The results of molecular docking simulation.
\r\n\tAn update on clinical manifestations, their assessment, monitoring, and imagiology, including peripheral arthritis, enthesopathy, and extra-articular findings, and, the differential diagnosis with other diseases which evolves with axial and peripheral calcifications will be provided.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tAn important component of this book must be dedicated to the more recent treatments namely with biologic therapies but focusing also on new small molecule inhibitors and experimental therapies.
Ebola, previously known as Ebola virus disease, is an acute viral infection causing hemorrhagic fever marked by high mortality rate in human and nonhuman primates [1]. It is a zoonotic disease transmitted by direct contact with mucosal tissue or bodily fluids (blood, feces, and other secreted fluids) of the infected living or dead human and animal [2, 3, 4]. The animal reservoir for this disease is still unknown. Fruit bat (
Ebola is an enveloped, nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to
The Ebola virus genomic RNA is consisted of around 19,000 nucleotides [14]. It encodes seven structural protein, namely, nucleoprotein (NP), glycoprotein (GP), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L), matrix protein (VP40), and three nucleocapsid proteins (VP24, VP30, and VP35) [15, 16]. It also encodes one nonstructural protein, the secretory glycoprotein (sGP) [17]. The genome is linearly arranged as follows: 3′-leader-NP-VP35-VP40-GP/sGP-VP30-VP24-L-trailer-5′ [14, 17, 18].
The seven structural proteins and one nonstructural protein have an imperative role in Ebola virus life cycle [16]. NP: viral replication and scaffold for additional viral proteins. GP: binds to receptors on the cell surface and membrane fusion, pathogenicity. sGP: inhibits neutrophil function and adsorbs neutralizing antibodies. L: synthesis of positive-sense RNA. VP40: viral assembly and budding, structural integrity of viral particles, and maturation of the virion. VP24: nucleocapsid formation, encapsulates and shields viral genome from nucleases, viral replication. VP30: viral transcription activator. VP35: multi-virulence functionality, innate immune antagonist, and an RNAi silencing suppressor [16, 17].
The patient who suffers from Ebola shows no symptoms during the initial infection. After the incubation for about 4–10 days, the general symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and malaise and sometimes accompanied by chills appear. These symptoms often confused with dengue or malaria in tropical climates [3, 19]. As the infection progresses, the patient shows flu-like symptoms accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. In severe cases, Ebola developed into a conjunctival hemorrhage, epistaxis, melena, hematemesis, coagulation abnormalities, and a range of hematological irregularities. The neurological symptoms such as encephalopathy, convulsions, and delirium may also occur during the late stage of the infection [19, 20]. The patient dies around 6–9 weeks after the symptoms appear [21]. With the nonspecific symptoms, severe morbidity, and high mortality rate, the World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged Ebola as one of the most malignant diseases in the world [22].
The first recorded Ebola outbreak emerged in Sudan between June and November 1976. It mainly affected Nzara, Maridi, Tembura, and Juba where 150 of 284 victims died (the mortality rate of 53%) [2, 23]. After the first outbreak, 19 other outbreaks have occurred in Africa with the mean fatality rate of 65.4% [11].
The last and the most extensive Ebola outbreak was announced by the WHO on March 23, 2014. This outbreak appears to have emerged in the Guéckédou district of the southeast region of Republic of Guinea [24, 25, 26]. The WHO announced the epidemic to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on August 8, 2014, due to the severe consequences if Ebola ever spread around the globe. PHEIC was disclosed because of the weak health services of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and other neighboring countries at risk in combating Ebola and the continuing transmission with a high fatality rate of Ebola in West Africa [26]. When the outbreak ends in March 2016, Ebola has claimed 1310 lives out of 28,616 reported cases [27, 28]. Even though the damage caused by the last outbreak of Ebola is calamitous, there is still no FDA-approved antiviral drug to treat this disease.
Ebola is considered as one of the neglected tropical diseases because the outbreaks take place in the poor populations with limited resources, mostly in West Africa [29]. The research and drug development for Ebola have been neglected for decades because the drug developers regard it as a commercially unattractive project to invest their resource. The negligence occurs to all tropical diseases by only 13 out of 1393 new approved drugs between 1975 and 1999 that were indicated for tropical disease [30]. However, the frequent outbreaks in the last decade and the massive outbreak which was occurred in 2014 have drawn much attention to drug development for Ebola [16]. Without available treatment or vaccine, paramedic only relied on palliative care for the infected patients and barrier methods to prevent the transmission [31]. Hence, the researchers investigating ways for helping people just infected with Ebola (treatment) and preventing people to get infected when exposed to Ebola (vaccine) [32].
The conventional medical treatment for Ebola is a supportive care with intravenous fluids or oral rehydration with electrolyte solutions. The reason being that the virus interferes with blood clotting and disrupts electrolyte balance. Thus, such intervention can help to keep up the condition of the patient. However, such intervention is not enough for severely ill patients to sustain and recover [21, 32].
Zmapp, a combined humanized monoclonal antibody, was tested as a passive immunotherapy against Ebola. The preclinical test was conducted by Mapp Biopharmaceutical. This monoclonal antibody shows 100% efficacy in preventing lethal disease on cynomolgus macaques when treatment is initiated up to 5 days postinfection of EBOV [31].
Other experimental therapies developed a novel synthetic adenosine analog, BCX4430. This compound shows in vitro and in vivo activity by inhibiting viral RNA polymerase function, acting as a non-obligate RNA chain terminator. BCX4430 protects both mice and guinea pig models from a severe infection of Ebola virus and Marburg virus. In addition, this compound completely protects cynomolgus macaques from Marburg virus infection if administered as late as 48 h after infection [33].
Not only does the research focus on the development of a novel drug, but the research is also conducted to identify potential repurposed therapeutic agents for the treatment of Ebola [34, 35]. Toremifene and clomiphene, the selective estrogen reuptake modulators, are currently known as the drug to treat breast cancer and infertility, respectively. Both drugs inhibit Ebola virus entry into the cell by preventing the late stage membrane fusion. These drugs show an inhibition activity by more than 90% in vitro. Higher dose than the standard clinical range is needed to achieve the therapeutic effect on Ebola. However, a higher dose would increase the risk of serious side effect of toremifene and clomiphene, which are electrolyte derangements and ocular adverse effect, respectively [36].
Other experiments screen amiodarone, a multichannel ion blocker; sertraline, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; and bepridil, a calcium channel blocker as a repurposed therapeutic agent targeting Ebola. Amiodarone works by the induction of Niemann-Pick C-like phenotype that inhibits late endosomal entry of Ebola virus [37]. Sertraline and bepridil work in a similar fashion to amiodarone. Both drugs show inhibition activity in an in vitro test by more than 90% [35].
Several vaccines have also been developed to prevent the Ebola. ChAd3-ZEBOV, which has developed by GlaxoSmithKline in collaboration with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, is a chimpanzee-derived adenovirus vector with an Ebola virus gene inserted. This vaccine induced uniform protection against acute lethal Ebola virus in cynomolgus macaques. However, the protection of this vaccine declines over several months [38].
The other vaccine, which is developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg, is rVSV-ZEBOV. It uses an attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus which has been genetically modified to express glycoprotein of Ebola virus. The rVSV-ZEBOV has undergone a ring vaccination phase 3 efficacy trial which assesses the protective activity of rVSV-ZEBOV against Ebola virus in human beings. The result shows that rVSV-ZEBOV offers substantial protection against Ebola virus infection. Both randomized and a non-randomized clusters of vaccinated individuals show no disease development from the challenge performed 10 days postvaccination [39].
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention considered Ebola virus as a tier 1 select agent because it possesses a considerable risk of intentional misuse with a severe threat to public health and safety [40]. Researchers need to fill the APHIS/CDC Form 1 in order to register for possession, use, and transfer of Ebola virus. All requirements including the availability of Biosafety Level (BSL) 4 laboratory and certified personnel are needed to get access to Ebola virus sample [41]. Thus, to get a suitable sample, researchers tend to move their experiments on the genetically modified virus that can express part of known Ebola virus genome because it is not subjected to select agent [42].
Genomic and proteomic data of Ebola virus has been collected each time the outbreak occurred and stored in the open source database. Also, the Ebola virus protein interaction with the corresponding drug lead through in vitro test has also been increased in the past decades. To date, the protein three-dimensional (3D) structure of Ebola virus NP, VP35, VP40, GP, VP30, and VP24 has been available in Protein Databank (PDB). In addition, the active site residues of each protein have also been identified, except for NP. L is the only Ebola virus protein with unavailable 3D structure and unidentified active site [16]. Thus, researchers use a bioinformatics approach to utilize the readily available genomic and proteomic data to research drug design and discovery.
Computer-aided drug discovery and development (CADDD) is employed to accelerate hit identification, hit-to-lead selection, enhance absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profile and avoid another safety issue [43]. This approach is currently growing and adapted quickly by pharmaceutical industry and academia because it reduces the time and cost of drug research [44, 45]. Currently, 16 compounds (Aliskiren, Boceprevir, Captopril, Dorzolamide, Indinavir, LY-517717, Nolatrexed, NVP-AUY922, Oseltamivir, Raltegravir, Ritonavir, Rupintrivir, Saquinavir, TMI-005, Tirofiban, and Zanamivir) are in clinical trial or have been approved for therapeutic use. These compounds are the examples of successful application of CADDD [46, 47]. Through CADDD, the hit rate of the novel and repurposed drug for Ebola therapy could be improved.
A consistently effective treatment for Ebola is currently not yet available. Present therapeutic options are directed at palliative and supportive care to maintain and prolong the patient life. The majority of treatment, novel or repurposed drug, have been developed, but none of them are entirely satisfactory. In attempts to find a drug in the treatment of Ebola, inhibitors targeting EBOV VP35 have received little attention even though it has a critical function in host immune evasion and viral RNA synthesis. Our objective is to find the optimal in silico Ebola therapeutic agents which later will be implemented in the wet laboratory.
In this chapter, we will discuss the result of our in silico approach against EBOV VP35, one of the viral protein of EBOV which is responsible for the viral RNA synthesis and as the RNAi silencing suppressor agents [48, 49]. Moreover, this protein was also being studied by Brown et al. in 2014, which discovered the actual pose of their selected inhibitors against the EBOV VP35 in their perspective binding site and also deposited their work in RCSB Protein Databank (PDB) through several PDB IDs [50]. Thus, their proteins can be used as the template for pharmacophore mapping model for our docking simulation approach. Moreover, we also deployed the Indonesian natural product compounds for virtual screening purpose to find the suitable lead compounds for combating Ebola. The reason for choosing the Indonesian natural product compounds because of Indonesia, as one of the largest megadiversity countries, has no less than 38,000 flowering plants that grow around the nation, with 55% of them are endemic plants [51, 52].
First, we prepared the Indonesian natural product compounds by searching the molecular structures through several journals and databases [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69], after which we were drawing them using ChemBioDraw 14.0 software. From this step, we obtained about 3429 compounds in the process. All of these ligands were then protonated, washed, and minimized by using MOE 2014.09 software [70]. These ligands were saved for the docking simulation purpose. For the EBOV VP35 protein, we selected the PDB ID: 4IBC as our protein, and we determined the pharmacophore site through standard protein-ligand interaction fingerprints (PLIF) protocol of MOE 2014.09 software. This step generated the pharmacophore model around the binding site of EBOV VP35 after we performed the protonating process of EBOV VP35 through “LigX” feature of MOE 2014.09 software. Later on, we conducted molecular docking simulation using the modification of our current approach [71, 72]. Instead of using “Triangle Matcher” and “London dG,” we used “Pharmacophore” and “Affinity dG” for “Placement” and “Rescoring 1” parameters to accommodate the pharmacophore model that created in an earlier phase, while the rest of parameters were set according to the default setup. First, the STD1 ligand (IUPAC name: 2-(4-(4-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)acetic acid) and 100 decoy ligands were docked into the binding site to validate the pharmacophore model. “Rigid Receptor” and “Induced-Fit” protocols were performed against the Indonesian natural product compounds and STD1 ligand later on.
In an attempt of searching the proper pharmacophore site in the binding site of EBOV VP35, we utilized the PLIF protocol from MOE 2014.09 software by using STD1 ligand as the template. From this approach, we figured out that the binding site of EBOV VP35 protein consists of three pharmacophore sites, as it displayed in Figure 1. One hydrophobic spot is affiliated with Lys248 residues through arene-hydrogen interaction, while two H-bond acceptors, lone-pair sites, are connected with Gln241 and Lys251. These sites were responsible for the binding attachment of the STD01 ligand when bound to EBOV VP35 protein. Thus, it can be predicted that any ligands that bind to these residues may exhibit the same antiviral activities like STD01 ligand.
The pharmacophore model of the STD01 ligand in the binding site of EBOV VP35 protein. According to the PLIF feature of MOE 2014.09 software, the STD01 ligand comprises three pharmacophore sites: one hydrophobic point and two acceptor/lone-pair points (left). In the docking simulations, we deployed the “exclude points” to indicate the residues that exist in the VP35 binding site and prevent the larger ligands to interact with the binding site.
The pharmacophore sites were later validated by having the STD01 ligand and 100 decoys to be screened through molecular docking simulation. In this phase, we deployed “virtual screening” approach as our docking protocol, with pharmacophore model that was included in the simulation. After the screening was conducted, we discovered that all of the decoys did not pass the test, indicating this method was validated and did not create the “false-positive” ligand that may result during docking simulation. Furthermore, the STD01 ligand passed this test with a ∆Gbinding score of −5.2778 kcal/mol and RMSD value of 1.5487 Å. This result was shown that the parameters that were set earlier were decent enough to be reproduced in the next simulation. The comparison of the initial and screened poses of STD01 ligand is shown in Figure 2.
The binding interaction of the STD01 ligand and EBOV VP35 binding site. The 2D interaction after docking simulation is displayed in the left figure, while the right figure presents the difference between the initial pose (shown in yellow) and after the docking simulation was conducted (shown in pink).
The pharmacophore-based docking simulation of EBOV VP35 protein was later performed against the 3429 Indonesian natural product ligands that were already prepared. From the simulations, we acquired 20 ligands that matched with the pharmacophore model of EBOV VP35, which means that other 3409 ligands did not possess the properties that needed to pass the initial pharmacophore screening. In the first docking simulation (Rigid Docking protocol), we found four Indonesian natural product ligands, namely, multifloroside, myricetin 3-robinobioside, kaempferol 3-(6G-malonylneohesperidoside), and theasaponin, which have the ∆Gbinding score lower than the STD01 ligand. The molecular structures of these ligands can be seen in Figure 3.
The molecular structure of multifloroside (top left), myricetin 3-robinobioside (top middle), kaempferol 3-(6G-malonylneohesperidoside) (top right), theasaponin (bottom left), and 2-(4-(4-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)acetic acid (bottom right).
After the first docking simulation had been performed, the second docking simulation (Induced-Fit protocol) was utilized against these four proteins to revalidate the docking pose that was produced in the previous simulations. If the RMSD difference was lower than 2.0 Å, it means that the docking pose is good enough and may be reproduced in the actual simulation [73]. In this simulation, we found that multifloroside ligand has the lowest ∆Gbinding score of −10.8405 kcal/mol, followed by myricetin 3-robinobioside (−10.0897 kcal/mol), kaempferol 3-(6G-malonylneohesperidoside) (−9.8721 kcal/mol), and theasaponin (−9.0175 kcal/mol). These results were significantly lower than the STD01 ligand, which sits in −9.0175 kcal/mol. However, we must take into account that the RMSD value of multifloroside ligand was 3.2691 Å, higher than 2.0 Å; it means that the docking pose that was generated during the docking simulation was not acceptable. Meanwhile, the other three ligands possessed the tolerable RMSD value (1.2275, 1.0311, and 0.4352 Å for myricetin 3-robinobioside, kaempferol 3-(6G-malonylneohesperidoside), and theasaponin, respectively). Furthermore, we also observed the interactions between the ligands and the binding site of EBOV VP35. From the docking simulation, we figured out that all three remaining ligands made interactions with Gln241 and Lys251, which are important in suppressing the EBOV VP35 activity. The full results of molecular docking simulations can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 4.
Molecule name | ∆Gbinding (RMSD) | H-bond interaction residues |
---|---|---|
Multifloroside | −10.8405 kcal/mol (3.2691) | Arg225, Tyr229, Lys 248, and Lys251 |
Myricetin 3-robinobioside | −10.0897 kcal/mol (1.2275) | Lys222, Arg225, Gln241, and Lys251 |
Kaempferol 3-(6G-malonylneohesperidoside) | −9.8721 kcal/mol (1.0311) | Gln241, Gln244, Lys251, and His296 |
Theasaponin | −9.0175 kcal/mol (0.4352) | Arg225, Gln241, and Lys251 |
STD01 ligand ( | −8.4579 kcal/mol (0.7747) | Gln241, Lys248, and Lys251 |
The results of molecular docking simulation.
The interacting residues of EBOV VP35 protein with myricetin 3-robinobioside (left), kaempferol 3-(6G-malonylneohesperidoside) (middle), and theasaponin (right).
Without no doubt, the drug developments of Ebola are desperately needed due to high pathogenicity and mortality rate that emitted by this disease. Through this chapter, we present that bioinformatics and CADDD, especially the pharmacophore-based drug design, may be the solution to significantly increase the viability of the newly discovered lead compounds that can be introduced as the drug candidate of Ebola virus, which can be supported later through in vitro study to validate the results that we found in previous research. The dry lab experiments should play a significant role in the development of drugs, not only Ebola but also for all diseases due to low cost and not a time-consuming process. Therefore, the improvements and developments of bioinformatics and CADDD should also speed up the time that we needed to obtain the drug candidates for our health problems.
This book chapter is financially supported by Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PUPT) 2017, granted by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, the Republic of Indonesia through Directorate of Research and Community Engagements, Universitas Indonesia, with no: 2716/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2017.
None are declared.
Uganda is a tropical country that lies astride equator, but with modified climatic conditions due to large water bodies and high peaked mountains. The altitude varies from 614 to 5,111 metres above sea level (masl) with much of the rice production areas falling within an altitude ranging from 1,000 to 1,400 masl. The least and the highest recorded temperature within the rice production agro-ecology is 8°C and 38°C, respectively, whereas on the basis of the average for the entire country, lowest temperatures range between 10°C and 17°C and highest from 23°C-25°C. The annual rainfall intensity in Uganda varies from 600 mm to 2,500 mm with much of the country receiving between 900 mm and 1,800 mm of rainfall. Owing to the diversity in the climatic conditions, rice production ecologies in Uganda are classified into three broad categories of rain-fed upland, irrigated and rain-fed lowland production areas. The total land area suitable for rain-fed upland rice production constitutes an estimated 70% of the arable land in Uganda and are mostly located within Upper Nile basin in the Northern region and Albert basin in Western Uganda [1]. The area is classified into four zones on the basis of availability of water for production and proximity to critical services for rice production, namely Upper Nile basin, Albert basin, Victoria basin and Kyoga basin. The upper Nile basin drains an area of 48,911 sq. km2 comprising Albert Nile (21,234 sq. km2) and Aswa catchment. The Albert basin covers 21,875 sq. km2 with 4.5% of the area being permanent wetlands and 3.5% seasonal/ temporary wetlands while Victoria zone covers 30, 880 sq. km2 and Kyoga zone covering 137,500 sq. km2. Overall, a total of 239,166 sq. km2 catchment basin suitable for rice production is located in Uganda. Of the Uganda’s 241,500 sq. km2 catchment area, 15% is open water and 3% represent permanent wetland area while 9.4% comprise the seasonal wetland area. In essence, therefore, much of the Uganda’s land surface is collectively suitable for rain-fed and irrigated rice production.
Rice was introduced to Uganda in the early 1900’s, but the exact year remains contradicting as the different years of 1904 [2] and 1910 [3] were reported. In addition, other authors believed that rice was already introduced into the country by end of the 1870’s, the time when the Arab community grew rice for their consumption [4]. However, it was believed that rice was first introduced in milled form for consumption by European administrators and Indian businessmen as well as Indian rail construction workers, the ‘coolies’ who built the railway line then referred to as the ‘Iron Snake’, from Mombasa to Uganda. Subsequently, small observation and minimal fields were latter established during the period from 1904 to 1940 by Swahili and Indian staff and Church Missionary Society (CMS) staff [2]. In the year 1921, rice was already recognized and reported as one of the food crops produced and promoted in the country [5]. Rice production was promoted further during the World War II in 1939–1945 to provide food to soldiers. Progressively, a successful irrigated rice trial was launched in central Uganda [2] and by 1940’s, commercial production of rain-fed lowland rice in the country had increased [2, 6]. Later, during the 1950’s, the Uganda government developed further interest in rice and potential for irrigated rice farming. Subsequently, two irrigation schemes of Kibimba and Doho were developed in the 1970’s in Eastern Uganda and later on a third rice irrigation scheme was constructed at Olweny swamp in Northern Uganda.
Given the relatively many decades of rice cultivation of the introduced rice crop and with expanding acreage under production, a long-standing draw back to irrigated and lowland rice production of pests and diseases were reported [2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]. In most cases, some of the then existing varieties were dropped due to susceptibility to insect pests and diseases [7]. With this background constraints threatening rice yield, the rice breeding program was inevitably established to identify and incorporate broad-spectrum and durable resistance (BSDR). The initial stage was to identify the genetic donors for the targeted traits for the improvement through characterization and conservation of germplasm collections. This was followed by development of segregating populations and selection of genotypes possessing the desirable traits and identify candidate rice genes contributing towards BSDR through co-localization with resistance to different stress genes. The new lines generated were then advanced through anther culture technique and modified Rapid Generation Advance (RGA) technique, for which the anther culture technique has proved useful in improvement of selection efficiency for yield and other traits of low heritability. In addition, the doubled haploid lines developed from the RGA have been associated more with additive genetic variance component compared to the conventional F2 and F3 generations as the dominance variance component is eliminated in double haploid technology, implying higher irritability of these economic traits in rice [10]. It was reported that in the case of F3 and F4, both additive and dominance gene effects contribute to phenotypic differences between individuals, which tends to mask the expression of the desired traits [11] whereas variation in doubled haploid progeny is only due to some environmental effects.
The elite breeding lines were then evaluated in replicated yield trials and multilocation testing to identify promising lines for onwards evaluations on-farm and testing in National Trials following the National Variety Release guidelines and subsequently the promising lines basing on the key preferred production and quality attributes are nominated to the National Variety Release Committee of Uganda for approval and release as new rice varieties.
Key attributes of preferred rice for production are highlighted below:
Agronomic traits: This target breeding for high yielding and preferred plant type such as high yielding rice exhibiting 20% yield increase compared to the existing rain-fed lowland and irrigated rice varieties, but with plant height ranging from 90 to 110 cm and maturity period of between 90 and 135 days after planting.
Biotic stress: The focus in regards to the abiotic stress has been development of new climate resilient varieties tolerant to abiotic stresses such as drought, iron toxicity, low nitrogen (high nitrogen use efficiency), submergence and cold stresses.
Biotic stress: Among the biotic stresses, efforts were directed to develop varieties resistant to currently important and emerging insect pests and diseases. Major pests include stem borers (
Grain quality: Development of rice with quality attributes preferably with low amylose content for diabetic and elderly persons of less than 20%, noodles (>29%), high milling recovery (>65%) and preferred cooking quality of non-sticky and aroma characteristics. Preference for aromatic, non-sticky, whole grain and white rice grains traits are also commonly preferred by most rice consumers in Uganda [7, 12]. In terms of size, medium and long grains are preferred in the country as well as rice with intermediate amylose and intermediate gelatinization temperature desired.
Physiological characteristics: This involves breeding for moderate threshability (non-shattering and tight grain attachment) as detailed in an earlier study conducted in Uganda [reference].
Produce quality breeder and foundation seed. This is one of the prescribed roles of a breeder to ensure availability of quality seeds in the right quantity either directly or through the agro-input dealers to the farming communities.
Irrigated and rain-fed lowland rice varieties were introduced into Uganda in two phases namely, first from 1921 to 1970 and second during 1971–2020. In the first phase, a total of eight irrigated and rain-fed lowland rice varieties, specifically Jaggery, Cakala, Matama, Kawemba, Kigaire, Seena, SUPA LOCAL and Bungala were introduced and grown (Table 1). On the basis of aroma, all the eight rice cultivars except Bungala were aromatic types.
S/N | Variety | Designation | Origin | Time started growing | Key Preferred trait | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jaggery | Unknown | Tanzania | 1921 | Aromatic | [13] |
2 | Cakala, | Unknown | Tanzania | 1921 | Aromatic | [2] |
3 | Matama, | Unknown | Tanzania | 1921 | Aromatic | [2] |
4 | Kawemba, | Unknown | Tanzania | 1921 | Aromatic | [2] |
5 | Kigaire | Unknown | Tanzania | 1921 | Aromatic | [2] |
6 | Seena | Unknown | Tanzania | 1921 | Aromatic | [2] |
7 | SUPA LOCAL | Supa v 88 | Tanzania | 1970 | Aromatic | [13] |
8 | Bungala | Unknown | Tanzania | 1970 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
9 | Congo | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [13] |
10 | Kaiso | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [13] |
11 | K-12 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
12 | K-23 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
13 | K-34 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
14 | K-38 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
15 | K-85 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
16 | K-98 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
17 | K-264 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
18 | Benenego | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [14] |
19 | Supa America | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [14] |
20 | Bulemeezi | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
21 | Kyabukooli | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
22 | Pakistan | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
23 | Maisombira | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
24 | Abenego | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
25 | Namahumbo | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
26 | Sebagala | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
27 | Vietnam | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
28 | Supa china | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
29 | Gabon | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
30 | Namala | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
31 | Kaki | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
32 | Kibimba | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
33 | Kabonge | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
34 | Kibuyu | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
35 | NASSAN | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Non- aromatic | [15, 16] |
36 | Nylon | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
37 | Basmati 370 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
38 | SIENNA | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [13, 17] |
39 | TXD 306 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [13, 17] |
40 | Pishori | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [17, 18] |
41 | ITA 335 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [15, 16] |
42 | TOX 6 | Unknown | Tanzania | 1972 | Aromatic | [13] |
43 | TOX 4 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2001 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
44 | TOX 5 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2001 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
45 | TOX 9 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2001 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
46 | WITA 6 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2001 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
47 | WITA 7 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2001 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
48 | WAB 450 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2002 | Non- aromatic | [13] |
49 | WAB 189 | Unknown | Tanzania | 2002 | Aromatic | [13] |
50 | Kilombero | Unknown | Tanzania | 2005 | Aromatic | [13] |
51 | Kenya | Unknown | Tanzania | 1980 | Aromatic | [13] |
52 | MET 3 | ART35-114-1-6N-2 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
53 | MET 4 | ART34-146-1-8N-1 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
54 | MET 6 | ART35-49-1-4N-1 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
55 | MET 12 | ART34-88-1-2-B-1 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
56 | MET 13 | ART34-113-3-2-B-1 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
57 | MET 14 | ART34-256-3-1-B-2 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
58 | MET 16 | ART35-272-1-2-B-1 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
59 | MET 40 | ART27-190-1-4-2-1-1-3 | AfricaRice | 2019 | Aromatic | [19] |
60 | SUPA 1 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
61 | SUPA 2 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
62 | SUPA 3 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
63 | SUPA 4 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
64 | SUPA 5 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
65 | SUPA 6 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
66 | SUPA 1052 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
67 | SUPA 1024 | Unknown | IRRI | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
68 | PR 26 | Unknown | China | 2018 | Non- aromatic | [19] |
69 | PR 27 | Unknown | China | 2018 | Aromatic | [19] |
70 | PR 101 | Unknown | China | 2018 | Aromatic | [19] |
71 | ARU 1189 | Unknown | AfricaRice | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
72 | ARU 1190 | Unknown | AfricaRice | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
73 | ARU 1191 | Unknown | AfricaRice | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
74 | AGRA 41 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-3-4 | Ghana | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
75 | AGRA 55 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-4-4 | Ghana | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
76 | AGRA 60 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-4-13 | Ghana | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
77 | AGRA 78 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-2-1 | Ghana | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
78 | Yasmin aromatic | Unknown | Egypt | 2017 | Aromatic | [19] |
Rice varieties grown in Uganda.
In the second phase covering the period from 1971 to 2020, six released varieties and up to 70 unreleased but informally released rice varieties were commonly being grown by the farming communities. The 70 informally released varieties are classified into two different groups according to their generations. The first are called the K-series of rice introduced from China under technical assistance program, while the second are introductions from major breeding centers detailed in Table 1. Both groups are modern varieties with high-yielding capacity and tolerance for various biotic and abiotic field stress conditions. The K-series is an acronym of Kibimba lines, named so probably due to the series being grown then in the Kibimba government rice irrigation scheme. Fortunately, most of the K- series had a desirable combination of intermediate amylose content and intermediate gelatinization temperature and a notable variety is IR64, which has been widely accepted as a high-quality rice. Later, however, there were several devastating stresses that undermined the importance of these varieties for which reasons more introductions from other centres were requested and received. The major breeding centers that provided rice germplasm to Uganda include Africa Ricer Center (AfricaRice), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia, Tanzania Agricultural Research Organization (TARO), Nigeria, Crop Research Institute (CRI) Ghana, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), China. Overall, the germplasm received include the following specie of
Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) disease is apparently the most serious disease of rice under irrigated and rain-fed lowland conditions in Uganda. In order to identify lines with resistance to RYMV disease, 934 rice lines were screened in the years 2015, 2016, 17 and 2018. These list excluded IR 64, K 34, K 38, K 85 and KOMBOKA (susceptible control), Gigante from AfricaRice (resistant check), Namche 2, NERICA 4 (MET P71), NERICA 8 (MET P72) and WITA 9 (local resistant check) that were included in each set [20, 21]. Each line was sown in the field at high plant population of 10 grams in a land area measuring 20 cm x 20 cm in size. Mechanical inoculations were carried out on seedlings (10 plants test line) at 3 weeks post germination as described by Thouvenel and Fauquet [22]. Symptom appearance was monitored on daily basis to assess the stage of disease initiation and thereafter, disease severity was scored using a scale of 1 (no symptoms) to 9 (severe symptoms) [23, 24] at 45 days post-inoculation (DPI). Of the 934 lines evaluated, a total of 54 either highly resistant or just resistant were identified (Table 2). Majority of the RYMV resistant lines were crosses with Tongil rice types in their background developed under Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) rice collaborative research.
No | Genotype | Designation | Reaction | Breeding centre | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ARC-1 | ARC36-2-1-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
2 | ARC-2 | ARC36-4-EP-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
3 | ARC-3 | ARC39-145-P-3 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
4 | ARC-4 | ARC39-145-P-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
5 | ARC-5 | ARS126-3-B-1-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
6 | ARS126-3-B-1-2 | ARS126-3-B-1-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
7 | IRL 2 (GP 54) | IRL 2 (GP 54) | R | AfricaRice | [25] |
8 | IRL 4 (69 GP 54)] | IRL 4 (69 GP 54)] | R | AfricaRice | [25] |
9 | Gigante | Gigante | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
10 | ARICA-5/NamChe1 | WAB95-B-B-40-HB (ARICA 5) | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
11 | Tog5672 | Tog5672 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
12 | Tog5674 | Tog5674 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
13 | Tog5681 | Tog5681 | HR | AfricaRice | [25] |
14 | MET14 | ART34-256-3-1-B-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [19]; [25] |
15 | NamChe2 | NM7-8-2-B-P-2-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
16 | MET3 | ART35-114-1-6N-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
17 | MET8 | ART35-100-1-7D-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
18 | MET12 | ART34-88-1-2-B-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
19 | MET13 | ART34-113-3-2-B-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
20 | MET16 | ART35-272-1-2-B-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
21 | MET35 | ART27-58-3-2-2-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
22 | MET44 | PCT-11\\0\\0\\2,Bo\\2\\1>404-1-1-1-1-1-M | R | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
23 | MET50 | PCT-11\\0\\0\\2,Bo\\2\\1>82-3-1-1-3-2-M | R | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
24 | MET60 | PCT-4\\0\\0\\1>295-2-3-1-3-3-M | R | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
25 | MET66 | PCT-4\\SA\\1\\1,SA\\2\\1>746-1-1-4-1-3-M | R | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
26 | MET70 | PCT-4\\SA\\5\\1>1754-5-1-5-3-1-M | R | AfricaRice | [25, 26] |
27 | Nerica8 | R | AfricaRice | [25, 26] | |
28 | IR61979-138-1-3-2-3 | R | AfricaRice | [26] | |
29 | SR33859-HB3324-133 | SR33859-HB3324-133 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
30 | NM 15-1 | R33701-HB3330-78 X SR33859-HB3324-133 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
31 | NM 15-2 | FAROX 521-357-H1 X SR33701-HB3330-78 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
32 | NM 15-3 | NamChe-2/SR33705- HB3381-62 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
33 | NM 15-4 | NamChe-5/SR33705- HB3381-62 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
34 | NM 15-5 | ARC36-2-P-2/SR33705- HB3381-62 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
35 | NM 15-6 | 32610A X NERICA-4 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
36 | NM 15-7 | 326104 X NamChe-5 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
37 | NM 15-8 | 326104 X NERICA-1 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
38 | SR34034-HB3471-10 | HB4052/Ungwang | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
39 | SR34034-HB3471-23 | HB4052/Ungwang | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
40 | SR34034-HB3471-24 | HB4052/Ungwang | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
41 | SR34555-HB3472-18 | HB4055/Hopum | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
42 | SR34039-HB3366-64 | HB4055/MS11 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
43 | SR34042-HB3475-6 | HB4057/Japonica 1 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
44 | SR34035-HB3477-61 | HB4057/Ungwang | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
45 | SR34035-HB3477-96 | HB4057/Ungwang | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
46 | SR33705-HB3381-62 | Hwaseong/IR84421-4-47-B-1-3 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
47 | SR33705-HB3381-113 | Hwaseong/IR84421-4-47-B-1-3 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
48 | SR33703-HB3482-8 | Ilpum/IR84421-4-47-B-1-3 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
49 | SR34040-HB3367-55 | Japonica 1/HB4052 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
50 | SR34038-HB3420-35 | MS11/HB4052 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
51 | SR34038-HB3420-38 | MS11/HB4052 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
52 | SR34038-HB3420-56 | MS11/HB4052 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
53 | SR33859-HB3324-93 | Samgwang/Yeongdeok53 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
54 | SR33859-HB3324-133 | Samgwang/Yeongdeok53 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
55 | SR33701-HB3330-78 | Odae/Borami | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
56 | CN127 | D20-ARS-22-B | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
57 | AR38 | ARS887-9-1-4-4 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
58 | LW21 | CSR36 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
59 | RF96 | IR 97071-24-1-1-2 | HR | AfricaRice | [26] |
Rice genotypes resistant to RYMV.
In 2018, another set of 112 germplasm was screened for rice yellow mottle virus disease (RYMVD) resistance. The germplasm comprised of
In 2019, a total of 307 lines including the 247 KAFACI lines were introduced into East African Regional Rice Research and Training centre at NaCRRI, Namulonge-Uganda and each of the introduced seed samples were divided into three parts. The first part was planted using a single row plots in the screen house at NaCRRI. Each row had 10 cm spacing with 15 hills and the rows were. Spaced 15 cm apart. A prepared RYMV inoculate was used to inoculate 5 plants in each row following procedure described by [22]. Symptom appearance was monitored on daily basis to assess the stage of disease initiation. Also, symptom expression post inoculation (DPI), severity on weekly intervals from 21 DPI, through 28 DPI, 35 DPI and 42 DPI were collected. We also took record of plant height for inoculated and non-inoculated plants and the percentage reduction for each of the lines were calculated The results revealed that 3 lines ofIR64/rymv1-2, IR64/rymv1-3 and IR64/RYMV3 showed severity score of 1 on score 1-9; 14 lines showed severity score of 3. These 7 lines are; SR34574-HB3565-284, ARS1958-1, SR34574-HB3565-285, SR34574-HB3565-290, HR32068F1-4-20-1-6-3-2, HR32068F1-4-20-1-6-4-2 and HR32068F1-4-20-1-6-4-3, which were also found to exhibit resistance to all other diseases assessed, namely rice blast, BB, sheath rot and narrow leaf brown spot. A total of 39 lines showed severity score of 5 while up to 57 lines showed reduction in plant height by at most 30%. Further analysis based on a rating scale for Susceptible (7-9), Medium resistance (4-6) and Resistance (0-3) indicated line, namely, HB4057, rymv1-2, rymv1-3, RYMV3, Hannam, NamChe-2 and Ungwang as the resistant donors.
In respect to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease, a total of 18 isogenic lines developed for BLB disease were screened in three hotspot areas of Namulonge-Wakiso, Olweny-Lira and Kibimba- Bugiri districts in Uganda. The results revealed IRBB21 (Xa 21) as the most resistant line in all the three locations followed by IRBB8 [27], implying that lines with these genes could be used to pyramid for multiple stress resistance in our breeding programme.
In another study, 32 lines were screened for resistance to BLB and six other lines, namely, CT 12, WITA 132 x NERICA 14, NERICA 10, NERICA 4 and NERICA 1 were reported resistant to BLB [27]. These four lines could be donor parents in breeding for BB resistance as currently, several rice lines have shown resistance to leaf bacterial blight (Table 3).
No | Genotype | Designation | Reaction | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | IRBB21 | Xa 21 | HR | NaCRRI |
2 | CT 12 | Unknown | HR | NaCRRI |
3 | NERICA 1 | WAB 450-1-B-P-38-HB | HR | NaCRRI |
4 | NERICA 4 | WAB 450 IBP91HB. | HR | NaCRRI |
5 | NERICA 10 | WAB 450-11-1-1P41-HB | HR | NaCRRI |
6 | WITA 132 x NERICA 14 | Unknown | HR | NaCRRI |
Lines resistant to bacterial leaf blight disease.
Key: HR = high resistance; NaCRRI = National Crops Resources research Institute, Namulonge - Uganda.
Source; Lussewa et al. [27].
Rice blast disease has been mentioned in several articles as a major constraint in rice production in Uganda [2, 3, 5, 6]. Accordingly, 450 lines were progressively screened in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020 for sources of resistance to the rice blast disease. In 2014, a total of 50 lines introduced from South Korea though the KAFACI were screened alongside a resistant (IR-64) and a susceptible (NERICA 1) checks. These were the breeding population from a cross of an African cultivated rice,
No | Genotype | Designation | Reaction | Breeding centre | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MET3 | ART35-114-1-6N-2 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
2 | MET8 | ART35-100-1-7D-1 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
3 | MET12 | ART34-88-1-2-B-1 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
4 | MET13 | ART34-113-3-2-B-1 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
5 | MET16 | ART35-272-1-2-B-1 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
6 | MET35 | ART27-58-3-2-2-1 | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
7 | MET44 | PCT-11\\0\\0\\2,Bo\\2\\1>404-1-1-1-1-1-M | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
8 | MET50 | PCT-11\\0\\0\\2,Bo\\2\\1>82-3-1-1-3-2-M | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
9 | MET60 | PCT-4\\0\\0\\1>295-2-3-1-3-3-M | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
10 | MET66 | PCT-4\\SA\\1\\1,SA\\2\\1>746-1-1-4-1-3-M | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
11 | MET70 | PCT-4\\SA\\5\\1>1754-5-1-5-3-1-M | R | AfricaRice | [26] |
12 | Nerica8 | R | AfricaRice | [26] | |
13 | SR34034-HB3471-10 | HB4052/Ungwang | R | KAFACI | [26] |
14 | SR34034-HB3471-23 | HB4052/Ungwang | R | KAFACI | [26] |
15 | SR34034-HB3471-24 | HB4052/Ungwang | R | KAFACI | [26] |
16 | SR34555-HB3472-18 | HB4055/Hopum | R | KAFACI | [26] |
17 | SR34039-HB3366-64 | HB4055/MS11 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
18 | SR34042-HB3475-6 | HB4057/Japonica 1 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
19 | SR34035-HB3477-61 | HB4057/Ungwang | R | KAFACI | [26] |
20 | SR34035-HB3477-96 | HB4057/Ungwang | R | KAFACI | [26] |
21 | SR33705-HB3381-62 | Hwaseong/IR84421-4-47-B-1-3 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
22 | SR33705-HB3381-113 | Hwaseong/IR84421-4-47-B-1-3 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
23 | SR33703-HB3482-8 | Ilpum/IR84421-4-47-B-1-3 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
24 | SR34040-HB3367-55 | Japonica 1/HB4052 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
25 | SR34038-HB3420-35 | MS11/HB4052 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
26 | SR34038-HB3420-38 | MS11/HB4052 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
27 | SR34038-HB3420-56 | MS11/HB4052 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
28 | SR33859-HB3324-93 | Samgwang/Yeongdeok53 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
29 | SR33859-HB3324-133 | Samgwang/Yeongdeok53 | R | KAFACI | [26] |
30 | SR-133, | SR33859-HB3324-133, | KAFACI | [28] | |
31 | SR-93 | SR33859-HB3324-93 | KAFACI | [28] | |
32 | SR-80 | SR33701-HB3330-80 | KAFACI | [28] |
Lines resistant to rice blast.
Another set of 46 rice genotypes introduced from South Korea though the KAFACI were screened for resistance to rice blast under screen house condition and in the field at NaCRRI Uganda in the year 2015 [28]. The screening exercise involved infecting and selecting the infected rice plants and by observing the symptoms on the leaves based on the rice blast identification guide. Data on leaf blast severity, lesion size, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for leaf blast severity and lesion size, panicle blast and yield were collected on five randomly selected plants in the field and on three plants in the screenhouse from each plot according to the standard evaluation system of rice [24]. Results revealed that genotypes SR33859-HB3324-133, SR33859-HB3324-93 and SR33701-HB3330-78 were highly resistance to rice blast and had good performance for yield [28] (Table 4).
In a related study aimed at understanding transmission of genes for resistance to rice blast, it was found that both additive and non-additive effects contributed to transmission of resistance genes for rice blast disease to the progenies. The inheritance of rice blast resistance has been indicated to be mainly controlled by additive gene effects, besides a small influence of a non-additive effects [28].
In an effort to combat brown spot disease caused by
No | Genotype | Designation | Reaction | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NM-22-1 | NamChe-2/SR33705- HB3381-62 | HR | NaCRRI |
2 | NM-22-2 | NamChe-5/SR33705- HB3381-62 | HR | NaCRRI |
3 | NM-22-3 | ARC36-2-P-2/SR33705- HB3381-62 | HR | NaCRRI |
4 | E22 | NM7-22- 11- B-P-1-1 (WAB 450-1-BL1-136-HB /WAB 450-B-136-HB) | HR | NaCRRI |
5 | NERICA 10 | HR | AfricaRice | |
6 | NERICA 4 | WAB450-1-B-P-91-HB | HR | AfricaRice |
7 | E1 | NM7-22- 14- B-P-1-5 | HR | NaCRRI |
8 | E11 | NM7-1- 9- B-P-1-1 | HR | NaCRRI |
9 | P27H4 | NM7-27- 5- B-P-1-2 | HR | NaCRRI |
10 | E186 | NM7-186- 8- B-P-1-3 | HR | NaCRRI |
11 | E51 | NM7-51- 9- B-P-1-4 | HR | NaCRRI |
12 | P8H13 | NM7-8- 9- B-P-1-5 | HR | NaCRRI |
13 | E123 | NM7-123- 10- B-P-1-6 | HR | NaCRRI |
14 | E3 | NM7-3- 9- B-P-1-7 | HR | NaCRRI |
15 | E104 | NM7-104- 16- B-P-1-8 | HR | NaCRRI |
16 | E99 | NM7-99- 14- B-P-1-9 | HR | NaCRRI |
17 | E16 | NM7-16- 12- B-P-1-7 | HR | NaCRRI |
18 | E135 | NM7-135- 11- B-P-1-9 | HR | NaCRRI |
19 | E8 | NM7-8- 11- B-P-1-12 | HR | NaCRRI |
20 | P26H6 | NM7-26- 11- B-P-1-9 | HR | NaCRRI |
21 | P27H3 | NM7-27- 11- B-P-1-12 | HR | NaCRRI |
22 | P3R1 | NM7-3- 11- B-P-1-4 | HR | NaCRRI |
23 | P55H7 | NM7-55- 11- B-P-1-6 | HR | NaCRRI |
Further studies where F2 progenies from the crosses involving parents with distinct phenotypic classes of brown spot revealed information of segregation ratios for the different crosses. In particular, crosses TXD 306 × NERICA 4, NERICA 1 × NERICA 4, NERICA 4 × NERICA 1 and E 22 × PAK conformed to the 3:1 ratio, suggesting the presence of at least one gene showing dominance [30].
Another study conducted to identify lines resistant to bacterial leaf streak (BLS) identified three lines of NERICA 1, NERICA 6 and IURON 2015-1 as highly resistant to the pathogen causing bacterial leaf streak [31].
A study was also conducted to identify rice lines resistant to African rice gall midge (AfRGM) and 20 rice genotypes with diverse breeding background were evaluated for the resistance to AfRGM under controlled conditions in a screen house and under the field conditions at NaCRRI, Namulonge - Uganda [32]. Infestation was done in accordance with the method use by Ogah [33] where 3 females and 2 male of AfRGM were released in each cage. A total of 180 females and 120 males of gall midge was used. Genotypes MET P-7 and NERICA 6, NERICA 4 and NERICA 1 consistently exhibited high tolerance to AfRGM. The most desirable (high negative) SCA effects were observed in the crosses from NERICA 6 X E 22, NERICA 1 X K 85, NERICA 1 X KOMBOKA and NERICA 4 X KOMBOKA. Low (desirable) GCA values were witnessed in the case of genotypes of NERICA 6, NERICA 1, NERICA 4 and MET P-7, indicating the importance of the parents in contributing resistance towards AfRGM in rice.
In another study to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed fly pest (
Further, an investigation aimed at identifying rice lines with tolerance to cold was conducted and 41 lines at panicle initiation growth stage were subjected to controlled environmental condition of 17°C for 30 days prior to screening and the results revealed three lines, namely, Yunertian, Yunkeng and Zhongeng to exhibit tolerance to cold stress. Furthermore, a study was carried out to determine mode of transmission of genes resistance to cold stress and the crosses from Agoro x Zhongeng, TXD x Zhongeng, 1189 x Zhongeng, 1052 x Zhongeng, TXD x Yunertian and 1189 x Rumbuka presented high and positive specific combining ability (SCA) effect to cold stress at seedling stage indicating that the crosses could be used in selection of cold tolerant lines.
Submergence is a salient yield decimating factor in rice partly because water control and field level under irrigated and rain-fed conditions is weak. In order to address this challenge, a total of 29 rice genotypes were screened for submergence tolerance. Of these, six genotypes namely,
Aroma in rice is a trait of high economic importance, thus are highly valued by consumers and thus commanding higher prices compared to the non-aromatic genotypes. However, the popular global varieties, namely, Basmati of India and Pakistan origins could not be adopted in Uganda because they succumbed to multiple biotic stresses rendering them not suitable for production in Uganda. In response to this challenge, the rice breeding program in Uganda, therefore, have employed two intervention strategies. The first was to screen all rice germplasm for aroma and initiate breeding program for improvement of aroma characteristics and through cooking and leaf sample testing, 39 aromatic rice varieties were identified (Table 6). In the second study, screening was conducted based on 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) concentration and the genotypes MET 3, SUPA 1052, Namche 1, ART-4 and BASMATI 370 exhibited not only high, but also stable 2-AP levels. These parents identified with strong aroma characteristics could be used in the subsequent breeding program for aroma characteristics.
S/N | Genotype | Designation | Reaction | Breeding centre | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AGRA 41 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-3-4 | Aromatic | CRI, Ghana | [19] |
2 | AGRA 55 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-4-4 | Aromatic | CRI, Ghana | [19] |
3 | AGRA 60 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-4-13 | Aromatic | CRI, Ghana | [19] |
4 | AGRA 78 | AGRA-CRI-UPL-2-1 | Aromatic | CRI, Ghana | [19] |
5 | ART 4 | ART15-22-10-8-1-B-2-2 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
6 | ART 7 | ART15-17-7-8-1-1-1-B-1-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
7 | ART 10 | ART15-21-2-4-1-B-1-B-1-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
8 | Basmati 370 | Unknown | Aromatic | India | [19] |
9 | Komboka | IR 05N 221 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19, 36] |
10 | MET 3 | ART35-114-1-6N-2 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
11 | MET 4 | ART34-146-1-8N-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
12 | MET 6 | ART35-49-1-4N-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
13 | MET 12 | ART34-88-1-2-B-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
14 | MET 13 | ART34-113-3-2-B-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
15 | MET 14 | ART34-256-3-1-B-2 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
16 | MET 16 | ART35-272-1-2-B-1 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
17 | MET 40 | ART27-190-1-4-2-1-1-3 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
18 | NERICA 10 | WAB 450-11-1-1-P41-HB | Aromatic | WARDA/Africa Rice | [19] |
19 | Sande | O. barthi interspecific lines | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
20 | Supa 3 | IR 97011-7-7-3-1-B | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
21 | Supa 5 | IR 97011-16-2-4-B | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
22 | Supa 6 | IR 9712-4-1-2-1-1 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
23 | Supa 1052 | SUPA V88*2/ IR09F154 | Aromatic | AfricaRice, Nigeria | [19] |
24 | Yasmin aromatic | Unknown | Aromatic | Egypt | [19] |
25 | GSR-1 | GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
26 | GSR-2 | GSR IR1- 4-D3-Y1-Y1 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
27 | GSR-3 | GSR IR1- 4-D6-LI2-LI1 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
28 | GSR-4 | GSR IR1- 3-D7-LI1-S2 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
29 | GSR-5 | GSR IR1- 4-D3-LI1-LI1 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
30 | GSR-5 | GSR IR1- 3-S13-Y1-S1 | Aromatic | IRRI, Philippines | [19] |
31 | NM 19-12-13-1 | ARC36-2-P-2/Komboka | Aromatic | NARO, Uganda | [19] |
32 | NM 19-12-13-1 | ARS126-3-B-1- 2/Komboka | Aromatic | NARO, Uganda | [19] |
33 | NM 19-12-13-1 | SR33705-HB3381- 62/Komboka | Aromatic | NARO, Uganda | [19] |
34 | NM 19-12-13-1 | NamChe-2/Komboka | Aromatic | NARO, Uganda | [19] |
35 | NM 19-12-13-1 | NamChe-5/Komboka | Aromatic | NARO, Uganda | [19] |
36 | Supa local | SUPA V88 | Aromatic | Tanzania | [37] |
38 | TXD-306 | TXD-306 | Aromatic | Tanzania | [37] |
39 | Pishori | Pishori | Aromatic | Tanzania | [18] |
40 | GSR1 | GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
41 | GSR2 | GSR IR1- 4-D3-Y1-Y1 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
42 | GSR3 | GSR IR1- 4-D6-LI2-LI1 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
43 | GSR4 | GSR IR1- 3-D7-LI1-S2 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
44 | GSR5 | GSR IR1- 4-D3-LI1-LI1 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
45 | GSR6 | GSR IR1- 3-S13-Y1-S1 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
46 | GSR7 | NM7-8-2-B-P-11-6 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS | |
47 | GSR8 | IR 83683-63-3-1-2-1 | Aromatic | IRRI/CAAS |
Rice lines showing aroma characteristics.
Amylose level influences grain cooking quality and therefore rice with high amylose content are not preferred, for example in Uganda, rice with intermediate amylose level ranging from 15–22% are the commonly grown varieties. Therefore, in a bid to maintain preferred amylose content within the Uganda’s rice collections, a study was under taken to screen 60 lines for amylose content for two seasons in 2018 [38]. Of the 60 lines screened, seven lines consistently were of intermediate amylose content (AC), namely Namche 1 (21.84%), P62H17 (20.86%), Namche 1 (21.84%), Namche 2 (16.74%), Namche 3 (14.64%), Namche 5 (22.77%) and ARU 1190 (27.86%) in both environments. A study to understand the mode of transmission of genes for amylose content revealed that six crosses, namely, 1052 x Suparica, 326104 x NERICA 4, 1052 x Namche 2, Namche 2 x Namche 3, Namche 1 x NERICA 4 and Namche 3 x NERICA 4 with significant (P ≤ 0.05) negative SCA effects indicating that there was reduced AC% in the crosses whereas the remaining seven crosses with positive significant SCA effects for amylose content indicated increase in the AC% of the progenies in these crosses.
In light of the challenges of rice production and increasing demand for climate smart agriculture, varieties that are tolerant to known biotic and abiotic stresses were developed and released in Uganda (Table 7). Overall, 7 rainfed lowland rice varieties were released in addition to existing local rice varieties. Of the 7 varieties 2 were aromatic and 5 non-aromatic varieties [14, 39].
Variety details | Exceptional characteristics |
---|---|
Name: Chiga-1 Designation: DU 363-2 Cross: NA Source: China Year of release: 2019 Potential yield: 9.600 Kgs/ha Maturity period: 129 days Type: Hybrid | Bold and big grains like SUPA; Leaf blade has distinctive purple edge that warrants purity management; Strong stem, moderately resistant to RYMV |
Name: ARIZE-1 Designation: ARIZE GOLD 6444 Cross: NA Source: Bayer Crop Science Year of release: 20149 Potential yield: 7,900 Kgs/ha Maturity period: 108 days Type: Hybrid | Has distinctive erect flag leaf; moderately tolerant to RYMV, tolerant to rice blast and BLS; Flaffy when cooked |
Name: Komboka Designation: IR 79253-55-1-4-6 Cross: IR 74052-297-2-1/IR 71700-247-1-1-2 Source: IRRI Year of release: 2014 Potential yield: 6,900 Kgs/ha Maturity period: 118 days Type: Inbred | Has distinctive erect flag leaf; moderately tolerant to RYMV, tolerant to rice blast and BLS; Flaffy when cooked, Aromatic |
Name: Agoro Designation: IR 09 A 136 Cross: IR 75000-69-2-1-2 / IR 71684-36-3-3-2 Source: IRRI Year of release: 2014 Potential yield: 6,100 Kgs/ha Maturity period: 124 days Type: Inbred | Has light green and erect flag leaf; moderately tolerant to RYMV, Rice blast and BLS; Flaffy when cooked |
Name: Okile Designation: GSR-I-0057 Cross: ZGY 1 Source: IRRI/CAAS Year of release: 2014 Potential yield: 6,800 Kgs/ha Maturity period: 140 days Type: Inbred | Has large erect flag leaf; moderately tolerant to RYMV, Rice blast and BLS; Flaffy when cooked |
Name: WITA-9 Designation: TOX 3058-28-1-1-1 Cross: IR 2042-178-1/CT19 Source: AfricaRice/IITA Year of release: 2014 Potential yield: Maturity period: Type: Inbred | Has short erect flag leaf; tolerant to RYMV, resistant to Rice blast and BLS; Flaffy when cooked, purple stipes in the leaf sheath and leaf margin |
Name: NERICA-6 Designation: WAB450-1-B-P-160-HB Cross: CG 14/WAB56-104 Source: AfricaRice Year of release: 2014 Potential yield: 6100 Maturity period: Type: Inbred | Has long flag leaf; smooth leaf, Tolerant to RYMV, resistant to Rice blast and BLS; Flaffy when cooked |
Irrigated and rainfed rice varieties released in Uganda.
This information will guide selection of parents to use in rice improvement in the country. In the development of improved rice varieties, core sets of population are critical. Identified SNP markers are accelerating this process. Currently, rice germplasm available are being genotypes for presence of known genes of importance in rice breeding. Over 50 SNP markers covering major biotic and biotic, grains quality, yield and physiological traits are the current target are being used on the Uganda germplasm. With SNP markers being developed already aiding the process of selecting core populations for breeding and accelerating selection of promising lines, we believe that efforts to identify more SNPs in populations that show presence of genes through morphological but not positive under current SNP panel be given urgent attention. This will provide broad accumulations of preferred genes at genome level for
This paper provides information on the trends in the development of irrigated and lowland rice in Uganda. It reveals that there are more unreleased rice genotypes under cultivation than the released varieties. This observation points to the fact that rice improvement and variety release is a recent development in the country. Also, that more effort has been in screening introductions and conducting adaptation trials. These efforts contributed to selection of widely adapted genotypes that became accepted in the rice breeding program in Uganda. The panel of adapted lines have diverse parental background that includes
The authors would like to acknowledge persons who were involved in various research on rice in Uganda and coordinating rice breeding initiatives in the country. We appreciate International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)-through STRASA and GSR projects, AfricaRice-through the AfricaWide Rice Breeding Task Force, CIAT Colombia, Crops Research Institute (Kumasi, Ghana) for sharing germplasm. We thank Prof Tongoona Pangirayi and Prof Patrick Okori who guided development of rice breeding program in Uganda through training and mentorship with support Alliance for Green Revolution AGRA.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rice breeding is Uganda is still new. There is need to strengthen collaborative research with International and National partners in research and capacity (human and physical) development.
As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
",metaTitle:"Conflicts of Interest Policy",metaDescription:"As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/conflicts-of-interest-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\\n\\nIntechOpen requires:
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\\n\\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\\n\\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2459},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11486",title:"Climate Change - Recent Observations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"741543ff220f5cf688efbf12d3e2f536",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Terence Epule Epule",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11486.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348146",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Terence Epule",surname:"Epule",slug:"terence-epule-epule",fullName:"Terence Epule Epule"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11489",title:"Satellite Systems - Applied Geodesy and Earth Observation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c21d1a8ed9ad6be081d2e74d977d2bc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bihter Erol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11489.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"75478",title:"Dr.",name:"Bihter",surname:"Erol",slug:"bihter-erol",fullName:"Bihter Erol"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11492",title:"Space Exploration - Advances in Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2204ff2e64bffb84a4bf1b74bb38bfa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hector Pérez-de-Tejada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",surname:"Pérez-de-Tejada",slug:"hector-perez-de-tejada",fullName:"Hector Pérez-de-Tejada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11493",title:"Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for Energy Transition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0400d540d2b8fb55d4cc8590e1e58844",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohammadreza Aghaei and Associate Prof. Amin Moazami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11493.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"317230",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadreza",surname:"Aghaei",slug:"mohammadreza-aghaei",fullName:"Mohammadreza Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli and Dr. Claudia Campanale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11836",title:"Estuary Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c8c5352d19470a9e3433b4d62c0cada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Andrew James Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11836.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11840",title:"Arid Environment - Perspectives, Challenges and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c2e03f295fbc697350f0bf3bf89a14f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz, Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi, M.Sc. Ercan Gürbulak and MSc. Mesut Tekbaş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11840.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11842",title:"Altimetry - Theory, Applications and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2b6e7b58333453ef7b73416d8fdfaf3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tomislav Bašić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"343125",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Bašić",slug:"tomislav-basic",fullName:"Tomislav Bašić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11844",title:"Quartz - From Mineral Deposits to Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"02ae4594c55841890c13fee4aea6574c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Leal Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11844.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"461236",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Leal Gomes",slug:"carlos-leal-gomes",fullName:"Carlos Leal Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11847",title:"Gas Reservoirs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c1265f50efcf19c17e039c277f57e1a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Ismet Kanlı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11847.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ismet",surname:"Kanlı",slug:"ali-ismet-kanli",fullName:"Ali Ismet Kanlı"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:114},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:25},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"962",title:"Rheology",slug:"rheology",parent:{id:"160",title:"Surface Science",slug:"surface-science"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:61,numberOfWosCitations:218,numberOfCrossrefCitations:79,numberOfDimensionsCitations:242,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"962",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6702",title:"Polymer Rheology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c24234818cd4b2ce3ed569c2b29f714c",slug:"polymer-rheology",bookSignature:"Jose Luis Rivera-Armenta and Beatriz Adriana Salazar Cruz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3489",title:"Rheology",subtitle:"New Concepts, Applications and Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35387b72b92ad7d46c48fc716907f286",slug:"rheology-new-concepts-applications-and-methods",bookSignature:"Rajkumar Durairaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"160498",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Durairaj",slug:"rajkumar-durairaj",fullName:"Rajkumar Durairaj"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1601",title:"Rheology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d8f58fa731fd2eaa54c4175944d5f5f",slug:"rheology",bookSignature:"Juan De Vicente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99801",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"De Vicente",slug:"juan-de-vicente",fullName:"Juan De Vicente"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30968",doi:"10.5772/36975",title:"Polymer Gel Rheology and Adhesion",slug:"rheology-and-adhesion-of-polymer-gels",totalDownloads:15906,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:74,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Anne M. Grillet, Nicholas B. Wyatt and Lindsey M. Gloe",authors:[{id:"110676",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Grillet",slug:"anne-grillet",fullName:"Anne Grillet"},{id:"138225",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Wyatt",slug:"nicholas-wyatt",fullName:"Nicholas Wyatt"},{id:"138226",title:"Ms.",name:"Lindsey",middleName:null,surname:"Gloe",slug:"lindsey-gloe",fullName:"Lindsey Gloe"}]},{id:"30975",doi:"10.5772/36619",title:"Solution Properties of κ-Carrageenan and Its Interaction with Other Polysaccharides in Aqueous Media",slug:"solution-properties-of-k-carrageenan-and-its-interaction-with-other-polysaccharides-in-aqueous-media",totalDownloads:7630,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Alberto Tecante and María del Carmen Núñez Santiago",authors:[{id:"109087",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tecante",slug:"alberto-tecante",fullName:"Alberto Tecante"},{id:"109098",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez-Santiago",slug:"maria-del-carmen-nunez-santiago",fullName:"Maria Del Carmen Nunez-Santiago"}]},{id:"30970",doi:"10.5772/34881",title:"Poisson’s Ratio and Mechanical Nonlinearity Under Tensile Deformation in Crystalline Polymers",slug:"poisson-s-ratio-and-mechanical-nonlinearity-under-tensile-deformation",totalDownloads:9765,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Koh-hei Nitta and Masahiro Yamana",authors:[{id:"101995",title:"Prof.",name:"Koh-Hei",middleName:null,surname:"Nitta",slug:"koh-hei-nitta",fullName:"Koh-Hei Nitta"}]},{id:"30973",doi:"10.5772/35715",title:"Measurement and Impact Factors of Polymer Rheology in Porous Media",slug:"polymer-rheology-in-porous-media",totalDownloads:7824,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Yongpeng Sun, Laila Saleh and Baojun Bai",authors:[{id:"105585",title:"Prof.",name:"Baojun",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",slug:"baojun-bai",fullName:"Baojun Bai"}]},{id:"30978",doi:"10.5772/35004",title:"Rheological Behaviors and Their Correlation with Printing Performance of Silver Paste for LTCC Tape",slug:"rheological-behaviors-and-their-correlation-with-printing-performance-of-silver-paste-for-ltcc-tape",totalDownloads:9172,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Rosidah Alias and Sabrina Mohd Shapee",authors:[{id:"93015",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosidah",middleName:null,surname:"Alias",slug:"rosidah-alias",fullName:"Rosidah Alias"},{id:"102563",title:"MSc.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Shapee",slug:"sabrina-mohd-shapee",fullName:"Sabrina Mohd Shapee"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60426",title:"Applications of Viscoelastic Fluids Involving Hydrodynamic Stability and Heat Transfer",slug:"applications-of-viscoelastic-fluids-involving-hydrodynamic-stability-and-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:1364,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Rayleigh and Marangoni convection and rheology are linked in the thermal convection of viscoelastic fluids to some recent technological applications. Such technology developments as the ones presented here undoubtedly shall be based on interdisciplinary projects involving not only rheology or fluid mechanics but several other disciplines. Three practical applications which use Rayleigh or Marangoni convection in their working principle are presented along with some technical details. This contribution focus mainly on the physical mechanism and the involved hydrodynamics of some lab and industrial applications. Finally, a short discussion on the role play by the convective mechanisms is given in order to provide integration of the exposed ideas.",book:{id:"6702",slug:"polymer-rheology",title:"Polymer Rheology",fullTitle:"Polymer Rheology"},signatures:"Ildebrando Pérez-Reyes, René Osvaldo Vargas-Aguilar, Samuel\nBernardo Pérez-Vega and Alejandro Sebastián Ortiz-Pérez",authors:[{id:"183938",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Vega",slug:"samuel-perez-vega",fullName:"Samuel Perez-Vega"},{id:"186659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ildebrando",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Reyes",slug:"ildebrando-perez-reyes",fullName:"Ildebrando Pérez-Reyes"},{id:"242858",title:"Prof.",name:"Rene Osvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas-Aguilar",slug:"rene-osvaldo-vargas-aguilar",fullName:"Rene Osvaldo Vargas-Aguilar"},{id:"242859",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Perez",slug:"alejandro-sebastian-ortiz-perez",fullName:"Alejandro Sebastian Ortiz-Perez"}]},{id:"30975",title:"Solution Properties of κ-Carrageenan and Its Interaction with Other Polysaccharides in Aqueous Media",slug:"solution-properties-of-k-carrageenan-and-its-interaction-with-other-polysaccharides-in-aqueous-media",totalDownloads:7625,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Alberto Tecante and María del Carmen Núñez Santiago",authors:[{id:"109087",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tecante",slug:"alberto-tecante",fullName:"Alberto Tecante"},{id:"109098",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez-Santiago",slug:"maria-del-carmen-nunez-santiago",fullName:"Maria Del Carmen Nunez-Santiago"}]},{id:"30968",title:"Polymer Gel Rheology and Adhesion",slug:"rheology-and-adhesion-of-polymer-gels",totalDownloads:15900,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:74,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Anne M. Grillet, Nicholas B. Wyatt and Lindsey M. Gloe",authors:[{id:"110676",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Grillet",slug:"anne-grillet",fullName:"Anne Grillet"},{id:"138225",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Wyatt",slug:"nicholas-wyatt",fullName:"Nicholas Wyatt"},{id:"138226",title:"Ms.",name:"Lindsey",middleName:null,surname:"Gloe",slug:"lindsey-gloe",fullName:"Lindsey Gloe"}]},{id:"61430",title:"Effect of Maltodextrin Reduction and Native Agave Fructans Addition on the Rheological Behavior of Spray-Dried Juices",slug:"effect-of-maltodextrin-reduction-and-native-agave-fructans-addition-on-the-rheological-behavior-of-s",totalDownloads:1056,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Agave fructans have thermal protective and encapsulating properties as well as technological functions as stabilizers. The effect of the combination of maltodextrin 10% [w/v] and native agave fructans in concentrations of 0, 2, and 4% [w/v] on the rheological properties and microstructure, of spray-dried chayote, carrot, mango and pineapple powders was evaluated. The flow behavior was analyzed in a simple shear flow and low-cutting speed in the range of 5–200 s−1. The experimental data of fresh or reconstituted juices were fitted to different flow models such as Newtonian, Bingham, and Ostwald-de-Waele. The flow behavior of all juices can be described by the Bingham model with low plastic viscosities; the addition of fructans and the step of spray drying had no significant influence on the plastic viscosity of juices as compared to fresh juices.",book:{id:"6702",slug:"polymer-rheology",title:"Polymer Rheology",fullTitle:"Polymer Rheology"},signatures:"Darvin Ervey Jimenez-Sánchez, Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo,\nLaetitia Picart-Palmade, Pedro Ulises Bautista Rosales, Julio Cesar\nBarros-Castillo and Juan Arturo Ragazzo-Sánchez",authors:[{id:"234138",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Ragazzo-Sanchez",slug:"juan-ragazzo-sanchez",fullName:"Juan Ragazzo-Sanchez"},{id:"234139",title:"Dr.",name:"Darvin Ervey",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Sánchez",slug:"darvin-ervey-jimenez-sanchez",fullName:"Darvin Ervey Jimenez-Sánchez"},{id:"234140",title:"Prof.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Calderón-Santoyo",slug:"montserrat-calderon-santoyo",fullName:"Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo"},{id:"234143",title:"Prof.",name:"Laetitia",middleName:null,surname:"Picart-Palmade",slug:"laetitia-picart-palmade",fullName:"Laetitia Picart-Palmade"},{id:"234144",title:"MSc.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Barros-Castillo",slug:"julio-barros-castillo",fullName:"Julio Barros-Castillo"},{id:"257866",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Ulises",middleName:null,surname:"Bautista-Rosales",slug:"pedro-ulises-bautista-rosales",fullName:"Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales"}]},{id:"60958",title:"Magnetorheology of Polymer Systems",slug:"magnetorheology-of-polymer-systems",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The results of researches of a magnetic field effect on rheological properties of both paramagnetic, and diamagnetic polymer systems are described. Influence of intensity and the direction of power lines of the magnetic field on the viscosity of magnetic liquids and magnetorheological suspensions is analyzed. Results of theoretical researches of the magnetic field effect on the diamagnetic macromolecule orientation in solutions are discussed. The data on the influence of the magnetic field on rheological parameters of cellulose ether solutions are generalized and analyzed. The rheological parameters are compared with a change of studied system structure under magnetic field. The concentration dependences of viscosity and the sizes of supramolecular particles in solutions are compared. The rheological behavior of systems in a region of phase transitions is considered. Concentration dependences of the viscosity are described by curves with a maximum which concentration corresponds to a phase transition concentration.",book:{id:"6702",slug:"polymer-rheology",title:"Polymer Rheology",fullTitle:"Polymer Rheology"},signatures:"Sergey Vshivkov and Elena Rusinova",authors:[{id:"233365",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:"Anatol\\'Evich",surname:"Vshivkov",slug:"sergey-vshivkov",fullName:"Sergey Vshivkov"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"962",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82013",title:"Streamlining Laboratory Tests for HIV Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105096",signatures:"Ramakrishna Prakash and Mysore Krishnamurthy Yashaswini",slug:"streamlining-laboratory-tests-for-hiv-detection",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81972",title:"The Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa; Current Understanding of the Host Immune System and New Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105086",signatures:"Kwame Kumi Asare",slug:"the-submicroscopic-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-in-sub-saharan-africa-current-understanding-of-the-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:739,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"New Insights into Biology and Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7004.jpg",slug:"metabolomics-new-insights-into-biology-and-medicine",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",hash:"35a30d8241442b716a4aab830b6de28f",volumeInSeries:16,fullTitle:"Metabolomics - New Insights into Biology and Medicine",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189233/images/system/189233.jpeg",institutionString:"Beni-Suef University",institution:{name:"Beni-Suef University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6967",title:"Prebiotics and Probiotics",subtitle:"Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6967.jpg",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Elena Franco-Robles and Joel Ramírez-Emiliano",hash:"11781d6b1c070edcf204518e632033be",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",editors:[{id:"219102",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Robles",slug:"elena-franco-robles",fullName:"Elena Franco-Robles",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219102/images/system/219102.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institution:{name:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245925/images/system/245925.jpg",institutionString:"Qazvin University of Medical Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"