanarayan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80783",authors:[{id:"427054",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharda",surname:"Dhadse",slug:"sharda-dhadse",fullName:"Sharda Dhadse"},{id:"427065",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanta",surname:"Satyanarayan",slug:"shanta-satyanarayan",fullName:"Shanta Satyanarayan"}],corrections:null},{id:"79771",title:"Global Fertilizer Contributions from Specific Biogas Coproduct",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101543",slug:"global-fertilizer-contributions-from-specific-biogas-coproduct",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The impact of Haber-Bosch process on modern agriculture is prodigious. Haber-Bosch process led to invention of chemical fertilizers that powered green revolution, minimized food scarcity, and improved human and animal nutrition. Haber–Bosch process facilitated agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, with up to 60% of crop yield increase attributed solely to nitrogen fertilizer. However, Haber-Bosch fertilizers are expensive, and their poor use efficiency exerts adverse external consequences. In European Union for example, the annual damage of up to € 320 (US$ 372.495) billion associated with chemical fertilizers outweighs their direct benefit to farmers, in terms of crops grown, of up to € 80 (US$ 93.124) billion. A substitute for chemical fertilizers is therefore needed. In this chapter, external costs of chemical fertilizers are highlighted. The capability of liquid fraction of cassava peeling residue digestate to supplant and mitigate pecuniary costs of chemical fertilizers required for production of cassava root is also analyzed and presented. Results indicate that about 25% of fund used to purchase chemical fertilizers required for cassava root production could be saved with the use of liquid fraction of cassava peeling residue digestate. The pecuniary value is estimated at US$ 0.141 (≈ € 0.121) billion for the 2019 global cassava root output. This saving excludes external costs associated with Haber-Bosch fertilizers such as ammonia air pollution, eutrophication, greenhouse gasses emissions, and contamination of potable water supply reserves. Consequently, liquid fraction digestate could reduce the cost of cassava root production, as well as minimize adverse health and environmental consequences attributed to chemical fertilizers.",signatures:"Sammy N. Aso, Simeon C. Achinewhu and Madu O. Iwe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79771",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79771",authors:[{id:"219927",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sammy N.",surname:"Aso",slug:"sammy-n.-aso",fullName:"Sammy N. Aso"},{id:"219929",title:"Dr.",name:"Simeon C.",surname:"Achinewhu",slug:"simeon-c.-achinewhu",fullName:"Simeon C. Achinewhu"},{id:"428714",title:"Prof.",name:"Madu O.",surname:"Iwe",slug:"madu-o.-iwe",fullName:"Madu O. Iwe"}],corrections:null},{id:"81583",title:"A Case Study for Economic Viability of Biogas Production from Municipal Solid Waste in the South of Chile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104558",slug:"a-case-study-for-economic-viability-of-biogas-production-from-municipal-solid-waste-in-the-south-of-",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This research evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of a biogas plant in the south of Chile to generate energy (WtE) for the plant’s own consumption, energy for sale to the country’s electricity grid and produce biofertilizer from municipal solid waste (MSW). In the town of Panguipulli, 26 tons of solid waste are produced daily, of which 12 tons correspond to household organic waste. These arrive directly to a landfill, wasting their potential to generate products and energy. To study the economic feasibility, an analysis was carried out on the investment, costs and income that make up the cash flow of the project evaluated at 15 years. The results gave an NPV of 214.099.637 CLP and an IRR of 15% at a real discount rate of 10%, with a payback period of 6 years. The research concluded that it is feasible to design a biogas plant that works from household organic waste in Panguipulli. This will contribute to the mitigation of climate change and will promote circular economy actions and the sustainable management of MSW in the south of Chile.",signatures:"Jean Pierre Doussoulin and Cristina Salazar Molina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81583",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81583",authors:[{id:"327931",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Jean Pierre",surname:"Doussoulin",slug:"jean-pierre-doussoulin",fullName:"Jean Pierre Doussoulin"},{id:"438855",title:"BSc.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Salazar Molina",slug:"cristina-salazar-molina",fullName:"Cristina Salazar Molina"}],corrections:null},{id:"79715",title:"Case Studies in Biogas Production from Different Substrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101622",slug:"case-studies-in-biogas-production-from-different-substrates",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present paper involves applicative research in the field of biogas production with the accent on small laboratory scale installations built for biogas production, preliminary testing of substrate for biogas production and combustion applications for biogas-like mixtures. The interconnected aspect of the presented material involves cumulative expertise in multidisciplinary fields of interest and continuous development of possibilities to determine the energetic potential of substrates subjected to biodegradable fermentation conversion for further applications. The research analyzed the combustion behavior of biogas with different methane/carbon dioxide ratio without and in the presence of specific catalysts. Also, laboratory analysis on biomass substrates for determining their physical and chemical potential for different applications was performed. The main conclusions are drawn revolve around the untapped potential of the different types of biomasses that are not commonly used in the production of renewable energy carriers, like biogas, and also the potential use of residual biomass in combustion processes for an enclosed life cycle from cradle to the grave. The study involving the use of catalysts in biogas combustion processes present possible solutions which can be developed and implemented for increasing the combustion quality by using relatively cost-effective materials for the production of catalytic materials.",signatures:"Adrian Eugen Cioabla and Francisc Popescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79715",authors:[{id:"426788",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Eugen Cioabla",slug:"adrian-eugen-cioabla",fullName:"Adrian Eugen Cioabla"},{id:"426791",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisc",surname:"Popescu",slug:"francisc-popescu",fullName:"Francisc Popescu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7608",title:"Biomass for Bioenergy",subtitle:"Recent Trends and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3ab762a09c87e3f3fc697f9be6c1a39",slug:"biomass-for-bioenergy-recent-trends-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7608.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10096",title:"Biogas",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Integrated Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c35e651f5d64c617046f61edf71a1524",slug:"biogas-recent-advances-and-integrated-approaches",bookSignature:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Mahdy Elsayed, Zuzeng Qin, Hongbing Ji and Zili Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10096.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"325",title:"Alternative Fuel",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6fd051beb23f469c73edd7bd22547bf",slug:"alternative-fuel",bookSignature:"Maximino Manzanera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27371",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximino",surname:"Manzanera",slug:"maximino-manzanera",fullName:"Maximino Manzanera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigentum-to-scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",title:"Corrignedum to: Scientific Swift in Bioremediation: An Overview",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82323.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82323",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82323",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82323",chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11868",leadTitle:null,title:"Current Challenges and Advances in Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe goal of this book is to provide a detailed overview of the current status and the biggest challenges in the field of organ donation and organ transplantation. The first part of the book will present the donation process, including surgical, legal, and ethical issues, as well as different types of donors and the advantages and disadvantages in each case, in addition to the surgical issues involved. The next part of the book will present information regarding the current status and future challenges of renal and hepatic transplantation. Specifically, the issues that will be addressed will include donor choice, recipient choice, determining priority and differences around the globe, technical advice regarding the surgery and potential complications, immunological issues, strategies to increase donation, and preservation pumps. The audience for this book will be as broad as possible. The target audience will be a combination of transplant physicians and surgeons, scientists involved in basic science having to do with transplantation, and various other related fields.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-006-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-005-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-007-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"21a6e87fb67eac39f12b64bd2b6402a0",bookSignature:"Prof. Georgios Tsoulfas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11868.jpg",keywords:"Organ Preservation, Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, Donation Techniques, Donor Types, Laparoscopic Donation Surgery, Non-heart Beating Donors, Renal Transplantation Surgery, Paired Exchange Programs, Pediatric Renal Transplantation, Transplant Oncology, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Live Metastatic Disease",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Tsoulfas received his medical degree from Brown University School of Medicine. He completed his general surgery residency at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics and a transplant research fellowship at the Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh. He completed a transplantation surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and served at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, as Assistant Professor of Surgery. His h-index is 25.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/57412/images/system/57412.png",biography:"Dr. Georgios Tsoulfas received his medical degree from Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island, and completed his general surgery residency at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, as well as a transplant research fellowship at the Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh. He then completed a two-year transplantation surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and then joined the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, as Assistant Professor of Surgery. He has currently moved back to Greece, where he is a Professor of Transplantation Surgery and Chief of the Department of Transplantation Surgery at the Aristotle University School of Medicine. He has published more than 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals and PubMed, as well as 35 book chapters. He is a reviewer for more than forty international journals and serves on the editorial boards of several others.",institutionString:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6705",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ab81caf9179b0618c80dcd9bfd84a3",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation-current-status-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6705.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6211",title:"Medical and Surgical Education",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c32a9763401f2d6e07b50f3e6451870",slug:"medical-and-surgical-education-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5960",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Update and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df63a0d7ea66a47de3c3e47d5bede328",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7875",title:"Liver Disease and Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"163f3050d8d21a64401f9ef6f7230da5",slug:"liver-disease-and-surgery",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas and Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7875.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7528",title:"Surgical Challenges in the Management of Liver Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581524c01bd3dca324da84c25aa31a48",slug:"surgical-challenges-in-the-management-of-liver-disease",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9821",title:"Trauma and Emergency Surgery",subtitle:"The Role of Damage Control Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5f6d0e79ff1167c8db9a24fa69ed232",slug:"trauma-and-emergency-surgery-the-role-of-damage-control-surgery",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas and Mohammad Meshkini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"5885",title:"Novel Approaches to Speaker Clustering for Speaker Diarization in Audio Broadcast News Data",doi:"10.5772/6386",slug:"novel_approaches_to_speaker_clustering_for_speaker_diarization_in__audio_broadcast_news_data",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/5885.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5885",totalDownloads:2510,totalViews:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:71,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 1st 2008",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/5885",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/5885",book:{id:"3785",slug:"speech_recognition"},signatures:"Janez Žibert and France Mihelič",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3785",type:"book",title:"Speech Recognition",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Speech Recognition",slug:"speech_recognition",publishedDate:"November 1st 2008",bookSignature:"France Mihelic and Janez Zibert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3785.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-29-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5753-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:105,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"130411",title:"Prof.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Mihelič",slug:"france-mihelic",fullName:"France Mihelič"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"10438",title:"Dr.",name:"Janez",middleName:null,surname:"Zibert",slug:"janez-zibert",fullName:"Janez Zibert"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"517"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"5873",type:"chapter",title:"A Family of Stereo-Based Stochastic Mapping Algorithms for Noisy Speech Recognition",slug:"a_family_of_stereo-based_stochastic_mapping_algorithms_for_noisy_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2699,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed Afify, Xiaodong Cui and Yuqing Gao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5865",type:"chapter",title:"Histogram Equalization for Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"histogram_equalization_for_robust_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:4076,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Luz García, Jose Carlos Segura, Ángel de la Torre, Carmen Benítez and Antonio J. Rubio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5870",type:"chapter",title:"Employment of Spectral Voicing Information for Speech and Speaker Recognition in Noisy Conditions",slug:"employment_of_spectral_voicing_information_for_speech_and_speaker_recognition_in_noisy_conditions",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peter Jančovič and Münevver Köküer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5881",type:"chapter",title:"Time-Frequency Masking: Linking Blind Source Separation and Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"time-frequency_masking__linking_blind_source_separation_and_robust_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:3529,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Marco Kühne, Roberto Togneri and Sven Nordholm",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5871",type:"chapter",title:"Dereverberation and Denoising Techniques for ASR Applications",slug:"dereverberation_and_denoising_techniques_for_asr_applications",totalDownloads:3239,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fernando Santana Pacheco and Rui Seara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5877",type:"chapter",title:"Feature Transformation Based on Generalization of Linear Discriminant Analysis",slug:"feature_transformation_based_on_generalization_of_linear_discriminant_analysis",totalDownloads:2170,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Makoto Sakai, Norihide Kitaoka and Seiichi Nakagawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5874",type:"chapter",title:"Algorithms for Joint Evaluation of Multiple Speech Patterns for Automatic Speech Recognition",slug:"algorithms_for_joint_evaluation_of_multiple_speech_patterns_for_automatic_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nishanth Ulhas Nair and T.V. Sreenivas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5878",type:"chapter",title:"Overcoming HMM Time and Parameter Independence Assumptions for ASR",slug:"overcoming_hmm_time_and_parameter_independence_assumptions_for_asr",totalDownloads:2539,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Marta Casar and José A. R. Fonollosa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5875",type:"chapter",title:"Practical Issues of Building Robust HMM Models Using HTK and SPHINX Systems",slug:"practical_issues_of_building_robust_hmm_models_using_htk_and_sphinx_systems",totalDownloads:5489,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Juraj Kacur and Gregor Rozinaj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5879",type:"chapter",title:"Statistical Language Modeling for Automatic Speech Recognition of Agglutinative Languages",slug:"statistical_language_modeling_for_automatic_speech_recognition_of_agglutinative_languages",totalDownloads:2566,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ebru Arısoy, Mikko Kurimo, Murat Saraçlar, Teemu Hirsimäki, Janne Pylkkönen, Tanel Alumäe and Haşim Sak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5880",type:"chapter",title:"Discovery of Words: towards a Computational Model of Language Acquisition",slug:"discovery_of_words__towards_a_computational_model_of_language_acquisition",totalDownloads:2501,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Louis ten Bosch, Hugo Van hamme and Lou Boves",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5876",type:"chapter",title:"Automatic Speech Recognition via N-Best Rescoring using Logistic Regression",slug:"automatic_speech_recognition_via_n-best_rescoring_using_logistic_regression",totalDownloads:3223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Øystein Birkenes, Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe and Tor André Myrvoll",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5859",type:"chapter",title:"Knowledge Resources in Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding for Romanian Language",slug:"knowledge_resources_in_automatic_speech_recognition_and_understanding_for_romanian_language",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Inge Gavat, Diana Mihaela Militaru and Corneliu Octavian Dumitru",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5864",type:"chapter",title:"Construction of a Noise-Robust Body-Conducted Speech Recognition System",slug:"construction_of_a_noise-robust_body-conducted_speech_recognition_system",totalDownloads:2267,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shunsuke Ishimitsu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5863",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Decision Fusion for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition",slug:"adaptive_decision_fusion_for_audio-visual_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2942,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Jong-Seok Lee and Cheol Hoon Park",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5872",type:"chapter",title:"Multi-Stream Asynchrony Modeling for Audio Visual Speech Recognition",slug:"multi-stream_asynchrony_modeling_for_audio_visual_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2978,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guoyun Lv, Yangyu Fan, Dongmei Jiang and Rongchun Zhao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5887",type:"chapter",title:"Normalization and Transformation Techniques for Robust Speaker Recognition",slug:"normalization_and_transformation_techniques_for_robust_speaker_recognition",totalDownloads:3320,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Dalei Wu, Baojie Li and Hui Jiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5886",type:"chapter",title:"Speaker Vector-Based Speaker Recognition with Phonetic Modeling",slug:"speaker_vector-based_speaker_recognition_with_phonetic_modeling",totalDownloads:2073,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tetsuo Kosaka, Tatsuya Akatsu, Masaharu Kato and Masaki Kohda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5885",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Approaches to Speaker Clustering for Speaker Diarization in Audio Broadcast News Data",slug:"novel_approaches_to_speaker_clustering_for_speaker_diarization_in__audio_broadcast_news_data",totalDownloads:2510,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Janez Žibert and France Mihelič",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5884",type:"chapter",title:"Gender Classification in Emotional Speech",slug:"gender_classification_in_emotional_speech",totalDownloads:2682,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohammad Hossein Sedaaghi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5883",type:"chapter",title:"Recognition of Paralinguistic Information using Prosodic Features Related to Intonation and Voice Quality",slug:"recognition_of_paralinguistic_information_using_prosodic_features_related_to_intonation_and_voice_qu",totalDownloads:3484,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos T. Ishi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5882",type:"chapter",title:"Psychological Motivated Multi-Stage Emotion Classification Exploiting Voice Quality Features",slug:"psychological_motivated_multi-stage_emotion_classification_exploiting_voice_quality_features",totalDownloads:2589,totalCrossrefCites:21,signatures:"Marko Lugger and Bin Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5869",type:"chapter",title:"A Weighted Discrete KNN Method for Mandarin Speech and Emotion Recognition",slug:"a_weighted_discrete_knn_method_for_mandarin_speech_and_emotion_recognition",totalDownloads:2782,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tsang-Long Pao, Wen-Yuan Liao and Yu-Te Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5868",type:"chapter",title:"Motion-Tracking and Speech Recognition for Hands-Free Mouse-Pointer Manipulation",slug:"motion-tracking_and_speech_recognition_for_hands-free_mouse-pointer_manipulation",totalDownloads:4028,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Frank Loewenich and Frederic Maire",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5867",type:"chapter",title:"Arabic Dialectical Speech Recognition in Mobile Communication Services",slug:"arabic_dialectical_speech_recognition_in_mobile_communication_services",totalDownloads:2940,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qiru Zhou and Imed Zitouni",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5866",type:"chapter",title:"Ultimate Trends in Integrated Systems to Enhance Automatic Speech Recognition Performance",slug:"ultimate_trends_in_integrated_systems_to_enhance_automatic_speech_recognition_performance",totalDownloads:3796,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"C. Durán",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5862",type:"chapter",title:"Speech Recognition for Smart Homes",slug:"speech_recognition_for_smart_homes",totalDownloads:8756,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Ian McLoughlin and Hamid Reza Sharifzadeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5861",type:"chapter",title:"Silicon Technologies for Speaker Independent Speech Processing and Recognition Systems in Noisy Environments",slug:"silicon_technologies_for_speaker_independent_speech_processing_and_recognition_systems_in_noisy_envi",totalDownloads:3520,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karthikeyan Natarajan, Mala John and Arun Selvaraj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5860",type:"chapter",title:"Voice Activated Appliances for Severely Disabled Persons",slug:"voice_activated_appliances_for_severely_disabled_persons",totalDownloads:9769,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Soo-young Suk and Hiroaki Kojima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5858",type:"chapter",title:"System Request Utterance Detection Based on Acoustic and Linguistic Features",slug:"system_request_utterance_detection_based_on_acoustic_and_linguistic_features",totalDownloads:2256,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"T. Takiguchi, A. Sako, T. Yamagata and Y. Ariki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3371",title:"Robust Speech",subtitle:"Recognition and Understanding",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c17b3741f5680ccf517a470e210548d8",slug:"robust_speech_recognition_and_understanding",bookSignature:"Michael Grimm and Kristian Kroschel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130565",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Grimm",slug:"michael-grimm",fullName:"Michael Grimm"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"104",title:"Voice Activity Detection. Fundamentals and Speech Recognition System Robustness",slug:"voice_activity_detection__fundamentals_and_speech_recognition_system_robustness",signatures:"J. Ramirez, J. M. Gorriz and J. C. Segura",authors:[null]},{id:"105",title:"Novel Approaches to Speech Detection in the Processing of Continuous Audio Streams",slug:"novel_approaches_to_speech_detection_in_the_processing_of_continuous_audio_streams",signatures:"Janez Zibert, Bostjan Vesnicer and France Mihelic",authors:[null]},{id:"106",title:"New Advances in Voice Activity Detection using HOS and Optimization Strategies",slug:"new_advances_in_voice_activity_detection_using_hos_and_optimization_strategies",signatures:"J.M. Gorriz, J. Ramirez and C.G. Puntonet",authors:[null]},{id:"107",title:"Voice and Noise Detection with AdaBoost",slug:"voice_and_noise_detection_with_adaboost",signatures:"T. Takiguchi, N. Miyake, H. Matsuda and Y. Ariki",authors:[null]},{id:"108",title:"Evolutionary Speech Recognition",slug:"evolutionary_speech_recognition",signatures:"Anne Spalanzani",authors:[null]},{id:"109",title:"Using Genetic Algorithm to Improve the Performance of Speech Recognition Based on Artificial Neural Network",slug:"using_genetic_algorithm_to_improve_the_performance_of_speech_recognition_based_on_artificial_neural_",signatures:"Shing-Tai Pan and Chih-Chin Lai",authors:[null]},{id:"110",title:"A General Approximation-Optimization Approach to Large Margin Estimation of HMMs",slug:"a_general_approximation-optimization_approach_to_large_margin_estimation_of_hmms",signatures:"Hui Jiang and Xinwei Li",authors:[null]},{id:"111",title:"Double Layer Architectures for Automatic Speech Recognition Using HMM",slug:"double_layer_architectures_for_automatic_speech_recognition_using_hmm",signatures:"Marta Casar and Jose A. R. Fonollosa",authors:[null]},{id:"112",title:"Audio Visual Speech Recognition and Segmentation Based on DBN Models",slug:"audio_visual_speech_recognition_and_segmentation_based_on_dbn_models",signatures:"Dongmei Jiang, Guoyun Lv, Ilse Ravyse, Xiaoyue Jiang, Yanning Zhang, Hichem Sahli and Rongchun Zhao",authors:[null]},{id:"113",title:"Discrete-Mixture HMMs-based Approach for Noisy Speech Recognition",slug:"discrete-mixture_hmms-based_approach_for_noisy_speech_recognition",signatures:"Tetsuo Kosaka, Masaharu Katoh and Masaki Kohda",authors:[null]},{id:"114",title:"Speech Recognition in Unknown Noisy Conditions",slug:"speech_recognition_in_unknown_noisy_conditions",signatures:"Ji Ming and Baochun Hou",authors:[null]},{id:"115",title:"Uncertainty in Signal Estimation and Stochastic Weighted Viterbi Algorithm: A Unified Framework to Address Robustness in Speech Recognition and Speaker Verification",slug:"uncertainty_in_signal_estimation_and_stochastic_weighted_viterbi_algorithm__a_unified_framework_to_a",signatures:"N. Becerra Yoma, C. Molina, C. Garreton and F. Huenupan",authors:[null]},{id:"116",title:"The Research of Noise-Robust Speech Recognition Based on Frequency Warping Wavelet",slug:"the_research_of_noise-robust_speech_recognition_based_on_frequency_warping_wavelet",signatures:"Xueying Zhang and Wenjun Meng",authors:[null]},{id:"117",title:"Autocorrelation-based Methods for Noise-Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"autocorrelation-based_methods_for_noise-robust_speech_recognition",signatures:"Gholamreza Farahani, Mohammad Ahadi and Mohammad Mehdi Homayounpour",authors:[null]},{id:"118",title:"Bimodal Emotion Recognition using Speech and Physiological Changes",slug:"bimodal_emotion_recognition_using_speech_and_physiological_changes",signatures:"Jonghwa Kim",authors:[null]},{id:"119",title:"Emotion Estimation in Speech Using a 3D Emotion Space Concept",slug:"emotion_estimation_in_speech_using_a_3d_emotion_space_concept",signatures:"Michael Grimm and Kristian Kroschel",authors:[null]},{id:"120",title:"Linearly Interpolated Hierarchical N-gram Language Models for Speech Recognition Engines",slug:"linearly_interpolated_hierarchical_n-gram_language_models_for_speech_recognition_engines",signatures:"Imed Zitouni and Qiru Zhou",authors:[null]},{id:"121",title:"A Factored Language Model for Prosody Dependent Speech Recognition",slug:"a_factored_language_model_for_prosody_dependent_speech_recognition",signatures:"Ken Chen, Mark A. Hasegawa-Johnson and Jennifer S. Cole",authors:[null]},{id:"122",title:"Early Decision Making in Continuous Speech",slug:"early_decision_making_in_continuous_speech",signatures:"Odette Scharenborg, Louis ten Bosch and Lou Boves",authors:[null]},{id:"123",title:'Analysis and Implementation of an Automated Delimiter of "Quranic" Verses in Audio Files using Speech Recognition Techniques',slug:"analysis_and_implementation_of_an_automated_delimiter_of__quranic__verses_in_audio_files_using_speec",signatures:"Tabbal Hassan, Al-Falou Wassim and Monla Bassem",authors:[null]},{id:"124",title:"An Improved GA Based Modified Dynamic Neural Network for Cantonese-Digit Speech Recognition",slug:"an_improved_ga_based_modified_dynamic_neural_network_for_cantonese-digit_speech_recognition",signatures:"S.H. Ling, F.H.F. Leung, K.F. Leung, H.K. Lam and H.H.C. Iu",authors:[null]},{id:"125",title:"Talking Robot and the Autonomous Acquisition of Vocalization and Singing Skill",slug:"talking_robot_and_the_autonomous_acquisition_of_vocalization_and_singing_skill",signatures:"Hideyuki Sawada",authors:[null]},{id:"126",title:"Conversation System of an Everyday Robot Robovie-IV",slug:"conversation_system_of_an_everyday_robot_robovie-iv",signatures:"Noriaki Mitsunaga, Zenta Miyashita, Takahiro Miyashita, Hiroshi Ishiguro and Norihiro Hagita",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro"}]},{id:"127",title:"Sound Localization of Elevation using Pinnae for Auditory Robots",slug:"sound_localization_of_elevation_using_pinnae_for_auditory_robots",signatures:"Tomoko Shimoda, Toru Nakashima, Makoto Kumon, Ryuichi Kohzawa, Ikuro Mizumoto and Zenta Iwai",authors:[null]},{id:"128",title:"Speech Recognition Under Noise Conditions: Compensation Methods",slug:"speech_recognition_under_noise_conditions__compensation_methods",signatures:"Angel de la Torre, Jose C. Segura, Carmen Benitez, Javier Ramirez Luz Garcia and Antonio J. Rubio",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2285",title:"Genetic Algorithms in Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"267c64f23128101a6b281b6326705fc9",slug:"genetic-algorithms-in-applications",bookSignature:"Rustem Popa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2285.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112519",title:"Dr.",name:"Rustem",surname:"Popa",slug:"rustem-popa",fullName:"Rustem Popa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2733",title:"Genetic Programming",subtitle:"New Approaches and Successful Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0354ba67a0e83ff8e90a1a66fca66e7",slug:"genetic-programming-new-approaches-and-successful-applications",bookSignature:"Sebastian Ventura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2733.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3371",title:"Robust Speech",subtitle:"Recognition and Understanding",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c17b3741f5680ccf517a470e210548d8",slug:"robust_speech_recognition_and_understanding",bookSignature:"Michael Grimm and Kristian Kroschel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130565",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Grimm",slug:"michael-grimm",fullName:"Michael Grimm"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3785",title:"Speech Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"953643e67b7a53a7039b6e8771c1383d",slug:"speech_recognition",bookSignature:"France Mihelic and Janez Zibert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130411",title:"Prof.",name:"France",surname:"Mihelič",slug:"france-mihelic",fullName:"France Mihelič"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3790",title:"Application of Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae9115b686e58a3f79ff6f9a19c67341",slug:"application-of-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Yagang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yagang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yagang-zhang",fullName:"Yagang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73178",title:"Rights and Responsibilities: The Reality of Forest Fringe Communities in the Northern Region of Ghana",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93550",slug:"rights-and-responsibilities-the-reality-of-forest-fringe-communities-in-the-northern-region-of-ghana",body:'\nAn important guiding principle of the revised forest and wildlife policy is that it recognizes and confirms the importance of local people in pursuing all other guiding principles of the policy, and therefore proposes to place particular emphasis on the concept of participatory management and protection of forest and wildlife resources and to develop appropriate strategies, modalities and programs in consultation with relevant agencies, rural communities and individuals [1]. The principles and strategies of the policy of participatory management recognizes the rights of local people to have access to natural resources for maintaining a basic standard of living and their concomitant responsibility to ensure the sustainable use of such resources. To this effect, since the adoption of the 1994 Forest and wildlife policy, several operations of the Forestry Commission (FC) have been revised to help meet its aim of achieving equitable sharing of benefits and improved efficiency in management, particularly, in Southern Ghana [1].
\nFor instance, under the Forestry Sector Development Programme (FSDP II) and the High Forest Biodiversity Programme (HFBP), the FC has been providing support toward forest–based livelihood schemes such as grass-cutter rearing, seedling production and snail farming [2]. Although access to NTFP’s for domestic use had been enshrined in reserve settlement judgments, foresters had over the years not been fulfilling these rights to land owners. As such all current management plans reassert the rights of communities to harvest NTFP’s for domestic use, to have access to fetish sites and other rights as enshrined in original agreements.
\nIn addition to the above, the FC is promoting initiatives to assist forest fringe communities to add value to harvested products through processing and market promotion. This initiative known as Marketing Analysis and Development (MA and D) according to the report is being piloted in three districts of Cape Coast. These are Pra (Suhien forest reserve), Goaso (Bia Tano forest reserve) and Mpreaso (Esukawkaw forest reserve). The ultimate goal is to organize forest fringe communities to form co-operatives to produce items for the export market ([2], p. 7). In terms of integrated use of forest resources, Oduro [3] reports that the collaborative forest management unit (CFMU) of FC has initiated programs that involve helping communities to develop their capacity to manage forest resources in southern Ghana. For instance in Assin Fosu, the author reports that, CFMU has supported communities to manage ancestral forest groves. In the Esen forest reserve at Akyem Oda, the CFMU has involved local communities in devising improved management of NTFPs. The program involved experiments in developing nurseries for the propagation of various NTFPs, using different methods including seed planting, root and stem cuttings. This report has been affirmed by the Forestry Commission of Ghana [2]. Report by Oduro [3] also indicates that the CFMU has carried out a survey of people’s attitude in communities near forest reserves which have been proposed for different types of protection: special biological protection areas, hill sanctuaries, and convalescence and fire block areas. The report from the survey showed considerable local support for the continued protection of the forest reserves, particularly for the protection of drinking water supplies, rehabilitation of degraded forests and fire protection belts.
\nOne factor that is worth noting from the literature is that, all the initiatives and successes were recorded in southern Ghana where timber abounds. There are no records of such initiatives or operations by the FC for fringe communities in the timber-poor Northern Region. Being a timber—poor zone, presupposes that communities do not enjoy social responsibility agreement (SRA) as enjoyed by those in Southern Ghana. Ironically, among the challenges that the revised Ghana’s forest and wildlife policy sought to address are; the inadequate response to the domestic demand of timber and timber products which has led to increased illegal chainsaw operations in the supply of timber to the market, and the challenges to CFM strategy on how to achieve sustainability in forest management, to integrate local communities into planning and management whilst maintaining a profitable sector. Yet work by [4] found out that participation of fringe communities in the management of forest reserves is passive and tokenistic with local people having no control over access to resources and management. The critical question is, do the fringe communities in the Northern region and for that matter Northern Ghana have any user-rights or obligations to forest reserves at all? Answering this question is the main objective that this article sought to achieve.
\nDecisions of forest fringe communities may have positive or negative environmental, economic, and social impacts on sustainable development depending on whether it is managed sustainably or not. However, managing forest ecosystems sustainably requires knowledge of their main functions, and the effects of human practices, especially human practices or activities of the communities and/or settlements fringing the forest ecosystems including forest reserves. These practices are often perpetuated with the intension of meeting their needs or wants. Therefore it is important to consider the rights and responsibilities of people living around the forest ecosystems in forest management decisions so as to take onboard those practices that inure to the benefits of the society and the forest environment. This can only be done successfully if the frontiers of forest ecosystems and resource management understand the fringing communities and how they interact with the forest ecosystems. This is because, according to Metz et al. [5] even though over the years scientific literature shows there has been an increasing attempt to understand and integrate long-term effects of current practices of forest management on sustainable development, often, there is no sufficient understanding of the potential long-term impacts of current practices on sustainable development. According to the authors this may stem from the fact that often governing agencies fail to recognize the rights and responsibilities of key stakeholders whose actions and inactions define the forest practices, thereby defeating the purposes of collaborative forest management.
\nCollaborative forest management (CFM) denotes collective action by multi-stakeholders including local communities for sustainable forest management (SFM) for all. It is premised on the fact that community participation will increase resource flows to local people and help reduce rural poverty by providing them with their livelihoods [6]. According to the principles of CFM, sustainable forest management is the long term aim of CFM. Therefore, aside meeting other aims such as fair benefits to partners and equity in benefit sharing within community, the key objective is sustainability. The Forest Principles adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 specifically states that: “Forest resources and forest lands should be sustainably managed to meet the social, economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations. In doing so the interests of Forest-Dependent Communities, security of tenure of forest resources and access to forest land to private and public land holdings, including the rights and obligations of forest owners and local communities must be regarded [7]”.
\nSustainable development (SD) on the other hand has been defined by FAO Forest Resources Assessment [8] as: “the management and conservation of the natural resources base, and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations” [9, 10].
\nThe essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life as good as the present generation. This implies that, SD can only be achieved through SFM which hinges upon collaborative management of forest resources.
\nHowever, because local communities living in or around forests and forest reserves have a traditional dependency upon same, their actions and inaction affects collaborative management decisions and the sustainability of the forest resources. Therefore, respecting the rights and obligations of forest owners and local communities, and enhancement of their well-being are critical to sustainable forest management and development. As emphasized by Metz et al. [5], significant economic, social, and environmental contributions to sustainable development can be gained by involving local people and stakeholders and developing adequate policy frameworks.
\nRiding on the back of rational choice theory by Buchanan and Tullock [11], this article equates the rights and responsibilities of fringe communities to their expected benefits and costs from forest reserves and discusses these under the current practice of the concept of collaborative forest management in the study area.
\nThe region has a total land area of about 70,384 sq. km (7 million ha) which is 29% of the land area of Ghana. Of the total land area of 70,384sq km of the region, 3556.92 sq. km (5.05%) is under reservation [12]. Northern Region is located between latitude 8 30″ and 10 30″ N and lies completely in the savannah belt. It has Togo and La Cote D’Ivoire to the East and West, respectively, as its international neighbors. To the south, the region shares boundaries with Brong Ahafo and the Volta Regions, and to the north, it shares borders with Upper-East and Upper-West Regions. Results of the 2010 population and housing census gave the regional population as 2479, with an intercensal growth rate of 2.9% between 2000 and 2010 [13].
\nThe main vegetation is classified as vast areas of grassland, mainly Guinea savannah interspersed drought-resistant trees such as the acacia, baobab, shea dawadawa, mango, neem Ghana [14]. The region is drained by the Black and white Volta and their tributaries, such as Rivers Nasia and Daka www.ghana.gov.gh/.
\nThis study employed a mixed method which combined survey and in-depth interviews. The article is part of a larger study conducted on the fringe communities surrounding forest reserves in four forest districts in the Northern region of Ghana. Two reserves were randomly selected from each of the four forest districts, giving a total of eight sampled forest reserves. Proportionate sampling was then used to select communities whilst simple random sampling was employed in sampling household heads. With a target population of 14,343, a total of 370 households were sampled at 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. For detail methodology of the study, see Husseini et al. [4]. \nTable 1\n shows a summary of the sampled reserve and communities.
\nForest districts | \n\n | Forest reserves selected | \n\n | Sampled communities | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Tamale | \n\n | Water works F/R | \n\n | Yohini, Zogbele, Choggu | \n
Sinsablegbini | \n\n | Zakariyili, Zibogu,Tugu | \n||
Walewale | \n\n | Nasia Tributaries | \n\n | Pigu, Pishigu, Sakpule | \n
Gambaga scarp West BLK I | \n\n | Samini, Gbani, Langbinsi | \n||
Yendi | \n\n | Daka head water | \n\n | Nakoa, Kpatili, Nawuni and Gushiegu | \n
Kumbo | \n\n | Kpatugri, Juanayili, Pusuga | \n||
Damongo | \n\n | Yakumbo | \n\n | Old Buipe and Lito | \n
Damongo scarp | \n\n | Damongo and Soalepe | \n||
Total | \n\n | 8 | \n\n | 23 | \n
Forest districts, sampled reserves and communities for the study.
Key informants comprised 13 forestry staff, 21 assembly members, 23 women’s group leaders (magazias), 23 chiefs, 1 representative from stool lands and the head of the CFM Unit (CFMU) of the Resource Management Support Centre (RMSC) of FC, summing up to 82 key informants.
\nQuantitative data was collected using structured interview schedule while qualitative data was obtained by in-depth interviews. The quantitative data was analyzed with Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 16 software, using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and percentages. The results from the in-depth interviews were categorized into appropriate themes and analyzed through discourse analysis.
\nKowero et al. [15] assert that enabling policies, legislation and institutional instruments like clear tenure rights, are important in promoting sustainable management of natural resources. The study revealed that 310 household heads (representing 83.8%) interviewed (\nTable 2\n) are of the opinion that forest reserves are owned by the state or the government whilst only 38 (10.3%) respondents think that forest reserves are owned by the community.
\nDistrict | \nCategory of ownership | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | Community owned | \nState owned | \nNGO owned | \nThe chief | \nTotal | \n
\n | \n|||||
Damango | \n7 (18.4%) | \n60 (19.4%) | \n1 (16.7%) | \n3 (18.8%) | \n71 (19.2%) | \n
Tamale | \n22 (57.9%) | \n175 (56.5%) | \n3 (50.0%) | \n9 (56.2%) | \n209 (56.5%) | \n
Walewale | \n4 (10.5%) | \n35 (11.3%) | \n1 (16.7%) | \n2 (12.5%) | \n42 (11.4%) | \n
Yendi | \n5 (13.2%) | \n40 (12.9%) | \n1 (16.7%) | \n2 (12.5%) | \n48 (13.0%) | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Households’ awareness about ownership of forest reserves.
It was also found that, of the 370 household heads interviewed, 306 of them (representing 82.7%) believe that forest reserves are managed by the Forest Services Division (FSD) staff while 64 of them (representing 17.3%) are of the opinion that forest reserves are either managed by community and FSD, district assembly or traditional rulers (\nTable 3\n).
\nDistrict | \nCategory of stakeholders managing forest reserve | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | Forest service division | \nCommunity and FSD | \nDistrict assembly | \nTraditional rulers | \nTotal | \n
\n | \n|||||
Damango | \n60 (19.6%) | \n7 (25.9%) | \n4 (17.4%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n71 (19.2%) | \n
Tamale | \n175 (57.2%) | \n12 (44.4%) | \n13 (56.5%) | \n9 (64.3%) | \n209 (56.5%) | \n
Walewale | \n36 (11.8%) | \n2 (7.4%) | \n3 (13.0%) | \n1 (7.1%) | \n42 (11.4%) | \n
Yendi | \n35 (11.4%) | \n6 (22.2%) | \n3 (13.0%) | \n4 (28.6%) | \n48 (13.0%) | \n
\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Household awareness about who manages the forest reserves.
The key informants’ interview with chiefs revealed that with the exception of three chiefs (Gulkpe-Naa, the Pusuga naa and Kpatugri naa) who knew that forest reserves are owned by the traditional authorities, 17 of the sampled chiefs believe that forest reserves within their communities are owned by the state and managed by the FSD. The other three chiefs are of the opinion that reserves belong to District Assembly and managed by the government. Similarly, with the exception of the women leader (magazia) for Pusuga and the assembly person for Damongo, who knew that forest reserves are owned by traditional authorities, the rest (22 magazias and 22 assembly person) are of the opinion that forest reserves are owned by the state and managed by the FSD.
\nThese responses are a manifestation of the processes of development planning in Ghana which have generally been top-down and highly centralized. According to Tandoh-Offin [16], while there has been four development plans under the so-called decentralized development planning in Ghana, majority of the decisions and activities that inform all of these plans since 1992 have followed similar approaches as those before, where central government agencies continued to have dominance in the processes and activities. This results affirms Adjei et al. [17] assertion that although Ghana’s decentralized forest management intervention recognizes local authorities and creates the requisite democratic space for community representation in forest governance, failure of Forestry Commission (FC) to transfer adequate decision-making power and resources among other factors have collectively undermine local authorities’ capacity to be responsive and accountable to the collaborative process in forest management. To the extent that chiefs and assembly members are unaware of the ownership of forest reserves in their localities, tells the un-participatory nature of our so-called decentralized system of development planning.
\nThe above responses on ownership also show that fringe communities of forest reserves in Northern region are unaware of their tenure rights. Forest reserves in Ghana according to Boakye and Baffoe [18], are communally owned, but are held in trust by Government on behalf of the stool or skin landowners through the Forest Ordinance of 1927. According to Asare [19] ownership of forest is closely linked to the indigenous system of landownership. Land is communally owned and held in trust on behalf of the people through the stools and skins. Landowners therefore exert substantial control in deciding whether an area should be set aside for reservation. Though the national law grants the government the authority to constitute a reserve on any land it deems appropriate, landowners must be consulted through an arbitration process to take their concerns into consideration. What this means is that landowners whether stools or skins have immense power on setting aside an area as permanent forest estate and always have rights to revenue from the exploitation of the resource.
\nThis was confirmed by the key informants interview with the head of operations of stool lands in the region, who revealed that, all the forest reserves in the region are situated on skin lands with the overlords being the Yaa Naa (Dagbon land), the Nayiri (Mamprugu land), the Yagbun-wura (Gonja land) and the Bimbila Naa (Nanumba land). Unfortunately, the reality is that almost all chiefs and community members believe otherwise as there is no legal framework to that effect. The perception of the fringe communities about tenure rights of forest reserves upholds Brown’s [20] report that Ghana’s forest policies have not any legislative or tenurial change to stimulate the process of community involvement in forest management. It also agrees with the findings of Ahenkan and Boon [21] that consultation processes that led to the 1994 forest and wildlife policy had limited involvement of local communities. Further, it confirms the assertion by Boakye and Baffoe [18] that, even though Ghana’s forest reserves are supposed to be managed by both public and communal property regimes, management is leaned more to the former. State control often deprives fringe communities of access to forest resources due to their bureaucratic and centralized processes which distance them from management decisions and access to benefits.
\nThe lack of knowledge of communities about the ownership or tenure rights is indirectly contributing to their exclusion from forest management activities [4]. This may affect their commitment and cooperation toward any collaborative efforts.
\nCollective action in solving natural resource problems is more likely when users are dependent on the resource system for a major portion of their livelihood and when users have a common understanding of the problem [6, 22]. Gibson et al. [23] also assert that the value people place on their benefits and losses from development projects is critical in motivating and increasing their commitments to project sustainability. In this study therefore, we sought the opinions of respondents on the benefits derived by their communities from the forest reserves as well as their use- rights and responsibilities.
\nThe survey revealed major benefit derived from the forest reserve which include; wood for charcoal and firewood, bush meat, herbal medicine, protection from rainstorm and poles for roofing. The least mentioned benefits include ropes, provision of shade, esthetics, and chew stick. \nTable 4\n shows a summary of the common benefits that are derived from the forest reserves by the fringe communities.
\nMajor benefits | \nLeast mentioned benefits | \n
---|---|
Wood for charcoal and firewood | \nRopes | \n
Bush meat | \nProvision of shade | \n
Herbal medicine | \nEsthetics | \n
Protection from rainstorm | \nIncome | \n
Poles for roofing | \nChew stick | \n
Thatch grass | \nStimulation of rain or good weather | \n
Grazing grounds for animals | \nSand winning for building purposes | \n
Fodder | \nForest serving as a hideout for wee smokers | \n
Food (fruits) | \n\n |
Water | \n\n |
Farmland | \n\n |
Honey | \n\n |
Using the reserve as a place of worship | \n\n |
Using the forest as a place of convenience | \n\n |
Using the reserve as recreational grounds | \n\n |
Summary of benefits derived from the forest reserves.
Given the statement by Odera’s [24] that, sustained forest benefits to community members guarantees a successful collaborative forest management implementation, the enjoyment of aforementioned benefits by fringe communities in the study area is likely to boost their interest and commitment to any collaborative effort for sustainable management of the forest reserves. Notwithstanding that, the survey also revealed that not all the above benefits are enjoyed legally. Some community members harvest quantities beyond what is enjoyed on them. The study therefore sought views of both household respondents and key informants on communities’ rights to use the forest reserves.
\nAdmitted rights are customary rights enjoyed by communities and individuals living close to forest reserve at the time of reservation when they are not seen as harmful to the forest. These rights include cultural and religious rights such as entry into the reserve to perform some cultural rites ([25], p. 29). The household survey revealed that majority 262 of the respondents (70.8%) admitted to having the right to freely enter the forest reserves whilst the remaining 108 (29.2%) said they do not have free access to forest reserves. The most common reasons given by the 29.2% (108) of household heads who said they are not allowed entry into the forest reserves are that, they are denied because:
\nSome members destroy the forest by cutting down trees for fire wood; the forest reserve is not for the community; if people are allowed to enter the forest freely, they can destroy the reserve; forest staff feel unsafe to let local people enter freely due to past experience with encroachers; and finally that some members go into the forest reserves to sell illegal drugs like marijuana.
\nThese reasons by those who said they are denied entry into the reserves may suggest that some members are sometimes not allowed to enter the reserve not because they do not have the right, but due to the possible illegal activities they may carry out in the reserve. This is evident in the list of benefits (\nTable 4\n) enjoyed by communities which included harvesting of wood for charcoal and firewood for sale. As indicated by Marfo [26] the statutory law only recognizes “customary” access and use rights for domestic purposes. Therefore it is illegal for fringe communities to access non-timer forest products for commercial purposes. However, when respondents were asked about their admitted rights (\nTable 5\n) 78.4% of them admitted to their communities having rights to harvest medicinal plants, 70% admitted to collecting edible fruits like shea and dawadawa, 60.3% admitted to harvesting thatch grass for roofing and 54.6% admitted to harvesting firewood for domestic purposes. \nTable 5\n shows the admitted rights enjoyed by the fringe communities.
\n\n | Harvest firewoodfor domestic use? | \nCollect shea and dawadawa fruits? | \nHarvest medicinal plants? | \nHarvest thatch for roofing? | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | Yes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \nYes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \nYes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \nYes (Freq/%) | \nNo (Freq/%) | \n
Damongo | \n71 (35.1%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n71 (27.4%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n70 (24.1%) | \n1 (1.2%) | \n64 (28.7%) | \n7 (4.8%) | \n
Tamale | \n77 (38.1%) | \n132 (78.6%) | \n106 (40.9%) | \n103 (92.8%) | \n131 (45.2%) | \n78 (97.5%) | \n77 (34.5%) | \n132 (89.8%) | \n
Walewale | \n26 (12.9%) | \n16 (9.5%) | \n41 (15.8%) | \n1 (0.9%) | \n41 (14.1%) | \n1 (1.2%) | \n41 (18.4%) | \n1 (0.7%) | \n
Yendi | \n28 (13.9%) | \n20 (11.9%) | \n41 (15.8%) | \n7 (6.3%) | \n48 (16.6%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n41 (18.4%) | \n7 (4.8%) | \n
Total | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n\n | \n
Responses on admitted rights enjoined by the fringe communities.
Like the household heads, the interviews with the district forest managers revealed that fringe communities in the study area have the right of access into the reserve (using the right paths) and the right to harvest non-timber forest products for domestic use such as thatch grass, medicinal plants, dry wood for firewood, controlled grazing, shea nuts, dawadawa fruits and canes. However, due to abuse of rights for controlled grazing, it is no more allowed in the reserves. Some forest guards believe that communities are entitled to harvest non-timber forest products, but these rights are sometimes abused. One of the forest guards replied as follows:
\n\n
In contrast to the views of the district managers and some forest guards, four of the eight forest guards interviewed are of the opinion that farmers do not have any right to collect any product from the reserves because those rights are confined to only off-reserve woodlands (woodlands outside reserves).
\nIn reality, the responses from these four forest guards only imply that they do not understand what user-rights are, or are unaware of the user-rights of communities over forest reserves. The lack of awareness of forest guards may serve as the basis for abuse of use-rights of communities (by way of access restriction to forest reserves) and that can be a source of conflict between them and community members.
\nA chi- square test of independence on household responses on admitted rights gave p-value of 0.000. Being smaller than the alpha value of 0.05, a p-value of 0.000 indicate that there is significance differences between the forest districts with regards to respondents’ views on their rights over the forest reserves. For instance, \nTable 5\n shows that for harvesting of fruits and medicinal plants, almost all the respondents in Damongo, walewale and Yendi answered in the affirmative whilst for Tamale 37.3% think otherwise. The trend is different with regards to harvesting of firewood for domestic use, where all the respondents from Damongo district answered in the affirmative with only 36.8% (77) of the respondents in Tamale district answering in the affirmative. This differences are probably because some community members do not know their rights. It may also be due to the over protective attitude of forest guards in the Tamale district as compared to those in other districts. Tamale Metropolis is the most concentrated in terms of population density and also the most urbanized district in the region, it has the highest proportion (14.3%) of the economically active population in the Northern region [13]. As such there is a likely need for more land for development, hence the need for tight precautions against encroachment. This could be a good reason to make forest guards in the Metropolis over protective of the forest reserves.
\nThe key informant interview with chiefs partly confirms the responses from the household survey. Sixteen out of the 23 chiefs admitted to their communities having user-rights though sometimes with difficulties. The remaining seven chiefs (six from the Walewale district and one from Tamale district) indicated that their communities do not have any use- rights to the reserves. Similarly, 16 out of the 23 “magazias” (women leaders) interviewed admitted to their community members having rights to collect some firewood and some non-wood forest products for domestic purposes. It was revealed by the “magazias” that the rights of women differ from that of men. Whereas women usually fetch water from the streams in the reserves, gather vegetables and fruits and harvest firewood for domestic use, men are allowed to hunt, harvest termites (for fowls), poles, thatch, as well as harvest firewood for sale.
\nThe responses from some household heads, chiefs and magazias who indicated their communities do not have user-rights to the reserves show they are ignorant of their rights. Their responses could be attributed to their exclusion from management decisions or due to lack of awareness of communities’ rights by the forest guards who blatantly restrict communities’ access to the reserves. This is manifested in the responses of some forest guards about their knowledge on communities’ right to the reserves in the following paragraph.
\nWhen asked about the knowledge on user-rights of communities the following were some of the responses from the forest guards:
\n\n
\n
The above responses from some forest guards point to the fact that administration of forest reserves in the study area is not participatory. To the extent that frontline staffs of FSD believe that fringe communities do not have any user-rights to forest reserves, shows FSD is still holding onto the “command and control” system of management as was reported by Husseini et al. [4]. Moreover, because some community members are unaware of their rights over the forest reserves, they have come to accept the denial of their rights as the norm and so they do not challenge the status quo. The likely result of this denial is illegal access of the forest resources by community members since there is no motivation for them to protect the forest reserves. A situation which downfalls one of the purposes of the revised Forest and Wildlife policy (2012) as stated in its policy strategic direction Section 4.1 Subsection 4.1.2, clause f, which seeks to define forest and tree rights in all kinds of forests and ownership systems (2012, p. 28).
\nA social responsibility agreement (SRA) may be defined as an agreement capable of being enforced in a court of law which imposes a duty on a timber contractor to provide certain acceptable social amenities to the communities whose forest the contractor operates to the tune of 5% of the annual royalties payable by the contractor. These agreements are ways of ensuring that all Timber Utilization Contract activities are done in a more socially responsible way that respect the rights of the land owners. It is usually attached as a schedule to the contract, which is legally binding. SRAs are negotiated by the FSD with the affected communities in advance of the contract being advertised ([25], p. 33).
\nWhen respondents were asked whether they enjoy social responsibility benefits from the reserves, 342 of them (representing 92.4%) admitted they do not benefit whilst 28 (7.6%) indicated they benefit. The reasons given by the 28 (7.6%) respondents, who answered in the affirmative, are that it is their social responsibility to protect the forest from intruders and fire outbreaks. Others think that their SRA is the benefits they get from the reserve like firewood, grazing fields, hunting and football pitches. Certainly, it is clear from the reasons given by the few (7.6%) who claim their communities enjoy SRA that, they do not understand the concept of SRA or the facility does not exist at all as indicated by the majority.
\nFor the 342 (92.4%) who answered in the negative, some of them indicated that it was the first time they were hearing about SRA. Others said that the tree species in the Northern region are not attractive enough for exploitation due to the unfavorable climate, to warrant such social responsibility benefits. Obviously, the latter reason affirms the climate and vegetation of the region, ie. relatively dry with a single rainy season and Guinea savannah [14], which does not support the growth of tall timber tree species. Further, the interview with the forestry staff revealed that, forest reserves in the region were gazetted mainly for protective purposes and so little or negligible exploitation goes on in them. This result also agrees with Mashall [27] that the functions of forest reserves in the Northern territories were for the conservation of water supplies, shelterbelts, and prevention of erosion, shelterbelts and domestic supply of fuel wood, poles and possibly the production of a limited amount of sawn timber. This implies that production of commercial timber was from the unset not the main objective for forest reservation in the study area.
\nSimilar to the views of household heads and the forestry staff, response chiefs, assembly persons and Magazias revealed that fringe communities do not enjoy any social responsibility benefits from the forest reserves. These responses were further confirmed by the head of operations of stool lands in the region, who revealed that due to the non-productive nature of forest reserves in the region, land owners do not receive any royalties or SRA from the reserves. According to him, most revenue from the skin lands in the region come from ground rents, compensation and annual rents. These are fees taken for use of land for farming, residential, commercial and other uses related to physical development. The head of operations of stool lands in the region believes that this situation derails the interest of the chiefs in the reserves.
\nHis response confirms Oduro’s [3] observation that the current forest and wildlife policy is silent on how to reward owners of forests, zoned for permanent protection. The author argues that although owners of production forests receive royalties, those whose forests have been designated for permanent protection and for environmental benefits do not receive any. The lack of social responsibility benefits for fringe communities is a hindrance to their allegiance to any effort toward CFM. Among the reasons for community participation in CFM is to secure access to a given forest and use rights as well as create new sources of income for communities [6]. Therefore, the rights of fringe communities in Northern region have to be secured if their commitment in the collaborative management of forest reserves is to be guaranteed.
\nFringe communities do not only have rights but also have the duties and roles in protecting forests within their areas, under the law and Constitution of Ghana. Section 19 of the LI 1649 places upon the land owner a responsibility not to allow the use of unregistered chainsaw for cutting trees or sawing timber on his or her land. As such, communities have the obligation to control the extent of forest exploitation so that the very important roles played by the forest resources can continue [25]. Households views were therefore sought on what they think are the responsibilities of community members to the management of forest reserves. \nTable 6\n shows the responses on what households perceive as responsibilities of their communities toward management of forest reserves.
\nDistrict | \nWeeding as a responsibility of community members | \nBoundary clearing as a responsibility of community members | \nNursing seedlings as a responsibility of community members | \nBoundary patrolling as a responsibility of community members | \nFire control as a responsibility of community members | \nBoundary planting as a responsibility of community members | \nPlanting trees as a responsibility of community members | \n|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \nYes (%) | \nNo (%) | \n|
Damango | \n32 (19.5%) | \n39 (19.0%) | \n54 (24.2%) | \n17 (11.6%) | \n12 (11.8) | \n59 (22.0%) | \n22 (15.4%) | \n49 (21.6%) | \n71 (24.1%) | \n0 (0.0%) | \n26 (17.0%) | \n45 (20.7%) | \n67 (24.5%) | \n4 (4.2%) | \n
Tamale | \n78 (47.6%) | \n131 (63.6%) | \n103 (46.2%) | \n106 (72.1%) | \n49 (48.0%) | \n160 (59.7%) | \n68 (47.5%) | \n141 (62.1%)1 | \n136 46.3%) | \n73 (96.1%) | \n72 (47.1%) | \n137 (63.1%) | \n123 (44.9%) | \n86 (89.6%) | \n
Walewale | \n24 (14.6%) | \n18 (8.7%) | \n29 (13.0%) | \n13 (8.8%) | \n16 (15.7%) | \n26 (9.7%) | \n22 (15.4%) | \n20 (8.8%) | \n40 (13.6%) | \n2 (2.6%) | \n24 (15.7%) | \n18 (8.3%) | \n39 (14.2%) | \n3 (3.1%) | \n
Yendi | \n30 (18.3%) | \n18 (8.7%) | \n37 (16.6%) | \n11 (7.5%) | \n25 (24.5%) | \n23 (8.6%) | \n31 (21.7%) | \n17 (7.5%) | \n47 (16.0%) | \n1 (1.3%) | \n31 (20.3%) | \n17 (7.8%) | \n45 (16.4%) | \n3 (3.1%) | \n
Household perception about communities’ responsibilities to forest reserves.
The study showed that only three management activities namely boundary clearing, fire control and planting of trees in the reserves were admitted by the majority of households’ respondents as the responsibilities of their communities toward the management of forest reserves (\nTable 6\n).
\nSimilarly, responses from the key informants’ interviews with the district forest managers, Forest guards, chiefs, assembly members and magazias revealed fringe communities’ roles in the management of forest reserves to be provision of labour for plantation establishment and contract boundary clearing. These results are not surprising since these are the activities that FSD usually involves community members as reported by Husseini et al. [4].
\nCommunities seeing these activities as their responsibilities are a positive condition that can be used as a means to awaken their interest and commitment to the collaborative management of forest reserves. That notwithstanding, it can be realized from \nTable 6\n that majority of the households do not regard the remaining four activities (Weeding, nursing of seedlings, boundary patrol and boundary planting) as their community responsibilities. This mind set defeats the very purpose of the revised forest and wildlife policy (2012, p. 27) which has in its policy strategic direction 4.1 Subsection 4.1.1 clause d; to “support local communities, non-governmental Organizations including women and youth to receive training that allow them meet their objective and assume optimal management responsibilities.”
\nThe implication is that in the absence of contract boundary cleaning or fire outbreak, and in the absence of plantation programs like the Modified taungya system in the reserves, communities do not bear any responsibility toward the management of forest reserves. Lack of shared responsibilities among the communities and forestry department coupled with communities’ perception that forest reserves belong to the state, is likely to hinder any effort toward collaborative management. Collaborative forest management is most beneficial if both parties take on responsibilities that maximize their capacity ([28, 29], pp. 55–77).
\nWe conclude that fringe communities enjoy some benefits and limited access to the forest reserves, but they do not know their tenure rights, user-rights and responsibilities to the reserves. Most front-line staff of FSD are unaware of the user-rights of fringe communities which is the reason for denying access of the reserves to community members. Improving collaborative management means changing the perceptions and attitudes of communities and frontline staff of FSD, respectively, and securing communities rights to the reserves.
\nTo serve the interest of fringe communities and secure their commitment to responsible collaborative management of forest reserves, we recommend the following: The forestry department should educate community members on their tenure, rights and responsibilities to the reserves and involve them in the processes of decision-making. FSD in collaboration with collaborative forest management Unit (CFMU) of the Ghana forestry commission, should improve the capacity of their frontline staff on the rights and responsibilities of communities in CFM so as to avoid the unlawful denial of fringe communities of what rightfully belong to them.
\nForest Fringe communities in the Northern region are not enjoying social responsibility benefits and royalties because the forest reserves were gazetted mainly to protect major rivers within the region. Meanwhile the beneficiaries of these rivers are the Ghana Water Company and the Volta River Authority who are making huge financial gains against the restrictions of right to communities. It is thus recommended that Government ensures that the two beneficiary companies give at least 0.5% of their revenue to FC, fringe communities and land owners as their social responsibility contributions. The part given to the FC could be used to develop the forest reserves through plantation development and to facilitate their activities with communities. That of the communities could be used to provide social amenities for them while the part for the land owners will boost their interest and motivate them to support their communities in sustainable management of forest reserves. This will, in the long term, benefit the two companies since the continuous protection of the rivers depends on the sustainable management of these forest reserves; the success of which in turn depends on the continuous support and cooperation of the fringe communities.
\nIntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
",metaTitle:"Partnerships",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/partnerships",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:500},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"886",title:"Natural Resources",slug:"natural-resources",parent:{id:"145",title:"Sustainable Management",slug:"sustainable-management"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:16,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"886",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1675",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73b3d7d9bea3fd36b94299f40088e0e8",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",bookSignature:"Abiud Kaswamila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1675.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"25746",doi:"10.5772/32987",title:"An Analysis of the Contribution of Community Wildlife Management Areas on Livelihood in Tanzania",slug:"an-analysis-of-the-contribution-of-community-wildlife-management-areas-on-livelihood-in-tanzania",totalDownloads:4561,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Abiud Kaswamila",authors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"}]},{id:"25747",doi:"10.5772/36424",title:"Assessment of Livestock Loss Factors in the Western Serengeti, Tanzania",slug:"assessment-of-livestock-loss-factors-in-the-western-serengeti-tanzania",totalDownloads:2382,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"J. W. Nyahongo and E. Røskaft",authors:[{id:"108296",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Nyahongo",slug:"julius-nyahongo",fullName:"Julius Nyahongo"}]},{id:"25744",doi:"10.5772/35035",title:"Sustainable Natural Resource Management, a Global Challenge of This Century",slug:"sustainable-natural-resource-management-a-global-challenge-of-this-century",totalDownloads:3534,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Esmail Karamidehkordi",authors:[{id:"102701",title:"Dr.",name:"Esmail",middleName:null,surname:"Karamidehkordi",slug:"esmail-karamidehkordi",fullName:"Esmail Karamidehkordi"}]},{id:"25743",doi:"10.5772/36369",title:"Sustainable Use of Natural Resources of Dryland Regions in Controlling of Environmental Degradation and Desertification",slug:"sustainable-use-of-natural-resources-of-dryland-regions-in-controlling-of-environmental-degradation-",totalDownloads:2251,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Peter F. Ffolliott",authors:[{id:"108039",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ffolliott",slug:"peter-ffolliott",fullName:"Peter Ffolliott"}]},{id:"25745",doi:"10.5772/33019",title:"Roles of Diverse Stakeholders in Natural Resources Management and Their Relationships with Regional Bodies in New South Wales, Australia",slug:"roles-of-diverse-stakeholders-in-natural-resources-management-and-their-relationships-with-regional-",totalDownloads:2416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Brent C. Jacobs and Peter R. Brown",authors:[{id:"93667",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",slug:"peter-brown",fullName:"Peter Brown"},{id:"93672",title:"Dr.",name:"Brent",middleName:"Charles",surname:"Jacobs",slug:"brent-jacobs",fullName:"Brent Jacobs"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"25747",title:"Assessment of Livestock Loss Factors in the Western Serengeti, Tanzania",slug:"assessment-of-livestock-loss-factors-in-the-western-serengeti-tanzania",totalDownloads:2383,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"J. W. Nyahongo and E. Røskaft",authors:[{id:"108296",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",middleName:null,surname:"Nyahongo",slug:"julius-nyahongo",fullName:"Julius Nyahongo"}]},{id:"25744",title:"Sustainable Natural Resource Management, a Global Challenge of This Century",slug:"sustainable-natural-resource-management-a-global-challenge-of-this-century",totalDownloads:3536,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Esmail Karamidehkordi",authors:[{id:"102701",title:"Dr.",name:"Esmail",middleName:null,surname:"Karamidehkordi",slug:"esmail-karamidehkordi",fullName:"Esmail Karamidehkordi"}]},{id:"25743",title:"Sustainable Use of Natural Resources of Dryland Regions in Controlling of Environmental Degradation and Desertification",slug:"sustainable-use-of-natural-resources-of-dryland-regions-in-controlling-of-environmental-degradation-",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Peter F. Ffolliott",authors:[{id:"108039",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ffolliott",slug:"peter-ffolliott",fullName:"Peter Ffolliott"}]},{id:"25745",title:"Roles of Diverse Stakeholders in Natural Resources Management and Their Relationships with Regional Bodies in New South Wales, Australia",slug:"roles-of-diverse-stakeholders-in-natural-resources-management-and-their-relationships-with-regional-",totalDownloads:2417,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"Brent C. Jacobs and Peter R. Brown",authors:[{id:"93667",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",slug:"peter-brown",fullName:"Peter Brown"},{id:"93672",title:"Dr.",name:"Brent",middleName:"Charles",surname:"Jacobs",slug:"brent-jacobs",fullName:"Brent Jacobs"}]},{id:"25741",title:"Upstream Landscape Dynamics of US National Parks with Implications for Water Quality and Watershed Management",slug:"upstream-landscape-dynamics-of-us-national-parks-with-implications-for-water-quality-and-watershed-m",totalDownloads:1942,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1675",slug:"sustainable-natural-resources-management",title:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Natural Resources Management"},signatures:"William B. Monahan and John E. Gross",authors:[{id:"96954",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Monahan",slug:"william-monahan",fullName:"William Monahan"},{id:"100976",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Gross",slug:"john-gross",fullName:"John Gross"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"886",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"