Plant species containing tannins and their medicinal use.
\r\n\tDiagnosis (clinical, radiological, cytogenetic, and molecular criteria), pathogenesis (risk factors, pre-myeloma conditions, and bone marrow microenvironment), cytogenetic abnormalities and molecular profiles disease staging and risk stratification, novel therapies such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents as well as monoclonal antibodies, drug resistance (primary and secondary resistance as well as evolution of new genetic mutations that may be disease or therapy-related), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (autologous HSCT, allogeneic HSCT, and tandem transplantation), relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, minimal residual disease (evaluation by flow cytometry or various sequencing techniques, importance of MRD in prognosis and prediction of disease relapse), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, infectious complications in multiple myeloma (viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, disease-related infections and therapy-related infections).
\r\n\r\n\tThe book chapters will intend to be written by scientists and experts in the field from various institutions around the world.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-093-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-092-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-094-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c8e2b12df4fc2d313aced448fe08a63e",bookSignature:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11600.jpg",keywords:"Risk Factors, Angiogenesis, Signaling Pathways, Therapeutic Targets, Drug Resistance, Genetic Mutations, Disease-Related Infections, Therapy-Related Infections, Complete Remission, Overall Survival, Immunomodulatory Agents, Bone Marrow Microenvironment",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 26th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 29th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 15th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Khalid Al-Anazi established the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Services in Saudi Arabia. He is a distinguished researcher in the fields of stem cell therapies & infections in immunocompromised individuals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/37255/images/system/37255.jpg",biography:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi is a consultant Hemato-Oncologist and the Chairman of the Department of Adult Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) at King Fahad Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. \r\nHe graduated from the college of medicine, King Saud University (KSU) in Riyadh in 1986. After having his Boards in Internal Medicine, he trained in clinical hematology and HSCT at King’s College Hospital, University of London, U.K. He has 4 year experience in internal medicine and 28 year experience in adult clinical hematology and HSCT at: Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) in Riyadh; King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) and the College of Medicine, KSU in Riyadh; and KFSH in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. \r\nHe established the adult HSCT program at KFSH in Dammam in the year 2010. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"50303",title:"Microscopic Investigations on Woody Biomass as Treated with Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/62721",slug:"microscopic-investigations-on-woody-biomass-as-treated-with-ionic-liquids",body:'\nThe efficient use of lignocellulosics has been an important approach to prevent exhaustion of fossil resources and global warming caused by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. Among the various types of lignocellulosics, woody biomass is regarded as a promising resource because it is carbon neutral, abundantly available in many regions, and does not compete with agricultural production. Wood cell walls decompose to form persistent organic complexes mainly composed of cellulose (40–50%), hemicellulose (25–35%), and lignin (18–35%) [1, 2]. To convert their chemical components into transportable biofuels and chemical feedstocks, it is necessary to develop the processing technology to break their rigid structure. To date, various conversion methods such as acid hydrolysis [3–5], enzymatic saccharification [6, 7], pyrolysis [8–10], and supercritical or sub-critical fluid treatment [11–13] have been investigated. However, practical methods have not yet been established.
\nIonic liquids are defined as organic salts with low melting points, and have many advantages including negligible vapor pressures, chemical and thermal stability, non-flammability, low viscosity, and reusability [14–16]. In addition, they can dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic substances [14]. Ionic liquid treatment is attractive as a new conversion technology for woody biomass. Figure 1 shows the typical cations and anions found in ionic liquids. There are an infinite number of combinations of cations and anions, and their physical properties, such as melting point, viscosity and dissolving power, can be easily changed by altering the combination. This is why ionic liquids are called “designer solvents” [17].
\nThe structures of typical cations and anions in ionic liquids.
Recent studies revealed that certain types of ionic liquids can liquefy cellulose [18–20], lignin [21], and even wood cell walls [22–26]. Using ionic liquids as the solvent to process woody biomass, many fundamental studies on the reaction behavior of wood in ionic liquids have been carried out focusing on the chemical processes [27–31]. However, woody biomass is a very inhomogeneous composite at the cell level. Wood comprises various types of tissues such as the tracheid, wood fibers, vessels, and parenchyma. In addition, wood cell walls consist of several layers: a compound middle lamella (middle lamella + primary wall; CML) and a secondary wall (S), which is generally composed of S1, S2, and S3 sublayers. The chemical components and distribution vary depending on the wood species, types of tissues and their layers [32]. Therefore, to improve the chemical conversion process using ionic liquids, a better understanding of the effects of ionic liquid treatment of wood, such as the interaction of wood with ionic liquids at the cell level and the deconstruction behavior of various types of tissues in ionic liquids, are required.
\nIn this chapter, we focus on morphological and topochemical studies on the liquefaction of wood in ionic liquids, especially 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]) and 1-ethylpyridinium bromide ([EtPy][Br]), using various microscopy techniques. [C2mim][Cl] and [EtPy][Br] are known as the ionic liquids which can preferentially liquefy cellulose [25] and lignin [31], respectively. Bright-field microscopy and polarized light microscopy were employed to determine the swelling and decomposition behaviors of wood cell walls and the state of cellulose crystallinity during ionic liquids treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the detailed ultrastructural changes in various wood tissues treated with ionic liquids. Confocal Raman microscopy was employed to examine the changes in chemical components including polysaccharides and lignin at the cellular level and to visualize their distribution on the cell walls during ionic liquids treatment.
\nMorphological features of wood cell walls during the liquefaction process in ionic liquid were determined by light microscopy [33–38]. Figure 2 shows bright-field microscopy and polarized light microscopy images of
Bright-field microscopy (
To study the detailed swelling behavior of tracheids arising from [C2mim][Cl] treatment, we performed time sequential measurements of the cell wall area, cell lumen area, and the total of cell lumen and cell wall areas, in earlywood and latewood, in transverse sections (Figure 3). The cell wall area in earlywood increased only slightly at an early stage of [C2mim][Cl] treatment, whereas that in latewood increased significantly. After the initial swelling, the cell wall area in earlywood showed no further changes, whereas that in latewood increased gradually with prolonged treatment time. After 72 h of treatment, the cell wall area in earlywood and latewood had increased by 1.5 and 4 times, respectively. These results indicate that the swelling behavior of the tracheids of
Changes in cell wall area, cell lumen area, and total of cell lumen + cell wall area in earlywood and latewood of
Changes in the cell wall area of fibrous cells of various Japanese hardwood species during [C2mim][Cl] treatment were also measured (Figure 4). At the initial stages of [C2mim][Cl] treatment, the cell wall areas of all species increased rapidly. Thereafter, the cell wall areas of
Changes in the cell wall area of fibrous cells in the earlywood and latewood of various wood species during [C2mim][Cl] treatment at 120°C [
\nFigure 5 shows bright-field microscopy and polarized light microscopy images of
Bright-field microscopy (
Ultrastructural changes in wood cell walls due to ionic liquid treatment were observed by SEM [34–38]. Figure 6 shows SEM images of various tissues of
SEM images of various tissues of
Figure 7 shows SEM images of various tissues of
SEM images of various tissues of
Figure 8 shows SEM images of transverse sections of two hardwood species treated with [C2mim][Cl]. Although wood fibers (indicated by arrowheads) of both
SEM images of transverse sections of
Raman spectra can reveal much information about functional groups, hydrogen and chemical bonds, and the surrounding environment. Raman spectroscopy is used to identify the chemical structure of a substance. Confocal Raman microscopy couples Raman spectroscopy with a confocal microscope to perform detailed analysis quickly. In recent years, confocal Raman microscopy has received attention as a new method of spectroscopic analysis for plant cell walls because of its characteristic advantages. It is non-destructive, has a high spatial resolution (approximately 0.3–2 μm), is not hindered by the presence of water [43, 44], and little-to-no sample pre-treatment is required. Several research groups have studied the chemical composition of native wood cell walls using this method [45–51]. In addition, it has been reported that confocal Raman microscopy is an effective tool to investigate topochemical changes in wood after pre-treatment for biorefinery [52–54].
We applied confocal Raman microscopy to determine the changes in chemical components and their distribution in wood at the cellular level during [C2mim][Cl] and [EtPy][Br] treatment [37, 38, 55, 56]. Figure 9 shows Raman spectra obtained from S2 of the wood fibers of
Raman spectra for the S2 of wood fibers of
To study the changes in the distribution of chemical components in the wood cell walls over a wide range during ionic liquids treatment, Raman mapping analysis was applied on transverse sections. Raman mapping was performed on tracheids and wood fibers because these tissues are the main elements of
Figure 10 shows the results of time-sequential Raman mapping analysis of the distribution of lignin and polysaccharides of tracheids of
Raman mapping of transverse sections of tracheids of
Raman mapping analysis was also performed on the wood samples treated with [EtPy][Br] (Figure 11). Although the lignin concentration in S2 and in CML decreased with prolonged treatment time, the lignin in CML was preserved at relatively high concentration after 72 h of treatment in both tracheids of
Raman mapping on transverse sections of tracheids of
To gain insight into the reactivity of [C2mim][Cl] with various morphological regions, Raman spectra were acquired for the S2 of wood fibers, the cell corner of wood fibers, vessels, and axial parenchyma cells of
Raman spectra focusing in the spectral region of 950–1750 cm−1 for S2 of wood fibers (
Using various microscopy techniques, the morphological and topochemical features of wood cell walls treated with ionic liquids were studied. During the processing of wood liquefaction in ionic liquids, the ultrastructure and chemical compositions of wood showed inhomogeneous changes at the cellular level. The interaction of ionic liquid with wood cell walls was quite different depending on the types of ionic liquids, wood species, tissues, and cell wall layers. These findings will serve to cultivate a better understanding of the liquefaction mechanism of woody biomass in ionic liquids and accelerate development of ionic liquid treatment for wood-based biorefinery.
For research in wood chemistry and anatomy, many microscopy techniques have been applied to investigate the characteristics of the cell walls. However, it is hardly possible to examine the chemical compositions and their distribution with nanoscale spatial resolution while at the same time observing the ultrastructure such as ultrathin layers. The development of sensitive analytical methods in the wood cell walls for chemical information with much higher spatial resolution will open a new field of wood science and technology.
This work was partly supported by the “Science and Technology Research Promotion Program for Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Food Industry” (No. 26052A) from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (No. 25450246) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (No. 15J05592).
\nBiochemically, tannins are sort of secondary metabolites predominantly available in the plant-based foods and beverages. The name “tannin” is originated from the industrial process of “leather tanning,” in which animal hides are converted into leather through downstream processing. It is worthwhile to mention that tannins were used in this process from historic times. On the basis of their presence, various parts of plants such as bark, wood, leaves, seeds, roots, and even the plant galls are the major sources of tannin extractions used for various purposes (Table 1). Algae is also rich source of tannin-based compounds such as phlorotannins which comprise of antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties evaluated in the case of human [1, 2]. In addition to health benefits, phlorotannins isolated from brown seaweeds have been used in the cosmetics also [3]. Some researchers have defined tannins as “Any phenolic compound of sufficiently high molecular weight containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (i.e., carboxyls) to form effectively strong complexes with protein and other macromolecules under the particular environmental conditions being studied” [4].
\nS. no. | \nName of plant species | \nPlant parts | \nMajor components | \nMedicinal use | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | \nRoot | \nTannic acid, rhataniatannic acid, peculiar acid principle, krameric acid, phlobaphene, phloroglucin, and proanthocyanidins | \nChronic diarrhea, menorrhagia, urinary diseases, bleeding from the bowels, bad throat, and antibacterial agents for the eyes, nose, and gums | \n|
2. | \nRoots | \nPentadigalloylglucose, pedunculagin, epigallocatechin, catechins, and proanthocyanidins | \nInflammations, wound healings, diarrhea, inflammation of bowel bacterial, fungal, and viral infections | \n|
3. | \nRoot | \nSanguiin H-6 | \nDysentery and insect bites | \n|
4. | \nAerial parts | \nAgrimoniin and potentillin | \nDiarrhea, cough, lymphadenitis, and hepatitis | \n|
5. | \nBark | \nCorilagin and related ellagitannins | \nBad throat, asthma, dysentery, and ulcers | \n|
6. | \nBark | \nGrandinin, castalagin, and glucogallin | \nDiarrhea, itching, and burning | \n|
7. | \nLeaves, stem, and bark | \nGeraniin, phenazine derivative of geraniin, Corilagin, and furosin. | \nWound healing | \n|
8. | \nLeaves | \nGeraniin | \nIntestinal disorders | \n|
9. | \nLeaves | \nCatechins and other condensed tannins | \nGastritis and ulcers | \n|
10. | \nPod | \nGallocatechin-gallate, methyl gallate, catechin, catechin gallate, galloylglucose, and epicatechin | \nFever, diabetes, and gum diseases | \n|
11. | \nFruit | \nProanthocyanidin oligomers based on catechin, gallocatechin, catechin-3-O-gallate, and gallocatechin-3-O-gallate | \nAntiseptic and cardiovascular diseases | \n|
12. | \nGall | \nTannic acid | \nBacterial, fungal, and viral infection | \n
Plant species containing tannins and their medicinal use.
Note: Table indicates that tannin and its components are present in most of the parts of the plants which offered great level of medicinal sources or pharmaceutical agents [59].
Plant tannins are a large group of natural phenolic compounds which contain a range of molecular weight between 500 and 3000 Da. Currently, they have been divided into three main subgroups: (1) hydrolysable tannins, (2) condensed tannins, and (3) phlorotannins. Hydrolysable tannins are highly soluble in water; biochemically, they consist of a central core of a carbohydrate (D-glucose) with its hydroxyl groups or polyol esterified with phenolic compounds such as gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) or hexahydroxydiphenic acid, which also known as ellagic acid (ellagitannin). Hydrolysable tannins mainly originated from Pentagalloylglucose (2-O-digalloyl-1, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-galoyl-α-D-glucopyranose), which is a basic structural unit of hydrolysable tannins. The main source of structural diversity among the hydrolysable tannins is the presence of diverse types of oxidative linkages that give rise to oligomeric compounds with molecular weight between 2000 and 5000 Da [5]. Characteristic examples of hydrolysable tannins are (1) gallic acid; (2) hexahydroxydiphenic acid; (3) ellagic acid; and (4) pentagalloylglucose, which contain a central glucose molecule as the core attached with multiple gallic acid units, while ellagitannins are associated to hexahydroxydiphenic acid. Hydrolysable tannins are mainly present in angiosperm and dicotyledons. Both gallotannins and ellagitannins may synthesize individually or in the form of a mixture in plants. Gallic acid has been extracted from plant families, for example, Ericaceae, Geraniaceae, or Fagaceae; whereas, ellagic acid is available in Hamamelidae, Dilleniidae, and Rosidae species [6].
\nNaturally occurring condensed tannins are polyphenolic bioflavonoids, are polymers of polyhydroxy flavan-3-ol units, for example, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin-2, (+)-gallocatechin, and flavan-3, 4-diols. They are also known as proanthocyanidins (PA) that ascribed to their hydrolysis to anthocyanidins in heated ethanol treatment. Due to presence of stereoisomerisms in hydroxylation patterns at three chiral centers, bond positions, and type of interflavan bond; proanthocyanidins are present in variety of active forms, for example, (1) (+)-catechin; (2) (−)-epicatechin; (3) (+)-gallocatechin; (4) (−)-epigallocatechin; and (5) (−)-epigallocatechin gallate. Among them, (+) catechin and (−) epicatechin are predominantly present in nature [7]. There are several plant species which offer rich source of proanthocyanidins (see Table 1). Proanthocyanidins can be obtained from red wine, green tea, cocoa, and chocolate. However, condensed tannins can further be classified on the basis of reaction rate like, slow reacting tannins like quebracho and mimosa and fast reacting tannins like pine and pecan (
After the industrial revolution, most of the synthetic chemicals were used in the diverse types of industries including food, pharma, beverage, leather, and other industries. But prolonged applications of synthetic chemicals in the area of health and other industries left a myriad of adverse effects on environment and human health. Therefore, current focus has been shifted on alternative natural compounds like tannins that can be exploited in the form of functional food, nutraceutical, cosmetology, and pharmaceutical industries.
\nThe global tannin market is expanding very rapidly; according to estimation, 1076.3 kilotons tannin was required in 2015 which expected to rise with CAGR of 5.8% from 2016 to 2025. The demand was mainly in the wine, leather, pharmaceuticals, and wood industries. In case of USA, approximately 282.4 kilotons tannins were produced; its 62.3% is used in leather industries alone. Europe is another emerging market for tannins and tannin-based products. It is due to large scale wine production, which is accounted for 38% revenue generations in Europe. Hence, global market size for tannin related industries may increase up to $3.3 billion by 2025. The applications of condensed tannins are expected to increase up to 424.8 kilotons by 2025 in comparison of 242.9 kilotons in 2015 [9].
\nBut, there are several unresolved issues linked with applications of tannins such as antinutrient effect, resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, and lack of complete information about their interactions with other biomolecules and mode of actions in human and animals. The aim of this chapter is to present a brief discussion on the application of tannins in modern industries and to review their positive and negative aspects. It also shows that tannins are being used as sustainable raw material with other green materials in new emerging industries.
\nCurrently, hydrocarbon-based raw materials are exploited in different petrochemical industries ranging from fuel to cosmetology. It leads to the widespread deficiency of raw material eventually that creates high inflations, environmental degradation, and adverse effects on human and animal health. This necessitates to explore new alternative natural biopolymers such as polylactic acid, chitosan, lignin, and tannins for replacing with currently used hydrocarbon based polymers. Tannins can be the best natural raw material for emerging and traditional industries. This is attributed to tannin’s unique natural properties, chemical structure, and commercial properties [10]. Tannins provide several advantages like being as good biomaterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pharmaceutical, biopesticide, and nutraceutical agent. Tannins can be tapped for their applications in food, wood, leather, pharma, and other industries as possible raw material, as given below.
\nTannins are the secondary metabolites present in a substantial amount in plant-based food products. Due to their positive effects on the food as antibacterial and antioxidants, they are the major constituent of foods. Tannins are used as food preservatives, packaging materials, and food enhancements which owe to their protective nature.
\nCurrently, most of the food items available in the market are wrapped in the packing materials which are plastic, polyethylene, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) due to their lightness, inertness, and easy availability. In fact, packaging increases the shelf-life and prevents physical damage, contamination, and deterioration in view of environmental contaminants. But these synthetic materials pose great level of environmental and health hazards. Hence, the concept of natural and active packaging has been introduced and there being continuous efforts to make packing materials from biological sources like, chitosan, starch, gelatin, tannins, and methylcellulose [11, 12]. In view of consumer awareness and knowledge, it becomes essential to develop new wrapping material for food items. However, nitrocellulose-based package are already in use in food industry, but currently the “active packaging” also introduced. Active packaging is a better option which protects the food material, simultaneously it also acts as an additive to improve antioxidant properties of foods and absorb unwanted substances such as heavy-metals or exhausted oils and to protect against oxidation, UV, and moisture-based degradation.
\nRecently, a packaging material was prepared by introducing tannins into cellulose nanofibrils in a single step process of mechanical fibrillation. This newly developed packaging film offers high density, and enhanced surface hydrophobicity which resulted in almost six times improvement in air-barrier and antioxidants properties. Simultaneously, nanocellulose-tannin-based films are active packaging materials which also provide a green, sustainable, nontoxic packaging source for food and pharmaceutical products [11, 12].
\nTwo perishable food items, Cherry tomatoes (
Generally, chitin is used as packing material, but its poor antibacterial and antioxidant abilities make it unsuitable for food packaging; therefore, tannic acid was introduced in the chitin film via single step process of interfacial assembly. Tannins addition to packaging has significantly improved the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of chitin-based packaging film. Improved quality of chitin-based film is mainly attributed to hydrogen and hydrophobic bond formation between chitin and tannins [14].
\nProtein is a major component of food, and its protection is of utmost significance in packed foods. So far, tannin- and carbohydrate-based packaging films were prepared. But, a soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and tannin-based nanocluster assembly is prepared by introducing calcium ions that creates a cross-linking nucleus in membrane. Linkage between nanoassembly and proteins offer additional advantages such as high level of antimicrobial properties and excellent cell biocompatibility which was proved by FT-IR, XRD, and DSC tests [15]. Tannin-based packing materials thus offer green, sustainable, and ecofriendly alternative that can be used in the food preservation and biomedical fields.
\nMicroorganism, fungus, yeasts, virus, pollens, and chemicals are the biggest threat to food’s shelf-life in home as well as in food markets. Biochemically, proanthocyanidins and gallic acid are flavonoid monomers by nature and are major food constituents isolated from pomegranate, strawberry, blackberry, raspberry, walnuts, almonds, and seeds. Various studies have proved that tannins prevent growth of microorganisms. Tannins are quite effective against the resistant methicillin-resistant
Food-based viral infection is another major health problem in human and animals. Currently, blueberry proanthocyanidins were tested against human norovirus growth in apple juice (AJ) and milk with 2% fat tannin-rich fraction from pomegranate rind (TFPR) inhibited the growth of human norovirus [18]. Hence, hydrolysable tannins are potential antiviral agents that used can be used in the food preservation to make food items more safe and preserve for prolonged period by using natural compounds.
\nGuava is a major tropical fruit which is also considered as a model system to study climacteric and non-climacteric fruit ripening process. Hence, it provides enough opportunities to understand post-harvest management of perishable fruits. In order to improve the shelf-life of fruits, various types of wax films, coating, and chemical treatments are used for long time. Tannins isolated from various natural sources act as preservatives due to their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. A coating material of tannic acid cross-linked with zein protein was used for coating on the guava fruit. Actually, zein is a prolamin (protein) isolated from aqueous alcohol-soluble fraction of corn (
Normal food components mainly provide the energy and essential nutrients for the growth and development for animals including human, but food also consist of bioactive molecules or phytochemicals and their inclusion in the appropriate quantity can act as possible therapeutically active agents also known as nutraceuticals, for example, (poly) phenol-rich tannins [20]. Currently, study of molecular mechanisms and pathways such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, DNA repair pathway, and carcinogens activation offer new therapeutic targets. The application of tannins has great potential as a nutraceuticals in order to prevent various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, kidney diseases, and diabetes. Major sources of tannins are fruits, vegetables, bark, wood, leaves, and seeds such as green tea, apples, cocoa, chocolate, grapes, apricots, and cherries. Among them, role of tannins present in the tea and coffee to prevent the cancers have been studied by large number of scientists. The green tea contains condensed tannin namely epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), which have shown anticancerous activity in terms of inflammatory and antioxidant properties both in vivo and in vitro experimental systems [21]. Actually, EGCG decrease activation of NF-kB and (AP-1) TNF-α pathways simultaneously which ultimately reduced the production of IFN-γ. It can also enhance the apoptosis process through suppression of COX-2 enzyme that leads to the production of PGE2 (prostaglandins) in various types of cell lines of colon cancer cells, such as SW837, HT-29, and HCA-7 cells. Being a polyphenol, EGCG is a strong antioxidant that reduces the activity of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and conversely increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in case of colonic mucosa. Hence, EGCG can improve the effect of cancer chemopreventive potency by preventing the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor in cancer patients [20].
\nIn last two decades, a great interest has been emerged in the protective role of tannins against free radicals and reactive oxygen species produced inside cells, which caused degenerations and diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular ailments. Proanthocyanidins have cardiovascular protective effect due to their antioxidant activity, inhibition of LDL oxidation, ability of vasodilation, antiplatelet activity, and protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Another tannin-based compound, gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a naturally occurring with low molecular weight, plays very important in the protection of cardiovascular health through rejuvenating the antioxidant system which include large number of enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, and GST which constitutes a scavenging system against the free radicals [22].
\nDiabetes mellitus, associated with high level of glucose concentration in the blood, is harmful for whole tissues in human body. Several investigations have shown that it can be reduced or managed by adding the appropriate amount of tannins in the nutrition or supplements of patients [23]. Because, tannins improve the glucose uptakes in body cell and simultaneously reduce the synthesis of adipocytes, hence act as the potential therapeutic agents. In a highly significant study, it shows that epigallocatechin gallate increases the glucose uptake by regulating insulin-signaling pathways, such as PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation and GLUT-4 translocation [24]. Tannins help reduction of blood glucose levels and offer antioxidants effects [23]. Therefore, it can be concluded that tannin-based foods are potential agents used as either nutraceutical or supplementary agents in food or medicine. A dimer of proanthocyanidin acts against the hyperglycemia that was created by sucrose feeding and by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase enzyme. The efficacy of proanthocyanidin has also been proved by molecular docking and strong inhibitory activity experiments.
\nIt is already mentioned that nutraceuticals or functional foods have the health promoting effect on the human and animal health. Several epidemiological studies have clearly established a relationship between (poly) phenol-rich food items and human health. It has substantially enhanced consumer awareness about the tannin-rich diet, and their disease prevention capability; therefore, there is high demand of functional foods. A large number of tannin-based compounds are isolated and characterized from fruits and vegetables (Table 1). But, despite high cost incurred on extraction and separation of tannin, it offer only low yield which is a major cause of concern [25]. Additionally, it does not provide the pure content which hindered to test the efficacy and absorption of tannin-based foods in human subject. Grape-seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) were lyophilized to improve their in vivo absorbability. It was achieved by esterification of the water-soluble GSP and immobilized lipase. Lipophilicity was tested by 1-octanol/water partition coefficient as the absorbability parameter. Further, it was observed that GSP derivatives, 3′,5′-2-O-lauroyl epigallocatechin, 3′-O-lauroyl catechin, 3′-O-lauroyl epicatechin, and 3′,3″,5″-3-O-lauroyl epicatechin gallate show high level of radical scavenging activity; hence, it can be used as the strong antioxidant in food to prevent the major degenerative diseases and aging, which are generally caused by the free radicals in the tissues [25]. Recently, B-type proanthocyanidins were isolated and purified from fruits of elephant apple (
Wood is the inseparable part of the furniture and several important industries. Wood contains organic acids, tannins, and lignocellulosic material which are most susceptible to biological, chemical, and physical decaying agents. Therefore, wood requires a large number of synthetic adhesives, glues, antitermite chemicals, and other coating materials in order to protect it. However, these materials have tremendously benefitted the wood industry, but they adversely affect the environment conditions. Because synthetic phenolics, amino resins, and formaldehyde used in wood industries are generally carcinogenic in nature. To overcome this problem, scientists are investigating natural materials of herbal or animal origins, such as tannins, that can be the best option or alternative material to be used in the wood industries [27].
\nIn recent years, a lot of attempts have been made to improve the bio-durability and commercial properties of wood and wood-based furniture by using tannin-based preservatives. Although both condensed and hydrolysable tannins are used as adhesive, but mimosa tannin is proved to be the most effective wood glue, which attributed to good cross-linking, auto-condensation, poly condensations reactions, and hyper activity. Tannin-based adhesive is proved to be harder than pure synthetic adhesive due to great level of bonding with other aldehydes or different non aldehyde hardeners (glyoxal, furfuryl alcohol, hexamine, etc.) and lignocellulosic materials. Several industries in South Africa and America are using the mimosa and quebracho-based tannins that could reduce the formaldehyde-based emission from the industries. A similar technology has been used to produce the interior and exterior grade particle board largely used in the furniture industry [28]. Apart from this, catechin and gallic acid-based epoxide adhesives and starch-based adhesives from tannins were also produced. Epoxy adhesives are produced by reactions between catechin and epichloridrin via alkylation in the presence of unsaturated halogenated compound that leads to the oxidation. Tannin-based adhesives have been used for grinding wheels, angle grinder disks, and automotive brake pads matrices also.
\nCoating material is extremely useful to prevent wood surface from biotic and abiotic adversities like, rain, winter, and summer, and insects and microorganisms. Generally, coating material comprises of polyurethane and isocyanates. The urethane-based coating material is prepared by using the lignin and lignosulfonate/hydroxypropylate. Recently, Pinus tannins and di-isocyanates were used to prepare more effective coating material by exploiting hydroxypropylation and hydroxybutylation reactions which enhanced the bonding patterns between hydroxyl groups provided by tannins (flavonoids) and isocyanates [29]. However, tannins and isocyanate-based adhesives are good and environmental friendly, but these should be replaced with more bio-based material like tannins because they are naturally designed to protect wood against fungal attacks and natural decaying process of wood.
\nAfter the industrial revolution, large numbers of synthetic chemicals were used as drug molecules to treat numerous diseases but they left several adverse effects on the human and environment. Therefore, attention has been shifted to identify new alternative natural compounds that are to be clinically effective and create minimum adverse effects. A large number of natural compounds such as polyphenolic-based secondary metabolites, for example, tannins, are isolated and characterized as preventive therapeutic agents, which can be isolated from fruits, vegetables, or plants or expressed in the microorganism by metabolic engineering. Many studies have clearly shown that tannins are natural antioxidants linked with the prevention of degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain types of cancers by acting as antioxidants and antibacterial.
\nReactive oxygen species such as, hydroxyl radical (HO•), superoxide anion (O2•−), and peroxyl radical (ROO•) and the non-radicals like, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are produced in biological systems. They adversely affect cellular protective systems which are responsible for many degenerative diseases in human. In order to overcome toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tannins can be used as ROS scavenging agents. Actually, tannins have the ability to donate electron to a free radical or ROS and make them more stable compounds therefore, render less harmful effects on cellular environment [22, 30, 31]. Tannins also help by supporting antioxidant enzymes involved in the ROS scavenging activities, simultaneously inactivating the metal ions produced by free radicals. Many tannin-based products such as gallic acid (GA) (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), proanthocyanidins, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and ellagic acid-4-O-α-D-xylopyranoside have been tested and found highly effective as antioxidants. Gallic acid, isolated from many plant extracts, shows strong antioxidant properties responsible for the antioxidant and anticancer activities. Moreover, gallic acid derivatives (GADs) are present in large number of herbal medicines and formulations used for variety of diseases. Tannin derivatives like mucic acid gallate, mucic acid lactone gallate, monogalloylglucose, gallic acid, digalloylglucose, putranjivain A, galloyl-HHDP-glucose, elaeocarpusin, and chebulagic acid isolated from fruits of
Synthetic antibiotics are being used as antibacterial agents for a long time in medical and animal sciences. But prolonged application of antibiotics lead to the development of resistance against the antimicrobial agents among the bacterial species attributed to selective evolutionary processes, a problem being faced by researcher world over. Nowadays, methicillin-resistant
However, many antibiotic resistance mechanisms are prevailed in the resilient microbial strains, but the mechanisms studied in
Tannins have been used against the ATCC 43300 and MRSA clinical strains as membrane pump inhibitors and their mode of action was studied by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) in order to get deep understanding of antibacterial mechanisms at genome, transcriptome, and protein synthesis level. This investigation indicates that tannins mainly disrupt protein synthesis mechanisms by bringing major changes in ribosome pathways, which further caused a change in the translation processes in MRSA cells eventually leading to reduction in bacterial growth. Hence, tannins can be used as potential tools against the anti-MRSA agents in clinical application particularly, in antiseptic body solutions and antibacterial cream [31]. More recently, three ellagitannin-based tannins and isorugosin-A extracted in acetone from the fresh leaves of
Tannin and its derivatives show great antibacterial properties which are used against a large number of bacterial species such as
The antibacterial properties of tannins are not only studied in animals but in plants too. Several microorganisms cause the substantial loss in the fruit, vegetable, and plant species resulting in great economic loss. After the green revolution, huge amount of pesticides were used to prevent the bacterial and insect attacks in crops which lead to the environmental pollution and soil contamination. But bio-based pesticides or natural products can be the best option of chemical-based antibacterial agents. Recently, crude methanol extract of
The growth of fungi such as
Immune system plays a very significant role to cope up with infectious agents like bacteria, virus, fungus, pollens, and parasites. Some experiments show that tannins modulate human immune system in a highly positive manner, thus tannins act as immunomodulatory agents in the battle against infectious diseases. Leishmaniosis, a disease that caused by parasitic protozoan’s complex, comprise of more than 20 different species of
Bacterial and fungal infection is also a threat to the poultry, livestock, and animal husbandry which is responsible for high level of mortality. To overcome this problem, several antibiotics have been used for decades that proved to be very effective; consequently, it improves animal and poultry production in the world. But it is well known that extreme application of antibiotics promotes the antibiotic-resistant among the microorganisms in cattle [37, 38, 39]. Therefore, in-feed antibiotics and plant-based antibacterial agents, such as phytogenic compounds (e.g., tannin), have been discovered and promoted, which have great promises in future. In recent past, great attention has been given to antibacterial activities of tannins and their effects as dietary source in animal [37]. It has been concluded that tannins with saponins and essential oils can be used as in-feed antibiotics against bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Because, tannins are toxic to bacteria and potentially inhibit growth of
Tannins can also act as the antinutrients in rumens of livestock due to their binding to vital biomolecules in biological systems. Several adverse effects such as availability of nutrients, metal ions chelation, binding with proteins and hinder the growth of beneficial microflora have been observed in the cattle gut. To test the adverse effect of tannin as diet component on lamb gut microflora and fermentation was studied. Both types of tannins, that is, hydrolysable and condensed with 4% extract of chestnut (
Cancer is a fatal disease and its occurrence in the human population is the major cause of concern. However, the role of tannins as chemopreservants in the cure of cancer has been widely discussed by many researchers [42]. The chemoprevention “is a means of cancer management by which the occurrence of the disease can be entirely prevented, slowed, or reversed via administration of one or more naturally occurring and/or synthetic compounds” [43]. Currently, target-based delivery of anticancer agents to the site of cancer or tumor is major challenge. In order to target tumor at nanolevel, cancer nanotechnology has made tremendous progress in last one decade. It is assumed that, if drug is delivered at nanolevel at site of tumor with a high level of specificity so that cancer can be better managed. Nanoparticles of various tannin-based compounds are also prepared but their toxicity to normal body cells left major side effects. Therefore, encapsulation of many types of tannin like, epigallocatechin-3-gallate in chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles was investigated for target-based delivery to tumor. It is well known that (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate and (−)-epicatechin act as anticancer and antioxidant agents. The nanoemulsions and liposomes of tannins have proven highly effective in target-based delivery of anticancer drugs in case of HepG2 cells [44]. So far, nanoencapsulation method is proved only in in vitro studies and animal models but it is rarely proved effective in normal and cancerous cells.
\nIn current era, viral infection is the major threat to the human and animal population. Tannins also show antiviral activity in case of several diseases such as HIV, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). In case of herpes simplex virus 2 silver nanoparticles with tannic acid (TA-AgNPs) act as microbicide by preventing adsorption of viral particle in the body. Additionally, tannins also provide the better adjutant properties for example, substantial improvement of production of IFN-gamma+ CD8+ T-cells, activated B cells, and plasma cells. In case of spleen also, tannins promotes production of higher amount of IFN-gamma+ NK cells and effector-memory CD8+ T-cells particularly, in case of second challenge against HSV-2 immune response [45].
\nFree-living protozoa species of
In leather industry, tannins are generally used to convert animal hide into leather. Here, the main role of tannins is to protect leather from microorganism and heat related deterioration [47]. Tanning industry is thought to be the oldest industry and was started in north western regions of Europe after the Roman conquest [48]. Tannins bind with the skin proteins and protect it from petrification, which is owed to the antibacterial property of tannins. This is due to the chemical bonds established between collagen, the main constitutive protein of skin, for example, collagens, and the tannins present in the vegetable materials. It is estimated that about 15–45% tannins binds with collagens per dry weight. After the industrial revolution, chromium-based tanning was introduced to achieve fast and speedy leather production. But chromium is a potentially carcinogenic and creates high level of pollution and soil contamination. Additionally, it limits recovery and reuse of wastes from leather industries. Water from leather industry creates more pollution, and increase biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in polluted water. In order to overcome this problem, plant-based tannins can be substitute for chromium in leather processing. It is already mentioned that vegetable tannins were used in the leather industry since historical times. But now, tannins from different parts of plants have been utilized in leather productions [49]. Plant tannins offer many benefits such as high quality and thermal stable leather products.
\nIn addition to above mentioned applications, tannins are also used in diverse types of industries, such as paper industry where high pressure mimosa tannin impregnated alpha cellulose paper is prepared. This impregnated paper offer more abrasive resistance, adhesion properties, water vapor resistance, and staining properties [50]. Recently, natural tannin-based foam without any formaldehyde is prepared that used as acoustic absorbers, metal ion adsorption, panels crash protection, packaging, etc., but low mechanical strength of tannin foams is major impediment in its further applications [51].
\nBeverage industry is well known for tannins applications particularly, in case of the wine making. Like leather industry, wine making is also very old industry since historic time. Tannins are used in wine to provide color formations, antioxidants, aroma, proteins precipitations, and flavor development. The source of tannins in the wine is grapes skin, seeds, and addition of oak flakes which add market values to wine [52].
\nTannins are phenolic-based secondary metabolites that are present in the plant kingdom, including algae. Actually, tannins produced in the plant body and involved in the plant protections and act as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, antiviral, antioxidant, and deferred cattle. Hence, they help plants to fight various types’ infections. In addition to biological roles, they also play very important roles in industrial sector, animal feeding, mining, chemical industry, and tanning industry. But there are several limitations associated with the tannins. The main negative effect of tannins as food is their absorptions and binding with various types of biomolecules such as proteins, starch, and metal ions in the digestive system, hence hinders their nutritional availability to human and animals, for example, proanthocyanidins. Some experiments show that complex of tannins and proteins are resistant to various types of proteases in animal digestive system that make proteins unavailable for livestock nutrition. Dietary tannins bind with the proline-rich proteins and as result two types of soluble and insoluble complexes formed which is responsible for astringent sensation [53]. The astringency feeling is perceived by the tongue in the form of diffuse feeling associated with extreme dryness and roughness in mouth [54]. Some experiments also show that tannins also decrease activities of intestinal microflora, consequently less absorption of organic matter and soluble fiber that attributed to damage the mucosal lining of the digestive system. Moreover, high dose of tannins like catechin used in supplements can cause renal failure, hepatitis, fever, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and skin disorders. Due to the structural complexities, tannins are also considered as potential pollutants in industries, where tannins are used as the major substrate.
\nSingle-meal bioavailability studies have shown major antinutrient activity of tannins is metal ions chelation that cause severe deficiency of essential minerals in human. In this series iron deficiency is most prevalent in population particularly in the developing countries. Recently, single-meal studies in case of hydrolysable and oligomeric catechin and epicatechin tannins (tea and tannic acid) have conducted. It shows reduced iron bioavailability in diet particularly in long term, but it needs more investigation by using appropriate animal model systems in order to study antinutritional role of tannins [55]. Moreover, tannins not only affect iron availability, but also iron metabolism; the ferritin, an iron transport protein, is adversely affected by tannin binding in soybean seed ferritin (SSF) and consequently changes the tertiary/quaternary structure of the protein.
\nIn view of current scientific investigation, it has now become possible that tannins can be exploited in a better way because they are major sustainable raw materials for green chemistry in future. Recently, several tannase or tannin acyl hydrolase enzymes have isolated, characterized, and classified from microorganism and fungi, hence toxic effect of tannins is reduced through hydrolysis and oxidation [56, 57]. Various species of filamentous fungi that produced tannase are used for bioremediation in leather tannin industries.
\nSeveral studies have been conducted to overcome the adverse effect of tannins in the food item like, fruit and vegetable. In a major breakthrough, lactic acid bacteria fermentation-like incubation is exploited in
Tannins are phenolic-based secondary metabolites that are present in the plant kingdom, including algae. Actually, tannins produced in the plant body involved in the plant protections and act as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, antiviral, antioxidant, and deferred cattle. Hence, they help plants to fight various types of infections. In addition to biological roles, they also play very important roles in industrial sector, animal feeding, mining, chemical industry, and tanning industry. But there are several limitations associated with the tannins applications. The main negative effect of tannins as food are their absorptions and binding with various types of biomolecules such as, proteins, starch, and metal ions in the digestive system; hence, they hinder their nutritional availability to human and animals.
\nI would like to thank to my Institution, GGD SD College (Panjab University) India, for providing me all the facilities and support for preparation of this manuscript.
\nAuthors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors also acknowledge the contribution of publications which could not be included in the reference section due to lack of space.
\nproanthocyanidins
\npolyethylene and low-density polyethylene
\nlinear low-density polyethylene
\nwater vapor permeability
\nsoluble dietary fiber
\nmethicillin-resistant
tannin-rich fraction from pomegranate rind
\nepigallocatechin gallate
\nelectron spray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass
\nsilver nanoparticles with tannic acid
\nherpes simplex virus 2
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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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