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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8171",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Genes and Cancer",title:"Genes and Cancer",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cancer is a malignant tumor caused by DNA damage, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth. Tumor progression is locally favored by the mitogenic effects of hormones or growth factors, which stimulate the tumor's growth, or the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, which induces angiogenesis and leads to metastasis. About 300 out of 25,000 genes that set up the human genome are involved in cancer pathology. These genes are divided into three groups: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. Activated oncogenes promote the development of cancer, whereas the tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes have a protective role by respectively inhibiting cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis, or by repairing DNA damage occurring during the cell cycle. This book discusses the issue of tumor suppressor genes through chapters written by experts using advanced biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology tools. The tumor suppressor genes can be used as markers of risk to identify populations with high risk or targets for cancer treatment and therapeutic resistance. We hope that the work provided in this book will be useful for researchers and students and will increase knowledge of the understanding of cancer and improve its treatment.",isbn:"978-1-78984-427-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-426-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-974-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78120",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"genes-and-cancer",numberOfPages:126,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"209b5cea5cbc980442ef0c22782b3792",bookSignature:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy",publishedDate:"September 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8171.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4947,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 25th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 18th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"182568",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy-Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Lemamy",slug:"guy-joseph-lemamy",fullName:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182568/images/system/182568.png",biography:"Guy Joseph Lemamy, PhD, is currently General Manager of High Institute of Medical Biology at University of Health Sciences, in Libreville, Gabon (Institut Supérieur de Biologie Médicale de L'Université des Sciences de la Santé) Professor at the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology-Genetics, he also leads the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathobiology. Dr Lemamy obtained his PhD in Biochemistry and Cell Biology at the Faculty of Medicine, Université Montpellier, France. His PhD thesis concerned the research for new tumor markers in breast cancer led by Medical Research Institute (INSERM U148) in Montpellier, France. Dr Lemamy is the author of many book chapters and journal articles about tumor markers and is involved in other scientific activities in his country Gabon. He is a Member of Scientific Advisory Board of Gabon Scientific Research Guiding Plan and CHEVALIER DES PALMES ACADEMIQUES of International Order of Academic Palms of African and Malagasy Council for Higher Education.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Université des Sciences de la Santé",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Gabon"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"186",title:"Medical Genetics",slug:"medical-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"67560",title:"N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (NDRG2) as a Novel Tumor Suppressor in Multiple Human Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86798",slug:"n-myc-downstream-regulated-gene-2-ndrg2-as-a-novel-tumor-suppressor-in-multiple-human-cancers",totalDownloads:801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) was identified as a novel tumor suppressor gene in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and metastasis of multiple cancer types. Consistent with this finding, we and other groups observed the decreased NDRG2 expression in multiple human cancer cell lines and tumors, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and cervical cancer. We identified NDRG2 as a stress sensor for hypoxia, DNA damage stimuli and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Our recent data showed that NDRG2 could promote the differentiation of colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, we found that reduced NDRG2 expression was a powerful and independent predictor of poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. Furthermore, NDRG2 can inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by positively regulating E-cadherin expression. Moreover, NDRG2-deficient mice show spontaneous development of various tumor types, including T-cell lymphomas, providing in vivo evidence that NDRG2 functions as a tumor suppressor gene. We believe that NDRG2 is a novel tumor suppressor and might be a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.",signatures:"Jian Zhang, Xia Li, Liangliang Shen, Yan Li and Libo Yao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67560",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67146",title:"METCAM/MUC18: A Novel Tumor Suppressor for Some Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86271",slug:"metcam-muc18-a-novel-tumor-suppressor-for-some-cancers",totalDownloads:843,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"METCAM/MUC18, a component of cellular membrane, is a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) in the Ig-like gene super-family. It is capable of carrying out general functions of CAMs, such as performing intercellular interactions and interaction of cell with extracellular matrix in tumor microenvironment, interacting with various signaling pathways, and regulating social behaviors of cells. METCAM/MUC18 plays the tumor suppressor function in some cancers, such as colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma type I, one mouse melanoma subline K1735-9, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer PC-3 cell line, and perhaps hemangioma. Possible mechanism in the METCAM/MUC18-mediated tumor suppression is proposed. By taking advantage of the tumor suppressor function of METCAM/MUC18, recombinant METCAM/MUC18 proteins and other derived products may be used as therapeutic agents to treat these cancers.",signatures:"Guang-Jer Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67146",authors:[{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"65960",title:"Tumour Suppressor Genes with Oncogenic Roles in Lung Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85017",slug:"tumour-suppressor-genes-with-oncogenic-roles-in-lung-cancer",totalDownloads:1162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. High-throughput sequencing efforts have uncovered the molecular heterogeneity of this disease, unveiling several genetic and epigenetic disruptions driving its development. Unlike oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes negatively regulate cell cycle control and exhibit loss-of-function alterations in cancer. Although tumour suppressor genes are more frequently disrupted, oncogenes are more likely to be drug-targeted. Many genes are described as presenting both tumour suppressive and oncogenic functions in different tumour types or even within the natural history of the disease in a single tumour. In this chapter, we describe current knowledge of tumour suppressor genes in lung tissues, focusing on tumour suppressor/oncogene duality.",signatures:"Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho, Florian Guisier, Leigha D. Rock, Daiana D. Becker-Santos, Adam P. Sage, Erin A. Marshall and Wan L. Lam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65960",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68470",title:"Duplicitous Dispositions of Micro-RNAs (miRs) in Breast Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88466",slug:"duplicitous-dispositions-of-micro-rnas-mirs-in-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In 1993, a gene silencer known as lin-4 was first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans and demonstrated to be critical for larval development. Lin-4 belongs to a family of signaling molecules known as non-protein coding microRNAs (miRNAs) which are not only highly conserved in humans, but also involved in the fundamental processes of oncogenesis. While miRNAs are not translated to proteins themselves, they are capable of regulating the expression and translation of other genes thus affecting a multitude of biological and pathological pathways as well as those essential to the malignant landscape. The aim of this chapter is to explore the diverse roles of miRNAs in the context of breast cancer. Following a brief overview of miRNA biogenesis, this chapter covers the production of miRNAs by tumor cells and stromal cells, onco-suppressor miRNAs, use as therapeutics, contribution to therapeutic resistance, and finally their emerging role as biomarkers.",signatures:"Amal Qattan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68470",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68470",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67680",title:"Regulation of HDACi−Triggered Autophagy by the Tumor Suppressor Protein p53",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86911",slug:"regulation-of-hdaci-triggered-autophagy-by-the-tumor-suppressor-protein-p53",totalDownloads:1394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer is a complex genetic and epigenetic-based disease that has developed a multitude of mechanisms in evading cell death. Deregulation of apoptosis and autophagy are commonly encountered during the development of human tumors. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been employed to reverse epigenetically deregulated gene expression caused by aberrant post-translational protein modifications. These interfere with histone acetyltransferase- and deacetylase-mediated acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins, and thereby exert a wide array of HDACi-stimulated cytotoxic effects. Key determinants of HDACi lethality that interfere with cellular growth in a multitude of tumor cells are apoptosis and autophagy. Currently, the factors that determine the mode of HDACi-elicited cell death are mostly unclear however. Experimental evidence of the last decade convincingly reports that the frequently mutated tumor suppressor protein p53 can act either as an activator or as an inhibitor of autophagy depending on its subcellular localization, and linked to its mode of action. Consistently, we recently described p53 as a regulatory switch that governs if histone deacetylase inhibitor-administered uterine sarcoma cells undergo autophagy or apoptosis. By highlighting this novel finding, we summarize in this chapter the role of p53-mediated signaling during the activation of the autophagic pathway in tumor cells in response to HDACi.",signatures:"Maria Mrakovcic and Leopold F. Fröhlich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67680",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6813",title:"Cancer Prognosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"003e408f4cf707dd4bbf3332fe49eeb0",slug:"cancer-prognosis",bookSignature:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182568",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy-Joseph",surname:"Lemamy",slug:"guy-joseph-lemamy",fullName:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7536",title:"Modern Medical Genetics and Genomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0809faf783cd9332a668976694b69931",slug:"modern-medical-genetics-and-genomics",bookSignature:"Israel Gomy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126844",title:"Dr.",name:"Israel",surname:"Gomy",slug:"israel-gomy",fullName:"Israel Gomy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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\r\n\tBrain science is a broad research field covering many dynamic and challenging topics. Using PET imaging techniques, one of the research mainstreams is brain-related scientific simulation or computer-modeled brain network development and the other one is the study of mind theory as well as improvement of mind communication and brain neuroplasticity enhancement using various scientific methods including neuroimaging and neurocomputation. This book will review the recent developments of brain science related neuroimaging including neural networks, brain-computer interface and computational neuroscience based on well-developed neuroscience principles and models; and also include well-studied pharmacological researches regarding the theory of mind, metacognition and mindreading, together with neuroplasticity enhancement using advanced neuroimaging and brain mapping techniques.
\r\n\r\n\tThorough review and detailed illustrations of the current brain science-related technique including neural network algorithms and applications, brain computer interface device and disease treatment, computational neuroscience simulation and realization will be the main focus of this book. This new book would hopefully capture the interests of colleagues interested in brain science principles and neuroimaging applications, as well as disease diagnosis and treatment, and could help convey the methodological and developmental perspectives of PET brain science in engineering, neuroscience and medical application field.
\r\n\t
More than 50 years ago, Biot [1, 2] proposed a semi-phenomenological theory which provides a rigorous description of the propagation of acoustic waves in porous media saturated by a compressible viscous fluid. Due to its very general and rather fundamental character, it has been applied in various fields of acoustics such as geophysics, underwater acoustics, seismology, ultrasonic characterization of bones, etc. Biot’s theory describes the motion of the solid and the fluid, as well as the coupling between the two phases. The loss of acoustic energy is due mainly to the viscosity of the fluid and the relative fluid-structure movement. The model predicts that the acoustic attenuation, as well as the speed of sound, depends on the frequency and elastic constants of the porous material, as well as porosity, tortuosity, permeability, etc. The theory predicts two compressional waves: a fast wave, where the fluid and solid move in phase, and a slow wave where fluid and solid move out of phase. Johnson et al. [3] introduced the concept of tortuosity or dynamic permeability which has better described the viscous losses between fluid and structure in both high and low frequencies.
\nAir-saturated porous materials such as plastic foams or fibrous materials are widely used in passive control and noise reduction. These materials have interesting acoustic properties for sound absorption, and their use is quite common in the building trade and automotive and aeronautical fields. The determination of the physical parameters of the medium from reflected and transmitted experimental data is a classical inverse scattering problem.
\nPulse propagation in porous media is usually modeled by synthesizing the signal via a Fourier transform of the continuous wave results. On the other hand, experimental measurements are usually carried out using pulses of finite bandwidth. Therefore, direct modeling in the time domain is highly desirable [4–10]. The temporal and frequency approaches are complementary for studying the propagation of acoustic signals. For transient signals, the temporal approach is the most appropriate because it is closer to the experimental reality and the finite duration of the signal. However, for monochromatic harmonic signals, the frequency approach is the most suitable [11].
\nFractional calculus has been used in the past by many authors as an empirical method to describe the viscoelastic properties of materials (e.g., see Caputo [12] and Bagley and Torvik [13]). The fact that acoustic attenuation, stiffness, and damping in porous materials are proportional to the fractional powers of frequency [4, 5, 7, 9, 10] suggests that fractional-order time derivatives could describe the propagation of acoustic waves in these materials.
\nIn this chapter, acoustic wave propagation in porous media is studied in the high- and the low-frequency range. The direct and inverse scattering problems are solved for the mechanical characterization of the medium. The general Biot model applied to porous materials having elastic structure is treated, and also the equivalent fluid model, used for air-saturated porous materials (\nFigures 1\n and \n2\n).
\nAir-saturated plastic foam.
Human cancellous bone sample.
In porous media, the equations of motion of the frame and fluid are given by the Euler equations applied to the Lagrangian density. Here, \n
where \n
\n\n
The Young modulus and the Poisson ratio of the solid \n
The mass coupling parameter \n
where \n
where \n
The range of frequencies such that viscous skin thickness \n
is called the low-frequency range. For these frequencies, the viscous forces are important everywhere in the fluid. When \n
\n\n
where \n
\n\n
where \n
The introduction of the tortuosity operator \n
In these equations, the temporal operators \n
where \n
The wave equations of dilatational and rotational waves can be obtained using scalar and vector displacement potentials, respectively. Two scalar potentials for the frame and the fluid, \n
where \n
Two distinct longitudinal modes called fast and slow waves are obtained by the resolution of the eigenvalue problem of the matrix of Biot (Eq. (14)). On a basis of fast and slow waves \n
where \n
Their corresponding eigenvectors are
\nwhere
\nand
\nCoefficients \n
The fast and slow waves \n
where the coefficients \n
and
\nwhere Eq. (18) is a fractional propagation equations [17] in time domain of the fast and slow waves, respectively. These equations describe the attenuation and the spreading of the temporal signal propagating inside the porous material. These fractional propagation equations have been solved and well-studied in the case of rigid porous materials using the equivalent fluid model.
\nIn the acoustics of porous media, two situations can be distinguished: elastic and rigid frame materials. In the first case, the Biot [1, 2] theory is best suited. In the second case, the acoustic wave cannot vibrate the structure. The equivalent fluid model is then used, in which the acoustic wave propagates inside the saturating fluid [8, 11]. The equations for the acoustics in the equivalent fluid model are given by
\nIn these relations, \n
In Eq. (20), the viscous and thermal losses that contribute to the sound damping in acoustic materials are not described. The thermal exchanges are generally negligible near viscous effects in the porous materials obeying to the Biot theory, this is not the case for air-saturated porous materials using the equivalent fluid model. To take into account the fluid-structure exchanges, the density and compressibility of the fluid are “renormalized” by the dynamic tortuosity \n
The thermal exchanges to the fluid compressions-dilatations are produced by the wave motion. The parts of the fluid affected by the thermal exchanges can be estimated by the ratio of a microscopic characteristic length of thermal skin depth thickness \n
The expression of the dynamic compressibility is given by
\nwhere \n
where \n
In a high-frequency limit, Allard and Champoux [18] showed the following behavior of \n
Replacing \n
In the time domain (using the convention \n
In this equation, the term \n
with
\nwhere \n
\n\n
and \n
Let us consider a homogeneous porous material which occupies the region \n
where
\nThese expressions are simplified by taking into account the reflections at the interfaces \n
where \n
The experimental setup consists of two transducers broadband Ultran NCT202 with a central frequency of 190 kHz in air and a bandwidth of 6 dB extending from 150 to 230 kHz [19]. A pulser/receiver 5058PR Panametrics sends pulses of 400 V. The high-frequency noise is avoided by filtering the received signals above 1 MHz. Electronic interference is eliminated by 1000 acquisition averages. The experimental setup is shown in \nFigure 3\n. The inverse problem is to find the parameters \n
Experimental setup of the ultrasonic measurements.
Consider a sample of plastic foam M1, of thicknesses \n
Experimental incident signal (solid line) and experimental transmitted signal (dashed line).
Variation of the minimization function
Variation of the cost function
Comparison between the experimental transmitted signal (black dashed line) and the simulated transmitted signals (black line) using the reconstructed values of
In the low-frequency domain, the viscous forces are important everywhere in all the fluid saturating the porous material. The thermal exchanges between fluid and structure are favored by the slowness of the cycle of expansion and compression in the material. The temperature of the frame is practically unchanged by the passage of the sound wave because of the high value of its specific heat: the frame acts as a thermostat; the isothermal compressibility is directly applicable. In this domain, the viscous skin thickness \n
We consider the low-frequency approximations of the response factor \n
For a wave traveling along the direction \n
where the Euler equation is reduced to Darcy’s law which defines the static flow resistivity \n
The fields which are varying in time, the pressure, the acoustic velocity, etc. follow a diffusion equation with the diffusion constant:
\nThe diffusion constant \n
where \n
The expression of the reflection coefficient \n
The development of these expressions in exponential series leads to the reflection coefficient:
\nThe multiple reflections in the material are taken into account in these expressions. As the attenuation is high in the porous materials, the multiple reflection effects are negligible. Let us consider the reflections at the interfaces \n
The reflection scattering operator is calculated by taking the inverse Laplace transform of the reflection coefficient.
\nWe infer [32] that
\nwhere erf is the error function. By putting
\nwe obtain
\nUsing the relation
\nwhich with the variable change \n
The reflection scattering operator is then given by
\nConsider a sample of porous material having a physical parameters that correspond to quite common acoustic materials, as follows: thickness \n
To obtain the simulated reflected waves, we use the incident signal given in \nFigure 8\n (dashed line). The result (reflected wave) is the wave given in the same figure (\nFigure 8\n) in solid line. The spectra of the two waves (incident and reflected) are given in \nFigure 9\n. From \nFigure 8\n, we can see that there is just an attenuation of the reflected wave without dispersion, since the two waves have the same spectral bandwidth (\nFigure 9\n). \nFigure 8\n shows the results obtained after reducing flow resistivity by \n
Incident signal (dashed line) and simulated reflected signal (solid line).
Spectrum of incident signal (dashed line) and spectrum of reflected signal (solid line).
For the propagation of transient signals at low frequency, a guide (pipe) [32], having a diameter of 5 cm and of length 50 m, is chosen. The pipe can be rolled without perturbations on experimental signals (the cutoff frequency of the tube \n
where \n
Experimental setup of acoustic measurements.
Experimental incident signal (solid line) and experimental reflected signal (dashed line), and their spectra, respectively.
Variation of the minimization function
Comparison between experimental reflected signal (dashed line) and simulated reflected signal (solid line) for the sample M1.
This alternative acoustic method has the advantage of being simple and effective since it requires the use of only one microphone and therefore no calibration problem. In addition, this approach is different from conventional methods (Bies and Hansen [33]) that involve the use of fluid flow measurement techniques and pressure differences. The mathematical analysis of the reflected wave at low frequency is quite simple, because this wave is not propagative in the medium but simply diffusive (having the same frequency band with the incident signal). The wave reflected by the resistive materials has the advantage of being easily detectable experimentally compared to the transmitted wave.
\nAcoustic propagation in porous media involves a large number of physical parameters when the structure is elastic. This number is reduced when the structure is rigid, because the mechanical part does not intervene and thus remains only the acoustic part. The study of high and low frequencies separately solves the inverse problem and characterizes the porous materials in the domain of influence of the physical parameters. The proposed methods are simple and effective and allow an acoustic characterization of porous materials using transmitted or reflected experimental waves.
\nOffshoring is the act of delegating part of business work to an external and/or internal entity that is located somewhere else. Outsourcing involves obtaining certain services/products from a third party, while offshoring companies relocate some of their services/product lines to regions that offer them a competitive advantage. Due to the unifying factor of competitiveness, offshoring and outsourcing can be entangled, leaving a very thin line to separate them—especially in the service sector. Offshoring-outsourcing can involve captive outsourcing, nearshoring, and onshoring, depending on the location of the firm. By 2019, India was the number one destination for most offshore-outsourcing activities, owing to its financial attractiveness and skilled labour [1].
Since 2000, the revenue of the global outsourced services industry had been rising steadily, reaching a peak in 2011, after which it started losing ground, as illustrated by the graph in Figure 1. In 2016, the industry market size dropped to USD 76.9 billion, the lowest revenue since 2005. The largest share of the revenue for this industry came from the Americas, followed by Europe and the Middle East, while Africa barely featured. A much smaller share of global revenue came from the Asia-Pacific region [2]. The cardinal role of outsourcing-offshoring is to cut costs such as taxes and production. Some other drivers include enabling a focus on the core business and solving capacity issues. Apart from information technology that accounts for more than 50% of the global outsourcing revenue, other major sectors include business services, energy, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, retail, travel and transport, and telecom and media. Figure 2 depicts the contribution of some of the selected sectors. However, since the outbreak of COVID-19, many industries have since been affected, causing slack in outsourcing/offshoring.
Global market size of outsourced services from 2000 to 2019 [
Comparison of the total contract value in the global outsourcing market by industry from 2008 to 2011 (in billion USD).
Ever since the first case of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), was detected in Wuhan, China, towards the end of 2019, and declared a global pandemic on 11th March by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [3], attention has now turned to how countries can survive and revive their economies in the new normal. The magnitude of the resultant shock from COVID-19 has not only tested the healthcare and disaster management systems of countries and the agility of policy responses to a public health catastrophe, but it has also significantly impacted businesses and their offshore-outsourcing processes. Unprecedented interruptions to business-as-usual have quickly cascaded across industries and geographies, especially with the implementation of stay-at-home orders in all sub-Saharan countries.
In this chapter, we present how medical industry and other industries have been impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to offshoring-outsourcing business. COVID-19 pandemic resulted in border closure forcing nations to rethink of onshoring; in this chapter we present the tradeoffs between outsourcing-offshoring and onshoring.
Worldwide, the primary goals of the healthcare sector are to cut costs and improve the quality of care. With the acceleration of globalisation, healthcare services are impacted by healthcare outsourcing and offshoring [4]. The healthcare sector’s reliance on offshoring-outsourcing is more pronounced in today’s operating environment. Many incidences during the ongoing pandemic pointed towards either shortages or the non-availability of various materials at the point of requirement or consumption. The items included, among others, face masks and shields, hand sanitisers, surgical-grade materials, and other daily health supplies, escalating the ‘bullwhip’ effect on supply chains leading to onshoring [5].
Despite the opportunities for synergies and improved efficiencies of outsourcing/offshoring, the undertakings are more complex and create longer and more fragmented supply chains which could have disastrous consequences, particularly in the healthcare context [6]. In the first quarter of 2020 (the COVID-19 pandemic), the impact on the production and shipment of pharmaceuticals was not felt. However, the delivery of critical items, such as chemicals, soon started dwindling. The impact led regulators and world leaders to assess the extent to which China dominates the world’s supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their chemical raw materials. An ongoing industry effort in the US and Europe to rebalance the pharmaceutical chemical supply chain is likely to be energised by government initiatives to ensure domestic production of drugs.
As the coronavirus virus (COVID-19) pandemic has spread, health facilities have become overwhelmed, with potentially infectious patients seeking testing kits and personal protective equipment (PPE) (goggles, gloves, face shield and masks, air-purifying respirators and gowns). These critical items, which have been either outsourced or offshored, are in high demand. Many locations have experienced a scarcity of these products, at a time when they are needed most to care for highly infectious patients. An increase in PPE supply, in response to this new demand, would require a large increase in PPE manufacturing. An alternative is to outsource homemade masks, which feasibly could include scarves or bandanas. Some countries have even resorted to using unconventional solutions for PPE at local hospitals, such as plastic water bottle cut-outs for eye protection and plastic garbage bags for gowns. Calls for continuity of supplies through the repurposing of industrial capacity and other means seem unlikely to solve the shortage quickly enough, as supply chains have become more dysfunctional during the pandemic [7] and the global crisis can no longer be contained.
With the urgent need for a rapid acceleration in the manufacturing process for a wide range of test-kits (antibody tests, self-administered, and others), outsourcing and offshoring will play a crucial role in this endeavour. By 2019, the global medical device outsourcing market size was valued at USD 104.5 billion, and it was expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2015 to 2030. Due to the increased spending on contract research organisation (CRO) services, the market for medical device outsourcing is expected to increase during the forecast period. As there is an increased demand for medical devices due to the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, various companies are shifting their focus to research and development, and are outsourcing medical devices [8].
Changes to the ISO standards are likely to drive the demand for specialists in regulatory affairs and quality assurance service providers in the developed countries, precisely due to small-medium enterprises requiring third-party assistance to comply with the new ISO standards. Original equipment manufacturers and subcontractors in developed countries, such as Canada, Japan, the US, and European Union countries, are anticipated to adopt new ISO standards, thereby driving the market for medical device outsourcing [9]. In addition, recent regulatory changes in Europe relating to the quality and outsourcing of medical devices are also anticipated to increase the demand for quality assurance services and regulatory affairs, thereby, accelerating the outsourcing offshoring market growth [9]. Figure 3 shows the projected revenue growth of the outsourced medical service market.
Global medical device sales forecast [
Previously, medical device companies have tended to deliver value, mainly through outsourcing manufacturing and selling their products. However, in the new normal, with mounting pressure on the healthcare system, there are foundational shifts in the care delivery model, and as a result, the industry value chain is set for a drastic overhaul. Therefore, companies will need to step out of their conventional manufacturing role [10]. The WHO reiterated this call to governments and industry to increase PPE manufacturing by 40% to meet rising global demand, and to avoid the severe and mounting disruption to the global supply of PPE being caused by rising demand, panic buying, hoarding and misuse. Thus, putting lives at risk from COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. There is no doubt that the lack of PPE puts health workers and patients at high risk of being infected and infecting others with COVID-19 [11].
Many outsourcing companies that have offshored operations in countries like India, China, Singapore and Vietnam have been devastated by the crisis. Since the global lockdown in March, companies have been failing to deliver orders due to the labour force being forced to stay home. However, although the global crisis damaged businesses, not all companies are losing money. As more people are working from home, the demand for technology that enables online group meetings has skyrocketed. For example, shares in Zoom™ video conferencing companies have risen by 50% since February 2020. Similarly, the demand for TV shows and movies to watch at home soared to the extent that giant streaming services like Netflix™ and YouTube™ reduced the quality of their streaming in Europe to ease the pressure on the internet. Thus, the offshoring-outsourcing of information technology and streaming services is expected to increase post-pandemic to meet the high demand.
The outsourced service industry seems to be less affected, and where it is affected, it is expected to recover shortly, as giant companies will be looking for better ways to cut costs in the post-pandemic era. However, the manufacturing industry has been strongly hit since it involves the movement of parts. In the midst of the pandemic, customers need advanced technology and automation to cope with the uncertainties that companies have been grappling with for the last decade. The outbreak of the coronavirus affected the supply chain and disrupted the supply chain/operation of manufacturing across the world. Companies that heavily offshore-outsource in Vietnam, China and India have been the most vulnerable. The global automotive industry, which imports more than $14 billion (by 2017) in motor parts from China annually, was significantly impacted [12]. In fact, companies throughout the supply chain are being forced to make tough decisions, like slowing or halting production, resourcing products, and re-evaluating revenue. For example, the Italian-American automobile manufacturer, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, halted their production in Serbia [13].
The Indian outsourcing market is worth approximately $50 billion [14]. This includes companies that work in application development areas, such as quality assurance testing services. Companies that rely on outsourcing firms in India range from financial services providers to major technology companies, to name just two of many industries. However, outsourcing firms were simply not prepared for the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown. Outsourcing companies lacked the infrastructure to work remotely while continuing to manage the performance of their teams and meeting client requirements, and their customers are now feeling the pain in the loss of business continuity. Especially in offshore locations, much of the workforce has not previously been set up for this work-from-home scenario, presenting new tactical and operational challenges [15]. The notion of ‘work from home’ is generally not supported by outsourcing companies, and they do not typically provide workers with laptops to use at home. Even if workers have the technology to work from home, including internet connections and secure systems access, many outsourcing firms require client permission for them to do so.
The outsourcing-offshoring industries do not lend themselves to working from home. For example, because of security concerns, some companies even ask employees to leave even their pens and pencils outside the office. Specifically, the companies that relied on outsourcing firms for their testing services were left in a lurch. Digital quality is now more critical than ever, given our global reliance on digital experiences, and the companies providing those digital experiences are unable to get the testing they need from offshoring-outsourcing firms. In technology, offshoring is simply moving testing from one office to another. Due to cultural and technological factors, that new office may be less capable of ensuring business continuity during a crisis. In addition, offshoring testing services does not equate to an increase in skill sets or the ability to do different types of testing.
The pandemic has been a wake-up call for outsourcing-offshoring economies; why was the US manufacturing industry unable to supply the necessary materials like face masks, medical ventilators, and PPE? Taken together, the US and other advanced industrial economies have evolved a highly efficient and productive product manufacturing-and-delivery system that provides them with a cornucopia of products at relatively low costs. However, inherent to that system are dependencies and expectations that have been called into question by the pandemic. Such performance has fuelled politicians and policymakers to advocate for a reduction in the outsourcing-offshoring business—cementing President Trump’s call to bring the production industry back from overseas.
The US alone reduced the corporate rate from 35–21% to encourage companies to re-offshore. Besides that, some US policymakers are proposing a $25 billion fund for companies to re-offshore/re-outsource back to the US from China for the next five years [16]. Companies like Telstra™ in Australia that depend heavily on the Philippines have enacted plans to hire more than 3500 workers back home [17]. At a glance, COVID-19 is likely to deaccelerate outsourcing-offshoring businesses. However, the issue is complex and defies easy solutions, as discussed in the following offshore-outsource tradeoffs.
The challenge lies in a combination of how modern supply networks are structured and the operational metrics that apply to manufacturers. Gone are the days when one giant manufacturer, like CAT™ or Toyota™, could design, manufacture, and assemble the components needed to make a product. Today’s manufacturing technology is too complicated to have all the skills in one place. Thus, manufacturers have resorted to outsourcing-offshoring to search for those missing skills at a lower cost. Even something as simple as a lightbulb has components like LED lights that must be made in high-tech industries. Day-to-day equipment like smartphones, computers, and medical equipment contain components that require a great deal of precision and accuracy, and that need considerable training and experience.
During the pandemic, among the items in most demand were PPE (e.g. masks and gloves) and ventilators; the latter being the most technical that requires detailed skills and experience to manufacture. A ventilator blows air and oxygen into the patient’s lungs, preventing them from collapsing. They are complicated pieces of machinery that cannot be created or grafted quickly. At the start of the pandemic, the US had 62,000 fully functioning ventilators and nearly 100,000 older model ventilators. With COVID-19 hitting every corner of the country, nearly a million ventilators were required to treat the patients [18]. A single ventilator contains hundreds of parts, and it takes days for an experienced team to make and assemble such parts to produce a ventilator. Ford and GM, leading car manufacturers in the US, spent over 30 days trying to organise the production lines and training workers to produce ventilators [19].
South Africa (SA) was the most affected country in Africa, with almost 750,000 cases of COVID-19 infection by November 2020. For years, South Africa has depended on the United Kingdom (UK) to outsource medical equipment, ventilators included. During the peak of the pandemic in Europe (end of March 2020), Penlon, the leading manufacturer of ventilators in the UK, could not supply SA, citing the incapability of the company to produce extra ventilators for the SA community. In addition, SA could not reproduce the ventilators due to patent rights. The situation reflects the dangers of relying on offshoring or outsourcing vital equipment. However, once SA was able to acquire the patent rights to produce the ventilators, the country did have the necessary skills to produce them. It took weeks for the SA government to find a local ‘peep valve’ manufacturer, a vital component that allows patients to exhale. The skills needed to produce a single medical ventilator range from fabrication, material processing and simulation to software coding, and such skills are hard to find in a single onshore organisation. Thus, to ameliorate production and meet the much-needed demand, outsourcing/offshoring, some of the parts and skills is the only viable option.
Similarly, the development of a vaccine is one of the critical measures to mitigate the effect of COVID-19. However, very few countries could respond with the required expertise, capacity, and abundant resources. This is mainly because vaccine productions methods place certain requirements on the supply chain that include, but are not limited to, novel skills set, meticulous maintenance, production equipment, and ultra-cold chain storage and shipping process. These rigorous requirements have left many countries with the option of outsourcing the service from leading foreign organisations [20]. Storage is a key part of the vaccine process and requires precise conditions of light, glass vials, and a specific −80°C across the entire supply network to preserve and maintain the effectiveness of the vaccine. The nature of vaccine supply means that there are often several places (warehouses and stores) where items have to be stored before they are finally delivered or administered to beneficiaries. Thus, this is another pandemic tradeoff between outsourcing vs. onshore skills vis-a-vis resources. In particular, the tradeoff is between the onshore skills related to vaccine production to ensure a rapid response and to prevent morbidity and mortality versus costly outsourcing; a demand which is most likely to exceed supply, and which will leave many nations vulnerable and defenceless.
Materials that feed the manufacturing industry are localised. The transport of raw materials from Uganda, the Philippines or Vietnam to outsourcing-offshoring economies could mean incurring high transportation costs. Besides, the stringent environmental laws in developed economies could make the processing of such materials practically impossible. Before the UK and US started practising outsourcing-offshoring of some types of business, they had some of the worst air pollutions in the world. The processing operations were sent to the likes of China and India, countries that are now experiencing the worst air pollution ever [21, 22]. Though outsourcing-offshoring countries have paid some price in terms of job losses, the benefit of improved air and water quality somewhat outweighs the price.
Air pollution is responsible for 4.2–7.0 million premature deaths every year [3, 23], and it costs $4.6 trillion per year [24]. This number barely makes headlines, although it is more than five times the current COVID-19 deaths. COVID-19 has elicited that there is a clear correlation between emissions and outsourcing-offshoring. Figure 4 shows the mean tropospheric nitrogen dioxide concentration (μmol/m2) as a satellite image from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in January and February 2020. The levels of NO2 plummeted following the virus outbreak in far Asia [25] due to the closure of factories and reduced movement of workers that use cars to go to work. The decrease in ozone precursors, like NO2, could reflect a reduction in ozone levels; however, ozone concentration increased. Ozone breathing triggers COVID-19 like symptoms like chest pain, coughing, and airway inflammation [26]. Another pollutant that is related to manufacturing is particulate matter (PM). PM elevates cancer, premature deaths, coughing and eye diseases, among others [27]. The production of particulate matter below 2.5 microns (PM2.5), a harmful emission, accelerated in countries like China [28] due to outsourcing-offshoring business in the country. As countries are rushing to tradeoff offshoring and outsourcing companies back home, they should meticulously calculate the cost related to air pollution; otherwise, pollution costs might outweigh such a venture.
NO2 distribution in eastern Asia in January and February 2020, as reported by NASA. The images were captured by Sentinel-5 satellite [
Among the major greenhouse gases (GHGs), carbon dioxide (CO2) tops the list. The emission of CO2 causes global warming and erratic Climate changes (e.g. flooding). By 2018, China was the leading producer of CO2, 10.06 GT (28% of the total CO2 emission), with almost half to the second producer of CO2, the US (5.41 GT, 15% of the world total). The huge amount of CO2 production is attributed to the high number of offshore-outsource manufacturing companies in the country, as China is the number one destination for offshore-outsource companies. The Paris Agreement on limiting the global temperature targets a maximum increase of 1.5°C by 2100; however, the current trends in GHG production show that this goal cannot be achieved. In 2015 and 2016, total warming exceeded 1.0°C [29]. Mitigation pathways to limit the warming by 1.5°C by the end of the century are far behind, and they have received little attention. It is estimated that it will cost US$ 50 trillion to keep the global temperature rise below 3.0°C by the end of the 21st century [30]. If countries are to implement onshoring, and this cost is to be shared based on the emission percentage, it could be too expensive for nations like Brazil and SA to implement onshoring. SA contributes 1% of total CO2 emission; coal contributes 77% of SA’s energy needs. Thus, any manufacturing activity risks the production of CO2—a cost SA may not be able to afford.
Another pandemic tradeoff is that of offshore-outsource vs. livelihoods. Most people, especially in many developing nations, live on the poverty line, depending mainly on COVID-19-impacted industries such as travel, tourism, hospitality, call centres, and manufacturing. However, the pandemic presents a catch-22 situation for those nations that provide offshoring and outsourcing business services to multinationals. On the one hand, the countries that provide outsourcing and offshoring services are unable to fulfil their targets due to lockdown, an impact which drives multinationals into bankruptcy and out of their countries. As such, many nations are caught between maintaining their livelihoods by keeping multinational businesses in their countries, which ensures employment, food on the table, jobs, and which prevents multiple deaths from hunger and poverty. On the other hand, against the need to maintain offshore and outsource services, is the risk of increased morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 which places a greater demand on an already strained healthcare system and limited resources such as ventilators and PPE. This has left many nations vulnerable and defenceless to both challenging instances.
Thus, this requires creating an imminent negative or positive restructuring of offshore-outsource strategies. For example, the several research studies that required clinical trials and the collaborative participation of multinationals in the fight against diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, and leishmaniasis (a parasitic disease associated with poverty and malnutrition) have been suspended. The suspension threatens livelihoods that relied on outsourced and offshored clinical services, and the research skills to reduce the impact of such diseases in society [31]. Also, the disruption to the distribution of outsourced malaria-prevention products, such as insecticidal nets, could lead to an increase in malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the continuation of offshore-outsource production and research services equally increase morbidity and COVID-19 mortality.
Outsourcing-offshoring has played a cardinal role in the development of our economies and is the backbone of the global market. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current and future trend of outsource-offshore post-COVID-19. The current trend of border closure and transport restriction does not favour outsource-offshore practices, rather onshore business. However, meticulous analysis of the supply chain, shows that the cost of onshore outweighs outsource-offshore as summarised in the following tradeoff benefits.
We gratefully acknowledge Retha Burger for her suggestions and language editing. We also thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their thorough review and constructive comments.
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Marquis, Éric Guillaume and Carine Chivas-Joly",authors:[{id:"44307",title:"Dr",name:"Damien",middleName:"Michel",surname:"Marquis",slug:"damien-marquis",fullName:"Damien Marquis"},{id:"44317",title:"Prof.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Chivas-Joly",slug:"carine-chivas-joly",fullName:"Carine Chivas-Joly"}]},{id:"52860",doi:"10.5772/65937",title:"Cerium Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications",slug:"cerium-oxide-nanostructures-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5377,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:"Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. Finally, some key applications of ceria‐based nanostructures are reviewed. We conclude this chapter by expressing personal perspective on the probable challenges and developments of the controllable synthesis of CeO2 nanomaterials for various applications.",book:{id:"5510",slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71103",title:"Preparation of Nanoparticles",slug:"preparation-of-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:3140,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Innovative developments of science and engineering have progressed very fast toward the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are not the same as the properties of the bulk materials. The particle reveals interesting properties at the dimension below 100 nm, mostly from two physical effects. The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles’ unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.",book:{id:"9109",slug:"engineered-nanomaterials-health-and-safety",title:"Engineered Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety"},signatures:"Takalani Cele",authors:[{id:"305934",title:"Dr.",name:"Takalani",middleName:null,surname:"Cele",slug:"takalani-cele",fullName:"Takalani Cele"}]},{id:"72636",title:"Nanocomposite Materials",slug:"nanocomposite-materials",totalDownloads:2139,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Nanocomposites are the heterogeneous/hybrid materials that are produced by the mixtures of polymers with inorganic solids (clays to oxides) at the nanometric scale. Their structures are found to be more complicated than that of microcomposites. They are highly influenced by the structure, composition, interfacial interactions, and components of individual property. Most popularly, nanocomposites are prepared by the process within in situ growth and polymerization of biopolymer and inorganic matrix. With the rapid estimated demand of these striking potentially advanced materials, make them very much useful in various industries ranging from small scale to large to very large manufacturing units. With a great deal to mankind with environmental friendly, these offer advanced technologies in addition to the enhanced business opportunities to several industrial sectors like automobile, construction, electronics and electrical, food packaging, and technology transfer.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Mousumi Sen",authors:[{id:"310218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousumi",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"mousumi-sen",fullName:"Mousumi Sen"}]},{id:"38951",title:"Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrode",slug:"carbon-nanotube-transparent-electrode",totalDownloads:3985,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3077",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites"},signatures:"Jing Sun and Ranran Wang",authors:[{id:"153508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"jing-sun",fullName:"Jing Sun"},{id:"153596",title:"Ms.",name:"Ranran",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ranran-wang",fullName:"Ranran Wang"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:3732,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"We are conducting a multi-disciplinary research work that involves development of nanostructured thin films of semiconductors for different applications. Nanotechnology is widely considered to constitute the basis of the next technological revolution, following on from the first Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 with the introduction of the steam engine and steelmaking. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale. The nanoscale itself is at present considered to cover the range from 1 to 100 nm. All samples prepared in thin film forms and the characterization revealed their nanostructure. The major exploitation of thin films has been in microelectronics, there are numerous and growing applications in communications, optical electronics, coatings of all kinds, and in energy generation. A great many sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques, largely developed to characterize thin films, have already become indispensable in virtually every scientific endeavor irrespective of discipline. Among all these techniques, electrodeposition is the most suitable technique for nanostructured thin films from aqueous solution served as samples under investigation. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface (the substrate or component.) The metal ions accept an electron from the electrically conducting material at the solid- electrolyte interface and then deposit as metal atoms onto the surface. The electrons necessary for this to occur are either supplied from an externally applied potential source or are surrendered by a reducing agent present in solution (electroless reduction). The metal ions themselves derive either from metal salts added to solution, or by the anodic dissolution of the so-called sacrificial anodes, made of the same metal that is to be deposited at the cathode.",book:{id:"4718",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"71346",title:"Application of Nanomaterials in Environmental Improvement",slug:"application-of-nanomaterials-in-environmental-improvement",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"In recent years, researchers used many scientific studies to improve modern technologies in the field of reducing the phenomenon of pollution resulting from them. In this chapter, methods to prepare nanomaterials are described, and the main properties such as mechanical, electrical, and optical properties and their relations are determined. The investigation of nanomaterials needed high technologies that depend on a range of nanomaterials from 1 to 100 nm; these are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractions (XRD). The applications of nanomaterials in environmental improvement are different from one another depending on the type of devices used, for example, solar cells for producing clean energy, nanotechnologies in coatings for building exterior surfaces, and sonochemical decolorization of dyes by the effect of nanocomposite.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Ali Salman Ali",authors:[{id:"313275",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"ali-salman",fullName:"Ali Salman"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"208",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81438",title:"Research Progress of Ionic Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting",slug:"research-progress-of-ionic-thermoelectric-materials-for-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101771",abstract:"Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material that can mutually convert heat energy and electric energy. It can convert low-grade heat energy (less than 130°C) into electric energy. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric materials have higher performance. The Seebeck coefficient can generate 2–3 orders of magnitude higher ionic thermoelectric potential than electronic thermoelectric materials, so it has good application prospects in small thermoelectric generators and solar power generation. According to the thermoelectric conversion mechanism, ionic thermoelectric materials can be divided into ionic thermoelectric materials based on the Soret effect and thermocouple effect. They are widely used in pyrogen batteries and ionic thermoelectric capacitors. The latest two types of ionic thermoelectric materials are in this article. The research progress is explained, and the problems and challenges of ionic thermoelectric materials and the future development direction are also put forward.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jianwei Zhang, Ying Xiao, Bowei Lei, Gengyuan Liang and Wenshu Zhao"},{id:"77670",title:"Thermoelectric Elements with Negative Temperature Factor of Resistance",slug:"thermoelectric-elements-with-negative-temperature-factor-of-resistance",totalDownloads:72,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98860",abstract:"The method of manufacturing of ceramic materials on the basis of ferrites of nickel and cobalt by synthesis and sintering in controllable regenerative atmosphere is presented. As the generator of regenerative atmosphere the method of conversion of carbonic gas is offered. Calculation of regenerative atmosphere for simultaneous sintering of ceramic ferrites of nickel and cobalt is carried out. It is offered, methods of the dilated nonequilibrium thermodynamics to view process of distribution of a charge and heat along a thermoelement branch. The model of a thermoelement taking into account various relaxation times of a charge and warmth is constructed.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Yuri Bokhan"},{id:"79236",title:"Processing Techniques with Heating Conditions for Multiferroic Systems of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, CaTiO3 Thin Films",slug:"processing-techniques-with-heating-conditions-for-multiferroic-systems-of-bifeo3-batio3-pbtio3-catio",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101122",abstract:"In this chapter, we have report a list of synthesis methods (including both synthesis steps & heating conditions) used for thin film fabrication of perovskite ABO3 (BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3) based multiferroics (in both single-phase and composite materials). The processing of high quality multiferroic thin film have some features like epitaxial strain, physical phenomenon at atomic-level, interfacial coupling parameters to enhance device performance. Since these multiferroic thin films have ME properties such as electrical (dielectric, magnetoelectric coefficient & MC) and magnetic (ferromagnetic, magnetic susceptibility etc.) are heat sensitive, i.e. ME response at low as well as higher temperature might to enhance the device performance respect with long range ordering. The magnetoelectric coupling between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in multiferroic becomes suitable in the application of spintronics, memory and logic devices, and microelectronic memory or piezoelectric devices. In comparison with bulk multiferroic, the fabrication of multiferroic thin film with different structural geometries on substrate has reducible clamping effect. A brief procedure for multiferroic thin film fabrication in terms of their thermal conditions (temperature for film processing and annealing for crystallization) are described. Each synthesis methods have its own characteristic phenomenon in terms of film thickness, defects formation, crack free film, density, chip size, easier steps and availability etc. been described. A brief study towards phase structure and ME coupling for each multiferroic system of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3 is shown.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Kuldeep Chand Verma and Manpreet Singh"},{id:"78034",title:"Quantum Physical Interpretation of Thermoelectric Properties of Ruthenate Pyrochlores",slug:"quantum-physical-interpretation-of-thermoelectric-properties-of-ruthenate-pyrochlores",totalDownloads:78,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99260",abstract:"Lead- and lead-yttrium ruthenate pyrochlores were synthesized and investigated for Seebeck coefficients, electrical- and thermal conductivity. Compounds A2B2O6.5+z with 0 ≤ z < 0.5 were defect pyrochlores and p-type conductors. The thermoelectric data were analyzed using quantum physical models to identify scattering mechanisms underlying electrical (σ) and thermal conductivity (κ) and to understand the temperature dependence of the Seebeck effect (S). In the metal-like lead ruthenates with different Pb:Ru ratios, σ (T) and the electronic thermal conductivity κe (T) were governed by ‘electron impurity scattering’, the lattice thermal conductivity κL (T) by the 3-phonon resistive process (Umklapp scattering). In the lead-yttrium ruthenate solid solutions (Pb(2-x)YxRu2O(6.5±z)), a metal–insulator transition occurred at 0.2 moles of yttrium. On the metallic side (<0.2 moles Y) ‘electron impurity scattering’ prevailed. On the semiconductor/insulator side between x = 0.2 and x = 1.0 several mechanisms were equally likely. At x > 1.5 the Mott Variable Range Hopping mechanism was active. S (T) was discussed for Pb-Y-Ru pyrochlores in terms of the effect of minority carrier excitation at lower- and a broadening of the Fermi distribution at higher temperatures. The figures of merit of all of these pyrochlores were still small (≤7.3 × 10−3).",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Sepideh Akhbarifar"},{id:"77635",title:"Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties Based on Rashba Spin Splitting",slug:"optimization-of-thermoelectric-properties-based-on-rashba-spin-splitting",totalDownloads:124,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98788",abstract:"In recent years, the application of thermoelectricity has become more and more widespread. Thermoelectric materials provide a simple and environmentally friendly solution for the direct conversion of heat to electricity. The development of higher performance thermoelectric materials and their performance optimization have become more important. Generally, to improve the ZT value, electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity must be globally optimized as a whole object. However, due to the strong coupling among ZT parameters in many cases, it is very challenging to break the bottleneck of ZT optimization currently. Beyond the traditional optimization methods (such as inducing defects, varying temperature), the Rashba effect is expected to effectively increase the S2σ and decrease the κ, thus enhancing thermoelectric performance, which provides a new strategy to develop new-generation thermoelectric materials. Although the Rashba effect has great potential in enhancing thermoelectric performance, the underlying mechanism of Rashba-type thermoelectric materials needs further research. In addition, how to introduce Rashba spin splitting into current thermoelectric materials is also of great significance to the optimization of thermoelectricity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Zhenzhen Qin"},{id:"75364",title:"Challenges in Improving Performance of Oxide Thermoelectrics Using Defect Engineering",slug:"challenges-in-improving-performance-of-oxide-thermoelectrics-using-defect-engineering",totalDownloads:214,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96278",abstract:"Oxide thermoelectric materials are considered promising for high-temperature thermoelectric applications in terms of low cost, temperature stability, reversible reaction, and so on. Oxide materials have been intensively studied to suppress the defects and electronic charge carriers for many electronic device applications, but the studies with a high concentration of defects are limited. It desires to improve thermoelectric performance by enhancing its charge transport and lowering its lattice thermal conductivity. For this purpose, here, we modified the stoichiometry of cation and anion vacancies in two different systems to regulate the carrier concentration and explored their thermoelectric properties. Both cation and anion vacancies act as a donor of charge carriers and act as phonon scattering centers, decoupling the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jamil Ur Rahman, Gul Rahman and Soonil Lee"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutri