Tumescent solution variations.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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The granular materials may behave as fluids or solids or both. The grain size may span from microscopic to macroscopic scale. From the wet sand effect, Reynolds inspired in 1885 the notion of granular universe introducing the term "dilatancy." Bak, Tan, and Wisenfeld (1987, 1988) used the sand pile as a representative model of complex systems. In this collection of chapters, granular dynamics, granular flow from dilute to jammed states, dynamics of granular gas in microgravity, particle jetting induced by impulsive loadings, particle migration phenomena in embankment dams, and the grading entropy-based criteria of granular materials and filters are presented.',isbn:"978-953-51-3506-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3505-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4674-2",doi:"10.5772/66007",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"granular-materials",numberOfPages:192,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4d72e38daa75721701686e2007b9defc",bookSignature:"Michael Sakellariou",publishedDate:"September 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5915.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9539,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:25,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 12th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 13th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 12th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"16550",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Sakellariou",slug:"michael-sakellariou",fullName:"Michael Sakellariou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16550/images/system/16550.jpg",biography:"Michael Sakellariou is a professor emeritus of Geomechanics and Engineering Structures at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). He studied Civil Engineering and Rural and Surveying Engineering at NTUA. He holds an MSc in Engineering Rock Mechanics from Imperial College London, and he obtained his PhD in Applied Mechanics from NTUA (1989). In his professional career, he was collaborator of engineering companies in major infrastructure projects. His teaching experience covers engineering mechanics, continuum mechanics, geotechnical engineering, soil mechanics and foundations, and engineering materials at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. His interests cover experimental mechanics, analytical and computational methods in geotechnical engineering, application of artificial intelligent and GIS in geotechnical engineering, structures monitoring using optical fiber sensors, and tectonic fault stress analysis.",institutionString:"National Technical University of Athens",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National Technical University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1215",title:"Fluid Dynamics",slug:"physics-fluid-mechanics-fluid-dynamics"}],chapters:[{id:"56746",title:"Introductory Chapter: A Short Survey of Landmarks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70337",slug:"introductory-chapter-a-short-survey-of-landmarks",totalDownloads:1087,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Michael G. Sakellariou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56746",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56746",authors:[{id:"16550",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Sakellariou",slug:"michael-sakellariou",fullName:"Michael Sakellariou"}],corrections:null},{id:"55908",title:"Dissipative Dynamics of Granular Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69196",slug:"dissipative-dynamics-of-granular-materials",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Granules are inelastic particles, undergoing dissipative and repulsive forces on contact. A granular state consists of a conglomeration of discrete, non-Brownian particles in a combined state of solid, liquid, and gas. Modern theoretical physics lacks general theories for the granular states. Simulation methods for particle dynamics include molecular dynamics (MD), Brownian dynamics (BD), Stokesian dynamics (SD), dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), and dissipative hydrodynamics (DHD). These conventional methods were originally designed to mimic the small-particle motion being less influenced by the gravitational force. There are three reasons that a conventional method cannot be directly applied to investigate granular dynamics. First, volume exclusion forces between colliding particles are often disregarded due to strong repulsive forces between negatively charged colloids and nanoparticles. Second, the gravitational force is not significant as applied to small, light particles, and therefore it is often discarded in force/torque calculations. Third, energy conservation in an equilibrium state is not guaranteed for the granular system due to the inelastic and frictional nature of the granular materials. In this light, this chapter discusses the fundamentals of particle dynamics methods, formulates a robust theoretical framework for granular dynamics, and discusses the current applications and future directions of computational granular dynamics.",signatures:"Albert S. Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55908",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55908",authors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],corrections:null},{id:"54946",title:"Granular Flow: From Dilute to Jammed States",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68465",slug:"granular-flow-from-dilute-to-jammed-states",totalDownloads:1707,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Particulate systems and granular matter display dynamic or static, fluid‐ or solid‐like states, respectively, or both at the same time. The mystery of bridging the gap between the particulate, microscopic state and the macroscopic, continuum description is one of the challenges of modern research. This book chapter gives an overview of recent progress and some new insights about the collective mechanical behavior of granular, deformable particles.",signatures:"Hao Shi, Dalila Vescovi, Abhinendra Singh, Sudeshna Roy, Vanessa\nMagnanimo and Stefan Luding",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54946",authors:[{id:"201444",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhinendra",surname:"Singh",slug:"abhinendra-singh",fullName:"Abhinendra Singh"},{id:"201445",title:"MSc.",name:"Sudeshna",surname:"Roy",slug:"sudeshna-roy",fullName:"Sudeshna Roy"},{id:"201446",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hao",surname:"Shi",slug:"hao-shi",fullName:"Hao Shi"},{id:"201722",title:"Dr.",name:"Dallila",surname:"Vescosci",slug:"dallila-vescosci",fullName:"Dallila Vescosci"},{id:"201723",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",surname:"Magnanimo",slug:"vanessa-magnanimo",fullName:"Vanessa Magnanimo"},{id:"201724",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Luding",slug:"stefan-luding",fullName:"Stefan Luding"}],corrections:null},{id:"55031",title:"Dynamics of a 2D Vibrated Model Granular Gas in Microgravity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68277",slug:"dynamics-of-a-2d-vibrated-model-granular-gas-in-microgravity",totalDownloads:1194,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We are reporting an experimental study performed on a granular gas enclosed into a 2D cell submitted to controlled external vibrations. Experiments are performed in microgravity during parabolic flights. High‐speed optical tracking allows to obtain the kinematics of the particles and the determination of all inelastic parameters as well as the translational and rotational velocity distributions. The energy into the medium is injected by submitting the experimental cell to an external and controlled vibration. Two model gases are studied beads and disks; the latter being used to study the rotational part of the particle’s dynamics. We report that the free cooling of a granular medium can be predicted if we consider the velocity dependence of the normal restitution coefficient and that the experimental ratio of translational versus rotational temperature decreases with the density of the medium but increases with the driving velocity of the cell. These experimental results are compared with existing theories. We also introduce a model that fairly predicts the equilibrium temperatures along the direction of vibration.",signatures:"Yan Grasselli, Georges Bossis, Alain Meunier and Olga Volkova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55031",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55031",authors:[{id:"201522",title:"Dr.",name:"Grasselli",surname:"Yan",slug:"grasselli-yan",fullName:"Grasselli Yan"},{id:"201533",title:"Dr.",name:"Bossis",surname:"Georges",slug:"bossis-georges",fullName:"Bossis Georges"},{id:"201534",title:"Dr.",name:"Meunier",surname:"Alain",slug:"meunier-alain",fullName:"Meunier Alain"},{id:"201535",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkova",surname:"Olga",slug:"volkova-olga",fullName:"Volkova Olga"}],corrections:null},{id:"55505",title:"Particle Jetting Induced by the Impulsive Loadings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68795",slug:"particle-jetting-induced-by-the-impulsive-loadings",totalDownloads:1506,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Particle rings/shells/cylinders dispersed by the radial impulsive loadings ranging from strong blast waves to moderate shock waves form a dual coherent jetting structure consisting of particle jets which have different dimensions. In both circumstances, the primary jets are found to initiate from the inner surface of particle layers and propagate through the thickness of particle layers, which are superimposed by a large number of much smaller secondary jets initiating from the outer surface of particle layers upon the reflection of the shock wave. This chapter first presents a summary of the experimental observations of the hierarchical particle jetting mainly via the cinematographic techniques, focusing on the characteristics of the primary particle jet structure. Due to the distinct behaviors of particles subjected to the strong blast and moderate shock waves, specifically solid-like and fluid-like responses, respectively, the explosive and shock-induced particle jetting should be attributed to distinct mechanisms. A dual particle jetting model from the perspective of continuum is proposed to account for the explosive-induced particle jetting. By contrast the shock-induced particle jetting arises from the localized particle shear flows around the inner surface of particle layers which result from the heterogeneous network of force chains.",signatures:"Kun Xue, Xiaoliang Shi, Kaiyuan Du and Haoran Cui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55505",authors:[{id:"44315",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun",surname:"Xue",slug:"kun-xue",fullName:"Kun Xue"}],corrections:null},{id:"55070",title:"Particle Migration Phenomena Related to Hydromechanical Effects at Contact between Different Materials in Embankment Dams",doi:"10.5772/67785",slug:"particle-migration-phenomena-related-to-hydromechanical-effects-at-contact-between-different-materia",totalDownloads:1324,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The compatibility between a fine grained base (B) material and a downstream coarser particulate transition (T), under the seepage forces related to hydraulic gradients, plays a key role in safety of earthfill dams. This aspect, that is the possible migration of fine grains through the voids larger than their size, is analyzed according to a numerical procedure simulating the 1D-coupled particle migration and seepage unsteady states. The procedure accounts for grain size curve, constriction sizes and porosity of the materials as well as the rate of the suspension and drag forces associated with the seepage flow; friction triggered by normal contact forces induced by confining pressure is considered too. The procedure has been systematically applied to: (i) simulate the newly formed filter (F) at the contact of different B-T systems, (ii) review the criteria proposed by Terzaghi, and (iii) analyze the particle migration phenomena that affected some embankment dams.",signatures:"Francesco Federico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55070",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55070",authors:[{id:"199983",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Federico",slug:"francesco-federico",fullName:"Francesco Federico"}],corrections:null},{id:"55959",title:"The Grading Entropy-Based Criteria for Structural Stability of Granular Materials and Filters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69167",slug:"the-grading-entropy-based-criteria-for-structural-stability-of-granular-materials-and-filters",totalDownloads:1417,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Some rules for particle migration, filtering, and segregation were elaborated on the basis of some simple laboratory tests and data of well-designed, artificial mixtures of natural sand grains. Use was made of the knowledge available in the field and two pairs of grading entropy parameters. These parameters incorporate all information of the grading curve and are pseudo-metrics in the “space of the possible grading curves.”",signatures:"János Lőrincz, Emöke Maria Imre and Vijay Pal Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55959",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55959",authors:[{id:"201944",title:"Dr.",name:"Emoke",surname:"Imre",slug:"emoke-imre",fullName:"Emoke Imre"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7690",title:"Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:"Selected Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0c03565105a25fb6cfe85f83885afe3",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",bookSignature:"Michael Sakellariou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7690.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16550",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Sakellariou",slug:"michael-sakellariou",fullName:"Michael Sakellariou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6514",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ec06fd827f4dc0d3d7653eda88662de",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7409",title:"Swirling Flows and Flames",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f1e759937aadaba14ea6082931a121a",slug:"swirling-flows-and-flames",bookSignature:"Toufik Boushaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101545",title:"Dr.",name:"Toufik",surname:"Boushaki",slug:"toufik-boushaki",fullName:"Toufik Boushaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9276",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03a2501c6fc0ac90a8b328850b712da7",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-simulations",bookSignature:"Guozhao Ji and Jiujiang Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7516",title:"Pattern Formation and Stability in Magnetic Colloids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21a8698d0563982b2648f1e1a32425b9",slug:"pattern-formation-and-stability-in-magnetic-colloids",bookSignature:"Nicola?s O. 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Leukoaraiosis (LA) represents the most common phenotype of cerebral small vessel disease (CSWD) [1]. It is of undoubted clinical significance regarding its vast prevalence (10–27% in otherwise healthy subjects between 50 and 75 years of age) and neuropsychiatric consequences, such as cognitive impairment, higher risk for ischaemic stroke and death [2]. It has been associated with increasing age and conventional vascular risk factors (VRF), such as arterial hypertension (AH). Despite huge efforts, LA pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. The hypotheses of ischaemia [3] and malfunctioning blood-brain barrier (BBB) [4] seem to oppose each other. Hence, the focus has turned to endothelial dysfunction, which may explain both aforementioned mechanisms [5]. The VRF, which are almost universally present in patients with LA, have a detrimental impact on endothelium on their own. LA pathogenesis mirrors the interplay between various factors. Endothelial dysfunction seems to be at the core of LA pathogenesis, leading to chronic ischaemia in cerebral white matter (WM) and BBB dysfunction culminating in LA. The genetic susceptibility to harmful effects of VRF on endothelial function seems to play an important role besides the presence and the extent of VRF [6]. Endothelial dysfunction could even be the primary event in LA pathogenesis [7]. Regarding the clinical and socioeconomic burden of LA, interventional approaches should aim at decelerating or even halting the progression of the disease. In the author’s view, these should focus on strict management of VRF and strategies to enhance endothelial function in patients with LA.
\nThis chapter outlines the different concepts of LA pathogenesis. The LA pathophysiology will be thoroughly presented, covering basic principles, such as cerebral microcirculation, autoregulation and blood pressure regulation, the interplay between VRF and LA, the role of endothelial function, various functions of nitric oxide (NO) and L-arginine. The differences in LA pathogenesis in different WM regions will be presented. The alternative hypotheses of LA pathogenesis will also be covered. The proposed genetic mechanisms putatively involved in LA pathogenesis will also be mentioned. To conclude, the interventional approaches with the aim of actively influencing the natural path of the disease will be outlined.
\nCerebral small vessel disease is a frequent finding on neuroradiological imaging in elderly population. Leukoaraiosis is a common term denoting diffuse confluent changes of WM with often irregular margins in elderly population with VRF [8]. The changes are hypodense on computer tomographic images (CT) and hyperintensive on T2-weighted and flow-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance images (MRI). Their appearance directly reflects a higher proton density and water content in the affected WM. The term was used for the first time in 1987 to describe changes in subcortical WM on CT [9]. The WM changes were bilateral, symmetric, diffuse and restricted to periventricular regions extending to semioval centre. The first recognition of CSWD dates back to the late nineteenth century (Binswanger and Alzheimer), but from today’s perspective their patients probably had diseased cerebral vessels due to neurosyphilis [10]. With the advent of modern imaging techniques in the 1970s, it was possible for the first time to show WM lesions
Lacunar infarctions develop due to the occlusion of small perforate arteries and represent the second manifestation of CSWD, albeit with different pathophysiology. Enlarged Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces are a frequent finding in CSWD and normally appear in the vicinity of the affected vessels. On CT they can easily be confused with LI, but one can definitely distinguish them from LI on MRI. Cerebral microbleeds are small intraparenchymal bleeds in perivascular spaces and represent the leakage of blood constituents through the affected vessel wall and can frequently be encountered in LA, especially in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and also in patients with untreated AH. They may harbour a greater risk for frank cerebral intraparenchymal bleed, especially if patients are prescribed anticoagulants.
\nAlthough some studies have not revealed the association between LA and VRF, the former is more frequently found in patients with a history of stroke and putative vascular cognitive impairment. The most significant risk factors for LA are cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases [12]. The prevalence of LA typically rises with age. There is a close, albeit not exclusive, association with AH and antihypertensive therapy. A very significant risk factor for LA is advancing age. Although LA should be regarded as a pathological entity, it could at least partly be a process of normal ageing. It is not clear at what age LA begins to develop. There are no conclusive data on the “normal” extent of LA for any given age. According to the majority of studies, at least scant WM changes could be expected in subjects older than 50 or 65 years. Systematic review of studies has not revealed significant differences in LA prevalence among sexes. Possibly, LA is more prevalent in blacks compared to Caucasians mainly due to higher prevalence of AH in blacks, whereby it is usually also less well treated with resultant higher absolute values of arterial blood pressure (ABP). Blacks could even be more prone to the harmful effects of AH. Arterial hypertension is the strongest modifiable risk factor for LA [12]. According to different studies, it is present in 24.6 to 54.9% of LA patients [13]. Both higher systolic and diastolic pressures contribute. There is no threshold level of ABP above which LA starts to emerge, but merely the association represents a continuum. Diurnal swaying of ABP is also important. Recently published data from the United States revealed that higher pulse pressure has a significant influence on progression of cognitive impairment in people over 45 years of age [14].
\nDiabetes mellitus (DM) has been implicated especially in the formation of periventricular LA. Higher blood glucose fasting levels are associated with LA. The finding that higher levels of insulin were found in patients with DM and LA may suggest that insulin resistance could be a risk factor for developing LA. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms are presently unknown. On the other hand, many studies have not found a significant correlation between LA and DM. Dyslipidemia (especially elevated LDL level) is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis of large vessels, whereas its influence on developing LA is less well known. In some studies, lower HDL values and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with higher risk for developing LA, in others obviously not. Smoking tobacco has been associated with LA in some studies only.
\nThe association between LA and atherosclerosis of large vessels is controversial. Some studies have failed to demonstrate any significant association, whereas in others the association between the two existed [15, 16]. The possible common denominator might be VRF, meaning that atherosclerosis and LA occur independently but contemporarily. On the other hand, it is known that narrowing of lumina of large vessels leads to higher risk for chronic ischaemia and LA [1]. The association between ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and LA could not be regarded as causative but merely as the consequence of the fact that the two share the same VRF. Some studies have succeeded in showing the association between LA and IHD, whereas others have not [17, 18]. The association between lower values of vitamin B12 and especially periventricular LA has been shown in some studies. It is known that lower values of vitamin B12 and hyperhomocysteinaemia, which can be the consequence of vitamin B12 depletion, could be associated with LA [19]. However, there are no relevant data, which suggest that supplementing vitamin B12 and/or lowering homocysteine levels would improve LA or decelerate its progression.
\nCerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarctions and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) manifests with LA as well, although it is a very infrequent cause of LA in population [20]. Small arteries in brain, skin and peripheral nerves show granular osmiophilic deposits in tunica media, with arterial lumen being narrowed due to high electronic density deposits [21]. Normal autoregulatory mechanisms are disturbed due to structural changes in smooth muscle cells leading to WM malfunction. Genetic factors may play an important role in LA according to studies where the association between LA and polymorphisms of numerous genes, for instance for angiotensin convertase and apolipoprotein(a) have been found [22]. Such factors are not necessarily directly associated with the presence of LA but could determine subject’s proneness to the development of risk factors for LA or his/her susceptibility to develop end organ damage as the consequence of that risk factor. The susceptibility to develop AH and LA as the consequence of AH is partially genetically determined. Far less commonly, LA could be brought about by many different pathological mechanisms such as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, inherited amyloid angiopathies), infections (HIV), inflammations (multiple sclerosis, neurolupus), traumatic head injuries, brain irradiation, cerebrospinal fluid disturbances, chemotherapeutics and metabolic disease, including mitochondriopathies, leukodistrophies and others (e.g., Fabry’s disease).
\nBrain is a highly metabolic organ with autonomous autoregulation, which enables constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) despite fluctuations in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Cerebral autoregulation is in the domain of small cerebral arteries and arterioles. Cerebral autoregulation is divided into mechanoregulation and chemoregulation. Mechanoregulation depends on transmural pressure and endothelial vasodilatation, whereas chemoregulation depends on serum CO2 level [23]. Endothelial vasodilatation in cerebral vascular bed is of much greater amplitude compared to other regions [24]. Mechanoregulation seems to be the main regulatory mechanism of CBF. On the other hand, chemoregulation has an important influence on CBF during metabolic disturbances and is, unlikely to mechanoregulation, independent of fluctuations in MAP [23]. Both autoregulatory mechanisms function independent of each other. Although their cellular mechanisms are not completely understood, NO seems to play the crucial role, since it is needed for maintaining chemoregulation of CBF [25]. A significant mechanism of regulation of majority of vascular beds is preserved endothelial function. Disturbed function of cerebral endothelium results in diminished release of endothelial NO, culminating in attenuated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells of small arteries. Animal and human studies have revealed that mechanoregulation is not diminished despite ageing and other diseases affecting endothelium [26]. Contrary to this, many studies have shown that chemoregulation of CBF depends on the integrity of endothelium. Attenuated chemoregulation has been found in patients with cerebral endothelial dysfunction [27].
\nIt is known that all symptomatic patients with LA do not have AH. Arterial blood pressure deregulation is very complicated, putatively adding to the pathogenesis of LA [12]. Patients with LA had higher levels of ABP and distinct circadian rhythm of ABP with large daily fluctuations or absence of nocturnal physiological fall of ABP [28]. Frequent periods of hypotension in symptomatic patients with LA speak in favour of disturbed cerebral autoregulation in patients with AH and higher burden of periventricular LA. Cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms maintain constant CBF in the MAP interval between 60 and 150 mmHg despite swaying of systemic ABP. Unlike other bodily regions, great intracranial arteries as well as extracranial parts of carotid arteries play an important role in regulation of vascular resistance of cerebral circulation. We should not overlook physiological responses of small cerebral vessels, which are crucial for autoregulation. Their response to ABP depends on their diameter. In cats, fluctuations in MAP between 110 and 160 mmHg provoke only pial arteries wider than 200 μm to respond. Arterioles narrower than 100 μm only dilate at MAP less than 90 mmHg [29]. In MAP less than 70 mmHg, the rate of their widening is larger than in wider vessels.
\nWe presume similar mechanisms are at play in humans. In patients with AH and arteriolosclerotic arteries, fall of ABP brought about by cardiac arrhythmia or disturbed autoregulation can lead to fall of CBF due to the inability of sclerotic vessels to dilate [30]. In patients with AH, autoregulatory boundaries are shifted upwards [31]. Quick fall of ABP in physiological boundaries can significantly lower CBF in WM of patients with chronic AH [32]. In this way, WM of AH patient develops ischaemia at ABP levels which could still be regarded as normal in normotensives [32]. Furthermore, autoregulatory responses of vessels in WM of experimental animals are less efficient as in GM vessels, so at lower values of ABP, falls of CBF are more pronounced in WM compared to GM [33].
\nOedema, ischaemia and degenerative changes of subcortical WM are principal pathologic characteristics reflecting LA on CT or MRI. Ischaemia probably involved in LA formation includes transitory events characterised by falls of regional CBF culminating in incomplete infarction, a scenario which can be tested in experimental models. Histopathologic studies on rat brain show that oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons are very prone to ischaemic damage. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion leads to progressive rarefaction and glial activation of WM. Occlusion of rat middle cerebral artery lasting more than 24 hours leads to swelling of oligodendrocytes in subcortical WM after 30 minutes [34]. After 3-hour duration of the occlusion, oligodendrocytes already show irreversible signs of injury like pyknosis and rupture of plasmalemma. Vacuolisation of WM is the consequence of spaces which emerge by the separation of internal myelin sheath from axolemma and also from an increase of extracellular space and swelling of astrocytic processes. All changes described appear prior to irreversible neuronal injury with eosinophilia which implies that early damage of WM is independent of injury to the neuronal perikaryon. In rat models with bilateral occlusion of internal carotid arteries, two consistent types of WM changes have been noted, namely reactive astrogliosis and unspecific rarefaction of WM [35]. It is very important that increased accumulation of extracellular fluid and astrogliosis are also two main pathohistological changes in those areas where CT and MRI reveal LA in humans.
\nProgression of LA follows a uniformed pattern. In the beginning, periventricular lesions on top of horns of lateral ventricles develop (capping) progressing around the ventricles. The LA changes in deep WM initially appear in frontal lobes, then parietooccipital lobes, far less frequently in brainstem and basal ganglia. They very seldom affect temporal lobes, which are typically affected in CADASIL. At first the changes are punctiform, single, but in time they merge and become confluent affecting the whole area. The mechanisms of LA development depend on local blood circulation of a particular subcortical WM region.
\nThe majority of cerebral hemispheric WM is supplied by long penetrant arteries stemming perpendicularly from subarachnoid arteries of pial network on the brain surface. They travel through cortical layers perpendicularly relative to brain surface and enter WM together with myelinated fibres [12]. Penetrant arteries are 20–50 mm long and 100–200 μm wide [12]. They give rise to tiny branches supplying a cylindrical section of WM, known as metabolic unit [12]. Juxtaventricular WM is supplied by ventriculofugal branches of subependymal arteries, which are 15 mm in length, stemming from choroid arteries or end branches of striatal arteries.
\nThis form of LA is up to 3 mm away from lateral ventricles and starts ventricularly where there is redundant blood supply, so it is not primarily caused by ischaemia, but demyelination with resultant subependymal gliosis and disruption of ependyma, less frequently granular ependymitis or venous congestion due to collagenosis of veins. Studies support the hypothesis of “leaking” of ventricular walls. Comparable type of LA around horns of lateral ventricles develops in patients with hydrocephalus.
\nVentriculofugal branches supplying parts of basal ganglia, internal capsule and thalamus stem from arteries of circle of Willis [36]. Ventriculofugal branches travel towards penetrant centripetal arteries of the pial system but seldom, if ever, form anastomoses with them [37]. Leukoaraiosis more than 3 mm away from lateral ventricles is normally ischaemic in origin and emerges as the consequence of microcystic infarctions and local myelin rarefactions [38]. Periventricular WM 3–13 mm away from lateral ventricles represents the border zone between ventricular and cortical blood supply, which is prone to ischaemic impairment due to local or systemic lowering of CBF [39]. Arteriolosclerosis, tortuosity and arterial elongation in elderly people with AH are a probable cause for decrease of CBF in WM [40]. Periventricular WM is prone to ischaemia already at moderate falls of CBF due to the scarcity of anastomoses between the branches of long medullary penetrant arteries [37]. Such periventricular LA is often associated with large vessel disease, atherosclerosis of the aorta or internal carotid artery, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, myocardial infarction or peripheral artery disease [41].
\nDeep WM more than 13 mm away from lateral ventricles is supplied by medullary arteries stemming without collaterals from cortical branches of middle cerebral arteries and are substrate of CSWD pathologically associated with fibrohyalinosis and arteriolosclerosis due to hyperhomocysteinaemia and AH [42]. Lacunar infarctions are more frequent in this part of WM than elsewhere. White matter directly beneath cerebral cortex and up to 3 to 4 mm away (U fibres) is supplied by medullary as well as corticomedullary arterioles and arteries showing juxtacortical LA [43]. Mechanisms of its development are far more diverse (demyelination) and not always of ischaemic origin. In ischaemic LA, the U fibres are typically spared [12].
\nA strong epidemiologic association between LA and many cerebrovascular diseases speaks in favour of ischaemia playing a significant role in LA emergence and progression [12]. Ageing, chronic AH and DM share a common substrate for the type of changes these conditions trigger in small penetrant WM arteries and arterioles. These changes include substitution of smooth muscle cells with fibrohyalinous material together with thickening of vessel wall and narrowing of vessel lumen (arteriolosclerosis) [44]. Arteriolosclerosis found almost universally in LA areas is probably one of the reasons for altered blood flow in WM leading to localised ischaemic regions of necrosis and cavitations—lacunar infarctions—or diffuse rarefaction of WM-LA. In LA, diminished CBF in WM has been found. Some authors describe changes of CBF in the whole brain or only in the GM of patients with LA [12]. There are, however, only few studies comparing regional CBF in areas with and without LA. One of these found lowered CBF in regions of LA compared to normal WM [45]. Similarly, diminished regional CBF has been found applying SPECT and xenon CT imaging [46]. Decreased regional CBF in LA regions needs to be proven at first. This leaves an open question whether fall of CBF is the cause of LA or just reflects lower metabolic needs of WM, which has atrophied due to other reasons. Therefore, it is difficult to claim whether lower CBF is the cause or just a consequence of tissue damage. Decreased CBF in non-demented patients with LA has been found in frontal and parietal WM but not in occipital lobes [47]. This may reflect the fact that LA pathogenesis probably depends on its topographic localisation in the brain. In patients with less extensive, localised LA, the changes of CBF have not been shown; probably due to the fact that pathogenesis of initial LA stages differs from that of extensive diffuse lesions. It is interesting that CBF in WM measured by MRI perfusion was decreased even in the regions where there are no changes in T2-sequences [3]. Hence, the whole picture is much more complex than one might think at the first glance. Applying new imaging techniques, significant alterations of WM integrity have been discovered in regions appearing normal on T2-weighted sequences [48]. Structurally normal WM does not necessarily imply it functions properly, so it is possible that CBF is decreased secondarily.
\nThe second hypothesis states that malfunctioning BBB leads to injury of WM due to the toxic effects of serum proteins [4]. The diseased endothelium enables serum proteins to enter into the vessel wall causing its swelling leading to hyaline degeneration and fibrosis. This further leads to thickening of vessel wall, narrowing of vessel lumen, decreased blood flow and chronic ischaemia of WM. On the other hand, endothelial dysfunction leads to decomposition of BBB [49]. The plasma constituents to which BBB is normally impermeable can now pass through BBB and enter cerebral interstitium and brain parenchyma, harming neurones and glial cells. These regions manifest as LA on CT/MRI and in pathologic specimens. In regions of LA, WM was full of extravasated serum proteins like IgG, complement and fibrinogen [50]. This may show that the diseased WM can be the place where BBB is leaking. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast medium showed diminished integrity of BBB which is associated with the stage of LA expression [51]. What is more, BBB permeability is enhanced even in those regions not showing frank LA on imaging [50]. In longitudinal studies, new LA areas have been found in the regions with abnormal blood perfusion or altered BBB permeability [52].
\nVasomotor role of endothelium has already been proven. Mediators of cerebral endothelium have been determined functioning through endothelial G-protein coupled receptors (acetylcholine, bradykinin, ATP), intermediary mediators, like NO, some prostanoids and endothelially derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF). Endothelium releases not only vasodilator but also vasoconstrictive substances, such as endothelin-1. It is not surprising that in light of the complexity of endothelial vasomotor activity, one can conclude that any endothelial injury may lead to its aberrant function. The preserved endothelial function is crucial for undisturbed function of cerebrovascular circulation. Endothelial dysfunction is best researched in patients with VRF such as AH and DM. Both conditions have detrimental impact on endothelially derived NO [53]. It is clear that defective endothelial release of NO is the main indicator of endothelial dysfunction. The same holds true for the influence of ageing on endothelial dysfunction, which could represent an important part of LA pathogenesis. Recently, focus has turned to immune response playing a significant role in LA (neuroinflammation) [52]. It has been shown that cerebral tissue in the vicinity of LA regions includes many foamy macrophages, activated astrocytes and microglia, which speaks in favour of vivid communication between astroglia, pericytes and endothelium [54]. Increased expression of inflammatory indicators in these areas like apolipoprotein E, alfa2-microglobuline and IgG possibly adds to pathophysiological processes leading to LA [55].
\nRecently, the role of endothelial dysfunction in different vascular diseases has been highly debated. It is known that endothelial dysfunction can be brought about by different VRF, metabolic diseases, systemic and local inflammation [7]. Even in LA, there are more and more data showing that endothelium is implicated in its beginning and progression. Hypotheses of decreased blood flow in WM and diseased BBB are mutually exclusionary but could be coupled through endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction might play an important role and can be one of the first steps in developing ischaemia due to CSWD [56]. Probably endothelial dysfunction is not specific to LA and occurs in other cerebrovascular diseases as well [57]. Endothelial dysfunction leads to BBB malfunction, diseased autoregulation of CBF and prothrombotic changes. During endothelial activation, some molecules are released to the blood in higher quantities. These can be determined laboratorially, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1, thrombomodulin and tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor [58]. Indicators of endothelial dysfunction are lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, myeloperoxidase and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, as well as tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 [59]. Inflammation in vessel wall obviously plays an important role in formation and progression of LA [60]. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is a circulating endogenous inhibitor of NO and as such implicated in endothelial dysfunction, especially together with hyperhomocysteinaemia [61]. Homocysteine concentrations correlate with the degree of LA. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for LA, since homocysteine is toxic to endothelium [19]. Some studies mention the role of endothelial germ cells implicated in repairing endothelium. A special type of haptoglobin (phenotype 1-1) was associated with decreased ability of endothelium to repair its damage [62].
\nIn a preliminary study conducted by the author of this review and his co-workers, it was found that cerebrovascular reactivity to L-arginine (CVR), an estimate of cerebral endothelial function, and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the right brachial artery, an estimate of systemic endothelial function, were significantly diminished in patients with LA compared to control subjects with identical VRF without LA [7]. Moreover, CVR and FMD correlated positively in LA patients and the degree of cerebrovascular as well as systemic endothelial dysfunctions correlated with the degree of LA [7]. Overall, these results suggest that in patients with LA, both cerebral and systemic endothelial functions are impaired to the degrees that are much higher than could be expected based on present VRF. These results seem to reveal a so far unreported, more than expected additional impairment of cerebral endothelial function alongside systemic endothelial function, which is probably involved in LA pathophysiology.
\nUp until now, some studies have been performed about the effects of L-arginine on cerebral vasculature, in majority of cases on animal models [63]. L-arginine serves as a donor of NO through NO synthetase (NOS). L-arginine is also known as the most potent vasodilator and is the primary determinant of vascular tone, especially in cerebral vasculature [63]. Among the three isoforms of NOS, the endothelial (eNOS) seems to be of utmost importance in NO-mediated dilatation of cerebral arteries and arterioles [63]. NO forms endogenously as well as exogenously
L-arginine influences vascular endothelial cells and consequentially blood flow. L-arginine infusion causes vasodilatation and enhanced blood flow in many vascular beds [49]. Animal and clinical studies have shown that L-arginine not only leads to vasodilatation through endothelially derived NO but also decelerates thrombotic activity, cell proliferation, inflammation and other processes, which culminate in cardiovascular diseases. L-arginine prevents and diminishes the consequences of already present atherosclerosis, decelerating adhesion of monocytes on endothelium, lowers ABP in some patients with AH and returns normal endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia [65]. Its application seems to be safe [66].
\nPatients with normotensive hydrocephalus (NTH) have a high prevalence of WM changes. Experimental hydrocephalus in dogs leads to reversible WM changes after shunting has been performed [12]. This was the base for hypothesising that disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation may play an important role in pathogenesis of LA, especially of extensive periventricular changes [67]. The increased accumulation of CSF in ventricles leads to higher interstitial pressure in periventricular parenchyma and resultant ischaemia of WM. This is supported by observations that in NTH, blood flow in WM returns to normal values after CSF shunting with resultant diminishing of intraventricular pressure. Leaking of CSF into adjacent brain parenchyma may be the consequence of structural changes of ependymal cells.
\nWhite matter changes similar to those in LA (myelin pallor sparing U fibres with reactive astrogliosis and thickened small vessels) have been described in circumstances where brain oedema represents a precursor of LA [12]. In this way, transitory cerebral oedema might be additional cause of WM changes. Higher content of interstitial fluid in WM of patients with LA giving the appearance of hypodensity on CT images can be the consequence of AH and resultant changes of BBB becoming more permeable. In AH patients, capillary permeability to proteins may also be increased. Simultaneously, apart from long-term effects of AH, even short-lived hypertensive outbursts may provoke transudation of fluid and transfer of proteins into brain interstitium [12].
\nIt is known that a substantial proportion of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has radiological and pathohistological changes of WM resembling LA, albeit to a lesser degree compared to patients with cerebrovascular diseases [68]. It is highly unlikely that LA in AD only reflects Wallerian degeneration due to cortical neuronal loss. It is known that histological markers of Wallerian degeneration such as lipid-laden macrophages are missing in the majority of LA lesions. The mismatch between the degree of changes in adjacent cortical GM and WM speaks against this hypothesis. In AD patients, LA can be the consequence of ischaemia due to structural changes in small cerebral vessels in the scope of amyloid angiopathy present in 90% of AD patients [69]. The hypothesis of amyloid angiopathy in AD being causally associated with LA is further supported by the fact that LA has been found in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy without changes typical of AD.
\nIn the light of undoubted clinical consequences, understanding LA pathophysiology is important from the viewpoint of its prevention and decelerating its progression [70]. Patients with risk factors for LA could be treated with medications to prevent its occurrence. It is presently thought that LA changes already present seem to be irreversible. It is believed that in order to prevent LA occurrence and decelerate its progression, optimal control of all VRF in a given person is crucial [71]. There is at present relatively scarce evidence that any type of intervention would decelerate or halt the progression of LA. These data come mostly from observational studies and far less frequently from controlled randomised studies. Antihypertensives turned out to postpone the occurrence of LA and decelerate its progression regarding the results of the EVA MRI study [72]. In the PROGRESS study, treatment with diuretic and ACE inhibitor was efficient in halting or decelerating the rate of LA progression in patients with baseline extensive LA [73]. For the time being, there is no compelling evidence that lowering ABP triggers ischaemia in WM alongside disturbed autoregulation.
\nRegarding the association between stroke and LA, it seems reasonable to lower the risk for stroke by standard medications in its secondary prevention, namely antiaggregation agents and statins. Statins have long been known for their enhancement of endothelial function and cerebral vasomotor reactivity, but there is little clinical evidence for their efficacy in LA. Statins turned out to be associated with deceleration of LA progression at already progressed LA but not in cases with mild initial stages of LA [74]. On the other hand, in the PROSPER study, beneficial effects of pravastatin on LA progression in elderly patients with high risk for vascular complications were not found [75]. Some recent studies report beneficial effects of low doses of fluvastatin and valsartan on the compliance of large arteries or arterial aging [76–78]. In these studies, the research focused on large arteries, whereas in LA small cerebral vessels are affected. Despite this, there is a growing body of evidence that large vessel disease characterised by decreased compliance of vessel wall reflects in pathological changes of cerebral small vessels. This is summed up in the concept of pulse-wave encephalopathy [79]. One could hypothesise that enhancing the compliance of a large artery may lead to halting effects on LA progression. This may offer sound basis for future intervention studies in LA.
\nThe use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) inhibiting cyclooxygenase has potential benefits in LA. Cyclooxygenase catalyses biochemical reactions in which superoxide free radicals form inside endothelial cells. In this way, ASA may decrease endothelial impairment and simultaneously inhibit matrix metalloproteinases which are probably involved in progression of LA changes [21]. Dipyridamole, an antiaggregation agent together with its vasodilator effect, may be involved in decelerating LA progression since it lowers ABP [80]. However, at present, relevant data showing undoubted efficiency of antiaggregation agents on LA progression or improved clinical outcomes in LA patients are missing. Substituting L-arginine has been safe and efficient in many other vascular diseases. On the basis of L-arginine’s known effects, it is an interesting presumption that long-term oral administration of high doses of L-arginine could result in decelerating LA progression as well as having a positive influence on clinical consequences [81–83].
\nLeukoaraiosis represents the most common phenotype of CSWD of undoubted clinical significance. It has been associated with increasing age and conventional VRF. Despite huge efforts, the LA pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. The hypotheses of ischaemia and malfunctioning BBB seem to oppose each other. Endothelial dysfunction seems to be at the core of LA pathogenesis, leading to chronic ischaemia in WM and BBB dysfunction. The genetic susceptibility to harmful effects of VRF on endothelial function seems to play an important role. Interventional approaches should aim at decelerating or even halting the progression of the disease.
\nA brief historic introduction to liposuction and surgical body contouring, the method has been around since the 1970’s. Developed and enhanced throughout the passing years, most notably in 1988 by Michele Zocchi. The ultrasound assisted liposuction (UAL) method was created and used in 1,057 patients (875 women and 182 men) from 1989 to 1996, by Zocchi [1]. He was able to remove larger quantities of fat than the manual liposuction method and suggested that this technique had great potential in treating specific patients. The results are excellent and with no major complications, opening the door to a more effective liposuction method. Of the minor complications encountered, there were mild burns at cannula sites and discoloration of skin (dyschromia).
\nFurther technique development and increased popularity began in the 21st century, with Alfredo E. Hoyos. He introduced high-definition body sculpturing [2, 3, 4].
\nVASER liposuction means vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER).
\nVASER ultrasound technology enables the fragmenting of large fat into smaller fat pieces. The method uses an infiltration technique with tumescent fluid comprised of a combination of saline, adrenalin, lidocaine and sodium bicarbonate. The released fat molecules are then extracted from the body using liposuction cannulas. A more sparring and less aggressive manual extraction is needed with this method, than what is used with the classic liposuction technique [5, 6].
\nThe use of tumescent fluid not only releases the fat molecules but also reduces bleeding and provides analgesia.
\nA presentation and discussion of the VASER modes used (continuous or intermittent), tumescent fluid (amounts and preparation), method of achieving natural results, differences between sexes and areas being treated will all be covered thoroughly.
\nMy personal experience with liposuction began in 2008, as a plastic surgery resident. Attending several congresses, notably an annual Congress of the Turkish Society of plastic Surgery in Istanbul. There an American surgeon, Mark Jewell, described VASER as, “the best thing to ever happen to him in his life”. He stated, “this method gave significant better results compared to earlier methods” [7]. This was intriguing and Polyclinic Bagatin purchased the device and began implementing it, after several hands on courses. The results were immediate. The method of liposuction was easier and more efficient in fat extraction. At the start, several patients (5–10%) had to have additional corrections until the technique was perfected. However, results were good, and patients were very satisfied. There were a few cases where the results were not as anticipated. Even after attempted corrections, the results were not great. This suggests actual limitations of the VASER technique in some cases [8, 9, 10].
\nOverall, it is always important and crucial to listen to patients what they want and what can be realistically achieved [11]. It is better not to make promises that cannot be kept. An honest open approach is best as to what can be done. Results depend on patient age, skin quality, amount of fat deposits and their locations, as well as eating and drinking habits and patient motivation. An ideal patient is one who knows exactly what they want, realistic expectations, good skin tone and texture.
\nPerforming an ultrasound assisted liposuction method involves thorough preparation and planning.
\nPatient candidate consultation, discussion, planning, visual aids (VECTRA, drawings, examples of results) and clear achievement goals are needed prior to operating.
\nOnce a goal and plan has been reached, the operating team is debriefed and steps to start the procedure can begin.
\nKlein’s original fluid combination uses saline, a local anesthetic (lidocaine), a vasoconstrictor (adrenaline), and sodium bicarbonate. Dr. Klein uses for each 1000 mLs of saline, 12.5 mL sodium bicarbonate (8.4%), 0.5–0.75 mg adrenaline, and lidocaine 500 mg (using up to a maximum of 55 mg/kg patient body weight) [12]. At Poliklinika Bagatin a significantly lower maximal dose is used, 35–45 mg/kg. Interestingly, Hunstad created a modified solution using a 500 mg lidocaine within 1000 ml Ringer Lactate and 1 mg of adrenaline [12]. However, Dr. Hunstad opts not to use sodium bicarbonate in his modified solution. Various mixtures of tumescent fluids are used worldwide. Others such as Pitman, Toledo and Zocchi, as seen in the table provided, have their preferred combinations (Table 1).
\n\n | Klein | \nHunstad (modified) | \nPoliklinika Bagatin | \nPitman | \nToledo | \nZocchi | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.9% NaCl (saline) (mL) | \n1000 | \n\n | 1000 | \n1000 | \n\n | \n |
0.45% NaCl (saline) (mL) | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 1000 | \n
Ringer Lactate (mL) | \n\n | 1000 | \n\n | \n | 1000 | \n\n |
1% Lidocaine (mL, mg) | \n50 mL, 500 mg | \n50 mL, 500 mg | \n\n | 50 mL, 500 mg | \n80 mL, 800 mL | \n50 mL, 500 mg | \n
0.5% bupivacaine (mL, mg) | \n\n | \n | 10 mL, 50 mg | \n\n | \n | \n |
8.4% Sodium Bicarbonate (mL) | \n12.5 | \n\n | 10 | \n5 | \n7 | \n10 | \n
Adrenaline (mg) | \n0.5–0.75 | \n1 | \n1 | \n1 | \n2 | \n1 | \n
Tumescent solution variations.
Whatever the variations used, in general a mix of similar ingredients are combined.
\nThe tumescent fluid is prepared using a specified amount of saline required for certain areas of the body. This depends on body surface area to be performed on. For example, the chest can require 3–4 liters, while the legs or arms may need 1–3 liters. The abdomen may require 6 liters. The surgeon decides on volume amounts, reducing this if multiple operative sites are to be performed, with or without surgical reduction.
\nAt Poliklinika Bagatin, each liter of tumescent fluid used is a combination of standard intravenous saline, 1 mg adrenaline (epinephrine), 10 mL bupivacaine (5 mg/mL), and 10 mL sodium bicarbonate (8.4% w/v) [13]. More than 35–45 mg/kg bupivacaine in total, is never used [14, 15], reducing the risks of possible overdosage. A larger amount of anesthetic can be used, since it will not be placed intravascularly, is combined with adrenaline and the majority will be removed during extraction liposuction. The half-life of lidocaine and bupivacaine is about 2–2.5 hours and both are metabolized 90% hepatically. The procedures are often lengthy, and can last more than 3 hours. This further reduces the possibility of local anesthetic toxicity.
\nThe final tumescent solution looks similar in color to champagne.
\nPatient preparation is performed as usual, from preoperative anesthesia exam, induction, monitoring, surgical wash and sterile drape coverings. Following the standard surgical time out, infiltration with 20mLs tumescent fluid (for easier application) is used to infiltrate areas where ports will be placed. Ports are protective portholes used for the various cannulas (VASER, liposuction VentX, infiltration probe), and protect the skin surface areas below from thermic burns that can occur without using them. The ports used are a standard diameter of 3.7 mm. Skin incisions for the ports are 3 to 5 mm wide. Care is taken to carefully choose positions, of these port incision areas, as well as how many ports will be placed. This is important for achieving natural and proper results.
\nWhen the ports are in place, tissue infiltration with the remaining tumescent fluid begins with the infiltration apparatus (Figure 1).
\nVASER machine.
The infiltration device has various injection settings. Each are used specifically to apply the tumescent fluid into various layers and depths in the areas being treated. Surface layers are injected using the VASER variable flow (start-stop-start). While deeper layers are injected with a continuous flow. This is important to protect against burns and bleeding of more sensitive surface layers. The flow rate used is not faster than 100mLs per minute.
\nFollowing the successful tumescent fluid application, there is a waiting time (cooking time) of 10–15 minutes. During this time, fat cells are enabled to bloat and explode into smaller fatty fragments, which will then be more easily extracted by the various cannulas.
\nThe tumescent fluid is prepared using a specified amount of saline required for certain areas of the body. This depends on body surface area to be performed on. For example, the chest can require 3–4 liters, while the legs or arms may need 1–3 liters. The abdomen may require 6 liters. The surgeon decides on this amount by determining operative site area, as well as procedure to be performed (possible surgical combination of area reduction).
\nEach liter of tumescent fluid used is a combination of standard intravenous saline, 1 mg adrenaline (epinephrine), 10 mL bupivacaine (5 mg/mL), and 10 mL sodium bicarbonate (8.4% w/v) [12]. More than 35–45 mg/kg bupivacaine, in total, is never used [13, 14], reducing the risks of possible overdosage. A larger amount of anesthetic can be used, since it will not be placed intravascularly, and the majority will be removed during extraction liposuction.
\nWhen the ports are in place, tissue infiltration with the remaining tumescent fluid begins with the infiltration apparatus (Figures 2–4).
\nAll needed instruments for VASER liposuction.
Two rings VASER probe.
Standard 3,7 mm VentX cannula.
The infiltration device has various injection settings. Each are used specifically to apply the tumescent fluid into various layers and depths in the areas being treated. Surface layers are injected using the VASER variable flow (start-stop-start). While deeper layers are injected with a continuous flow. This is important to protect against burns and bleeding of more sensitive surface layers. The flow rate used is not faster than 100mLs per minute.
\nFollowing the successful tumescent fluid application, there is a waiting time (cooking time) of 10–15 minutes. During this time, fat cells are enabled to bloat and explode into smaller fatty fragments, which will then be more easily extracted by the various cannulas.
\nHigh-definition extraction can be achieved in various regions of the body. A gentle fanning, in-out motion of the cannulas is used. This process is continued until desired results are achieved. Following maximal extraction, it is mandatory to place overflow release drains. This helps reduce formation of seromas and faster normalization of the liposuction area, removing excess remaining trapped fluid and reducing build up. Patient follow-ups need to be frequent, recommended daily for the first 7 days. During the early postoperative period, deformities are possible and can be then attended to, before becoming permanent. Later, if any lasting deformities present, they can be corrected a year after the initial operation. This is important to allow all tissues to heal, settle into a formed position and give a final view of procedure results.
\nDouble chin sagging correction, regardless of sex, can be performed by placing ports of under 2.9 mm in locations under the chin and laterally on both sides under the ears. Tumescent fluid infiltration should be with about 200–300 mL. The VASER device strength should be set between 20 and 40%, a stronger strength can cause the cannula probe to break. Following tumescent fluid insertion, a 5–6-minute waiting time is needed. For a more pronounced double chin and neck region, this can be increased to 9 minutes. Liposuction duration can be up to 10 minutes, until desired results. This region is very delicate and a baby VENTX cannula is used, to prevent injury and for ease of suctioning and movement. Flat cannulas up to 5 mm can also be useful to use. It is important not to feel any resistance while the VASER converts larger pieces of fat into smaller ones. A large quantity of fat is rarely present, in this area, as compared to other areas of the body. It is also important to postoperatively check neurological facial mimicry functions (smiling, whistling, frowning) to assess possible peripheral nerve injury, which can be common. However, with exercises and anti-inflammatory medications this will resolve in time.
\nThe back can be defined as the upper, middle and lower areas. Each section can be combined with lateral side areas for liposuction. The upper and middle are often combined with the areas under the armpits and lateral sides of the rib cage – posterior part of chest girth. While the lower back is combined with love handles and buttocks. Differences among the sexes varies only in liposuction definition sections. Women often prefer the lower back with buttocks defined, while men prefer the love handles [16]. However, most opt for a thorough combination of a more complete coverage. Liposuction preparation is the same for both. Ports are regularly distributed, usually 3 to 5 of them, to adequately cover each area for various movement directions of the cannulas. Infiltration is performed with 2–3 liters of tumescent fluid, the amount used depends on coverage area. The VASER device strength should be set at 70–80%, with a waiting duration time of 10–15 minutes. The liposuction duration can last between 15 and 30 minutes, for each area, using VASER probe cannula and VENTX cannula with a diameter of 3.7 mm. The continuous mode is used depending on fibrous tissue (Figures 5–7).
\nBefore and 3 months after VASER liposuction.
Before and one year after VASER liposuction.
Before and 3 months after operation – Back view.
Liposuction of the buttocks often includes the lower area and sides. This procedure is reserved for specific cases and deformities. If VASER is performed, it should be at 50% VASER device strength, with a waiting time of 10–15 minutes, and tumescent fluid of 1–2 liters. However, instead of liposuction of the buttocks, fat grafting is preferably used. In practice, it is a much better defining and contouring procedure, with more natural results, where the surrounding excess buttocks fatty tissue is removed. The process starts by first emptying the supragluteal region, followed by the infragluteal region. The upper thigh area, lower side areas, and lower buttock area, on both sides, are evaluated for appropriate reduction. Once these areas are defined and reduced, sculpturing of the buttocks can begin [17, 18]. Depending on the sex of the client, certain specific areas are chosen for enhancement. For women, higher side segments are applied, while in men the central and upper areas with concaving sides is defined. Women prefer more of a curvature effect, while men prefer a more athletic figure, with an emptying effect of the lateral sides. Performing the contouring and defining in this area with the cannulas, extreme caution of the tip is needed since it can be easily punctured through the surface, leaving scarring. Gentle in-out motions should be used, and a significant amount of quality fatty tissue should be used to instill when space is created, using about 200–300 mL. In some cases, more can be used, such as in more obese clients, while more slender clients will need less volume to achieve adequate results.
\nThe abdomen area is the most popular area treated by VASER liposuction [19]. A nicely balanced and well-defined abdominal wall is usually what defines a healthy body figure. This area is the focus of visible differences between males and females. As stated previously, men prefer a more athletic, six pack figure, while women prefer natural contours reducing the “tummy” area, not emphasizing abdominal musculature. Preparing clients for this procedure should be done in a standing position. Drawing directly on the surface and marking defined areas to correct, should be completely discussed, and planned with them. It is at this moment, a clear plan is developed and explained, as to what can be achieved and what is not possible. Planning for males, involves defining of flat abdominal wall muscles (six-pack), the linea alba and linea semilunaris regions. In women, a more subtle and gentler approach is used, creating more sensual contours defining linea semilunaris. In some instances, in women, linea alba can be defined as well, more often in slender clients. The procedure preparation is similar for both, using 3–4 liters of tumescent fluid, after application with VASER device at 70%, a waiting time of 10–15 minutes is needed. The ports used here are VENTX, with a diameter of 3.7 mm. The VASER probe cannula is set at a continuous mode, for deeper tissue reduction. However, if fibrous tissue is encountered, for example from previous operative scars, then an increased strength of the VASER device is needed, about 80–90%. A three grooved VASER probe cannula can be used. As this helps in producing maximal reduction of fatty tissue volume. At all times, the fatty tissue distribution and quality must remain symmetric. Leaving an abdominal wall subcutaneous fat layer of about 1–1.5 cm is important to retain a more natural abdominal wall contour. The liposuction process can last from 20 to 30 minutes as needed to achieve desired results (Figures 8–10).
\nBefore and 6 months after VASER liposuction – Front view.
Before and 3 months after VASER liposuction – Front view.
Before and one year after VASER liposuction.
Shaping the chest area is obviously significantly different in males and females. In males, this tends to be the most performed liposuction procedure. Excess fatty tissue under the nipple-areolar complex is the most common problem seen. However, this can be spread out wider, covering more of the breast plane. Correcting excess just under the areolar areas is usually not sufficient. Full redefining of the chest region is often necessary to achieve satisfying results. In performing reduction in this area, the sides and lower chest areas, underneath the nipple areolar complex are reduced. Providing a wider reduction area covered. This provides more definition and enhancement of the large chest muscles. Fat grafting is usually not performed in males in this area, since they usually prefer a slender leaner look, with minimal scarring. Preparation for this area include, performing incisions for ports using the method Alfredo Hoyos uses [20], placing then directly under the nipple and in the peripheral armpit region, as to minimize visual scarring postoperatively. These incision areas also allow for easier access to all areas needed reduced. Again, VENTX ports are used from 2.9–3.7 mm diameter. Previously, larger diameter of 3–4 mm, when “Byrone” cannulas (wide diameter) for liposuction were used. However, now the more reduced diameters are preferred, especially in more sensitive delicate regions [21]. VASER device strength can be set from 70 to 90% depending on the presence of scar tissue, increasing strength if present. Tumescent fluid infiltration should be about 1–2 liters for each breast side. The waiting time is 10–15 minutes after application and liposuction should last 20–30 minutes, for each side performed. The combination of surgical tissue removal can be necessary, to achieve desired results. It is important to explain to patients that some loss of touch sensation can occur in the nipple region. Sometimes, this can be permanent. Drains are usually not placed, however at the side regions they can be placed to aid overflow in some selected cases.
\nFor women, rarely isolated tissue reduction using VASER liposuction is performed. Instead, VASER is used for defining and contouring the lateral breast and chest areas. This method in combination with surgical reduction achieve very good results, in specific cases. If performed, 3.7 mm diameter VENTX ports are used. Tumescent fluid can be up to 1 liter per side, VASER device strength setting between 70 and 90%, waiting time of 10–15 minutes, and liposuction for 20–30 minutes. Mercedes cannulas with 3 openings can also be used. (For surgical breast reduction, incisions are made under the breast or through horizontal and vertical incisions (inverted T). More often fat grafting is a method used, providing supplement to the procedure on the breast [22]. Small incisions are made, only a few millimeters long in the areolar area, using cannulas of 2.1 mm in diameter for application. This reduces visible scarring postoperatively.
\nCorrective thigh area procedures are rarely sought by men, this is a more problematic area for women. The upper thighs area is more pronounced, visually with clusters of fatty tissue, cellulite, forming distortions of the skin and contour. The procedure here is to reduce the volume in the front and side areas [4]. Tumescent fluid ordinarily used is 1–2 liters on each leg. VENTX Port diameter size is 3.7 mm, while the VASER device should be set at 50% at a continuous fluid injection stream. Port incisions are made at the groin and knees, medially in the inner thigh area. One placed at the groin, while two are placed lower halfway down towards the knee and at knee level. Liposuction time is again 20–30 minutes per side. Careful care should be taken, to avoid excessive liposuction in this area, because it can lead to the onset of “cutis marmorata” (marbled skin) [23]. Attention should be directed to sagging skin, and in selected cases surgical reduction may be required to tighten the area. Ordinarily, the knees are concurrently defined when the thighs are performed (Figures 11 and 12).
\nBefore and 6 months after VASER liposuction – Front view.
Before and 6 months after VASER liposuction – Back view.
The calf, as well as the thigh region, is rarely corrected in males. If performed, it would be similarly done as in women. Incisions are placed in both the knee areas, posterior centrally (poplitea fossa), and in the upper ankle area medially, and at times laterally. This depend on the degree of tissue accumulation and reduction needed to be performed [4]. VENTX ports should be of a narrower diameter, 2.9 mm, the VASER device should be set at 50%, tumescent fluid used should be maximally up to 1 liter, waiting time is 10–15 minutes, and liposuction duration can be 20–30 minutes per side. Performing in this area depends on the thigh volume. This region when done can be swollen for an extended period. Drainage from the thighs adds to this accumulation. Peripherally performed sites need more healing time and lymphatic drainage is disturbed. Hence, this region is rarely performed.
\nThe upper arm area can be combined with chest definition, in selected male cases. In women, the defining process area is the triceps region, often saggy and hanging. It is important in both sexes to define the muscles, for men more the upper section, while in women the lower upper arm portion. The process is similar in both sexes. VENTX ports are placed in the arm pits and elbow region. Taking care that postoperatively scars will be hidden in skin folds, and less visible. Port size should be 3.7 mm, using up to 1 liter of tumescent fluid on each side, with reduced power of VASER device at 50%, using VENTX cannulas for liposuction and if fibrous tissue is present, use the VASER 2–3 grooved cannulas for better extraction of fatty tissue. Waiting times are similar as previous areas, 10–15 minutes with liposuction time of 20–30 minutes depending on visual achieved results.
\nThe forearm area is rarely requested as a corrective area from clients. As such, it is rarely performed. However, in the event this would be necessary to perform tumescent fluid of 200–500 mLs would be used. VENTX ports of a narrower diameter of 2.9 mm would be appropriate and placed in visually conspicuous areas. The VASER device should be at a reduced strength of 50%, using a 3 grooved cannula for liposuction. Waiting times again would be 10–15 minutes, with liposuction time of 20 minutes or more depending on desired results. Great care should be taken to stay away from the skin surface, to avoid breaking through and causing potential scarring.
\nAt Polyclinic Bagatin, there have been 409 VASER liposuctions performed in the last 9 years, including combination procedures with surgical resections. In about 15% of the cases, they involved male clients. The most frequent areas treated were the chest, abdominal wall, and lower back area. There were a few double chin procedures, as well. In women, most often VASER liposuction was performed on the abdominal wall, upper back area, hips and lower inside sections of the thighs. Patient postoperative monitoring lasted from 3 months to a year, or even more in certain cases. In both sexes, relatively few complications were encountered. The few seen were slight burns involving areas where ports were positioned, skin color changes, irregularities in the skin as depressions, dimpling or bulges, and some hardness, involving fat necrosis. In two cases, the thermal burns were caused at the ports and usage of over-heated tumescent fluid. Therefore, careful preparation and caution must be used throughout the VASER liposuction process. In 10% of the cases, additional corrections were necessary to achieve the desired results. Adjuncts used to enhance definition and contouring were the non-invasive Med2Contour, Zerona cold laser and the Venus Legacy radiofrequency methods. If liposuction was needed for addition touch up corrections, this was performed a year later. This would also include fat grafting to improve results. It was important to wait a year before redoing liposuction to give the body tissues time to heal and settle down into their new positions. This provided a more accurate visual of what needed to be corrected and exactly where to concentrate the liposuction correction. Patient satisfaction is the key. At Polyclinic Bagatin, patient satisfaction surveys show great percentage levels of satisfaction. Clients frequently recommend our clinic to others, as well as, continue their care and use many of our services offered.
\nVASER liposuction itself can achieve great results. The combination of other liposuction methods and surgical methods, adds to the enhancement of desired results. Abdominoplasty is often combined with liposuction in correcting the abdominal area. Procedures to be performed depend on what clients prefer and want. It is the role of the plastic surgeon to explain what can and cannot be achieved, and what will yield the best results for individual cases. Patient satisfaction is a key part of what Polyclinic Bagatin strives for. The best commercial is a happy client.
\nIn general, any liposuction technique used should be tapered to each client specifically. Of course, there are standard procedures and preparations to be followed. Careful selection of port entries, tumescent fluid amounts, duration and extraction times should be used and again modulated for each case. The amount of tumescent fluid used can vary and is tappered to each case, especially if more than one region is being corrected. It is important to take the time to prepare well, and results will usually follow.
\nThe method of VASER liposuction is an excellent technique to treat areas that previously were difficult to treat. Better depth control, VASER device strength and flow, and overall better tissue reduction are achieved by this technique. This is most certainly the case with difficult fibrous scar tissue, which has a level of skin retraction, thus needing increased device strength to be applied [24]. This method enables fatty tissue removal, in a far more efficient way, as well as, being less traumatic, than with just liposuction. This leads to fewer complications, like bleeding, distortion, breakthrough scarring, and a better recovery. The pain levels can be similar using either method, this can be alleviated by medications. Bruising can last 2–3 weeks. Drains are necessary to assist in carrying off collected excess fluids and secretions, and this can be up to 10 days. Recovery of patient with more extensive liposuction regions performed will need 7 or more days. The dosage of strength and action of flow (continuous or intermittent) using VASER technology has enabled more natural results. With every procedure performed, increased experience is gained. Combining various available methods and knowing specific tissue anatomy can help us create our goal of naturally defined body contours. VASER liposuction is a great and safe method, offering best results, at our disposal [25, 26].
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\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. 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Aguilera, Mario A. Ramos and Angel D. Sappa",authors:[{id:"142787",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristhian",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera-Carrasco",slug:"cristhian-aguilera-carrasco",fullName:"Cristhian Aguilera-Carrasco"},{id:"163307",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Maldonado",slug:"mario-ramos-maldonado",fullName:"Mario Ramos-Maldonado"},{id:"163308",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel D.",middleName:null,surname:"Sappa",slug:"angel-d.-sappa",fullName:"Angel D. Sappa"}]},{id:"38518",doi:"10.5772/50975",title:"Lot Sizing and Scheduling in Parallel Uniform Machines – A Case Study",slug:"lot-sizing-and-scheduling-in-parallel-uniform-machines-a-case-study",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3003",slug:"simulated-annealing-advances-applications-and-hybridizations",title:"Simulated Annealing",fullTitle:"Simulated Annealing - Advances, Applications and Hybridizations"},signatures:"F. Charrua Santos, Francisco Brojo and Pedro M. Vilarinho",authors:[{id:"143249",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Charrua-Santos",slug:"fernando-charrua-santos",fullName:"Fernando Charrua-Santos"},{id:"143300",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Vilarinho",slug:"pedro-vilarinho",fullName:"Pedro Vilarinho"},{id:"143301",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Brójo",slug:"francisco-brojo",fullName:"Francisco Brójo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"77284",title:"The Paradigm of Complex Probability and Isaac Newton’s Classical Mechanics: On the Foundation of Statistical Physics",slug:"the-paradigm-of-complex-probability-and-isaac-newton-s-classical-mechanics-on-the-foundation-of-stat",totalDownloads:1472,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C = R + M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. We will apply this innovative paradigm to Isaac Newton’s classical mechanics and to prove as well in an original way an important property at the foundation of statistical physics.",book:{id:"11066",slug:"the-monte-carlo-methods-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"The Monte Carlo Methods",fullTitle:"The Monte Carlo Methods - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]},{id:"77258",title:"The Paradigm of Complex Probability and Thomas Bayes’ Theorem",slug:"the-paradigm-of-complex-probability-and-thomas-bayes-theorem",totalDownloads:952,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The mathematical probability concept was set forth by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov in 1933 by laying down a five-axioms system. This scheme can be improved to embody the set of imaginary numbers after adding three new axioms. Accordingly, any stochastic phenomenon can be performed in the set C of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set R of real probabilities and the set M of imaginary probabilities. Our objective now is to encompass complementary imaginary dimensions to the stochastic phenomenon taking place in the “real” laboratory in R and as a consequence to gauge in the sets R, M, and C all the corresponding probabilities. Hence, the probability in the entire set C = R + M is incessantly equal to one independently of all the probabilities of the input stochastic variable distribution in R, and subsequently the output of the random phenomenon in R can be evaluated totally in C. This is due to the fact that the probability in C is calculated after the elimination and subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic phenomenon. We will apply this novel paradigm to the classical Bayes’ theorem in probability theory.",book:{id:"11066",slug:"the-monte-carlo-methods-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"The Monte Carlo Methods",fullTitle:"The Monte Carlo Methods - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé",authors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}]},{id:"80188",title:"Physical Only Modes Identification Using the Stochastic Modal Appropriation Algorithm",slug:"physical-only-modes-identification-using-the-stochastic-modal-appropriation-algorithm",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Many operational modal analysis (OMA) algorithms such as SSI, FDD, IV, … are conceptually based on the separation of the signal subspace and the noise subspace of a certain data matrix. Although this is a trivial problem in theory, in the practice of OMA, this is a troublesome problem. Errors, such as truncation errors, measurement noise, modeling errors, estimation errors make the separation difficult if not impossible. This leads to the appearance of nonphysical modes, and their separation from physical modes is difficult. An engineering solution to this problem is based on the so-called stability diagram which shows alignments for physical modes. This still does not solve the problem since it is rare to find modes stable in the same order. Moreover, nonphysical modes may also stabilize. Recently, the stochastic modal appropriation (SMA) algorithm was introduced as a valid competitor for existing OMA algorithms. This algorithm is based on isolating the modes mode by mode with the advantage that the modal parameters are identified simultaneously in a single step for a given mode. This is conceptually similar to ground vibration testing (GVT). SMA is based on the data correlation sequence which enjoys a special physical structure making the identification of nonphysical modes impossible under the isolating conditions. After elaborating the theory behind SMA, we illustrate these advantages on a simulated system as well as on an experimental case.",book:{id:"11066",slug:"the-monte-carlo-methods-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"The Monte Carlo Methods",fullTitle:"The Monte Carlo Methods - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Maher Abdelghani",authors:[{id:"417124",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maher",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelghani",slug:"maher-abdelghani",fullName:"Maher Abdelghani"}]},{id:"80243",title:"Applications of Simulation Codes Based on Monte Carlo Method for Radiotherapy",slug:"applications-of-simulation-codes-based-on-monte-carlo-method-for-radiotherapy",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to determine and study different parameters that are challenged in experimental measurements, due to its capability in simulating the radiation transport with a probability distribution to interact with electrosferic electrons and some cases with the nucleus from an arbitrary material, which such particle track or history can carry out physical quantities providing data from a studied or investigating quantities. For this reason, simulation codes, based on Monte Carlo, have been proposed. The codes currently available are MNCP, EGSnrc, Geant, FLUKA, PENELOPE, as well as GAMOS and TOPAS. These simulation codes have become a tool for dose and dose distributions, essentially, but also for other applications such as design clinical, tool for commissioning of an accelerator linear, shielding, radiation protection, some radiobiologic aspect, treatment planning systems, prediction of data from results of simulation scenarios. In this chapter will be present some applications for radiotherapy procedures with use, specifically, megavoltage x-rays and electrons beams, in scenarios with homogeneous and anatomical phantoms for determining dose, dose distribution, as well dosimetric parameters through the PENELOPE and TOPAS code.",book:{id:"11066",slug:"the-monte-carlo-methods-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"The Monte Carlo Methods",fullTitle:"The Monte Carlo Methods - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Iury Mergen Knoll, Ana Quevedo and Mirko Salomón Alva Sánchez",authors:[{id:"307138",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko Salomón",middleName:null,surname:"Alva-Sánchez",slug:"mirko-salomon-alva-sanchez",fullName:"Mirko Salomón Alva-Sánchez"},{id:"416560",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Quevedo",slug:"ana-quevedo",fullName:"Ana Quevedo"},{id:"440449",title:"BSc.",name:"Iury",middleName:null,surname:"Mergen Knoll",slug:"iury-mergen-knoll",fullName:"Iury Mergen Knoll"}]},{id:"38552",title:"A Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem Using Dynamic Markov Chains with Linear Regression Equilibrium",slug:"a-simulated-annealing-algorithm-for-the-satisfiability-problem-using-dynamic-markov-chains-with-line",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3003",slug:"simulated-annealing-advances-applications-and-hybridizations",title:"Simulated Annealing",fullTitle:"Simulated Annealing - 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While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. 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His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/50936",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"50936"},fullPath:"/chapters/50936",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()