Classification of particles in dispersion [16].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9528",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases in the history of the world. This vector-borne disease has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. As such, this book provides updated information on epidemiological and public health research of malaria conducted in the last decade. Over four sections, chapters discuss such topics as diagnosis, epidemiology and surveillance, policy and prevention, and vector control and vaccines.",isbn:"978-1-83968-484-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-483-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-485-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87323",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",numberOfPages:334,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4489,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 24th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1129",title:"Epidemiology",slug:"epidemiology"}],chapters:[{id:"77221",title:"Introductory Chapter: Malaria Elimination - A Challenge with Multiple Emerging Ecosocial Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98579",slug:"introductory-chapter-malaria-elimination-a-challenge-with-multiple-emerging-ecosocial-challenges",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Luis Andrés Salas-Matta, Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez, Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana, Lucia E. Alvarado-Arnez, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Juan-Carlos Navarro, Tomas Orduna and José A. Suárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77221",authors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"},{id:"421599",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime A.",surname:"Cardona-Ospina",slug:"jaime-a.-cardona-ospina",fullName:"Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina"},{id:"421600",title:"Dr.",name:"D.",surname:"Katterine-Bonilla-Aldana",slug:"d.-katterine-bonilla-aldana",fullName:"D. Katterine-Bonilla-Aldana"},{id:"421601",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Andrés",surname:"Salas-Matta",slug:"luis-andres-salas-matta",fullName:"Luis Andrés Salas-Matta"},{id:"421602",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilmer E.",surname:"Villamil-Gómez",slug:"wilmer-e.-villamil-gomez",fullName:"Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez"},{id:"421603",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",surname:"Escalera-Antezana",slug:"juan-pablo-escalera-antezana",fullName:"Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana"},{id:"421604",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia E.",surname:"Alvarado-Arnez",slug:"lucia-e.-alvarado-arnez",fullName:"Lucia E. Alvarado-Arnez"},{id:"421605",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Franco-Paredes",slug:"carlos-franco-paredes",fullName:"Carlos Franco-Paredes"},{id:"421606",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan-Carlos",surname:"Navarro",slug:"juan-carlos-navarro",fullName:"Juan-Carlos Navarro"},{id:"421607",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Orduna",slug:"tomas-orduna",fullName:"Tomas Orduna"},{id:"421608",title:"Dr.",name:"José A.",surname:"Suárez",slug:"jose-a.-suarez",fullName:"José A. Suárez"}],corrections:null},{id:"75673",title:"Point-of-Care Strategies Applied to Malaria Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96721",slug:"point-of-care-strategies-applied-to-malaria-diagnosis",totalDownloads:414,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rapid and specific diagnosis of malaria remains one of the main strategies to fight the disease. The diagnosis is made primarily by the simple and low-cost thick drop technique, considered the gold standard test. However, the requirement for good quality microscopes and well-trained personnel often lead to inaccurate diagnosis, especially in cases of mixed infections or low parasitemia. Although PCR-based tests can help in these situations, this technique requires large and sensitive equipments, being unsuitable for point of care (POC) settings. A myriad of POC diagnostic tests have being developed in the last years, relying on molecular methods but also on novel strategies. New platforms, miniaturization techniques, and multiplexing possibilities promise great potential to improve disease diagnostics through fast and accurate detection of cases, even at remote places. Here, we will address the main POC strategies developed for the diagnosis of malaria, highlighting their strengths and weakness as POC applications.",signatures:"Alexandre Dias Tavares Costa, Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar, Angelina Moraes Silva and Dhelio Batista Pereira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75673",authors:[{id:"333225",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Costa",slug:"alexandre-costa",fullName:"Alexandre Costa"},{id:"344447",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Caroline Campos",surname:"Aguiar",slug:"anna-caroline-campos-aguiar",fullName:"Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar"},{id:"344456",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhelio Batista",surname:"Pereira",slug:"dhelio-batista-pereira",fullName:"Dhelio Batista Pereira"},{id:"344457",title:"MSc.",name:"Angelina Moraes",surname:"Silva",slug:"angelina-moraes-silva",fullName:"Angelina Moraes Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"75545",title:"Prompt and Accurate Diagnosis, A Veritable Tool in Malaria Elimination Efforts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96582",slug:"prompt-and-accurate-diagnosis-a-veritable-tool-in-malaria-elimination-efforts",totalDownloads:210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The concept of malaria elimination is to get rid of local transmission of malaria parasites in a defined geographical area. Among the measures required for malaria elimination is prompt and accurate diagnosis. Malaria diagnostic tools currently in use: clinical diagnosis, Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (mRDT) and molecular diagnosis, have limitations. Clinical diagnosis can be used as first step in making prompt malaria diagnosis, but cannot confirm cases. Malaria RDTs satisfies the need for prompt diagnosis but has low accuracy in confirming cases. Accuracy of microscopy depends on making good blood films, and accurate film interpretation. Molecular diagnosis required for species-specific diagnosis of malaria parasites, and determination of genes that confers drug resistance to Plasmodium species is not available for routine use. As part of elimination efforts, there is development of mRDT kits that utilize urine or saliva instead of blood specimen, microscopy digital image recognition and different technologies for molecular diagnosis. So far, none of these diagnostic tools has satisfied the need for prompt and accurate diagnosis. It is therefore recommended that more than one diagnostic tool is needed for malaria elimination to be achieved in a given area. This will ensure early detection and treatment of cases, as well as prevent the re-establishment of transmission.",signatures:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75545",authors:[{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche"}],corrections:null},{id:"76766",title:"Malaria Elimination: The Role and Value of Sero-Surveillance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97131",slug:"malaria-elimination-the-role-and-value-of-sero-surveillance",totalDownloads:311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As countries move from intense malaria transmission to low transmission there will be a demand for more sensitive tools and approaches in tracking malaria transmission dynamics. Surveillance tools that are sensitive in tracking real time infectious bites as well as infectious reservoir will be preferred to counting number of cases in the hospital or parasite prevalence. The acquisition and maintenance of anti-malarial antibodies is a direct function of parasite exposure, seroprevalence rates has been used as an efficient tool in assessing malaria endemicity and confirming malaria elimination. Plasmodium antibodies are explicit biomarkers that can be utilised to track parasite exposure over more extensive time spans than microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing or molecular testing and the conventional entomological inoculation rate. Seroprevalence studies can therefore help monitor the impact of malaria control interventions, especially when the parasite occurrence is low. As a result, antibody responses to Anopheles salivary proteins or Plasmodium species may potentially offer reliable information of recent or past exposure; recognise short-term or gradual changes in exposure to Plasmodium infection or to estimate individual-level exposure to infection. This book chapter will present about four studies we have conducted across eastern and western Africa on the efficiency of salivary gland proteins and antimalarial antibodies in tracking malaria transmission intensity. We hope that these could be used as surveillance tools in malaria elimination efforts.",signatures:"Kingsley Badu, Amma Aboagyewa Larbi and Kwadwo Boampong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76766",authors:[{id:"331951",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",surname:"Badu",slug:"kingsley-badu",fullName:"Kingsley Badu"},{id:"346313",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwadwo",surname:"Boampong",slug:"kwadwo-boampong",fullName:"Kwadwo Boampong"},{id:"346314",title:"Dr.",name:"Amma Aboagyewa",surname:"Larbi",slug:"amma-aboagyewa-larbi",fullName:"Amma Aboagyewa Larbi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75830",title:"The Role of Adaptive Surveillance as a Core Intervention to Achieve Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96879",slug:"the-role-of-adaptive-surveillance-as-a-core-intervention-to-achieve-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adaptive surveillance systems are essential for national programmes to achieve their malaria elimination goals. Core principles of surveillance systems including accurate diagnosis and reporting of malaria cases, integration of health data across administrative levels and the need to link data to a response are well defined by international guidelines. Nevertheless, while the requirements of surveillance systems along the transmission continuum are clearly documented, the operationalization remains challenging for national programmes. Firstly, because the multi-level increase of surveillance efforts demanding real-time and case-based data as well as the capacity of the health force to trigger locally customized responses, is resource intensive and requires substantial investment. Secondly, because there is a gap in international alignment on best tools and practices on how to operationally implement these requirements. Recently, several initiatives have started to address this gap in international coordination, aiming to establish the operational guidance for elimination programmes to successfully implement adaptive surveillance systems.",signatures:"Arantxa Roca-Feltrer, Ann-Sophie Stratil and James K. Tibenderana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75830",authors:[{id:"214902",title:"Dr.",name:"Arantxa",surname:"Roca-Feltrer",slug:"arantxa-roca-feltrer",fullName:"Arantxa Roca-Feltrer"},{id:"332284",title:"MSc.",name:"Ann-Sophie",surname:"Stratil",slug:"ann-sophie-stratil",fullName:"Ann-Sophie Stratil"},{id:"346611",title:"Dr.",name:"James K.",surname:"Tibenderana",slug:"james-k.-tibenderana",fullName:"James K. Tibenderana"}],corrections:null},{id:"76221",title:"Increased Trends of P. vivax in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Does it Mean for Malaria Elimination?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97189",slug:"increased-trends-of-em-p-vivax-em-in-sub-saharan-africa-what-does-it-mean-for-malaria-elimination-",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plasmodium vivax being the most geographically spread Plasmodium species is considered sparsely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) while P. falciparum is the most prevalent species in this region. Thus, control strategies in sSA have been disproportionately targeted towards falciparum malaria. Nevertheless, with the use of more sensitive malaria diagnostic platforms, there are more reports of P. vivax and other non-falciparum malaria in sSA. In addition, P. vivax is presumed benign, however there are new findings of severe cases recorded from P. vivax single or mixed infection with other Plasmodium species. Besides, the extended dormant period (lasting for weeks or months) is a challenge for achieving effective cure for vivax infections. Although, chloroquine has been proscribed for treatment P. falciparum, it still remains the drug of choice for P. vivax in most Asian countries where it is predominant. In sSA, artemisinin combination-based therapies (ACTs) are used for treatment of falciparum malaria and, it is probable that the use of ACT could be enhancing adaptive selection for P. vivax in the face of its increasing prevalence in the population. Hence, understanding epidemiological and biological factors, and data that could be contributing to the observed steady increase in P. vivax prevalence in sSA is important. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms for invasion of red blood cells, trends in increasing prevalence of vivax malaria, diagnostic tools, and the public health implications of P. vivax and P. falciparum co-endemicity in Africa.",signatures:"Mary Aigbiremo Oboh, Mamadou Ndiath, Olumide Ajibola, Kolapo Oyebola and Alfred Amambua-Ngwa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76221",authors:[{id:"335612",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",surname:"Oboh",slug:"mary-oboh",fullName:"Mary Oboh"},{id:"335772",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamadou",surname:"Ndiath",slug:"mamadou-ndiath",fullName:"Mamadou Ndiath"},{id:"335773",title:"Dr.",name:"Olumide",surname:"Ajibola",slug:"olumide-ajibola",fullName:"Olumide Ajibola"},{id:"335774",title:"Dr.",name:"Kolapo",surname:"Oyebola",slug:"kolapo-oyebola",fullName:"Kolapo Oyebola"},{id:"336147",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Amambua-Ngwa",slug:"alfred-amambua-ngwa",fullName:"Alfred Amambua-Ngwa"}],corrections:null},{id:"75466",title:"Plasmodium falciparum: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches in Last 20 Years",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96529",slug:"-em-plasmodium-falciparum-em-experimental-and-theoretical-approaches-in-last-20-years",totalDownloads:344,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malaria, the severe vector-borne disease has embedded serious consequences on mankind since ages, causing deterioration of health, leading to deaths. The causative parasite has a wide distribution aligned from tropical to subtropical regions. Out of all the five species Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum have registered about more than 600 million cases worldwide. Throughout the decades, identification of various antimalarial drugs, targets, preventive measures and advancement of vaccines were achieved. The key to executing malaria elimination is the appropriate laboratory diagnosis. Development includes positive scientific judgments for a vaccine, advanced progress of 3 non-pyrethroid insecticides, novel genetic technologies, possibilities to alter malaria parasite mediation by the mosquito, identification of drug resistance markers, initiation of Plasmodium vivax liver stage assessment, perspective to mathematical modeling and screening for active ingredients for drugs and insecticides. Although the last century witnessed many successful programs with scientific progress, however, this was matched with notable obstacles. The mutation in the genes has changed the overall gameplay of eradication. This chapter aims to examine the numerous experimental and theoretical works that have been established in the last two decades along with the ongoing methodologies consisting of detailed explanations necessary for the establishment of new targets and drugs.",signatures:"Abhichandan Das, Upasana Pathak, Sanchaita Rajkhowa and Anupam Nath Jha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75466",authors:[{id:"325925",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Anupam Nath",surname:"Jha",slug:"anupam-nath-jha",fullName:"Anupam Nath Jha"},{id:"326183",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanchaita",surname:"Rajkhowa",slug:"sanchaita-rajkhowa",fullName:"Sanchaita Rajkhowa"},{id:"345976",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhichandan",surname:"Das",slug:"abhichandan-das",fullName:"Abhichandan Das"},{id:"345977",title:"Ms.",name:"Upasana",surname:"Pathak",slug:"upasana-pathak",fullName:"Upasana Pathak"}],corrections:null},{id:"77261",title:"Malaria Lethality in Children under 5 Years of Age and Study of Risk Factors in MbujiMayi Paediatric Environment, a Neglected Deadly Epidemic in the Democratic of Republic of Congo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98511",slug:"malaria-lethality-in-children-under-5-years-of-age-and-study-of-risk-factors-in-mbujimayi-paediatric",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for malaria lethality in the MbujiMayi paediatric environment, a follow-up study of hospitalised cases over 5 years was conducted between January 2016 and December 2020 in the four hospitals. The case rate was 6.9% for the total (139 cases of death for 2017 cases of severe malaria for 5 years,) and varied from year to year (10.7% in 2016 to 4.6% in 2020). Cox Proportional Risk Model results including significant covariates in multivariate analysis [HR (IC95%)]. In multivariate analysis, two models were considered. The case-fatality rate was independently associated with late arrival after 48 hours [3.1 (1.9–5.1); p < 0.001], types of pre-hospital recourse such as recourse to the church [1.4 (1.1–2.1),; p = 0.042) and tradipractor [3.2 (1.8–6.1); p < 0.001] for severe malaria, children under 12 months of age [1.8 (1.2–2.8); p < 0.001], those with circulatory collapse [2.6 (1.1–6.1); p < 0.001] and those in deep coma [1.9 (1.1–3.4); p = 0.016]. The second model with the number of associated syndromes, showed that the risk was 1.7 plus for children with a complex clinical picture, made up of the combination of several signs [1.7 (1.1–2.6); p < 0.001]. These results highlight the need for more information campaigns to encourage people to seek institutional care for malaria. Our results also suggest that prophylactic treatment may be advisable for children under 5 years of age.",signatures:"Félicien Ilunga-Ilunga, Alain Levêque, Vévé Mbuyi Kanyinda, Jean Paul Mbikayi Muya and Michèle Dramaix",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77261",authors:[{id:"332220",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ilunga-Ilunga",surname:"Félicien",slug:"ilunga-ilunga-felicien",fullName:"Ilunga-Ilunga Félicien"},{id:"332323",title:"Prof.",name:"Leveque",surname:"Alain",slug:"leveque-alain",fullName:"Leveque Alain"},{id:"332324",title:"Prof.",name:"Dramaix",surname:"Michèle",slug:"dramaix-michele",fullName:"Dramaix Michèle"},{id:"357379",title:"Mr.",name:"Mbuyi Kanyinda",surname:"Veve",slug:"mbuyi-kanyinda-veve",fullName:"Mbuyi Kanyinda Veve"},{id:"357380",title:"MSc.",name:"Mbikayi Muya",surname:"Jean Paul",slug:"mbikayi-muya-jean-paul",fullName:"Mbikayi Muya Jean Paul"}],corrections:null},{id:"76680",title:"New Challenges in Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96532",slug:"new-challenges-in-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, efforts to eliminate malaria has gained a tremendous momentum, and many countries have achieved this goal — but it has faced many challenges. Recent COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the challenges due to cessation of many on-field operations. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advocated to all malaria-endemic countries to continue the malaria elimination operations following the renewed protocols. The recent reports of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum followed by indication of chloroquine resistance in P. vivax, and reduced susceptibility of synthetic pyrethroids used in long lasting insecticide nets are some issues hindering the elimination efforts. Moreover, long distance night migration of vector mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa and invasion of Asian vector Anopheles stephensi in many countries including Africa and Southeast Asia have added to the problems. In addition, deletion of histidine rich protein 2 and 3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes in P. falciparum in many countries has opened new vistas to be addressed for point-of-care diagnosis of this parasite. It is needed to revisit the strategies adopted by those countries have made malaria elimination possible even in difficult situations. Strengthening surveillance and larval source management are the main strategies for successful elimination of malaria. New technologies like Aptamar, and artificial intelligence and machine learning would prove very useful in addressing many ongoing issues related to malaria elimination.",signatures:"Susanta Kumar Ghosh and Chaitali Ghosh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76680",authors:[{id:"301164",title:"Prof.",name:"Susanta",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"susanta-ghosh",fullName:"Susanta Ghosh"},{id:"306830",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaitali",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"chaitali-ghosh",fullName:"Chaitali Ghosh"}],corrections:null},{id:"75582",title:"Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Problems and Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96604",slug:"elimination-of-em-plasmodium-vivax-em-malaria-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:377,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Malaria is caused by multiple parasitic species of the genus Plasmodium. Although P. falciparum accounts for the highest mortality, P. vivax is the most geographically dispersed and the most common species outside of Africa. Several unique biological features make P. vivax less responsive to conventional control measures and allow it to persist even after elimination of P. falciparum. The ability of P. vivax to develop in diverse vectors at lower ambient temperatures bestows it a greater distribution range and resilience to ecological changes. Its tropism for reticulocytes often causes low-density infections below the levels detectable by routine diagnostic tests, demanding the development of more sensitive diagnostics. P. vivax produces gametocytes early enabling transmission before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, thus emphasizing the need for an integrated vector control strategy. More importantly, its dormant liver stage which engenders relapse is difficult to diagnose and treat. The deployment of available treatments for the liver hypnozoites, including primaquine and the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved tafenoquine, requires point-of-care diagnostics to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among endemic human populations. Here we review the continued challenges to effectively control P. vivax and explore integrated technologies and targeted strategies for the elimination of vivax malaria.",signatures:"Liwang Cui, Awtum Brashear, Lynette Menezes and John Adams",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75582",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75582",authors:[{id:"333570",title:"Prof.",name:"Liwang",surname:"Cui",slug:"liwang-cui",fullName:"Liwang Cui"},{id:"344788",title:"Dr.",name:"Awtum",surname:"Brashear",slug:"awtum-brashear",fullName:"Awtum Brashear"},{id:"344789",title:"Prof.",name:"Lynette",surname:"Menezes",slug:"lynette-menezes",fullName:"Lynette Menezes"},{id:"344790",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Adams",slug:"john-adams",fullName:"John Adams"}],corrections:null},{id:"75791",title:"Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale in the Malaria Elimination Agenda in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96867",slug:"-em-plasmodium-vivax-em-and-em-plasmodium-ovale-em-in-the-malaria-elimination-agenda-in-africa",totalDownloads:213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent times, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reported cases of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) with a considerable number being Duffy negative. Current efforts at malaria elimination are focused solely on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) excluding non-falciparum malaria. Pv and Plasmodium ovale (Po) have hypnozoite forms that can serve as reservoirs of infection and sustain transmission. The burden of these parasites in Africa seems to be more than acknowledged, playing roles in migrant and autochthonous infections. Considering that elimination and eradication is a current aim for WHO and Roll Back Malaria (RBM), the inclusion of Pv and Po in the elimination agenda cannot be over-emphasized. The biology of Pv and Po are such that the same elimination strategies as are used for Pf cannot be applied so, going forward, new approaches will be required to attain elimination and eradication targets.",signatures:"Isaac K. Quaye and Larysa Aleksenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75791",authors:[{id:"156685",title:"Prof.",name:"Isaac K.",surname:"Quaye",slug:"isaac-k.-quaye",fullName:"Isaac K. Quaye"},{id:"348439",title:"Dr.",name:"Larysa",surname:"Aleksenko",slug:"larysa-aleksenko",fullName:"Larysa Aleksenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"75815",title:"Progress in Parasite Genomics and Its Application to Current Challenges in Malaria Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96530",slug:"progress-in-parasite-genomics-and-its-application-to-current-challenges-in-malaria-control",totalDownloads:329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A wide deployment of malaria control tools have significantly reduced malaria morbidity and mortality across Africa. However, in the last five to seven years, there has been a resurgence of malaria in several African countries, raising the questions of whether and why current control mechanisms are failing. Since the first Plasmodium falciparum reference genome was published in 2002, few thousands more representing a broad range of geographical isolates have been sequenced. These advances in parasite genomics have improved our understanding of mutational changes, molecular structure, and genetic mechanisms associated with diagnostic testing, antimalarial resistance, and preventive measures such as vaccine development. In this chapter, we summarize the current progress on: (1) genomic characteristics of P. falciparum; (2) novel biomarkers and revolutionary techniques for diagnosing malaria infections; and (3) current vaccine targets and challenges for developing efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccines.",signatures:"Cheikh Cambel Dieng, Colby T. Ford, Jennifer Huynh, Linda E. Amoah, Yaw A. Afrane, Daniel A. Janies and Eugenia Lo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75815",authors:[{id:"60524",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw A.",surname:"Afrane",slug:"yaw-a.-afrane",fullName:"Yaw A. Afrane"},{id:"334184",title:"Ms.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Huynh",slug:"jennifer-huynh",fullName:"Jennifer Huynh"},{id:"334185",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Lo",slug:"eugenia-lo",fullName:"Eugenia Lo"},{id:"334328",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Cheikh Cambel",surname:"Dieng",slug:"cheikh-cambel-dieng",fullName:"Cheikh Cambel Dieng"},{id:"342542",title:"Dr.",name:"Colby T.",surname:"Ford",slug:"colby-t.-ford",fullName:"Colby T. Ford"},{id:"345385",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda E.",surname:"Amoah",slug:"linda-e.-amoah",fullName:"Linda E. Amoah"},{id:"345386",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel A",surname:"Janies",slug:"daniel-a-janies",fullName:"Daniel A Janies"}],corrections:null},{id:"77289",title:"Using an Educational Training Module to Increase Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Malaria among Medicine Vendors in Yobe, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98512",slug:"using-an-educational-training-module-to-increase-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-malaria-among-",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This training module focuses on providing basic guidance on the current recommended approaches regarding malaria basic information, signs/symptoms, case detection, treatment, referral, and effective prevention strategies. The module can be used for in-service training programs on malaria or to assist in improving other health educator’s work as well as serve as referral handbook for practicing health professionals. It can thus be used as a stand-alone training or together with modules dealing with other aspects of malaria control, prevention and elimination. The module uses a problem-solving approach to facilitate understanding and thereby motivate trainees on improved malaria case management. In essence, the training aims to generally improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the most common handlers of malaria cases in this part of the world, the training module is then expected to improve services obtained by the majority of patients on malaria. On completion of training using this module, trainees will have acquired appreciable knowledge and skills on malaria basic-information, signs/symptoms, case detection/differentials, recommended drug treatment/appropriate dosing, indication for referral of complicated cases, effective prevention methods and the need to sensitise communities to stand up against malaria.",signatures:"Yahaya Mohammed Katagum, Hayati Binti Kadir Shahar, Faisal Bin Ibrahim, Anisah Baharom and Rafee Baharudin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77289",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77289",authors:[{id:"274947",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayati Binti",surname:"Kadir Shahar",slug:"hayati-binti-kadir-shahar",fullName:"Hayati Binti Kadir Shahar"},{id:"276430",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahaya Mohammed",surname:"Katagum",slug:"yahaya-mohammed-katagum",fullName:"Yahaya Mohammed Katagum"},{id:"276433",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafee",surname:"Baharudin",slug:"rafee-baharudin",fullName:"Rafee Baharudin"},{id:"276435",title:"Prof.",name:"Faisal Bin",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"faisal-bin-ibrahim",fullName:"Faisal Bin Ibrahim"},{id:"343625",title:"Dr.",name:"Anisah",surname:"Baharom",slug:"anisah-baharom",fullName:"Anisah Baharom"}],corrections:null},{id:"75792",title:"Herding and Stampeding: The Albatross of Mosquito/Malaria Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96917",slug:"herding-and-stampeding-the-albatross-of-mosquito-malaria-control",totalDownloads:283,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malaria is lingering globally with 3.3 billion people at risk of infection and 1.2 billion others classified as high risk. The economic burden caused by the disease and vectors is humongous globally. The epicenter is Sub-Sahara Africa which accounts for 92% of the annual death burden of 435,000 of which 61% are children of less than five years. Result of elimination activities are manifest in all other WHO regions except in Sub-Sahara Africa where efforts to control the disease/vector bear unsatisfactory testimony. This worst case scenario in the region is the handiwork of weak governments and institutions that appear to lead control strategies by showiness via information media; but in reality, they are part of the albatross that stampede the processes. Remedying the situation would require multi-tactics including arm-twisting relevant authorities in Africa by the international community and knowledge-based actions by private individuals and communities to stem the tide.",signatures:"Francis S.O. Ugwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75792",authors:[{id:"334311",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis S.O",surname:"Ugwu",slug:"francis-s.o-ugwu",fullName:"Francis S.O Ugwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"75935",title:"T Cell-Based Vaccines: Hope for Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96767",slug:"t-cell-based-vaccines-hope-for-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among the numerous infectious diseases, malaria still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Every year more than 200 million cases are registered and death toll is of around 4,00,000. The emergence of insecticide and drug resistance has surged an alarming situation to find an effective means to tackle it. From various approaches used for reducing the damage created by malaria to the society, developing effective vaccine has gained the attention of scientific community. The large genome size (24 MB), heterogeneity of the genes, complex life cycle in two different hosts, and expression of wide range of these genes are claimed to hinder the malaria vaccine development. It requires good understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and its correlation with the sterile protection. Recently, subunit vaccine have shown certain promising responses; however, the currently in use of RTS,S vaccine has failed to generate the long-term sterile protection as well as effector memory CD8+T cells. However, the success of sterile protection through vaccination has been proven long back by experimental approaches, where it could be achieved using irradiated sporozoites (RAS) in rodents and humans. Similarly, GAP (genetically attenuated parasite) and CPS (chloroquine chemoprophylaxis with Plasmodium sporozoites) have been shown to induce sterile immunity. Despite all the developments, generation of species and stage specific-CD8+ T cell responses has been modest. In order to generate long-lasting immune response, particularly, liver-stage specific-CD8+ T cells, it is indeed required to study the CD8+ T cell epitope repertoire and its implications on the host immune system. In this chapter we will discuss the current status of T cell-based vaccines and the challenges associated with it.",signatures:"Nikunj Tandel and Sarat K. Dalai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75935",authors:[{id:"229716",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat K.",surname:"Dalai",slug:"sarat-k.-dalai",fullName:"Sarat K. Dalai"},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"5",series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",issn:"2631-6188",editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:null}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4719",title:"Current Topics in Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bf40c20335433736665a335834c0ad8",slug:"current-topics-in-echinococcosis",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5750",title:"Giardiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3aca9cea1fdff766300c4eddb46e0335",slug:"current-topics-in-giardiasis",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5716",title:"Current Topics in Zika",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b8d20b16a485f3fd2f89e45ee050bba4",slug:"current-topics-in-zika",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5716.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8990",title:"Current Concepts in Zika Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f410c024dd429d6eb0e6abc8973ecc14",slug:"current-concepts-in-zika-research",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-microbial-biofilms",title:"Corrigendum to: Microbial Biofilms",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73763.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73763",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73763",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73763",chapter:{id:"71189",slug:"microbial-biofilms",signatures:"Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal",dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"220858",title:"Ms.",name:"Princy",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",fullName:"Princy Choudhary",slug:"princy-choudhary",email:"princy.choudhary34@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"251063",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sangeeta Singh",slug:"sangeeta-singh",email:"sangeeta@iiita.ac.in",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"318847",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",fullName:"Vishnu Agarwal",slug:"vishnu-agarwal",email:"vishnua@mnnit.ac.in",position:null,institution:{name:"Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"71189",slug:"microbial-biofilms",signatures:"Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal",dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"220858",title:"Ms.",name:"Princy",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",fullName:"Princy Choudhary",slug:"princy-choudhary",email:"princy.choudhary34@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"251063",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sangeeta Singh",slug:"sangeeta-singh",email:"sangeeta@iiita.ac.in",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"318847",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",fullName:"Vishnu Agarwal",slug:"vishnu-agarwal",email:"vishnua@mnnit.ac.in",position:null,institution:{name:"Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11695",leadTitle:null,title:"Biomechanical and Mechanobiological Analysis of Bone Mineral Density",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tBone mineral density (BMD) measures the percentage of inorganic minerals in the bones. BMD represents one of the most informative assessments of bone quality and strength in biomechanical and clinical studies. BMD depends on several factors, such as age, sex, disease, genetics, lifestyle as well as bone mechanobiology (cellular activities and bone remodeling process), which directly affect bone mass and density. Low BMD is directly associated with osteoporosis and a high risk of bone fracture.
\r\n\r\n\tThere are several techniques for measuring and qualifying BMD, such as single and dual-energy photon absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Each has advantages and limitations, depending on the objective of the analysis and the bone site to be examined. Modeling and simulation are also widely used to understand and study the variation and evolution of BMD, mechanical behavior, and the risk of bone fracture.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to represent a collection of original research works, literature reviews, and technical notes related to topics that deal with bone mineral density:
\r\n\t- BMD measurement technology
\r\n\t- Osteoporosis and fracture risk
\r\n\t- Bone growth and remodeling
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe submission is also open to any other original study related to these research topics.
Hydrodynamic-mediated interactions often occur in many technical and natural environmental processes. In the case of turbulent flows, this leads to the formation of turbulent eddies of various scales and sizes [1, 2]. These energy-carrying eddies often interact with particles and biological materials on various temporal and spatial scales. Eddy-particle interactions often play a crucial role in these processes and it is largely the dominant driver of mass and momentum transfer. In studying the dynamics of such complex interplay of forces, a good knowledge of the vortex dynamics and its influence on the fluid and particle dynamics is highly indispensable [3, 4].
\nTurbulent mixing, particle dispersion, and bioreactions have been topics of intense and sustained interest in many scientific inquiries [5, 6]. The role of mixing and turbulence-driven particle dispersion in many fluid-particle processes is well-understood owing an abundant body of knowledge from many scientific interrogations. However, turbulence as a phenomenon is still poorly understood due to its complex nature. Since mixing and chemical reactions are impacted by the presence of turbulence, it is therefore extremely important to understand the different scales of turbulence in mixing applications.
\nAs mentioned earlier, turbulence has been shown to lead to the formation of eddies on different scales [7, 8]. The spatial degree of mixing such as the macro, meso and micro mixing are governed by the different scales of turbulence [5]. Mixing especially at high Reynolds number is often characterized by irregular, rotational, and dissipative motion containing vorticities of different energy spectra or eddy sizes [3]. It is therefore imperative to carry out qualitative and quantitative assessment of mixing efficiency in many of the practical applications involving mixing and dispersion. A number of techniques are available for quantifying mixing performance in a wide range of applications. One widely used parameter for quantifying the mixing performance is the coefficient of variation proposed by Alloca and Streiff [6]. This approach relies on the statistical analysis of the spatiotemporal homogeneity of the particle dispersion in mixing applications [9]. Several other techniques are also available for quantifying the degree of mixing in bioreactor systems. In terms of the different phenomena responsible for fluid-particle mixing, advective, turbulent, and diffusive transport depicted in \nFigure 1\n are the dominant ones.
\nSchematic representation of different mixing and transport mechanisms (a) advection (b) turbulence (c) diffusion (reproduced from [
In turbulent mixing, energy transfer occurs on different eddy scales or energy spectrum. These turbulent eddies consist of the large energy carrying eddies at the inertia sub-range to the smallest ones at the dissipation sub-range as shown in \nFigure 2\n. The important scales of energy spectrums with respect to the different mixing regimes (i.e. micro, meso, and macro mixing) are the Kolmogorov, Batchelor, and Taylor length scales (Eqs. (1)–(3)). The Kolmogorov length scale of turbulence is used as a convenient reference point for comparison of different scales of mixing. A detailed description of the different time and length scales in turbulent flows is beyond the scope of this work. Further discussion on the subject matter can be found in the following reference texts [11, 12]. Therefore, getting the desired mixing regime is highly imperative for enhanced mass and momentum transfer.
\nSchematic view of energy spectrum in turbulent mixing (reproduced from [
In fluid-particle mixing there exist three distinct mixing regimes in most practical mixing applications namely: micro, meso, and macro mixing. In typical mixing conditions, the dividing line between micro and macro scale is between 100 and 1000 μm, respectively [13]. Consequently, it is often necessary to tailor the mixing performance to the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the target reactor systems.
\nMacromixing is largely driven by the largest scale of motion in the fluid or the integral length scale. Meso mixing on the other hand involves mixing on a smaller scale than the bulk circulation, but larger than the micro mixing, while micro mixing refers to the mixing on the smallest scale of fluid motion or molecular level. The largest eddies in turbulent dispersion which represents the macro scale of turbulence, are produced by the stirrer or the agitator head and contains most of the fluid energy [11, 14]. Turbulent flow can be viewed as an eddy continuum, with their sizes ranging from the dimension of the turbulence generating device to the Kolmogorov length scale. In between the energy-containing and energy-dissipating eddies, there exists many eddies of other scales smaller than the integral scale that continually transfer the kinetic energy of the fluid through the other length scales. The Batchelor and Taylor scales given in Eqs. (2) and (3) are the examples of other important length scales of fluid motion.
\nThe Taylor scale is an intermediate length scale in the viscous subrange that is representative of the energy transfer from large to small scales, but not a dissipation scale and does not represent any distinct group of eddies. Batchelor scale on the other hand is a limiting length scale where the rate of molecular diffusion is equal to the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy of the fluid.
\nColloidal materials in environmental and biological systems consist of small particles with very large surface area. Their typical sizes are in the range of 0.001–10 μm as shown in \nTable 1\n. The stability of these colloidal materials when dispersed in fluid can be explained by their tendency to acquire electrostatic charges by adsorbing ions from their surroundings. Forces mediating particle-particle interactions can broadly be classified into the following categories depending on the chosen approach: contact forces due to the particle-particle collisions and non-contact forces due to molecular interactions at contact or interface. A brief description of these forces is hereby presented in the following sections.
\nParticle sizes, mm | \nClassification | \nExamples | \nTotal surface area, m2 cm−3\n | \nTime required to settle 100 mm if SG = 2.65 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
10–10−1\n | \nCoarse dispersion | \nSand, mineral substances, precipitated and flocculated substances, silt, microplankton | \n6 × 10−4–6 × 10−2\n | \n0.1–13 s | \n
10−2–10−4\n | \nFine particle dispersion | \nMineral substances, precipitated and flocculated substances, silt, bacteria, plankton, and other micro organisms | \n0.6–60 | \n11 min–2 years | \n
10−5–10−6\n | \nColloidal dispersion | \nMineral substances, hydrolyzed and precipitated products, macromolecules, biopolymers, viruses | \n6 × 103\n | \n20 years | \n
<10−6\n | \nSolution | \nInorganic simple and complex ions, molecules and polymeric species, polyelectrolytes, organic molecules and undissociated solutes | \n— | \n— | \n
Classification of particles in dispersion [16].
The molecular dynamics description of particle-particle interaction forces shown in \nFigure 3\n is based on the molecular interactions through interfacial forces on the surface of the interacting particles [17]. Interfacial forces are generally assumed to act on a length scales smaller than the particle size and interactions are only possible when particles are in close proximity or during collisions. The interactions of particles in suspension depend on these surface forces which consists of the long-range ionic electrostatic repulsive forces and the short-range London-van der Waals attractive forces. Classical DLVO or colloid stability theory provides a quantitative description of the forces experienced by particles in close proximity by considering such interactions forces to be additive [18].
\nClassification of different phenomena fluid-particle interactions (reproduced from with [
The magnitude of the London-van der Waals attractive force between two charged particles and the electrostatic repulsive force due to the electric double layer can be derived from their corresponding interaction potential energies [17]. Eqs. (4)and (5) represent the magnitude of these forces while Eqs. (6) and (7) represent their respective potential energies. In addition to these surface forces, a number of other interfacial interactions such as the hydration effects, hydrophobic attraction, steric repulsion, and polymer bridging have been observed to mediate particle-particle interactions [19]. Additional forces due to the fluid-particle interactions must also be considered to fully resolve all the forces experienced by particles in suspension and this is briefly discussed in Section 3.
\nwhere
In contrast to the molecular dynamics approach, the micromechanical description of particle-particle interaction relies on the geometric analysis of finite number of discrete sub-elements as shown in \nFigure 3\n. All particle-particle interactions within this context are described by contact forces in the normal and tangential directions, while considering the elastic force-displacement, inelastic deformations or plastic dislocations, solid friction, and viscous damping [17]. Depending on the simplicity of these interactions, a soft or hard sphere description can be given. In the hard sphere model, only elastic force-displacement is allowed. Soft sphere model on the other hand allows for most of the interactions that are possible when two particles are in direct contact.
\nWhen all these contact forces are fully resolved, the behavior of the particles upon collisions or impact on a wall such as their translational and rotational velocities can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. A detailed description of the micromechanical theory of particle collisions and its importance in the determination of particle trajectory in dispersed suspension is beyond the scope of this communication and is available elsewhere [20]. In addition to the contact forces, body forces such as gravity and buoyancy and surface forces due to the fluid are some of the other important forces acting on the particles and their quantification is highly indispensable in resolving the dynamics of particles in suspension [21]. Some of these additional forces are discussed in the next section.
\nIn order to initiate meaningful interactions through the interfacial forces, particles must be brought in close proximity. This can be achieved through the mechanisms of Brownian motion, differential settling, or turbulent dispersion as shown in \nFigure 4\n. The probability of particle collisions and the frequency of such collisions also depend on the trajectory of the particle motion. Thomas et al. [22] identified two types of particle trajectories leading to particle collisions namely: curvilinear and rectilinear particle trajectories. The particles in suspension under the influence of turbulence will experience fluctuating fluid motion with the particle being transported by the fluid eddies that exists within the flow vortex [3].
\nMechanisms of particle transport in fluid leading to collisions (a) Brownian motion (b) fluid turbulence (c) differential settling (reproduced from [
Consequently, small particles suspended in fluid exist in an environment of small energy-dissipating eddies in most practical flow devices. Under such conditions, particle collisions are facilitated by eddy size similar to that of the colliding particles. Furthermore, studies have shown that in addition to the fluid properties, the particle properties such as size, density, and porosity also play important role in particle-vortex interactions [1, 23]. Smaller particles with lower density than the flow fluid have been shown to be fully entrained within the vortex in the case of a vortical flow produced by the interaction of two flow streams of unequal velocity. The particles will be in dynamic equilibrium with the carrier fluid and will faithfully follow the flow streamlines. On the other hand, large particles will be unaffected by the vortex due to their large inertia, while the intermediate particles will be driven from the center of the vortex to the periphery as shown in \nFigure 5\n. The determining factor in particle-vortex interactions is the ratio of the particle relaxation time to that of the fluid, which is given by the Stokes number (Eq. (8)). Depending on the flow scenario, the particles in suspension will experience additional forces such as the drag, lift, pressure gradient, virtual mass, basset, and viscous stress forces due to the fluid-particle interactions [4, 24]. Taken together, all these forces will ultimately determine the trajectory, dynamics, and fate of particles in suspension. The trajectory equation is given in Eq. (9).
\nVortex-Particle interactions in turbulent flow (reproduced from [
where is
Turbulence is the main driver of particle interactions in many practical applications. Consequently, the particle dynamics in terms of the particle collisions, coalescence/aggregation, growth, and breakage is primarily controlled by the fluid turbulence. The aggregate stability under the influence of hydrodynamic force has been suggested to be a function of the binding or cohesive force FB and the hydrodynamic breaking force FH. While the binding force is determined by the aggregate structure and physicochemical attributes discussed Section 2, flow turbulence is the principal factor in the case of the hydrodynamic force. Therefore, the dynamics of particle behavior depends on an interplay of collision-induced particle aggregation and cohesive force and the rate of aggregate breakage due to the hydrodynamic stress.
\nThe aggregate cohesive strength τ is a function of the physicochemical and biological conditions as well as the aggregate properties, while the hydrodynamic stress σ depends on the design of the aggregation unit and the prevailing process conditions. Several empirical and theoretical formulations are available for predicting the aggregate cohesive force and the maximum hydrodynamic breaking force. The global hydrodynamic stress σ due to the shearing action of the fluid motion on the aggregate as well as the overall cohesive strength τ of the aggregate resisting the hydrodynamic loading assuming a uniform shape and constant porosity can be expressed mathematically in Eqs. (10) and (11) [25, 26]. An equilibrium of particle dynamics is reached at the steady-state condition. In this state, a continued particle or micro flocs/aggregate attachment to the larger flocs/aggregate is prevented, or the breakup kinetics is equal to the turbulence-induced collision rates.
\nIn assessing aggregate strength and resistance to hydrodynamic-induced breakup, two common approaches are normally followed namely: limiting growth and limiting strength. The former relies on the determination of the maximum floc size before rupture, while the latter is based on the micromechanical analysis of aggregate strength. Many empirical and theoretical formulations based on the mentioned approaches are available in literature (Eqs. (12) and (13)). Liu et al. [27] presented the yield stress approach for calculating maximum aggregate tensile strength
This section presents a short review of the recent studies on the applications of turbulence or hydrodynamics in the environmental and biological systems (\nTable 2\n). Water purification, irrigation, water quality assessment, sludge dewatering, bio-flocculation, and bio-clogging are some of the technical areas of application identified. It should be noted that improvements in the performance of the engineered processes (e.g., stirred tanks, shear reactors and photobioreactors etc.) in the identified areas of applications continue to shape the research focus in the field of environmental process engineering [29]. In this respect, studies have been conducted to determine how to accurately quantify the impact of hydrodynamic characteristics on the infectivity of bacteriophage MS2, a norovirus surrogate. Several studies also involved the development of bioreactors for testing the effect of hydrodynamic characteristics on microalgae and human enteric viruses [29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. The results obtained from the studies indicated that the hydrodynamic cavitation could trigger the inactivation waterborne viruses to levels defined in water quality directives. This was reportedly due to OH-radicals that form an AOP during the cavitation process and high shear forces inside the cavitation structure. Also, flow structures in a hydrodynamic filter have been numerically investigated [34]. In this study, tangential component of velocity was defined, and the three-dimensional pattern of the flow current/streamlines was obtained using their two-dimensional projection in the meridian cross-section of the filter, which allows one to discover the vortex structures. It was concluded that the optimal flow regime can be implemented by selecting the optimal correlation between the flow of liquid regime to be processed and the rotation frequency of the filtering baffle in the hydrodynamic filter. The remaining sub-sections describe how hydrodynamics, turbulence, and vortex dynamics are applied to achieve the desired process efficiency in other identified areas of applications—water purification, sludge dewatering, food processing, and self-purification of the water bodies.
\nTechnical application | \nFlow regime | \nStudy type | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Biofouling/biofilms | \nTurbulent | \nExperimental/CFD | \n[25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30] | \n
Water disinfection/irrigation | \nTurbulent | \nExperimental/CFD | \n[31, 32, 33, 34, 35] | \n
Water self-purification | \nTurbulent | \nExperimental | \n[43, 44, 45, 46] | \n
Solid-liquid separation | \nTurbulent | \nExperimental | \n[2, 36, 37, 38] | \n
Food and paper processing | \nTurbulent | \nExperimental | \n[39, 40, 41, 42] | \n
Selected studies on computational and experimental studies of turbulence applications in environmental and biological processes.
In fluid engineering problems, research has consistently focused on identifying parameters that improve engineered processes including water purification and inactivation of pathogens [35]. While the conventional technique of disinfection by chlorination has been employed to kill pathogenic microorganisms in raw water, recent studies have shown that chlorine reacts with organic compounds in water and generates disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), etc. As a result, turbulence-induced inactivation has been studied as an alternative approach.
\nThe effect of hydrodynamic parameters such as orifice size, orifice number and orifice layout of multi-orifice plate, cavitation number, cavitation time and orifice velocity on the microbial population have been investigated to determine how the desired process efficiency can be achieved [36]. Experimental results have shown that cavitation effects increased with decrease in orifice size and increase in orifice number, cavitation time and orifice velocity. Flow hydrodynamics and pipe material have also been shown to influence biofilm development in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Furthermore, biofilm development was inhibited at higher flows indicating shear forces imposed by the flow conditions were above the critical levels for biofilm attachment. Experimental data from these studies were used to characterize the hydrodynamic behavior for numerical simulation and validation [37, 38]. Low-cost pipe-based pathogen reduction system was also demonstrated by Thomas et al. Their approach has a huge potential for application in developing countries due to its simple design [39].
\nIn the design of process reactors, it is often necessary to tailor the separation technique to the dynamics and characteristics of the waste slurry that is being treated. Hence, several studies have been conducted to determine the influence of hydrodynamics on sludge processing. The optimum dosage values, which were obtained when flocculation performance was assessed based on surrogate indicators such as sludge volume index and supernatant turbidity, confirmed polymer bridging as the primary flocculation mechanism. Specific apparatus construction and reactor geometry were found to help maintain sludge suspension in a metastable state that is crucial for the formation of pellet-like compact agglomerates with better dewaterability properties [2, 40]. Similarly, sludge disintegration, using rotor-stator type hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (HCR), has been experimentally investigated [41]. To determine the effects of cavitation (including thermal energy) and shear stress on sludge disintegration, the performance of the HCR with and without the dimples and temperature control was analyzed. The results indicated that when dimples were present and there was no temperature control, the reduction of sludge particles increased by 50–80%. Further, the disintegration performance increased with the rotational speed and was minimized at the highest inlet pressure. Several other studies leveraging on the hydrodynamics of the process reactor for fluid-particle separation are available in literature [42, 43]. Many of these lab-scale studies have demonstrated the feasibility of turbulence-induced fluid-particle separation.
\nHydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a process in which high energy is released in a flowing liquid upon bubble implosion due to decrease and subsequent increase in local pressure. In food and beverage industries, hydrodynamic cavitators can be utilized for the purpose of extraction, emulsification, sterilization, disinfection, and homogenization [44]. HC, which can effectively induce sonochemistry by mechanical means, creates extraordinarily high of pressures of ~1000 bar, local hotspots with ~5000 K, and high oxidation (hydroxyl radicals) in room environment, without introducing new chemicals. For possible industrial application, the efficiency of HC has been studied by comparing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of a Venturi device to that of an orifice plate. A sucrose solution and an effluent from a sucrose-based soft drink industry were treated. Results showed that the Venturi device recorded 90% COD removal efficiency after treatment period of three minutes. On the other hand, the orifice plate recorded 90% COD removal efficiency after 9 minutes [44, 45, 46]. Developing high-performance HCRs and revealing the corresponding disinfection mechanisms constitute the most crucial issues today [45].
\nRefining of cellulose pulp is a critical step in obtaining high quality paper characteristics, however, this process is slow and costly especially for refining longer conifer fibers which are the preferred source for high quality paper production and give the paper its strength. Recently, hydrodynamic cavitation was applied to the refinement conifer rich pulp samples [47].
\nThe self-purification ability of water bodies is related to the prevailing hydrodynamic conditions. Coupled hydrodynamic and water quality models have been used to investigate the spatial and temporal water quality variations of the water bodies. Using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter, the efficiency of aeration plug-flow device (APFD) in terms of water flow and dissolved oxygen (DO) have been determined experimentally [48, 49, 50]. Recent findings have shown that discharges from several rivers flowing into the New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) harbor interact and interfere with one another. Such interactions can improve or inhibit water and contaminant flushing from the harbor. In Poyang Lake, three-dimensional velocity at various locations as well as the velocity distribution and turbulence characteristics were assessed, and plug-flow characteristics were analyzed. The two patterns of velocity and turbulence in horizontal sections observed are (1) near the aeration plug-flow device (APFD), the water flow was intensively pushed downstream and simultaneously recirculated; (2) farther away, the reflux area gradually decreased, and the velocity and turbulence distribution were more or less uniform. At the interfaces between two immiscible fluids – water and alkane of small carbon number, the amphiphilic PEO chain diffuses laterally, experiencing hydrodynamic drags from both phases. The absolute values of interfacial diffusion coefficients demonstrate a bigger contribution from the hydrodynamics from the water phase, which may be attributed to a stronger attraction between water and the PEO molecules [51].
\nThe flow vortex patterns in many fluid-particle reactors are quite diverse and their analysis and characterization can provide an insight into the fluid and particle dynamics within the reactor. One important feature in many of these flow types is the presence of rotation or swirling or a combination of both resulting in anisotropic turbulence. A few of the dominant vortex patterns will be discussed in this section. It is also worth mentioning that the flow pattern is a function of the reactor geometry, stirrer or agitator, baffles, and the operating conditions. The focus will be on the common reactor geometries and flow regimes that are typically encountered in many practical applications.
\nA qualitative and quantitative analysis of the flow pattern in a processing reactor may be performed experimentally using an optical diagnostic imaging technique such as PIV or PDA or by numerical modeling. The selected approach in a given scenario will depend on the required detail of the flow field as well as the available resources. While the later provide a flexible option for the investigation of fluid flow problems, the former often complements or used in the validation of numerical model. A detailed description of specific techniques is beyond the scope of this submission. A few of the vortex patterns in some of these reactors are discussed below.
\nThis type of flow pattern is commonly found in rotating tubular reactors with an enclosed flow induced by a stirrer. Previous studies have shown that this flow pattern has a profound influence on the performance of fluid-particle reactors, and this type of flow pattern can be found in many technical applications [29, 39, 52]. For instance, in terms of the stirrer-vessel configuration, the flocculation performance is significantly influenced by the impeller type and its speed. The axial impeller has been found to promote floc formation over a range of impeller speeds as it produces a more homogeneous distribution of local velocity gradients in comparison to the radial impeller. Also, high velocity gradients occur in the region around the impeller, which might significantly hamper the high rate activated sludge (HRAS) flocculation process [53, 54].
\nAn oscillator is a device whose action causes intermittent velocity gradients over time, space, and direction, and can be used for colloid removal based on physical flow manipulation. An oscillatory flow pattern is commonly found in reactors with an enclosed flow induced by an oscillator. Results from previous studies have shown that gentle oscillation can promote simultaneous flocculation and particle agglomeration over a relatively short periods of time [42]. This technique, whose implementation can result in reductions of the reactor sizes and process times, has a strong potential to improve conventional separation processes. It has also been observed that higher oscillating frequency promotes faster upward vertical velocities, resulting in different sedimentation patterns and removal efficiencies generated by the different oscillation frequencies [43].
\nA swirling type of flow pattern is commonly found in hydrocyclone [55, 56, 57] and counter-rotating reactors with an enclosed flow induced by a rotational swirling effect [58, 59]. In addition to hydrocyclone, this type of flow field is also common in rotating reactors with baffles such as mixing tank, in which case, the flow is a combination of rotational and swirl dominated flow as shown in \nFigure 6c\n. In the case of a counter-rotating vortex reactor, it has also been found that the swirl ratio and micromixing time of the flow increases as the vortex reactor (MIVR) is scaled up, indicating a flow with stronger swirl yet less mixing efficiency [60]. In order to promote mixing and enhance the floc formation process, some baffles should be installed to break water flow co-rotation with the impeller [54]. In modifying the flow pattern to suit a particular condition, it is advisable to perform the optimization of the impeller shape for a particular vessel geometry [61, 62].
\nTypical cross-sections of vortex patterns in fluid-particle reactors (a) rotatory-type flow field (b) oscillatory-type flow field (c) swirling-type flow field.
This brief communication is a summary of the main concepts involved the fluid-particle research and technical applications. It is by no means an exhaustive contribution and readers interested in the details of the subject-matter are advised to consult other scientific information available on the subject-matter. The fluid process engineering is a field of active research and the there is an ever-increasing scope for the application of hydrodynamics, turbulence, and vortex dynamics. In addition to the identified areas of application, there are several emerging areas of application. As the turbulence research advance with better computing power and algorithms, it is hoped that there will be limitless scope for the application of vortex dynamics in fluid process engineering.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
APFD | aeration plug-flow device |
COD | chemical oxygen demand |
DBPs | disinfection byproducts |
DO | dissolved oxygen |
DWDS | drinking water distribution systems |
HAAs | haloacetic acids |
HC | hydrodynamic cavitation |
HCR | hydrodynamic cavitation reactor |
THMs | trihalomethanes |
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
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Kaspar"},{id:"201644",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Föcke",slug:"benjamin-focke",fullName:"Benjamin Föcke"}]},{id:"64515",title:"Particle-Based Fused Rendering",slug:"particle-based-fused-rendering",totalDownloads:857,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we propose a fused rendering technique that can integrally handle multiple irregular volumes. Although there is a strong requirement for understanding large-scale datasets generated from coupled simulation techniques such as computational structure mechanics (CSM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), there is no fused rendering technique to the best of our knowledge. For this purpose, we can employ the particle-based volume rendering (PBVR) technique for each irregular volume dataset. Since the current PBVR technique regards an irregular cell as a planar footprint during depth evaluation, the straightforward employment causes some artifacts especially at the cell boundaries. To solve the problem, we calculate the depth value based on the assumption that the opacity describes the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a probability variable, w, which shows a length from the entry point in the fragment interval in the cell. In our experiments, we applied our method to numerical simulation results in which two different irregular grid cells are defined in the same space and confirmed its effectiveness with respect to the image quality.",book:{id:"6958",slug:"high-performance-parallel-computing",title:"High Performance Parallel Computing",fullTitle:"High Performance Parallel Computing"},signatures:"Koji Koyamada and Naohisa Sakamoto",authors:[{id:"249280",title:"Prof.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Koyamada",slug:"koji-koyamada",fullName:"Koji Koyamada"},{id:"255095",title:"Prof.",name:"Naohisa",middleName:null,surname:"Sakamoto",slug:"naohisa-sakamoto",fullName:"Naohisa Sakamoto"}]},{id:"10758",title:"Fine-Grained Parallel Genomic Sequence Comparison",slug:"fine-grained-parallel-genomic-sequence-comparison",totalDownloads:2015,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3770",slug:"parallel-and-distributed-computing",title:"Parallel and Distributed Computing",fullTitle:"Parallel and Distributed Computing"},signatures:"Dominique Lavenier",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"553",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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