Typical history of air kerma standard traceability between two laboratories LNMRI and BIPM.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3749",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Evolutionary Computation",title:"Evolutionary Computation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents several recent advances on Evolutionary Computation, specially evolution-based\r\noptimization methods and hybrid algorithms for several applications, from optimization and learning to pattern recognition and bioinformatics. \r\n\r\nThis book also presents new algorithms based on several analogies and metafores, where one of them is based on philosophy, specifically on the philosophy of praxis and dialectics. In this book it is also presented interesting applications on bioinformatics, specially the use of particle swarms to discover gene expression patterns in DNA microarrays. Therefore, this book features representative work on the field of evolutionary computation and applied sciences. \r\n\r\nThe intended audience is graduate, undergraduate, researchers, and anyone who wishes to become familiar with the latest research work on this field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-008-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5913-1",doi:"10.5772/234",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"evolutionary-computation",numberOfPages:584,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"413cf10893f15955d121a4934493da16",bookSignature:"Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos",publishedDate:"October 1st 2009",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3749.jpg",numberOfDownloads:73903,numberOfWosCitations:85,numberOfCrossrefCitations:71,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:129,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:285,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 16th 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 6th 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",biography:"Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos holds a degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (2001) and MS in Electrical Engineering (2003) from the Federal University of Pernambuco, and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Campina Grande (2009). He is currently a Professor (exclusive devotion) of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Center of Technology and Geosciences - Engineering School of Pernambuco, Federal University of Pernambuco, acting in Undergraduate Biomedical Engineering and Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, which was one of the founders (2011). He founded the Center for Social Technologies and Bioengineering, at the Federal University of Pernambuco, NETBio-UFPE (2012). He is a member of the Graduate Program in Computer Engineering from the Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, since 2009. He also has experience in the area of Computer Science, with an emphasis on Graphic Processing (Graphics), acting on the following themes: digital image processing, pattern recognition, computer vision, evolutionary computation, numerical methods of optimization, computational intelligence, computer graphics, virtual reality, game design and applications of Computing and Engineering in Medicine and Biology. He is also a member of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB), the Brazilian Society of Computational Intelligence, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"598",title:"Computational Logic",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-computational-logic"}],chapters:[{id:"10937",title:"Study of Genetic Algorithms Behavior for High Epitasis and High Dimensional Deceptive Functions",doi:"10.5772/9622",slug:"study-of-genetic-algorithms-behavior-for-high-epitasis-and-high-dimensional-deceptive-functions",totalDownloads:1972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gras Robin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10937",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10920",title:"Interactive Genetic Algorithms with Individual’s Uncertain Fitness",doi:"10.5772/9605",slug:"interactive-genetic-algorithms-with-individual-s-uncertain-fitness",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dun-wei Gong, Xiao-yan Sun and Jie Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10920",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10920",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10926",title:"A Genetic Algorithm for Optimizing Hierarchical Menus",doi:"10.5772/9611",slug:"a-genetic-algorithm-for-optimizing-hierarchical-menus",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shouichi Matsui and Seiji Yamada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10926",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10926",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10917",title:"Scheduling of Berthing Resources at a Marine Container Terminal via the use of Genetic Algorithms: Current and Future Research",doi:"10.5772/9602",slug:"scheduling-of-berthing-resources-at-a-marine-container-terminal-via-the-use-of-genetic-algorithms-cu",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Boile, Mihalis Golias and Sotirios Theofanis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10917",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10931",title:"Optimization of Oscillation Parameters in Continuous Casting Process of Steel Manufacturing: Genetic Algorithms versus Differential Evolution",doi:"10.5772/9616",slug:"optimization-of-oscillation-parameters-in-continuous-casting-process-of-steel-manufacturing-genetic-",totalDownloads:7311,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Arya K. Bhattacharya and Debjani Sambasivam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10931",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10931",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10932",title:"Genetic Programming and Boosting Technique to Improve Time Series Forecasting",doi:"10.5772/9617",slug:"genetic-programming-and-boosting-technique-to-improve-time-series-forecasting",totalDownloads:3604,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luzia Vidal de Souza, Aurora T. R. Pozo, Anselmo C. Neto and Joel M. C. da Rosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10932",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10932",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10941",title:"Enhancement of Capability in Probabilistic Risk Analysis by Genetic Algorithms",doi:"10.5772/9626",slug:"enhancement-of-capability-in-probabilistic-risk-analysis-by-genetic-algorithms",totalDownloads:1635,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Napat Harnpornchai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10941",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10921",title:"Evolutionary Computation in Coded Communications: an Implementation of Viterbi Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/9606",slug:"evolutionary-computation-in-coded-communications-an-implementation-of-viterbi-algorithm",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jamal S. Rahhal, Dia I. Abu-Al-Nadi and Mohammed Hawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10921",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10921",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10914",title:"Some Modeling Issues for Protein Structure Prediction Using Evolutionary Algorithms",doi:"10.5772/9599",slug:"some-modeling-issues-for-protein-structure-prediction-using-evolutionary-algorithms",totalDownloads:2530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Telma Woerle de Lima, Antonio Caliri, Fernando Luis Barroso da Silva, Renato Tinos, Gonzalo Travieso, Ivan Nunes da Silva, Paulo Sergio Lopes de Souza, Eduardo Marques, Alexandre Claudio Botazzo Delbem, Vanderlei Bonatto, Rodrigo Faccioli, Christiane Regina Soares Brasil, Paulo Henrique Ribeiro Gabriel, Vinicius Tragante do O and Daniel Rodrigo Ferraz Bonetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10914",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10914",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10933",title:"Surrogate-Assisted Artificial Immune Systems for Expensive Optimization Problems",doi:"10.5772/9618",slug:"surrogate-assisted-artificial-immune-systems-for-expensive-optimization-problems",totalDownloads:2139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Heder S. Bernardino, Leonardo G. Fonseca and Helio J. C. Barbosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10933",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10919",title:"Applications of the Differential Ant-Stigmergy Algorithm on Real-World Continuous Optimization Problems",doi:"10.5772/9604",slug:"applications-of-the-differential-ant-stigmergy-algorithm-on-real-world-continuous-optimization-probl",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter Korosec and Jurij Silc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10919",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10918",title:"From Evo to EvoDevo: Mapping and Adaptation in Artificial Development",doi:"10.5772/9603",slug:"from-evo-to-evodevo-mapping-and-adaptation-in-artificial-development",totalDownloads:1834,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gunnar Tufte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10918",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10935",title:"Evolutionary Based Controller Design",doi:"10.5772/9620",slug:"evolutionary-based-controller-design",totalDownloads:2299,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ivan Sekaj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10935",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10925",title:"Backbone Guided Local Search for the Weighted Maximum Satisfiability Problem",doi:"10.5772/9610",slug:"backbone-guided-local-search-for-the-weighted-maximum-satisfiability-problem",totalDownloads:1811,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"He Jiang and Jifeng Xuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10925",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10922",title:"Hybrid Differential Evolution – Scatter Search Algorithm for Permutative Optimization",doi:"10.5772/9607",slug:"hybrid-differential-evolution-scatter-search-algorithm-for-permutative-optimization",totalDownloads:1927,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Donald Davendra, Ivan Zelinka and Godfrey Onwubolu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10922",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10922",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10938",title:"Optimization with the Nature-Inspired Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/9623",slug:"optimization-with-the-nature-inspired-intelligent-water-drops-algorithm",totalDownloads:4643,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:49,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hamed Shah-Hosseini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10938",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10938",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10923",title:"Optimization of Structures under Load Uncertainties Based on Hybrid Genetic Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/9608",slug:"optimization-of-structures-under-load-uncertainties-based-on-hybrid-genetic-algorithm",totalDownloads:2244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nianfeng Wang and Yaowen Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10923",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10923",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10930",title:"Optimum Design of Balanced Surface Acoustic Wave Filters Using Evolutionary Computation",doi:"10.5772/9615",slug:"optimum-design-of-balanced-surface-acoustic-wave-filters-using-evolutionary-computation",totalDownloads:3266,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kiyoharu Tagawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10930",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10930",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10940",title:"Characteristics of Contract-Based Task Allocation by a Large Number of Self-Interested Agents",doi:"10.5772/9625",slug:"characteristics-of-contract-based-task-allocation-by-a-large-number-of-self-interested-agents",totalDownloads:1916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Toshiharu Sugawara, Toshio Hirotsu, Satoshi Kurihara and Kensuke Fukuda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10940",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10913",title:"The Use of Evolutionary Algorithm in Training Neural Networks for Hematocrit Estimation",doi:"10.5772/9598",slug:"the-use-of-evolutionary-algorithm-in-training-neural-networks-for-hematocrit-estimation",totalDownloads:2284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hieu Trung Huynh and Yonggwan Won",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10913",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10913",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10916",title:"Applications of Neural-Based Agents in Computer Game Design",doi:"10.5772/9601",slug:"applications-of-neural-based-agents-in-computer-game-design",totalDownloads:3062,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Joseph Qualls and David J. Russomanno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10916",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10916",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10915",title:"Gravitational Singularities in Particle Swarms. Application to the Discovery of Gene Expression Patterns in DNA Microarrays.",doi:"10.5772/9600",slug:"gravitational-singularities-in-particle-swarms-application-to-the-discovery-of-gene-expression-patte",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gerard Ramstein",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10915",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10915",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10934",title:"Adaptive Formation of Pareto Front in Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization",doi:"10.5772/9619",slug:"adaptive-formation-of-pareto-front-in-evolutionary-multi-objective-optimization",totalDownloads:2234,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ozer Ciftcioglu and Michael S. Bittermann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10934",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10934",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10929",title:"An Empirical Study of Graph Grammar Evolution",doi:"10.5772/9614",slug:"an-empirical-study-of-graph-grammar-evolution",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Martin Luerssen and David Powers",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10929",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10929",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10924",title:"A Dialectical Method to Classify Alzheimer\\'s Magnetic Resonance Images",doi:"10.5772/9609",slug:"a-dialectical-method-to-classify-alzheimer-s-magnetic-resonance-images",totalDownloads:1819,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos, Francisco Marcos de Assis, Ricardo Emmanuel de Souza, Priscilla Batista Mendes, Henrique Specht de Souza Monteiro and Havana Diogo Alves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10924",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10928",title:"Simultaneous Topology, Shape and Sizing Optimisation of Skeletal Structures Using Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms",doi:"10.5772/9613",slug:"simultaneous-topology-shape-and-sizing-optimisation-of-skeletal-structures-using-multiobjective-evol",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chaid Noilublao and Sujin Bureerat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10928",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10927",title:"EC Application in Speech Processing - Voice Quality Conversion Using Interactive Evolution of Prosodic Control",doi:"10.5772/9612",slug:"ec-application-in-speech-processing-voice-quality-conversion-using-interactive-evolution-of-prosodic",totalDownloads:1741,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yuji Sato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10927",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10912",title:"Multi-Ring Particle Swarm Optimization",doi:"10.5772/9597",slug:"multi-ring-particle-swarm-optimization",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carmelo J. A. Bastos-Filho, Danilo F. Carvalho, Marcel P. Caraciolo, Pericles B. C. Miranda and Elliackin M. N. Figueiredo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10912",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10912",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10936",title:"Agent-Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms with Cultural and Immunological Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/9621",slug:"agent-based-multi-objective-evolutionary-algorithms-with-cultural-and-immunological-mechanisms",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Leszek Siwik and Rafał Drezewski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10936",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10939",title:"Mobile Robot Navigation Using Alpha Level Fuzzy Logic System: Experimental Investigations",doi:"10.5772/9624",slug:"mobile-robot-navigation-using-alpha-level-fuzzy-logic-system-experimental-investigations",totalDownloads:2011,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S.Parasuraman, Bijan Shirinzadeh and Velappa Ganapathy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10939",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3759",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85447c3d76565043803bbf8de76e5729",slug:"particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3759.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"133",title:"Cellular Automata",subtitle:"Simplicity Behind Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5124eb60c82cab7b51174716cffd7dd4",slug:"cellular-automata-simplicity-behind-complexity",bookSignature:"Alejandro Salcido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1120",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Salcido",slug:"alejandro-salcido",fullName:"Alejandro Salcido"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1540",title:"Cellular Automata",subtitle:"Innovative Modelling for Science and Engineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a75c3ba71ed14d9f6a7edb3a8dd416f2",slug:"cellular-automata-innovative-modelling-for-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Alejandro Salcido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1540.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1120",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Salcido",slug:"alejandro-salcido",fullName:"Alejandro Salcido"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2713",title:"New Achievements in Evolutionary Computation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e992f9525c0027064e28589d3889188",slug:"new-achievements-in-evolutionary-computation",bookSignature:"Peter Korosec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2713.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4581",title:"prof. dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Korosec",slug:"peter-korosec",fullName:"Peter Korosec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3778",title:"Game Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581e90d1b372cfc84afcc285a318673f",slug:"game-theory",bookSignature:"Qiming Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12191",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiming",surname:"Huang",slug:"qiming-huang",fullName:"Qiming Huang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6299",title:"Simulation and Gaming",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e86eaf984e70e1544d594f7df43189ed",slug:"simulation-and-gaming",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65666",slug:"erratum-metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia",title:"Erratum - Metrology Organic Solvents in the Shoes Industry to Sfax City (Tunisia)",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65666.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65666",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65666",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65666",chapter:{id:"62241",slug:"metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia-",signatures:"Imed Gargouri and Moncef Khadhraoui",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2019",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",email:"imed.gargouri@fmsf.rnu.tn",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"230836",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadhraoui",middleName:null,surname:"Moncef",fullName:"Khadhraoui Moncef",slug:"khadhraoui-moncef",email:"montunisia@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62241",slug:"metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia-",signatures:"Imed Gargouri and Moncef Khadhraoui",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2019",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",email:"imed.gargouri@fmsf.rnu.tn",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"230836",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadhraoui",middleName:null,surname:"Moncef",fullName:"Khadhraoui Moncef",slug:"khadhraoui-moncef",email:"montunisia@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11850",leadTitle:null,title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 20th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 10th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 29th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"48457",title:"New Class of Ionic Liquids for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/59057",slug:"new-class-of-ionic-liquids-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/48457.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48457",totalDownloads:1614,totalViews:153,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:75,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2014",dateReviewed:"August 27th 2014",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 21st 2015",dateFinished:"October 2nd 2014",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/48457",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/48457",book:{id:"4504",slug:"ionic-liquids-current-state-of-the-art"},signatures:"Chun-Ting Li, Ling-Yu Chang, Miao-Syuan Fan, Pei-Yu Chen, Jiang–\nJen Lin, Kuo–Chuan Ho and Chuan-Pei Lee",authors:[{id:"5989",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuo-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Kuo-Chuan Ho",slug:"kuo-chuan-ho",email:"kcho@ntu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National Taiwan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"6808",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiang-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Jiang-Jen Lin",slug:"jiang-jen-lin",email:"jianglin@ntu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"30213",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Pei",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chuan-Pei Lee",slug:"chuan-pei-lee",email:"d96524014@ntu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"165641",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Ling-Yu Chang",slug:"ling-yu-chang",email:"linui1008@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"171862",title:"MSc.",name:"Chun-Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Chun-Ting Li",slug:"chun-ting-li",email:"d00524010@ntu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"171863",title:"BSc.",name:"Pei-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Pei-Yu Chen",slug:"pei-yu-chen",email:"b00504113@ntu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"171864",title:"MSc.",name:"Miao-Syuan",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Miao-Syuan Fan",slug:"miao-syuan-fan",email:"a5420418@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"4504",type:"book",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Current State of the Art",fullTitle:"Ionic Liquids - Current State of the Art",slug:"ionic-liquids-current-state-of-the-art",publishedDate:"May 21st 2015",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4504.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2122-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4223-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:126,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"935"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"48451",type:"chapter",title:"“Green” Pericyclic Reactions Assisted by Ionic Liquids",slug:"-green-pericyclic-reactions-assisted-by-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rafael Martínez-Palou, Octavio Olivares-Xometl, Natalya V.\nLikhanova and Irina Lijanova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Palou",fullName:"Rafael Martínez Palou",slug:"rafael-martinez-palou"},{id:"171459",title:"Dr.",name:"Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Olivares-Xometl",fullName:"Octavio Olivares-Xometl",slug:"octavio-olivares-xometl"}]},{id:"48463",type:"chapter",title:"Heck Coupling in Ionic Liquids",slug:"heck-coupling-in-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Al Otaibi, Christopher P. Gordon and Adam McCluskey",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44482",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"McCluskey",fullName:"Adam McCluskey",slug:"adam-mccluskey"}]},{id:"48464",type:"chapter",title:"Deep Eutectic Solvents in Organic Synthesis",slug:"deep-eutectic-solvents-in-organic-synthesis",totalDownloads:2711,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Scott Handy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"Handy",fullName:"Scott Handy",slug:"scott-handy"}]},{id:"48458",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of Ionic Liquids (ILs) in Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials",slug:"applications-of-ionic-liquids-ils-in-synthesis-of-inorganic-nanomaterials",totalDownloads:1672,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Wenjun Zheng, Di Li and Wei Guo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171527",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenjun",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Wenjun Zheng",slug:"wenjun-zheng"},{id:"171554",title:"Dr.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Di Li",slug:"di-li"},{id:"173214",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Wei Guo",slug:"wei-guo"}]},{id:"48460",type:"chapter",title:"Ionic Liquid-Mediated Activation of Lipase-Catalysed Reaction",slug:"ionic-liquid-mediated-activation-of-lipase-catalysed-reaction",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Toshiyuki Itoh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171597",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",fullName:"Toshiyuki Itoh",slug:"toshiyuki-itoh"}]},{id:"48461",type:"chapter",title:"Solvent Dependence of Enzymatic Enantioselectivity in Ionic Liquids",slug:"solvent-dependence-of-enzymatic-enantioselectivity-in-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hidetaka Noritomi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18170",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Noritomi",fullName:"Hidetaka Noritomi",slug:"hidetaka-noritomi"}]},{id:"48466",type:"chapter",title:"Structural and Physical Aspects of Ionic Liquid Aggregates in Solution",slug:"structural-and-physical-aspects-of-ionic-liquid-aggregates-in-solution",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Clarissa P. Frizzo, Aniele Z. Tier, Caroline R. Bender, Izabelle M.\nGindri, Marcos A. Villetti, Nilo Zanatta, Helio G. Bonacorso and\nMarcos A.P. Martins",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23711",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pinto Martins",fullName:"Marcos Antonio Pinto Martins",slug:"marcos-antonio-pinto-martins"},{id:"153488",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Aniele",middleName:"Zolin",surname:"Tier",fullName:"Aniele Tier",slug:"aniele-tier"},{id:"171855",title:"Dr.",name:"Clarissa",middleName:"Piccinin",surname:"Frizzo",fullName:"Clarissa Frizzo",slug:"clarissa-frizzo"},{id:"171856",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Villetti",fullName:"Marcos Villetti",slug:"marcos-villetti"},{id:"171857",title:"Dr.",name:"Nilo",middleName:null,surname:"Zanatta",fullName:"Nilo Zanatta",slug:"nilo-zanatta"},{id:"171858",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",middleName:"Raquel",surname:"Bender",fullName:"Caroline Bender",slug:"caroline-bender"},{id:"171859",title:"MSc.",name:"Izabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Gindri",fullName:"Izabelle Gindri",slug:"izabelle-gindri"},{id:"173239",title:"Dr.",name:"Helio",middleName:null,surname:"Bonacorso",fullName:"Helio Bonacorso",slug:"helio-bonacorso"}]},{id:"48455",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Behaviour of Pure Ionic Liquids",slug:"thermal-behaviour-of-pure-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:2177,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Elena Gómez, Noelia Calvar and Ángeles Domínguez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171493",title:"Dr.",name:"Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Dominguez",fullName:"Angeles Dominguez",slug:"angeles-dominguez"},{id:"172443",title:"Dr.",name:"Noelia",middleName:null,surname:"Calvar",fullName:"Noelia Calvar",slug:"noelia-calvar"},{id:"172444",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Elena Gómez",slug:"elena-gomez"}]},{id:"48470",type:"chapter",title:"Solubility of Bioactive, Inorganic and Polymeric Solids in Ionic Liquids — Experimental and Prediction Perspectives",slug:"solubility-of-bioactive-inorganic-and-polymeric-solids-in-ionic-liquids-experimental-and-prediction-",totalDownloads:1763,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gonçalo V.S.M. Carrera, Małgorzata E. Zakrzewska, Ana V. M. Nunes\nand Luis C. Branco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18681",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis C.",middleName:null,surname:"Branco",fullName:"Luis C. Branco",slug:"luis-c.-branco"},{id:"171914",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonçalo",middleName:null,surname:"Carrera",fullName:"Gonçalo Carrera",slug:"goncalo-carrera"},{id:"171915",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Ana Nunes",slug:"ana-nunes"},{id:"171916",title:"Ms.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Zakrzewska",fullName:"Małgorzata Zakrzewska",slug:"malgorzata-zakrzewska"}]},{id:"48447",type:"chapter",title:"Various Self-Assembly Behaviors of Amphiphilic Molecules in Ionic Liquids",slug:"various-self-assembly-behaviors-of-amphiphilic-molecules-in-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1663,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bin Dong and Yanan Gao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Yanan Gao",slug:"yanan-gao"}]},{id:"48469",type:"chapter",title:"Ionic Liquids as Surfactants – Applications as Demulsifiers of Petroleum Emulsions",slug:"ionic-liquids-as-surfactants-applications-as-demulsifiers-of-petroleum-emulsions",totalDownloads:2536,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Rafael Martínez-Palou and Jorge Aburto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Palou",fullName:"Rafael Martínez Palou",slug:"rafael-martinez-palou"},{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto"}]},{id:"48444",type:"chapter",title:"Extraction Based on Dispersive Assisted by Ionic Liquids",slug:"extraction-based-on-dispersive-assisted-by-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Negin Fasih Ramandi and Farzaneh Shemirani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18306",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzaneh",middleName:null,surname:"Shemirani",fullName:"Farzaneh Shemirani",slug:"farzaneh-shemirani"},{id:"171683",title:"Dr.",name:"Negin",middleName:null,surname:"Fasih Ramandi",fullName:"Negin Fasih Ramandi",slug:"negin-fasih-ramandi"}]},{id:"48454",type:"chapter",title:"Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Analysis of Lipophilic Extractives from Biomass",slug:"imidazolium-based-ionic-liquids-as-solvents-for-analysis-of-lipophilic-extractives-from-biomass",totalDownloads:1202,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kessy F. Kilulya, Bhekie B. Mamba and Titus A.M. Msagati",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17215",title:"Prof.",name:"Bhekie B.",middleName:null,surname:"Mamba",fullName:"Bhekie B. Mamba",slug:"bhekie-b.-mamba"},{id:"171479",title:"Prof.",name:"Titus",middleName:"Alfred Makudali",surname:"Msagati",fullName:"Titus Msagati",slug:"titus-msagati"},{id:"171902",title:"Dr.",name:"Kessy",middleName:null,surname:"Kilulya",fullName:"Kessy Kilulya",slug:"kessy-kilulya"}]},{id:"48465",type:"chapter",title:"Dissolution and Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass using Tailored Ionic Liquids",slug:"dissolution-and-hydrolysis-of-lignocellulosic-biomass-using-tailored-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1477,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yue Dong, Jana Holm and Ulla Lassi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"95000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulla",middleName:null,surname:"Lassi",fullName:"Ulla Lassi",slug:"ulla-lassi"},{id:"171755",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yue",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Yue Dong",slug:"yue-dong"},{id:"171845",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Holm",fullName:"Jana Holm",slug:"jana-holm"}]},{id:"48453",type:"chapter",title:"Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids — Application for Cellulose Processing",slug:"pyridinium-based-ionic-liquids-application-for-cellulose-processing",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Elena S. Sashina and Dmitrii A. Kashirskii",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171477",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Sashina",fullName:"Elena Sashina",slug:"elena-sashina"},{id:"171890",title:"Mr.",name:"Dmitrii",middleName:null,surname:"Kashirskii",fullName:"Dmitrii Kashirskii",slug:"dmitrii-kashirskii"}]},{id:"48449",type:"chapter",title:"Utilization of Ionic Liquids in Wood and Wood-Related Applications — A Review",slug:"utilization-of-ionic-liquids-in-wood-and-wood-related-applications-a-review",totalDownloads:1640,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Samir I. Abu-Eishah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51333",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:"Ibrahim",surname:"I. Abu-Eishah",fullName:"Samir I. Abu-Eishah",slug:"samir-i.-abu-eishah"}]},{id:"48450",type:"chapter",title:"Ionic Liquid as Green Solvent for Ring-Opening Graft Polymerizaion of ε-Caprolactone onto Hemicelluloses",slug:"ionic-liquid-as-green-solvent-for-ring-opening-graft-polymerizaion-of-caprolactone-onto-hemicellulos",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"X.Q. Zhang, M.J. Chen, H.H. Wang, X.X. Wen, C.F. Liu and R.C. Sun",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19012",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Fu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Chuan-Fu Liu",slug:"chuan-fu-liu"}]},{id:"48468",type:"chapter",title:"Electrochemical Preparation of Titanium and its Alloy in Ionic Liquid",slug:"electrochemical-preparation-of-titanium-and-its-alloy-in-ionic-liquid",totalDownloads:1934,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cunying Xu and Yixin Hua",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171878",title:"Dr.",name:"Cunying",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Cunying Xu",slug:"cunying-xu"},{id:"171880",title:"Prof.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Hua",fullName:"Yixin Hua",slug:"yixin-hua"}]},{id:"48462",type:"chapter",title:"High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on Ionic Liquids and a Graphene Nanostructure",slug:"high-performance-supercapacitors-based-on-ionic-liquids-and-a-graphene-nanostructure",totalDownloads:3908,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Elaheh Kowsari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16210",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaheh",middleName:null,surname:"Kowsari",fullName:"Elaheh Kowsari",slug:"elaheh-kowsari"}]},{id:"48448",type:"chapter",title:"Vibrational Spectroscopic Study on Lubrication and Corrosive Wear Mechanisms of Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids",slug:"vibrational-spectroscopic-study-on-lubrication-and-corrosive-wear-mechanisms-of-imidazolium-based-io",totalDownloads:1438,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Seiya Watanabe, Miki Nakano, Koji Miyake, Chiharu Tadokoro and\nShinya Sasaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"153602",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinya",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",fullName:"Shinya Sasaki",slug:"shinya-sasaki"}]},{id:"48459",type:"chapter",title:"Ionic Liquids Applied to Improve the Dispersion of Solids in Elastomers",slug:"ionic-liquids-applied-to-improve-the-dispersion-of-solids-in-elastomers",totalDownloads:1513,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Magdalena Maciejewska and Marian Zaborski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"139343",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Maciejewska",fullName:"Magdalena Maciejewska",slug:"magdalena-maciejewska"},{id:"141463",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Zaborski",fullName:"Marian Zaborski",slug:"marian-zaborski"}]},{id:"48452",type:"chapter",title:"Ionic Liquids in the Vulcanization of Elastomers",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-the-vulcanization-of-elastomers",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Magdalena Maciejewska and Filip Walkiewicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"139343",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Maciejewska",fullName:"Magdalena Maciejewska",slug:"magdalena-maciejewska"},{id:"171685",title:"Dr.",name:"Filip",middleName:null,surname:"Walkiewicz",fullName:"Filip Walkiewicz",slug:"filip-walkiewicz"}]},{id:"48456",type:"chapter",title:"Ionic Liquids Facilitate the Development of Absorption Refrigeration",slug:"ionic-liquids-facilitate-the-development-of-absorption-refrigeration",totalDownloads:1423,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shiqiang Liang, Wei Chen, Yongxian Guo and Dawei Tang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54609",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Shiqiang",fullName:"Liang Shiqiang",slug:"liang-shiqiang"}]},{id:"48457",type:"chapter",title:"New Class of Ionic Liquids for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"new-class-of-ionic-liquids-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Chun-Ting Li, Ling-Yu Chang, Miao-Syuan Fan, Pei-Yu Chen, Jiang–\nJen Lin, Kuo–Chuan Ho and Chuan-Pei Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"5989",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuo-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Kuo-Chuan Ho",slug:"kuo-chuan-ho"},{id:"6808",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiang-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Jiang-Jen Lin",slug:"jiang-jen-lin"},{id:"30213",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Pei",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chuan-Pei Lee",slug:"chuan-pei-lee"},{id:"165641",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Ling-Yu Chang",slug:"ling-yu-chang"},{id:"171862",title:"MSc.",name:"Chun-Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Chun-Ting Li",slug:"chun-ting-li"},{id:"171863",title:"BSc.",name:"Pei-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Pei-Yu Chen",slug:"pei-yu-chen"},{id:"171864",title:"MSc.",name:"Miao-Syuan",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Miao-Syuan Fan",slug:"miao-syuan-fan"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1300",title:"Applications of Ionic Liquids in Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45c85b0f82277e20691ffd487d5fecd6",slug:"applications-of-ionic-liquids-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20202",title:"Ionic Liquids in Catalytic Biomass Transformation",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-catalytic-biomass-transformation",signatures:"Zhu Yinghuai, Algin Oh Biying, Xiao Siwei, Narayan S Hosmane and John A. Maguire",authors:[{id:"39000",title:"Prof.",name:"Narayan",middleName:null,surname:"Hosmane",fullName:"Narayan Hosmane",slug:"narayan-hosmane"},{id:"48342",title:"Dr.",name:"Yinghuai",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Yinghuai Zhu",slug:"yinghuai-zhu"},{id:"48343",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Maguire",fullName:"John Maguire",slug:"john-maguire"}]},{id:"20203",title:"Biotransformation of Underutilized Natural Resource to Valuable Compounds in Ionic Liquid: Enzymatic Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Analogues from Immature Coffee Beans",slug:"biotransformation-of-underutilized-natural-resource-to-valuable-compounds-in-ionic-liquid-enzymatic-",signatures:"Atsushi Kurata, Tokio Fujita, and Noriaki Kishimoto",authors:[{id:"41239",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kurata",fullName:"Atsushi Kurata",slug:"atsushi-kurata"},{id:"137036",title:"Dr.",name:"Tokio",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Tokio Fujita",slug:"tokio-fujita"},{id:"137037",title:"Prof.",name:"Noriaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kishimoto",fullName:"Noriaki Kishimoto",slug:"noriaki-kishimoto"}]},{id:"20204",title:"Undeniable Contribution of Aprotic Room Temperature Ionic Liquids in the Security of Li-Ion Batteries",slug:"undeniable-contribution-of-aprotic-room-temperature-ionic-liquids-in-the-security-of-li-ion-batterie",signatures:"Claude-Montigny Bénédicte, Stefan Claudia Simona and Violleau David",authors:[{id:"39224",title:"Dr.",name:"Bénédicte",middleName:null,surname:"Claude-Montigny",fullName:"Bénédicte Claude-Montigny",slug:"benedicte-claude-montigny"},{id:"57337",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Stefan",fullName:"Claudia Simona Stefan",slug:"claudia-simona-stefan"},{id:"57338",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Violleau",fullName:"David Violleau",slug:"david-violleau"}]},{id:"20205",title:"Ionic Liquids in Charge Storage Devices: Effect of Purification on Performance",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-charge-storage-devices-effect-of-purification-on-performance",signatures:"John D. Stenger-Smith, Andrew P. Chafin, Clare F. Kline Jr., Gregory S. Ostrom and Roxanne L. Quintana",authors:[{id:"54189",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Stenger-Smith",fullName:"John Stenger-Smith",slug:"john-stenger-smith"},{id:"56030",title:"Mr",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Chafin",fullName:"Andrew Chafin",slug:"andrew-chafin"},{id:"137046",title:"Mr.",name:"Clare",middleName:null,surname:"Kline Jr.",fullName:"Clare Kline Jr.",slug:"clare-kline-jr."},{id:"137047",title:"Mr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Ostrom",fullName:"Gregory Ostrom",slug:"gregory-ostrom"},{id:"137048",title:"Ms.",name:"Roxanne",middleName:null,surname:"Quintana",fullName:"Roxanne Quintana",slug:"roxanne-quintana"}]},{id:"20206",title:"Polymers with Ionic Liquid Fragments as Potential Conducting Materials for Advanced Applications",slug:"polymers-with-ionic-liquid-fragments-as-potential-conducting-materials-for-advanced-applications",signatures:"Santiago V. Luis, Eduardo García-Verdugo, M. Isabel Burguete, Andreu Andrio, Sergio Mollá and Vicente Compan",authors:[{id:"52043",title:"Prof.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Compañ",fullName:"Vicente Compañ",slug:"vicente-compan"},{id:"71485",title:"Prof.",name:"Santiago V.",middleName:null,surname:"Luis Lafuente",fullName:"Santiago V. Luis Lafuente",slug:"santiago-v.-luis-lafuente"},{id:"71487",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"García -Verdugo",fullName:"Eduardo García -Verdugo",slug:"eduardo-garcia-verdugo"},{id:"71488",title:"Prof.",name:"María Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Burguete",fullName:"María Isabel Burguete",slug:"maria-isabel-burguete"},{id:"71490",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreu",middleName:null,surname:"Andrio Balado",fullName:"Andreu Andrio Balado",slug:"andreu-andrio-balado"},{id:"71491",title:"MSc",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Mollá Romano",fullName:"Sergio Mollá Romano",slug:"sergio-molla-romano"}]},{id:"20207",title:"Ionic Liquids for the Electric Double Layer Capacitor Applications",slug:"ionic-liquids-for-the-electric-double-layer-capacitor-applications",signatures:"Takaya Sato, Shoko Marukane and Takashi Morinaga",authors:[{id:"51962",title:"Prof.",name:"Takaya",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Takaya Sato",slug:"takaya-sato"},{id:"56542",title:"Ms.",name:"Shoko",middleName:null,surname:"Marukane",fullName:"Shoko Marukane",slug:"shoko-marukane"},{id:"56543",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Morinaga",fullName:"Takashi Morinaga",slug:"takashi-morinaga"}]},{id:"20208",title:"Ionic Liquid Used in Long-Lifetime Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells",slug:"ionic-liquid-used-in-long-lifetime-polymer-light-emitting-electrochemical-cells",signatures:"Yan Shao",authors:[{id:"39811",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Yan Shao",slug:"yan-shao"}]},{id:"20209",title:"Ionic Liquids Gelation with Polymeric Materials: The Ion Jelly Approach",slug:"ionic-liquids-gelation-with-polymeric-materials-the-ion-jelly-approach",signatures:"Nuno M.T. Lourenço, Ana V.M. Nunes, Catarina M.M. Duarte and Pedro Vidinha",authors:[{id:"57541",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Ana Nunes",slug:"ana-nunes"},{id:"57546",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Vidinha",fullName:"Pedro Vidinha",slug:"pedro-vidinha"},{id:"57547",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"null",fullName:"Nuno null",slug:"nuno-null"},{id:"57548",title:"Prof.",name:"Catarina",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",fullName:"Catarina Duarte",slug:"catarina-duarte"},{id:"136017",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"Lourenço",fullName:"Nuno Lourenço",slug:"nuno-lourenco"}]},{id:"20210",title:"Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles",slug:"environmentally-friendly-synthesis-of-polymer-grafted-nanoparticles",signatures:"Norio Tsubokawa",authors:[{id:"51351",title:"Prof.",name:"Norio",middleName:null,surname:"Tsubokawa",fullName:"Norio Tsubokawa",slug:"norio-tsubokawa"}]},{id:"20211",title:"Ionic Liquids as Porogens in the Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers",slug:"ionic-liquids-as-porogens-in-the-synthesis-of-molecularly-imprinted-polymers",signatures:"Katherine M Booker, Clovia I Holdsworth, Michael C Bowyer and Adam McCluskey",authors:[{id:"44482",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"McCluskey",fullName:"Adam McCluskey",slug:"adam-mccluskey"},{id:"58154",title:"Ms.",name:"Katherine",middleName:null,surname:"Booker",fullName:"Katherine Booker",slug:"katherine-booker"},{id:"58155",title:"Dr.",name:"Clovia",middleName:null,surname:"Holdsworth",fullName:"Clovia Holdsworth",slug:"clovia-holdsworth"},{id:"58156",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Bowyer",fullName:"Michael Bowyer",slug:"michael-bowyer"}]},{id:"20212",title:"Magnetorheological Elastomers Containing Ionic Liquids",slug:"magnetorheological-elastomers-containing-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Marcin Masłowski and Marian Zaborski",authors:[{id:"45159",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Zaborski",fullName:"Marian Zaborski",slug:"marian-zaborski"},{id:"47865",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Masłowski",fullName:"Marcin Masłowski",slug:"marcin-maslowski"}]},{id:"20213",title:"Concepts for the Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids",slug:"concepts-for-the-stabilization-of-metal-nanoparticles-in-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Alexander Kraynov and Thomas E. Müller",authors:[{id:"46289",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:"Ernst",surname:"Müller",fullName:"Thomas Müller",slug:"thomas-muller"},{id:"95358",title:"Dr",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kraynov",fullName:"Alexander Kraynov",slug:"alexander-kraynov"}]},{id:"20214",title:"Studies Regarding the Nickel Electrodeposition from Choline Chloride Based Ionic Liquids",slug:"studies-regarding-the-nickel-electrodeposition-from-choline-chloride-based-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Liana Anicai, Andreea Florea and Teodor Visan",authors:[{id:"53141",title:"Dr.",name:"Liana",middleName:null,surname:"Anicai",fullName:"Liana Anicai",slug:"liana-anicai"},{id:"53147",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Florea",fullName:"Andreea Florea",slug:"andreea-florea"},{id:"53148",title:"Prof.",name:"Teodor",middleName:null,surname:"Visan",fullName:"Teodor Visan",slug:"teodor-visan"}]},{id:"20215",title:"Ionic Liquids as Advantageous Solvents for Preparation of Nanostructures",slug:"ionic-liquids-as-advantageous-solvents-for-preparation-of-nanostructures",signatures:"Alexandrina Nan and Jürgen Liebscher",authors:[{id:"52686",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Liebscher",fullName:"Jürgen Liebscher",slug:"jurgen-liebscher"},{id:"56805",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandrina",middleName:null,surname:"Nan",fullName:"Alexandrina Nan",slug:"alexandrina-nan"}]},{id:"20216",title:"Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-separation-techniques",signatures:"Jolanta Flieger and Anna Czajkowska-Żelazko",authors:[{id:"20797",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Flieger",fullName:"Jolanta Flieger",slug:"jolanta-flieger"},{id:"136020",title:"Prof.",name:"Czajkowska",middleName:null,surname:"Żelazko",fullName:"Czajkowska Żelazko",slug:"czajkowska-zelazko"}]},{id:"20217",title:"Ionic Liquid-Mediated Liquid-Liquid Extraction",slug:"ionic-liquid-mediated-liquid-liquid-extraction",signatures:"Qilong Ren, Qiwei Yang, Yan Yan, Huabin Xing, Zongbi Bao, Baogen Su and Yiwen Yang",authors:[{id:"55831",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Qiwei Yang",slug:"qiwei-yang"},{id:"101710",title:"Dr.",name:"Huabin",middleName:null,surname:"Xing",fullName:"Huabin Xing",slug:"huabin-xing"},{id:"101712",title:"BSc.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Yan Yan",slug:"yan-yan"},{id:"101713",title:"Dr.",name:"Zongbi",middleName:null,surname:"Bao",fullName:"Zongbi Bao",slug:"zongbi-bao"},{id:"101714",title:"Dr.",name:"Baogen",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Baogen Su",slug:"baogen-su"},{id:"101715",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiwen",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yiwen Yang",slug:"yiwen-yang"},{id:"101716",title:"Prof.",name:"Qilong",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",fullName:"Qilong Ren",slug:"qilong-ren"}]},{id:"20218",title:"Liquid Matrices in MALDI-MS",slug:"liquid-matrices-in-maldi-ms",signatures:"Yuko Fukuyama",authors:[{id:"57153",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuyama",fullName:"Yuko Fukuyama",slug:"yuko-fukuyama"}]},{id:"20219",title:"Ionic Liquids in Separation of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions",slug:"ionic-liquids-in-separation-of-metal-ions-from-aqueous-solutions",signatures:"Magdalena Regel-Rosocka and Maciej Wisniewski",authors:[{id:"54388",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Regel-Rosocka",fullName:"Magdalena Regel-Rosocka",slug:"magdalena-regel-rosocka"},{id:"57514",title:"Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Wisniewski",fullName:"Maciej Wisniewski",slug:"maciej-wisniewski"}]},{id:"20220",title:"Inner Filter Effect in the Fluorescence Emission Spectra of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids with-β-Carotene",slug:"inner-filter-effect-in-the-fluorescence-emission-spectra-of-room-temperature-ionic-liquids-with-caro",signatures:"Krzysztof Pawlak, Andrzej Skrzypczak and Grazyna E. Bialek-Bylka",authors:[{id:"40450",title:"Prof.",name:"Grazyna",middleName:"Ewa",surname:"Bialek-Bylka",fullName:"Grazyna Bialek-Bylka",slug:"grazyna-bialek-bylka"},{id:"56670",title:"MSc.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlak",fullName:"Krzysztof Pawlak",slug:"krzysztof-pawlak"},{id:"56671",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Skrzypczak",fullName:"Andrzej Skrzypczak",slug:"andrzej-skrzypczak"}]},{id:"20221",title:"Ionic Liquid Lubricant with Ammonium Salts for Magnetic Media",slug:"ionic-liquid-lubricant-with-ammonium-salts-for-magnetic-media",signatures:"Hirofumi Kondo",authors:[{id:"51270",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",fullName:"Hirofumi Kondo",slug:"hirofumi-kondo"}]},{id:"20222",title:"Application of Ionic Liquids to Space Propulsion",slug:"application-of-ionic-liquids-to-space-propulsion",signatures:"Fahrat Kamal, Batonneau Yann, Brahmi Rachid and Kappenstein Charles",authors:[{id:"53845",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Kappenstein",fullName:"Charles Kappenstein",slug:"charles-kappenstein"},{id:"57522",title:"Mr.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Batonneau",fullName:"Yann Batonneau",slug:"yann-batonneau"},{id:"57523",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Farhat",fullName:"Kamal Farhat",slug:"kamal-farhat"},{id:"57524",title:"Prof.",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Rachid Brahmi",slug:"rachid-brahmi"}]},{id:"20223",title:"The Latent Application of Ionic Liquids in Absorption Refrigeration",slug:"the-latent-application-of-ionic-liquids-in-absorption-refrigeration",signatures:"Shiqiang Liang, Wei Chen, Keyong Cheng, Yongxian Guo and Xiaohong Gui",authors:[{id:"53748",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wei Chen",slug:"wei-chen"},{id:"54609",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Shiqiang",fullName:"Liang Shiqiang",slug:"liang-shiqiang"},{id:"56525",title:"Dr.",name:"Keyong",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Keyong Cheng",slug:"keyong-cheng"},{id:"137043",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongxian",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Yongxian Guo",slug:"yongxian-guo"},{id:"137044",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaohong",middleName:null,surname:"Gui",fullName:"Xiaohong Gui",slug:"xiaohong-gui"}]},{id:"20224",title:"Optofluidic Compound Lenses Made with Ionic Liquids",slug:"optofluidic-compound-lenses-made-with-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Sergio Calixto, Martha Rosete-Aguilar, Francisco J. Sanchez-Marin, Olga L. Torres-Rocha, E. Militza Martinez Prado and Margarita Calixto-Solano",authors:[{id:"56076",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Calixto",fullName:"Sergio Calixto",slug:"sergio-calixto"},{id:"56639",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Rosete-Aguilar",fullName:"Martha Rosete-Aguilar",slug:"martha-rosete-aguilar"},{id:"56640",title:"Ms.",name:"Margarita Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Calixto-Solano",fullName:"Margarita Sofia Calixto-Solano",slug:"margarita-sofia-calixto-solano"},{id:"56641",title:"MSc.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Rocha",fullName:"Olga Torres-Rocha",slug:"olga-torres-rocha"},{id:"93455",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Marin",fullName:"Francisco Sanchez-Marin",slug:"francisco-sanchez-marin"},{id:"93460",title:"MSc.",name:"Militza",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Prado",fullName:"Militza Martinez-Prado",slug:"militza-martinez-prado"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"327",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Classes and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"659a4b5cbf7f388a9e559b5b558006ca",slug:"ionic-liquids-classes-and-properties",bookSignature:"Scott T. Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1300",title:"Applications of Ionic Liquids in Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45c85b0f82277e20691ffd487d5fecd6",slug:"applications-of-ionic-liquids-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3178",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"New Aspects for the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ef68ccc1945a4fc50c6c212bc2f0bd3",slug:"ionic-liquids-new-aspects-for-the-future",bookSignature:"Jun-ichi Kadokawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16342",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-ichi",surname:"Kadokawa",slug:"jun-ichi-kadokawa",fullName:"Jun-ichi Kadokawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3178",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"New Aspects for the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ef68ccc1945a4fc50c6c212bc2f0bd3",slug:"ionic-liquids-new-aspects-for-the-future",bookSignature:"Jun-ichi Kadokawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16342",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-ichi",surname:"Kadokawa",slug:"jun-ichi-kadokawa",fullName:"Jun-ichi Kadokawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4504",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Current State of the Art",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da08fe684d11113d583db336e16ee5b6",slug:"ionic-liquids-current-state-of-the-art",bookSignature:"Scott Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80407",title:"Absolute, Reference, and Relative Dosimetry in Radiotherapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101806",slug:"absolute-reference-and-relative-dosimetry-in-radiotherapy",body:'
A dosimetric procedure aims to estimate a quantity to guarantee the delivery of the correct prescribed dose to a patient or the dose resulting from a diagnostic procedure.
To achieve this purpose, one must ensure that:
the measurement results represent the best possible value reported with its typical uncertainties, using the appropriate calibration coefficients and the correction factors necessary to adjust the measured value to the true value;
the measurement results made by different institutions must be comparable when performed under similar reference conditions such as those established by international protocols, i.e., TRS#398-IAEA [1] TRS # 469 [2];
the clinical results of different institutions can be comparable if the air Kerma or absorbed dose, in addition to the biological clinical parameters, is well known and fully described.
To fulfill those premises, the radiation detectors must be calibrated following a universal protocol agreed among the professional societies, and the quantities referenced to the standards at the BIPM as it was decided by the Metro Convention. The dissemination of these quantities until the final user is done through the calibration laboratory in each country either national or secondary following a logical chain of events as described in Figure 1.
The main steps involved in the implementation of the quantities: (a) air kerma and (b) absorbed dose to water.
At this point, one must highlight the importance of a network called: International Metrological Network, which fundamentally seeks to standardize the processes and the methodologies among the various laboratories in the world. As a result, the measurement of the main quantities of interest in radiotherapy, radiology, and radioprotection such as air Kerma and absorbed dose to water allows the clinical results and the biological effects to be compared scientifically among different users, with an acceptable level of uncertainties for each area.
The two steps shown above in Figure 1 constitute a simplification of the various levels of complexity that represent the metrological chain, and the algorithms used now are best illustrated now in Figure 2.
The international network of ionizing radiation metrology showing the traceability process between the primary standards coordinated by the BIPM followed by the network of the secondary laboratories traceable to the IAEA Laboratories, the BIPM or any other primary laboratory and the final user [
The concept and structure of the various levels of laboratories can be defined as:
Location where instruments with the highest metrological quality are used, the quantities are measured according to their definition, that is, in an absolute way. To reach this level, very sophisticated equipment, computer control systems, experimental arrangement, and very skilled staff are required, resulting in very small uncertainties, results impossible to be reproduced at the end user’s environment.
Those laboratories use free air chambers for air kerma standards in the low and medium energy X-ray beams; water or graphite calorimeters for absorbed dose standard to water or graphite; Fricke dosimeter is a standard for absorbed dose to water and ionization chambers with a well-known volume as standard for either air Kerma for gamma ray beams emitted by a collimated 60Co or absorbed dose to graphite using a large variety of photons and electron beams.
To carry out periodical comparisons involving all National laboratories to ensure the appropriate metrological consistency within the metrological network in a decision agreed by tall country’s signatories of the Metro Convention, the BIPM was designated to carry out this task, as shown in Figure 3.
Typical example of the result of one of the comparisons conducted by BIPM with several national laboratories for the quantity of absorbed dose to water using three different methods: Water calorimeter, graphite calorimeter, and the Fricke system [
Location where high-quality metrological instruments are used, though its calibration by one of the PSDL is required to assure that the users’ instruments are traceable to the national and international metrological network. In some situations, the IAEA- SSDL Laboratory provides periodical calibration to the members of the IAEA-SSDL network, and QA auditing is also conducted.
The SSDL are recognized and accredited by the country’s metrological authority such as the National Laboratory, as it is responsible for disseminating the quantities to the final user in their country ensuring the proper metrological coherence among users with reference to their standards [1, 2]. Since it is possible to find more than one SSDL in one country, an internal network must be established, and periodic comparison must be carried out by the National Laboratory.
In this way, users of ionizing radiation sources will be tracked to the National and International Network with their intercomparable results.
Tips:
It is not forbidden that the user calibrates their instruments in a PSDL outside the country instead of their SSDL. The drawback is the calibration cost in addition to transportation, insurance, customs clearance expenses, which makes this option too onerous and objectively unnecessary;
Carrying out calibrations in the country’s laboratories reinforces the metrological consistency between users and the national laboratory.
Location where the calibration procedures of diagnostic and treatment machines are carried out under conditions such as those in which the instruments were calibrated. When using the formalism, for example, from the TRS#398 [1] or similar, it is essential that the measurement systems were calibrated in a laboratory traced to the metrological network.
In this situation, the instruments used can be classified as:
reference instrument (the one with the highest level of metrological quality in the institution);
field instrument (instrument used in daily routine that can be equal to the first one). This is recommended since some legislations require two sets, one of which could be the reference.
If the institution has only one treatment machine, it is recommended to leave a fixed dosimetry set on the control room bench with the cables passed through the wall of the treatment room, avoiding passing the cable under the door risking damaging it, and the other set as the institutional reference. If you have two treatment machines, leave each system fixed on each machine and as part of the periodic QA program, perform cross-calibration changing the electrometers and performing the measurements. If the values differ consistently by more than 1% between them, use another calibrated chamber on both machines.
The stability test of the dosimetry system shall be performed every three months with a source of 90Sr or 137Cs, as required by the regulatory authority. This test is accepted as a good indicator of the performance of the measurement set, which must include the leakage, repeatability, and linearity tests.
If the QA documentation demonstrates the stability of your system in other ways, it may also be accepted.
Since the numerical values of the uncertainties increase as we go down in the metrological chain, there is a demand for a high-quality measuring system, careful instrument handling procedures especially for the cables and connectors, instrument warm-up, proper documentation, and finally a consistency in positioning the experimental setup.
Measurement systems (ion chamber, electrometer, and cable) must be calibrated when purchased, unless they are calibrated by the manufacturer if it has an accredited laboratory, when they undergo any repairs, and every 2 years regardless of any problem. The calibration coefficient is given for the quantity of absorbed dose to water at the reference conditions. This coefficient is directly traceable to the national and international metrology network. It may be possible to calibrate the ion chamber separately from the electrometer and then use the chambers with different electrometers or vice versa.
In general, there is a certain conceptual confusion not only by the users but also by the manufactures when using the concepts of absolute dosimetry, reference dosimetry, and relative dosimetry. Andreo et al. [3] very clearly discuss the differences between the three concepts so that they can be used properly.
It refers to the measurement of a quantity with an instrument of the highest metrological quality, which allows its determination in accordance with its definition. In general, it is carried out in Primary Laboratories.
For example, the quantity Exposure, X, as defined by ICRU 33 [4], is the result of the quotient of
Measures of the quantity Exposure, because of the air Kerma, are of great importance as they constitute the stakes of the metrological chain. They are directly related to the absorbed dose calibrations of the high energy photon and electron beams used in radiotherapy, radiobiology studies, and radioprotection measurements; the latter for the moment entirely dependent on the quantity air Kerma.
The determination of the exposure can be obtained through two methods, both with an ionization chamber:
Method 1. Free air chamber.
Unlike wall chambers, free air chambers do not have walls, so the interaction process occurs within the air volume defined by the electric field defined between the guard ring and the collector plate inside the chamber, to obtain the electronic equilibrium. The thickness of the air layer varies depending on the energy fluence of the beam, and for this reason, two chambers with different volumes are used for energies up to 150 kVp and 300 kVp, respectively. A typical diagram of a free air chamber is illustrated in Figure 4.
Typical diagram of a free air chamber where several important components can be identified, such as the diaphragm or frontal collimator with an area a, the collector electrode, and the guard plates when subjected to the same collector potential define the sensitive volume of the chamber.
This process is more largely described by [5], where the formalism for estimating the quantity air Kerma, including typical correction factors, is described in the Eq. (1):
Where:
V = sensitive volume of the chamber in which charges are produced and collected;
Method 2. Cavity chamber.
This method uses a cavity chamber, with a known volume, with the formalism proposed by [6] and extended by [7]. One must consider the cavity dimensions, the presence of the wall and a central electrode, in addition to the various correction factors empirically derived such as environmental quantities and measurement statistics. The characteristics of a chamber of this type used in several primary laboratories are described in Figure 5.
Image represents the physical diagram, with the internal and external dimensions of the cylindrical chamber.
The final volume measured in the chamber described in Figure 5 is 1.076 ± 0.003 cm3, and the graphite caps are used to determine the wall attenuation using the extrapolation method. The graphite complements are added to the base of the chamber after the insertion of each cap to preserve the spatial conditions of scattering. Recently, the wall attenuation value was recalculated by [8] using the Monte Carlo technique, whose result, though slightly different than the experimental one, is more accurate and with less uncertainty.
The primary Standard shown in Figure 5 is a cylindrical graphite chamber built by the Austrian National Laboratory, with its volume defined by the same laboratory, constructed of ultra-pure graphite (99.99%) with an excellent insulating system to minimize the “leakage” and the polarization effects, guaranteeing an excellent long-term stability and a metrological quality compatible with similar standards, as reported by [9, 10, 11].
Its sensitive volume was estimated by the Ostereich Forschung Centrum and reported by [12] from the internal physical dimensions of the chamber, defined with an uncertainty of 0.1% after subtracting the electrode volume according to Figure 5, and including the additional sensitive volume in the electrode base.
Thus, according to the Bragg-Gray principle, the measure of ionization in the center of the chamber in its absence is defined by Eq. (2):
Where:
The determination of the air kerma (
Where:
The determination of the absorbed dose to air (Dair), measured by a standard instrument, is defined as the energy delivered to a mass of air of the well-known sensitive volume of the ionization chamber, defined by the relation:
Where.
This measurement may require the use of a set of factors necessary to correlate the reading of the measurement system with the final value of the quantity, such as absorbed dose. The measurements must be carried out under the well-standardized reference conditions, that is: radiation field of 10 x 10 cm2 on the surface of the phantom, SSD (source surface distance) equal to 100 cm, with the center of the chamber positioned at 5 cm depth, reference temperature of 22°C (reference in Brazil), atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa, and relative humidity between 30 and 70% (Table 1).
Method 1. Measurement performed using a graphite or water calorimeter.
A Calorimeter measures the quantity absorbed dose to water or to graphite according to its definition, that is, from the increase in temperature in the medium due to a process of radiation induction. This evaluation is done by thermistors installed in the calorimeter body filled with high-purity water, as reported by Malcolm [16]. The calorimeter, in this case, your heart (nucleus), is placed at the reference depth in a 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm phantom. The measured signal is generally very low, on the order of 1 mK for an absorbed dose of 2 Gy, and its reproducibility is an important factor. Due to its complexity, it is suitable for use not in clinical settings, but in National Metrology Laboratories or research (Figure 6).
Shows a schematic diagram of the Domen-type water calorimeter, built jointly with the Canadian McGill University and reported by Rosado and de Almeida [
An important parameter is the magnitude of the heat defect, that is, the fraction of energy that is not released in the form of heat, being material dependent, this effect being more significant in graphite.
The typical temperature fluctuation obtained when using a radiation source consists of three basic regions:
the pre-trend that is prior to the irradiation, where fluctuation is stable,
a constant and almost linear region, when the temperature rises; corresponds to the moment that the source enters the calorimeter being kept in a fixed position, this being the measurement point of the thermistors while the irradiation lasts;
the post-trend, which is the region that exhibits the behavior of water temperature at time intervals after removal of the source from the calorimeter. The post-trend has a characteristic thermal profile and includes a relative region of low temperature rise that is governed by the increase in temperature gradient created in the water due to direct dose deposition in the water. This can be followed by a sudden increase in temperature due to the decay process of the effect source reaching the measurement point.
Using a model of heat conduction in water, the onset time of this sudden temperature rise can be accurately predicted as a function of the distance between the measurement point and the source.
Specifically, for a standard of absorbed dose to water such as the calorimeter, the dose
where:
One of the advantages of the water calorimeter is that the quantity of absorbed dose to water is being measured directly in water, while in the case of using graphite, a graphite to water conversion factor is necessary.
Method 2. Measurement performed on the graphite phantom using a known volume ionization chamber.
In general, the measurement of the absorbed dose to water
Parallel plates graphite ionization chamber (1.8 gm/cm3) with 2.8 mm wall thickness, inner diameter of 45 mm, outer diameter of 50.5 mm, used by the BIPM and reported by Boutillon and Niatel [
The reference conditions include radiation field of 10 x 10 cm2 in the plane of the phantom surface, SSD = 100 cm, with the center of the chamber positioned at 5 g/cm2 depth in graphite, reference air temperature of 22°C, atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa, and humidity between 30 and 70%, according to the formalism:
where:
(
Fricke dosimetry consists of measuring the conversion, due to the ionizing radiation, of the ferrous ions present in the solution, into ferric ions through spectrophotometry. The Fricke dosimeter consists of a 96% water solution, therefore its attenuation to radiation is very similar to that of water and can be used in the dose range of 5 Gy–400 Gy with dose rates of up to 106 Gy/s.
The quantity determined by the Fricke chemical dosimetry system is the absorbed dose to the Fricke solution (
Where:
ε = molar absorptivity coefficient or molar extinction coefficient;
To determine the quantity of interest,
Where:
This method requires laboratories with several parameters under control such as temperature, dust, cleaning, laminar flow hoods, Milli Q water production, glassware, quartz cuvettes, high-resolution double-beam spectrophotometer with filters for your QA, and high-purity chemicals. For this reason, its use is restricted to laboratories and not to be used at clinical environments.
It refers to the measurement of the absorbed dose in water with an ionization chamber in the beam of the user’s Institution. The reference conditions used in the calibration laboratory must reproduced, and the influence quantities (T, P, U) are measured at the time of data acquisition and correction accordingly.
Step 1: Calibration of a user’s chamber at the level of the National Laboratory or of an SSDL according to interface [3].
where:
Step 2. With the calibration coefficient
These measurements are performed at the user’s institution with its reference chamber to obtain the absorbed dose to water with a beam of the same quality as the SSDL under the reference conditions: SSD =100 cm, radiation field 10 x 10 cm2 and depth of 5 cm in water according to the Eq. (10):
where:
As the calibration coefficient is normally defined for a 60Co gamma ray beam, if the user has a different beam (e.g., photons with 6, 10, 15 MV) a
where:
where:
Geometry that should be used for measurement of the quality of the Q beam, to obtain the
The numerical value of this factor varies with the type of materials used in the chambers, whose beam quality is expressed by the TPR20,10 ratio, which empirically represents the variation in the interaction and absorption behavior of each of the materials due to the different cross sections. Typical behavior of
Typical behavior of
The graph clearly shows a dependence of the
The measurement system that best suits this application at the user level is the ionization chamber, in which case there is no need to know its volume as the calibration coefficient considers the chamber’s response and not its real volume.
The TPR20,10 can also be estimated from the Percentage Depth Dose measurements using the empirical relationship, according to Eq. (12):
where,
In the clinical environment various measurements are performed under non-reference conditions where the calibration coefficient does not need to be used. These measurements are called relative, such as: dosimetry of other radiation fields (values compared with the reference field, output factors), wedge filter factor (ratio between readings performed with and without filter on the same geometry), measurements of depth dose (normalized to the values obtained at the maximum dose point for that specific radiation field and type of beam).
In these cases, there is a variety of detectors that can be used without compromising on having their values related to the true value of the quantity.
For example: diodes, TLDs, micro-cameras, detector array, alanine, film, MOSFET among others, all of them with their well-defined and different characteristics, such as (sensitivity, short term repeatability, long-term stability, angular, dose rate and energy dependence, detector size, leakage, signal fading) among others must be considered.
Check and consider, if applicable, the following:
energy dependence with depth of water.
Dose rate dependence, especially on FFF (flattening filter-free) beams.
Directional dependence due to the detector geometry and volume.
Signal-to-noise ratio as a function of field size, detector shape and size, and signal sensitivity.
Permanent defects caused by dose storage
volume that results in loss of spatial resolution.
Special cases where the reference conditions are not able to follow TRS#398 [1] recommendations are called non-reference conditions. Small fields used in radiosurgery show a more complex spectrum and require ionization chambers with other dimensions, additional geometric conditions, and specific formalism.
In this case, the TRS# 483 [20] should be used as a reference, the most suitable one at this time, where a relatively small variety of detectors are used, generally limited by the field size and the loss of lateral electronic balance.
Replace the entirety of this text with the main body of your chapter. The body is where the author explains experiments, presents, and interprets data of one’s research. Authors are free to decide how the main body will be structured. However, you are required to have at least one heading. Please ensure that either British or American English is used consistently in your chapter.
This entire chain of measurements and formalism must take into account the specific physical conditions of the interaction processes between the radiation beam with the detector in the measurement processes, aiming to ensure the least possible uncertainty in the dose delivered to the patient.
The different levels of complexity and duties of the metrological stakeholders are a result of the complexity of the experimental arrangements, the quality of the measurement systems, the degree of control over the environmental conditions and the high cost, which makes it not compatible with the clinical environment.
However, the metrological consistency between the different levels guarantees a level of final uncertainty of the dose delivered to the patient compatible with the recommendations of international organizations.
Therefore, if we keep the instruments (electrometer + cable + camera) accompanied by a quality assurance program, with its periodic calibrations and care to maintain its functional integrity, the final quality of the measurements will always be in accordance with the concept of the best practice.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
All publications on this website are published under the Open Access model, without any subscription, registration, or access fees required from the user or his/her institution. In accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative's (BOAI) definition of Open Access, users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full text versions of all Chapters. To read more about our Open Access Statement click here.
\n\nFor Editorial Policies for journals please consult individual journal pages.
',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n\\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\n\n\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"EDCMP",topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08d6ba70d97767769a97cfeeb52dac78",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12218",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8cb2e6bb3d9c717bb8dc44e35ed774c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12177",title:"Epigenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"185b00910074e8beeedd2276900a911a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12177.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12214",title:"Phagocytosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79d7747d6e3aa6a3623ab710a7634588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12214.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12216",title:"Cell Proliferation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d5e37e8c90c4c6cb33c25d4445574ac0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12216.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12217",title:"Protein Interactions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8514f8e3d3dd0e22e87b0c4c84a6cc3a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12217.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12310",title:"Advances in Transcriptome Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9b0d98cf9a47e93524dbaa2eedbbcf46",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12310.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12333",title:"Alkaloids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"50ba29b67f4b54e2e38088c223b35305",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12333.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12368",title:"Histones",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6890021008f436dcc47bf04c8e57b34",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12368.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12369",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a82dedbd96e152e777bd10a244e5d57",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:96},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:65,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1649,numberOfWosCitations:1070,numberOfCrossrefCitations:728,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1700,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"18",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10922",title:"Music in Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a079df045b086b404399c5ed4ac049a",slug:"music-in-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal, Roshan Sutar and Anvesh Jallapally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10554",title:"Proprioception",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e104e615fbd94caa987df3a8d8b3fb8b",slug:"proprioception",bookSignature:"José A. Vega and Juan Cobo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9853",title:"Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79f611488f3217579b5c84978f870863",slug:"connectivity-and-functional-specialization-in-the-brain",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",biography:"Yongxia Zhou obtained a Ph.D. in Biomedical Imaging from the University of Southern California. Her research interest is radiology and neuroscience technology and application. She had been trained as an imaging scientist at several prestigious institutes including Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Her research focuses on multi-modal neuroimaging integration such as MRI/PET and EEG/MEG instrumentation to make the best use of multiple modalities for better interpretation of underlying disease mechanisms. She is the author and editor of more than twelve books for well-known publishers including IntechOpen and Nova Science. She has published more than 100 papers and abstracts in many reputed international journals and conferences and served as reviewer and editor for several academic associations.",institutionString:"University of Southern California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. There are symptomatic or/and curative therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 related nervous system damage that are partly still under study.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Weissert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81294",title:"Applications of Neural Organoids in Neurodevelopment and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104044",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",slug:"applications-of-neural-organoids-in-neurodevelopment-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81318",title:"Retinal Organoids over the Decade",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104258",signatures:"Jing Yuan and Zi-Bing Jin",slug:"retinal-organoids-over-the-decade",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/48457",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"48457"},fullPath:"/chapters/48457",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()