Benefits and limitations of the applied methods for extracting humic substances in aquatic environment.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4552",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Soilless Culture - Use of Substrates for the Production of Quality Horticultural Crops",title:"Soilless Culture",subtitle:"Use of Substrates for the Production of Quality Horticultural Crops",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Soilless Culture - Use of Substrates for the Production of Quality Horticultural Crops provides useful information on the techniques of growing horticultural crops using either inert organic or inorganic substrates and also on use of substrates consisting locally available and inexpensive materials with adequate physical and chemical properties. The contents mainly includes influence of different substrates on horticultural crops grown under soilless culture, production of vegetables and ornamental crops in water shortage area, comparative evaluation of commercial inert substrate used for growing high value horticultural crops. In this book, interesting researches from around the world are brought together to produce a resource for teachers, researcher, and advanced students of biological science.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1739-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5397-9",doi:"10.5772/58679",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"soilless-culture-use-of-substrates-for-the-production-of-quality-horticultural-crops",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0db90197795ffda070bec7ed97064c74",bookSignature:"Md. 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This product is a staple in many diets throughout the world and the underground swollen tubers of the plant are rich sources of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals (K, Mn, Mg, Fe, Cu and P), and vitamins (C, B1, B3, B6, K, folate, pantothenic acid). Improvement of new potato cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic factors is extremely important, as these are the main reasons for decreased potato production. Seed tuber production and tuber storage under healthy conditions after harvest are two important issues in potato cultivation. As such, this book discusses the importance of the potato plant and examines ways to increase its production and develop new cultivars resistant to stress factors via conventional and biotechnological methods.",isbn:"978-1-83969-167-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-166-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-168-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94735",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"solanum-tuberosum-a-promising-crop-for-starvation-problem",numberOfPages:354,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",bookSignature:"Mustafa Yildiz and Yasin Ozgen",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2653,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 4th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 3rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 20th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A scientist in plant and agricultural sciences, studying to improve environmentally friendly production methods to meet the food demand of the increasing population.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A perfect agronomist coming from a farming family.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/141637/images/system/141637.jpg",biography:"Mustafa Yildiz obtained an MSc in Agricultural Sciences from Ankara University, Turkey, in 1996 with a thesis on the effect of cell structure on yield and sucrose concentration in sugar beet. In 1998, he studied plant biotechnology at Osaka Prefecture University, Japan, for five months. He received his Ph.D. from Ankara University in 2000 with a thesis on shoot regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer in flax. He is currently a professor in the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Ankara University. Dr. Yildiz’s research areas include plant tissue culture, plant biotechnology, molecular markers, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer, plant stress physiology, plant immune system, plant defense mechanism, and plant breeding. He has more than 170 scientific publications, two books, and nine book chapters to his credit. He was awarded First Place in the “International Sunflower Project Market” by the International Sunflower Association for his project titled “A New Environmental Friendly Production Method in Sunflower for High Seed and Crude Oil Yields.”",institutionString:"Ankara University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"9",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Ankara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"329444",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasin",middleName:null,surname:"Ozgen",slug:"yasin-ozgen",fullName:"Yasin Ozgen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329444/images/system/329444.png",biography:"Yasin Ozgen obtained an MSc in 2015 with a thesis on the determination of chemical and morphological properties of different basil lines. He completed his Ph.D. in 2019 with a thesis on yield and agronomic characters of morphine and noscapine-type opium poppy hybrids. He is now working as a research assistant at the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Ankara University, Turkey. Dr. Ozgen is currently researching industrial, medicinal, aromatic, and bulbous plants.",institutionString:"Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"341",title:"Olericulture",slug:"olericulture"}],chapters:[{id:"76258",title:"Solanum tuberosum Yield for Selected Countries",slug:"-em-solanum-tuberosum-em-yield-for-selected-countries",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"350460",title:"Dr.",name:"Fulgence",surname:"Waryoba",slug:"fulgence-waryoba",fullName:"Fulgence Waryoba"}]},{id:"78618",title:"The Role of Crop Protection in Sustainable Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) 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Many architectural examples rank among masterpieces for its beautiful and harmonious use of solar radiation. However, their creation had to rely solely on intuition because they possessed a curvilinear nature. As the necessary tools required for evaluating shapes derived from the sphere or the circle were not available, such forms could not be assessed.
Circular emitters represent an important issue not merely in architecture but in the field of configuration factors calculation. The circle form is present in a variety of devices and emitters that find ample application in the realms of thermal engineering, daylighting in architecture and artificial light, amongst others. In the past, several factors have been found for specific positions of the unit area in relation to the sources of such surface, centered with respect to the circle, but not for a generic location whether parallel or inclined. In this respect, perpendicular semicircles have been totally disregarded. As a result, calculation for the said configuration factors was sustained by iterative methods, which do not provide the desired accuracy in every situation and also require considerable effort and time in terms of computational capacity.
In previous researches, new configuration factors have been devised for complex forms and shapes, such as the paraboloid, the ellipsoid, the sphere and the straight cone, which are ever present in architecture and engineering. What is more, several configurations of volumes that include similar elements could also be assessed by virtue of adroit mathematical deduction. As a result, researchers and designers were provided with new configuration factors, so that the design process is entirely freed from iterative methods.
In this chapter, an exact analytical solution derived from complex double integration is presented. The expression obtained significantly soothes the calculation of the configuration factor between a circular emitter and a point that lies in a plane located at any position to the former, not only in an axis perpendicular to its center. Those results were checked against more conventional formulas. Based on such calculus procedures, an entirely new factor for the semicircle to a perpendicular plane that contains the straight edge has been deducted. Likewise, the solution has been converted into an original algorithm and programmed in simulation software developed by the authors so that interactive maps of the radiative field can be visualized in a consistent and accurate way. Thus, computer simulation techniques, engineering and image applications will be greatly enhanced and benefitted.
The reciprocity principle enunciated by Lambert in his paramount book Photometria, written in Latin (Lambert, 1760), yields the following well-known integral equation:
Relevant terms in equation (1) are depicted in figure 1.
The reciprocity principle and quantities’ significance for surfaces A1 and A2
From the times of Lambert to our days, researchers and scientists in the fields of Geometric Optics and Radiative Transfer have striven to provide solutions for the canonical equation 1. This is no minor feat, since the said equation will lead in most cases to a quadruple integration and to be sure the fourth degree primitive of even simple mathematical expressions implies lengthy calculations. For this reason, direct mathematical calculation of circular emitters was avoided, and only expressions for some particular position with respect to the emitter were available. In this sense, a detailed catalogue of configuration factors is provided online in [1], but with respect to circular emitters, only specific ones where the receiving point location is restricted to an axis passing through the center of the emitting circle are included[2],[3].
Considering the importance of these emitters and its wide application in architectural design and engineering, the objectives of the research aimed at establishing precise mathematical expressions for the required configuration factors. Such procedure entails exact analytical solutions of the quadruple integral, in order to yield expressions that barely include geometric parameters.
That said, a circular source that emits with constant power has been considered; receiving points are located freely in any parallel or inclined plane. Starting from canonical equation (1) and following mathematical procedures, new configuration factors are developed for these surfaces.
Let us consider the proposed figure. In order to determine the radiant interchange between an emitting circle, which lies in the plane ZX, and a point P situated in another parallel plane XY, the following coordinate system is proposed (Figure 2).
Calculation parameters for the parallel plane.
Terms depicted in figure 2 are:
d: vertical distance between the center of the emitting circle and the plane XY.
b: horizontal distance between differential element dA1 and the plane ZX that contains the said circle.
r: Emitting surface radius.
S: Distance between differential elements (in the canonical equation (1) of the configuration factor, it is denoted as r, but in order to differentiate it from radius of the disk (emitting surface, r), we shift to this denomination).
According to figure 2, the differential element dA2 is expressed in terms of r and θ. Thus, to receive a proper integral, the rest of elements inside the integration sign of the canonical equation (1) should be expressed using the said variables. Basic construction for this expression can be found in numerous manuals of radiative transfer [4]. Furthermore, mathematical support for the integration process is described in references [5]
Substituting terms from (2) in accordance to figure 2, in the canonical equation of radiative transfer (1), the main integral that we need to solve is,
Operating in the numerator we can decompose this integral in two parts:
The limits for inner and outer integral are, respectively: from 0 to 2π, and from 0 to a, that is, the whole extension of the radius of the emitting circle.
In order to solve this double integral, we first integrate with respect to θ. Proceeding with the first integral implies taking out all the constants that are independent of θ, and this yields:
Such expression corresponds to a type, which yields the solution:
The change of variables is defined thus:
Before operating, and in order to simplify the otherwise tedious calculations, this expression can be put in simpler form by applying logical deductions. Focusing our attention in the first term of (9):
It can be observed that sin(Ax) is in the numerator; if A=1 the former means that we have sin(X); but we need to bear in mind that the limits for our defined integral are 2π and 0, thus, sin(2π), sin(0), equal nil and so does the integral,
Subsequently, we focus our attention in the second term of equation (9);
So far, we have solved all terms outside the integration sign of equation (9). What remains inside the integral admits this change:
Therefore, substituting all terms we receive:
Once more, some logics were employed in order to compact the calculations; concentrating on the third term of (15), we find an the
The value of π is taken out of the integration mark and eliminated by means of the canonical equation of the configuration factor. That yields:
Again making some arrangements to these elements to produce an expression that enables easy integration, let us multiply the numerator and denominator by 4 and add and subtract a new term, -2rd2, always bearing in mind to reproduce the original expression in (17); that gives the following equation.
Decomposing and operating again:
The integral of a sum is given, which can be treated as the sum of integrals. Dealing with the first term of (19) the following expression is received:
That offers the solution:
Now it is time to proceed to the remaining term of (19)
Expanding the denominator and rearranging its terms with reference to the variable r:
Introducing the change of variable r2=t, that yields:
This integral responds to the following model with the solution:
Making the substitution:
The ensuing outcome is given:
Finally, adding both terms, from (21) and (27), in order to obtain the final result:
\n\t\t\t\tIn the perpendicular plane, that is, the ZX plane, according to the defined coordinate reference system, the main equation to be solved is:
This can be decomposed into two terms
The first part of this expression has already been solved, but with b2 instead of b d as a constant. The first term was solved in two parts, which were expressed in equations (21) and (27). From equation (21):
Calculation parameters for the perpendicular plane
Now, equation (27) is rearranged as follows:
Next, assemble equations (31) and (32), group terms by common denominator and operate:
Also, the second term from equations (30):
Again, integrating with respect to θ we receive:
Employing the change r2=t in equation (35),
An integral that admits the immediate solution:
Making the following substitutions:
Equation (36) becomes:
Finally, in order to produce the final solution for the perpendicular plane, it is required to assemble equations (33) and (39). Grouping and rearranging by common denominators it yields:
Again, this result can be checked against usual formulas that appear in numerous configuration factor catalogues, although those do not completely solve the problem. Only they work when the element is in a plane that passes through the center of the circle. A more general solution of a vector nature had been presented by the authors in other texts [6],[7]. In this chapter a sound relationship between the two fundamentals expressions has been found.
Being radiation a vector, the resolution for a third coordinate plane that obviously cuts the emitting circle in two halves is required; the outline of the integral in this case yields:
In this particular case, the limits of the integral cannot be extended to 2π, as the value would be nil. If (41) is integrated with respect to θ, in the numerator the derivatives of cosθ, -sinθ could be found. Therefore by making this change:
Integral (41) can therefore be expressed as:
Calculation parameters for the semicircle
Taking out all the constants, and integrating with respect to r, the primitive is just the quotient of the numerator:
Integrating (44) with respect to r; the last integral to solve is:
That responds to the form:
Substituting in (46) yields for both terms:
Now, substituting in the first term of (45):
And bringing equation (48) to the limits of the integral [a,0]:
In a similar way, for the second term of equation (45):
Finally, multiplying by
It can be demonstrated that the former equates the area subtended by a circular sector that encompasses the diameter of the emitting disk and the corresponding sector of a hyperbola defined by the intersection of the unit sphere and the cone [7].
If a=d, the factor is,
Where the former assert is more easily visualized.
If d=0 the expression is undetermined and the limit is passed with l’Hôpital’s rule, obtaining the familiar result.
Equation (51) is entirely new and has never been mentioned in literatures; equation (52) constitutes a particular case of the former, that is, when a equals d, meaning that the receiving point lies on the edge of the emitting semicircle; equation (53) is the particular case in which the receiving point is aligned with the center of the half-disk.
After analyzing the previous form factors for the circle, a new question can be deducted. A sphere can be considered, in terms of radiative transfer as a circle [7], as the viewed area of the said sphere from a distant point equals always a circle, because only half of the emitter is visible. Let us consider as emitting source a sphere of radius r, and a differential element, placed randomly in space at a distance (x,y,z), referenced to the three coordinate directions as shown in figure 5:
Calculations parameters for the sphere and a differential element at a random position
The differential element, as in former cases, is defined by its normal, and it is necessary to find the radiation vector
And expanding each of them,
Extending the previous deduction to a finite rectangle located at a certain distance to the sphere in a random position (figure 6), a new unknown factor has been deducted:
Configuration factor between a sphere and a parallel plane
To help visualize the results of this research, some formulas have been programmed by the authors in Matlab® computational language, which greatly enhances understanding of radiative exchange between emitting surfaces and receiving planes. 3D graphs have been produced for a generic semicircular emitter.
Figure 7 shows a generic semicircular emitter that gives energy to a perpendicular plane in its base. Thanks to this new configuration factor, several radiative properties for these shapes can be clarified. For instance, a semicircular emitter is not capable of transferring more than 50% of its energy to a perpendicular plane; this is particularly important in some engineering lighting applications, such as lighted vaults or tunnels.
The radiative field generated by a half disk of radius 3m. Over the perpendicular plane that contains the straight edge of the disk in a grid of 10 by 10 m.
Such new configuration factors can also be employed in the analysis of the architectural heritage in terms of environmental values and specifically in natural lighting; as was stated in the beginning of this chapter, several of these paradigms of architecture feature a balanced treatment of natural lighting coming from the sun but, as no calculation methods were available, their designs were merely the result of intuition and happenstance.
These new configuration factors find application in bringing light to the understanding of the said designs. In this sense, the authors would like to present the simulation cases of two epitomes of ancient Roman architecture, whose accurate radiative performance was largely unknown: the Pantheon (Figures 8, 9) and its superb baroque evolution the Church of Sant’Andrea all Quirinale (Figures 10, 11, 12).
The Roman Pantheon illuminated by diffuse radiation of an intensity of 10000 lumen/m2 (lux). Typical situation in autumn and spring. Scale 0 to 400 lux.
Simulations of the lighting field inside the Pantheon under clear sky conditions.
In Figures 8 and 9, luminous radiation is dimmed and constant for the lower spaces. It is outlined that the values for the Pantheon were not significant (sometimes, under 200 lux) and this fact may have led to the introduction of vertical windows in the drum of the cylinder by late Renaissance or Baroque epochs. Differences in the peak levels are remarkable (400 lux and 1000 lux) due to the amount of energy coming from the sun and the sky; also, in figure 9 the solar penetration inside the Pantheon can be distinctly noticed due to the reflection on the left side of the drawing. These simulations were only possible; thanks to the new configuration factors for circular emitters presented in this text.
Radiative performance does not show an acute seasonal variation, but allows for sunshine to reveal certain decorative details of the structure adding to the reputation of spiritual luminous atmosphere that encompass the work of Bernini (Figures 10, 11, 12).
Plan of Sant’Andrea all Quirinale’s Church by Bernini (Rome) illuminated by direct solar radiation in winter. Values in lux (0-800)
Sant’Andrea all Quirinale’s Church. Transversal Section under direct solar radiation in winter. Values in lux (0-1600)
The architect and sculptor of light, Gian Lorenzo Bernini completed this masterwork, considered to be his own spiritual retreat (Figure 12) and paved the way for further illumination achievements by Guarino Guarini Figure 13).
Sant’Andrea all Quirinale’s Church. Longitudinal section under direct solar radiation in winter. Values in lux (0-1600)
Values measured at Guarini’s church in Torino
In the same fashion of studying radiation due to circular emitters, a building currently under construction, the new railway station at the airport of Barcelona (Spain) is briefly presented in an effort to show how simulation can help in the design process and assessment (Figures 14, 15).
Section of the new railway station in Barcelona. Radiative performance design by the author. Project by the architects Cesar Portela and Antonio Barrionuevo. Values in lux (0-600)
Plan of the railway station in autumn. Values in lux
Changing the scale for the modern requirements of transportation spaces which have become the cathedrals of our time, the author proposes a lighting design in which the oculus reaches a diameter of 30 metres and the radiative energy is distributed by means of massive aluminium louvers with a height exceeding 3 metres in total. The simulations show good values in winter and summer and an acceptable raise of temperature levels at the glazed aperture due to the solar protection and the mild climate of Barcelona.
The Rautatalo building of 1955 by Alvar Aalto, Helsinki. Simulation of 40 skylights (8*5), performed in June with direct sunlight and monitored on 21st of June 2011. Values in lux
Solar chart of Helsinki. Latitude 61.16 degrees North
The final case to be introduced is the Rautatalo building of 1955, by the modern Finnish master Alvar Aalto. Originally a department store, it beckoned Helsinki’s citizens by its intelligent use of luminous radiation, enhanced by conical skylights subtly adapted to the solar path in this lively northern city. (Figures 16, 17)
The latter example, the Rautatalo building, brings the reader back to the efforts of the modern movement in architecture to control radiation. With 40 circular skylights it was subsequently adapted to many projects around the world, which generally speaking fared less well than the original for climatic and economic circumstances.
In this chapter four new configuration factors related to circular emitters have been presented. They have been deducted via direct analytical work, solving the integral according to the canonical expression of the theory of configuration factors.
In this sense, the components of the radiative field for the three directions of the space with respect to a circular emitter have been found. It is important to stress that thanks to this new factor radiative field can be assessed in any point of the space. In this way, former restrictions regarding the position of the receiving point [8],[9] have been superseded by the new expressions.
It is suggested that several complex surfaces can be estimated in a similar manner, provided that they allow for some decomposition into clusters of tangent circular elements; to perform this operation only the direction of the normal vector at each point considered is needed. With the aid of CAD software and simulation programs, such procedure is readily facilitated.
Following mathematical deduction this factors can be extended to three-dimensional emitters; the case of a spherical source is remarkable, as the viewed portion of a sphere from a receiving differential element can be assimilated to a circular emitter. Extension of this factor for a finite receiving surface, that is, a rectangle, allows for more complex calculations.
After this mathematical deduction, advances in the practical application of these new factors have been presented, mainly in the field of lighting engineering, natural lighting in architecture and thermal engineering but also in human comfort and medicine areas. The architectural examples, a set of climate-responsive buildings would remind the reader that, in order to produce universal results there is the need to consider local weather parameters.
Such a meticulous task can only be achieved in the case of solar radiation with the help of scientific Approach that we believe to have greatly facilitated by the discovery of new expressions to regulate the transfer of energy due to circular and other curved emitters and by creating and diffusing powerful and simple computer programs that successfully implement the desired algorithms.
Jose M Cabeza is grateful to the extraordinary librarians at Kansai Gaidai University (Japan). Professors Junko and Tsubasa were always very helpful. The authors would like to thank Juan Manuel Bonilla Martinez for his excellent drawing of figure 6.
Humic substances are the main constituents of natural organic matter, found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Natural organic matter can be classified into aquagenic organic matter and paedogenic organic matter. Aquagenic organic matter occurring in ocean waters is formed by the excretion and decomposition of plankton and aquatic bacteria. Paedogenic organic matter is produced by the decomposition of land plants and microorganisms, including leached material from the soil anchored in the aquatic system. This type of organic matter is formed by the degradation of lignin, polysaccharides and proteins, which lead to the formation of organic compounds of carboxylic, phenolic, benzoic, and aliphatic compounds. In addition, humic substances are the main carbon reservoir in the biosphere and account for approximately 70 to 90% of soil organic matter [1].
According to the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), humic substances are complex heterogeneous mixtures of polydisperse materials formed by a humification process, in which chemical and biochemical reactions occur during the decomposition of plant and microbial residues [2]. In [3] was also noted this new understanding, where humic substances are heterogeneous and relatively small molecular components of soil organic matter in supramolecular associations with a variety of organic compounds of biological origin and synthesized by abiotic and biotic reactions in soil. The first publications on humic substances were reported in 1786 with the extraction of humic acids from peat by Achard in Germany and by Vauquelin in 1797 with the extraction of plant residues. Between 1829 and 1837, studies to understand the origin and composition of humic substances began with the research conducted by Sprengel, reporting that more alkaline soils exhibited greater abundance of humic acids, making them more fertile [4]. In the 19th and 20th centuries, humic substances were often examined through the acid–base theory. In the mid-20th century studies were initiated in order to classify humic fractions. The author in [5] created the nomenclatures of fulvic acids, humic acids and humins. This classification is based on their solubility in aqueous medium. Then, fulvic acids are soluble at acidic or alkaline pH, humic acids are soluble at alkaline pH, and humins are insoluble at any pH [4, 6, 7]. Researchers have been discussing, in recent years, models in order to explain the chemical structure of humic substances. Currently, there are three widely discussed models - the macromolecular, the micellar, and the supramolecular structure models. The macromolecular model assumes that humic substances are a soil polymer and that humification is the process by which organic compounds from plants and animals are not fully oxidized to CO2 and H2O and accumulate in the soil as humus [8, 9, 10].
The micellar model states that humic substances consist of macro-structures of high molecular mass and that the macromolecular properties result from associations of small molecular species in micellar structures [11]. The author in [12] defines humic substances as a supramolecular association of small heterogeneous molecules stabilized by weak intermolecular bonds, which can be broken by small amounts of organic acids. Among the three main structural models (micellar, macromolecular and supramolecular) of humic substances, currently, the supramolecular model is the most widely accepted by researchers in the IHSS [2].
However, the scientific community has been discussing the macromolecular and supramolecular models, due to the undefined chemical structure of humic substances.
Researchers in this area has been discussing the concept, origin, and composition of humic substances for the last decades, and these questions have not yet been clarified. According to [13, 14] humic substances are a complex, dispersed, and heterogeneous mixture of various organic compounds synthesized from organic matter residues, decomposed by microorganisms.
Humic substances exhibit a wide variety of structures and chemical compositions. As an example, a considerable part of these substances present the benzene ring (phenols and quinones), as shown in Figure 1. In addition, several functional groups are present in humic substances such as carboxylic, hydroxyl (phenolic and alcoholic), carbonyl, and amino groups [15]. The authors [16] list the substances identified in humic extracts, that include mono-, di- and trihydroxy acids, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, linear alcohols, phenolic acids, terpenoids, steroid compounds, carbohydrates and amino acids.
Molecular building blocks that form humic substances containing the benzene ring.
In [9], the author reports that the functional groups that contribute most to the surface charge and reactivity of humic substances are phenolic and carboxylic groups. Humic acids behave as mixtures of dibasic acids, with pKa value around 4 for protonation of carboxylate groups and around 8 for protonation of phenolate groups. There is considerable overall similarity between the individual humic acids [17].
For this reason, the pKa values measured for a given sample are mean values relative to the constituent species. The other important characteristic is charge density. Fulvic acids are defined as associations of small hydrophilic molecules which several acidic functional groups that form the fulvic clusters dispersed in solution at any pH. Humic acids are made by associations mainly of hydrophobic compounds which it are stabilized at neutral pH by hydrophobic dispersive forces such Van der Waals forces, π-π bonds, CH-π bonds. Their conformations grow progressively in size when intermolecular hydrogen bondings are increasingly, flocculate at lower pH [11]. The presence of carboxylate and phenolate groups gives humic acids the ability to form complexes with ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+. Many humic acids have two or more of these groups arranged in such a way that allows the formation of chelate complexes [18]. The development of complexes (chelates) is an important aspect of the biological role of humic acids in regulating the bioavailability of metallic ions [17].
According to [19] the elemental composition of humic substances can be divided and vary as follows: fulvic acids (35.1 to 75.7% carbon, 16.9 to 55.8% oxygen, 0.4 to 7.9% hydrogen, 0.5 to 8.2% nitrogen and 0.1 to 3.6% sulfur), humic acids (37.2 to 75.8% carbon, 7.9 to 56.6% oxygen, 1.6 to 11.7% hydrogen, 0.5 to 10.5% nitrogen and 0.1 to 8.3% sulfur) and humin (48.3 to 61.6% carbon, 28.8 to 45.1% oxygen, 7.3 to 14.2% hydrogen, 2.9 to 6.0% nitrogen and 0.1 to 0.9% sulfur).
The presence and relative abundance of fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin is inferred by laboratory extraction, a process that modifies their original state. Humic and fulvic acids are extracted as a colloidal solution from the soil to other solid phase sources in a strongly basic aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide. Humic acids are precipitated into the solution by adjusting the pH to 1 with hydrochloric acid, keeping fulvic acids in solution. This is the operational difference between humic and fulvic acids. Humin is insoluble in diluted alkali. The alcohol-soluble portion of the humic fraction is generally referred to as humic acid. The named “gray humic acids” (GHA), according to [20], are soluble in alkaline media of low ionic strength; “brown humic acids” (BHA) are soluble under alkaline conditions regardless of ionic strength; and fulvic acids (FA) are soluble regardless of pH and ionic strength. Humic acid, as traditionally produced in the laboratory, is not a single acid; instead, it is a complex mixture of many different acids containing carboxylic and phenolic groups so that the mixture behaves functionally as a dibasic acid or, occasionally, as a tribasic acid. Humic acid used for soil correction is manufactured using the same well-established procedures. Humic acids can form complexes with ions commonly found in the environment creating humic colloids. Humic acids are insoluble in water at acid pH, while fulvic acids are also derived from humic substances, but are water soluble throughout the pH range [21]. Humic and fulvic acids are often used as a soil supplement in agriculture and, less commonly, as a human nutritional supplement. As a nutritional supplement, fulvic acid can be found in liquid form as a component of mineral colloids. Fulvic acids are polyelectrolytes and are unique colloids that diffuse easily through membranes, whereas all other colloids do not [22]. A sequential chemical fractionation called Humeomics can be used to isolate more homogeneous humic fractions and determine their molecular structures by advanced spectroscopic and chromatographic methods [23].
The water naturally found in springs has organic matter and microorganisms that can be pathogenic. The organic matter originates from the remains of dead plants and animals and is carried to the springs by surface runoff after rainfall. Domestic and industrial effluents discharged directly into water bodies also contribute to an increase in the amount of organic matter in the springs. The presence of humic substances in water intended for drinking or industrial use can have a significant impact on the treatability of this water and on the success of chemical disinfection processes. For example, according to [24, 25] humic and fulvic acids can react with the chemicals used in the chlorination process, forming disinfection by-products, such as dichlorocetonitriles, which are toxic to humans. In addition, the color occurring in natural waters is largely due to the presence of humic substances. When found in water distributed for human consumption, they impart a dark color and taste to the water. Moreover, they can form by-products during pre-oxidation and disinfection and can complex with metals and organic micropollutants. Such by-products, if originating from the reaction with chlorine, are potentially carcinogenic chlorinated organic compounds, known as trihalomethanes (THM) [26, 27]. Therefore, accurate methods for establishing humic acid concentrations are essential for maintaining water supplies, especially from watersheds. Since many different bio-organic molecules, in many diverse physical associations, are mixed together in natural environments, it is complicated to measure their precise concentrations in the humic superstructure. For this reason, humic acid concentrations are traditionally estimated from organic matter concentrations (usually from concentrations of total organic carbon or dissolved organic carbon). The organic carbon dissolved in waters accounts for 1/3 to 1/2 of the total in natural waters [28]. Humic substances, mainly humic acid, represent the largest fraction of dissolved organic carbon present in surface water and groundwater [29]. Humic extracts are composed of a large number of different bio-organic molecules that have not yet been fully separated and identified. However, unique classes of residual biomolecules have been identified by selective extractions and chemical fractionation and are represented by alkanoic and hydroxy-alkanoic acids, resins, waxes, lignin residues, sugars, and peptides. Table 1 shows several methods that are used in the extraction of humic substances, such as lyophilization, co-precipitation, ultrafiltration, solvent extraction and resins [30, 31]. The separation of humic substance in water by adsorption chromatography has been widely employed [14, 32, 33].
Method | Benefit | Limitation |
---|---|---|
Lyophilization | Soft method and high concentration factor | Solutes are concentrated, less the volatile |
Co-precipitation | Good cost-effective and effective for waters with a high content of dissolved organic carbon. | Low efficiency for large sample volumes. |
Ultrafiltration | Fractionation of solutes by molecular weight and indicated for large sample volumes | Interaction with the membrane and clogging may occur |
Solvent extraction | Exclusion of inorganic salts | Slow method and irreversible interactions occur in the sample/solvent |
Resins | Suitable for large sample volumes, high concentration factor and easy regeneration of adsorbent | Changes in the sample and contamination from the resin |
Benefits and limitations of the applied methods for extracting humic substances in aquatic environment.
The authors in [34] developed a methodology based on resin adsorption and carbon concentrations. The method is quantitative for determining the levels of humic substances in water. According to [35], this method was evaluated as the most appropriate and it produces more accurate results due to the use of spectrophotometry to evaluate only part of the humic substances present in a given sample.
Another technique used to determine the concentration of humic substances in water is using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy. For this purpose, a standard absorbance vs. concentration line is constructed and thus it is possible to determine the concentration of humic substances based on the absorbance readings of the samples (aqueous solution of humic substances). The authors in [31] performed the isolation of humic substances from water and used this technique to determine the content of aromatic compounds and the color intensity of humic substances as well as the analysis of dissolved organic carbon for determine the total concentration of humic substances. Others authors, as cited in [36, 37], also used these techniques in their studies of humic substances.
The additives of soil organic matter have been known by farmers to be beneficial to plant growth for longer than recorded history. However, the chemistry and function of organic matter have been the subject of controversy since humans began to postulate about it in the 18th century. Until Liebig’s time, it was assumed that humus was used directly by plants but after Liebig showed that plant growth depends on inorganic compounds, many soil scientists argued that organic matter was useful for fertility only when it was decomposed with the release of its constituent nutrient elements in inorganic forms. Currently, soil scientists take a more holistic view and have recognized that humus influences soil fertility through its effect on water holding capacity of soil. Moreover, since it has been shown that plants absorb and translocate the complex organic molecules of systemic insecticides, they can no longer discredit the idea that plants may be able to absorb the soluble forms of humus.
The positive effects of humic substances on plant growth may be related to indirect effects, such as increased efficiency in fertilization and reduced soil compaction, or to direct effects, such as improvements in plant biomass [38, 39]. Such substances induce growth and increase the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium [40]. Nitrogen is responsible for the formation of amino acids, proteins, enzymes and nucleotides, which ensures better growth and functioning of plants. Humic substances can also improve plant metabolism and absorption. In summary, the different fractions of humic substances can affect plant growth and development, leading to structural and physiological improvements. In addition, it favors the development of rhizoids (specialized epidermal cells whose function is water absorption and anchoring) and lateral roots [41]. The authors in [42] reported that humic substances induce the presence of nitric oxide in the lateral roots, which promotes their development. Root exudates also benefit from humic substances, which are responsible for the solubilization and mobility of nutrients. In addition, the use of humic substances in the soil is possible to observe the length of the rhizoid, the density and cell proliferation in the root [41]. Another important factor of these substances in the soil is the ability to improve the soil’s retention capacity, decreasing erosion processes and thus, favoring a good soil structure which influences its workability, nutrient availability and development and growth of agricultural crops [9, 11].
Finally, in aquatic environments, humic substances are naturally present in dissolved, particulate or suspended forms and their importance is related to the availability of organic and inorganic nutrients for bacteria, fungi, phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes. Another relevant factor is the relationship between humic substances with the complexation, absorption and immobilization of organic contaminants and heavy metals, which consequently increases the bioavailability and availability for organisms [1, 43].
Scientific research has shown different technological applications related to humic substances to improve the quality of water and soil.
In the aquatic environment, the humic acid binding skills of heavy metals have been exploited to develop remediation technologies for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. For this, the authors in [44] used nano magnetic particles coated with humic acids. After capturing the lead ions, the nanoparticles can be captured using a magnet. On the other hand, to guarantee the potability of water for human consumption, it is necessary to remove humic substances due to the presence of organic compounds harmful to human health. Then, in the last few decades, several methods to improve water quality can be applied such as treatment methods, including coagulation, filtration and advanced oxidation processes [45]. The use of heterogeneous photocatalysis using titanium dioxide was analyzed by [46] to degrade the organic matter in water for human consumption. The results showed the complete removal of humic substances from the clarifier was after 220 minutes of irradiation.
Another important issue is the landfill leachate which is rich in humic substances, such as humic acid and fulvic acid, and these substances are important constituents of organic fertilizers used for plant growth. A study that evaluated the removal of humic substances from leachate for use as fertilizer was presented by [47]. The authors concluded that when using 100 ppm of the concentrate of humic substances extracted from the leachate, the green bean seedlings had an increase of 54.7% in height and 121.4% in weight, verifying that there was no phytotoxicity of the extracted.
Regarding the application of substances to the soil, the authors in [48] studied the effects of humic acid on plant growth, observing that “humic acids accelerate the growth of plants” and there are “relatively large responses to low application speeds”. In [49] the authors showed that the addition of humate to the soil significantly increases the mass of the roots in creeping grass of folded grass. In the field of soil mechanics and geology, the term humate refers to geological materials, such as coal beds, mudrock or pore material in sandstones, which are rich in humic acids. The authors in [50] report that humate has been extracted from the Fruitland Formation of New Mexico for use as a soil corrector since 1970, with almost 60,000 metric tons produced in 2016. According to [51] humate deposits may also play an important role in the genesis of uranium ore bodies. Another contribution of humic substances refers to their potential use in reducing soil erodibility [52, 53, 54]. The authors in [55] evaluated the incorporation of humic substances extracted from the coal tailings in the material of the gneiss mining. The authors concluded that the use of these substances favored the reduction of soil erodibility in mining areas. This way of applying humic substances allows an alternative use to the tailings to be implanted and still providing the fight against erosion of degraded areas.
In the case of heavy metals, the authors in [56] evaluated the ability to simultaneously remove a soil artificially contaminated with copper, lead, zinc, cadmium and chromium through the use of humic substances extracted from the compost of livestock manure. The results showed that washing the soil with the studied compound allowed a greater capacity to remove metals from the soil due to the variety of structures found in the material used. In addition, the authors concluded that the metals have become more bioavailable for plants. Therefore, the use of humic substances combined with the phytoremediation technique is an excellent strategy to mitigate areas contaminated with heavy metals [57]. This technique uses plants to reduce the levels of contaminants to levels safe and compatible with the preservation of human health, preventing or hindering the spread of substances harmful to the environment [58]. Studies report that different species of plants are highly efficient for mitigating metals in soils when these elements are bioavailable [59]. Therefore, the use of humic substances in soils is desirable as it improves development and metals are more bioavailable for plants in the phytoremediation process.
Humic substances have made great strides in understanding the supramolecular structure and it have been widely accepted by several researchers. However, its structure is not yet fully defined and several issues remain under discussion by the scientific community. The fact is that these substances can be used to improve the quality and structure of the soil. Humic substances have unique chemical properties that benefit the soil in different ways, for example, it acts to combat soil erosion, improves the development of plants and removes pollutants from the soil. These characteristics indicate that humic substances play an important role in mitigating areas degraded by the phytoremediation technique. As for the aquatic system, humic substances can be used in the remediation of wastewater. In the treatment of leachate in landfills, humic substances can act as organic fertilizers for agricultural soils. On the other hand, these substances are a problem in drinking water for human consumption and must be treated efficiently to avoid damage to human health.
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Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf and Glyn O Phillips",authors:[{id:"58120",title:"Prof.",name:"Saphwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Assaf",slug:"saphwan-al-assaf",fullName:"Saphwan Al-Assaf"}]},{id:"13254",doi:"10.5772/13474",title:"Insight Into Adsorption Thermodynamics",slug:"insight-into-adsorption-thermodynamics",totalDownloads:7122,totalCrossrefCites:84,totalDimensionsCites:252,abstract:null,book:{id:"25",slug:"thermodynamics",title:"Thermodynamics",fullTitle:"Thermodynamics"},signatures:"Papita Saha and Shamik Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"13943",title:"Dr.",name:"Papita",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"papita-saha",fullName:"Papita Saha"},{id:"24184",title:"Mr.",name:"Shamik",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"shamik-chowdhury",fullName:"Shamik Chowdhury"}]},{id:"35261",doi:"10.5772/34233",title:"Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling",slug:"anisotropic-mechanical-properties-of-abs-parts-fabricated-by-fused-deposition-modeling-",totalDownloads:7225,totalCrossrefCites:112,totalDimensionsCites:236,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Constance Ziemian, Mala Sharma and Sophia Ziemian",authors:[{id:"89554",title:"Dr.",name:"Mala",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"mala-sharma",fullName:"Mala Sharma"},{id:"98759",title:"Dr.",name:"Constance",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemian",slug:"constance-ziemian",fullName:"Constance Ziemian"},{id:"137165",title:"Ms.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemian",slug:"sophia-ziemian",fullName:"Sophia Ziemian"}]},{id:"8446",doi:"10.5772/39538",title:"2 µm Laser Sources and Their Possible Applications",slug:"2-m-laser-sources-and-their-possible-applications",totalDownloads:12006,totalCrossrefCites:136,totalDimensionsCites:212,abstract:null,book:{id:"3161",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Karsten Scholle, Samir Lamrini, Philipp Koopmann and Peter Fuhrberg",authors:[{id:"4951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Scholle",slug:"karsten-scholle",fullName:"Karsten Scholle"},{id:"133366",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Lamrini",slug:"samir-lamrini",fullName:"Samir Lamrini"},{id:"133370",title:"Prof.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Koopmann",slug:"philipp-koopmann",fullName:"Philipp Koopmann"},{id:"133371",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrberg",slug:"peter-fuhrberg",fullName:"Peter Fuhrberg"}]},{id:"27163",doi:"10.5772/31200",title:"Synergisms between Compost and Biochar for Sustainable Soil Amelioration",slug:"synergism-between-biochar-and-compost-for-sustainable-soil-amelioration",totalDownloads:6005,totalCrossrefCites:68,totalDimensionsCites:167,abstract:null,book:{id:"873",slug:"management-of-organic-waste",title:"Management of Organic Waste",fullTitle:"Management of Organic Waste"},signatures:"Daniel Fischer and Bruno Glaser",authors:[{id:"84418",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Glaser",slug:"bruno-glaser",fullName:"Bruno Glaser"},{id:"96141",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"daniel-fischer",fullName:"Daniel Fischer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35255",title:"Mechanical Transmissions Parameter Modelling",slug:"mechanical-transmissions-parameter-modelling",totalDownloads:7046,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Isad Saric, Nedzad Repcic and Adil Muminovic",authors:[{id:"101313",title:"Prof.",name:"Isad",middleName:null,surname:"Saric",slug:"isad-saric",fullName:"Isad Saric"}]},{id:"67558",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principle and Applications",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle-and-applications",totalDownloads:10263,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The characterization of the diversity of species living within ecosystems is of major scientific interest to understand the functioning of these ecosystems. It is also becoming a societal issue since it is necessary to implement the conservation or even the restoration of biodiversity. Historically, species have been described and characterized on the basis of morphological criteria, which are closely linked by environmental conditions or which find their limits especially in groups where they are difficult to access, as is the case for many species of microorganisms. The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. A number of markers are now available to detect nuclear DNA polymorphisms. In genetic diversity studies, the most frequently used markers are microsatellites. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.",book:{id:"7728",slug:"synthetic-biology-new-interdisciplinary-science",title:"Synthetic Biology",fullTitle:"Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science"},signatures:"Karim Kadri",authors:[{id:"290766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadri",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"kadri-karim",fullName:"Kadri Karim"}]},{id:"62059",title:"Types of HVAC Systems",slug:"types-of-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:12036,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.",book:{id:"6807",slug:"hvac-system",title:"HVAC System",fullTitle:"HVAC System"},signatures:"Shaimaa Seyam",authors:[{id:"247650",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"257733",title:"MSc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"395618",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"}]},{id:"70315",title:"Some Basic and Key Issues of Switched-Reluctance Machine Systems",slug:"some-basic-and-key-issues-of-switched-reluctance-machine-systems",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Although switched-reluctance machine (SRM) possesses many structural advantages and application potential, it is rather difficult to successfully control with high performance being comparable to other machines. Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4712,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",book:{id:"7636",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"11",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81884",title:"Introduction to Monitoring of Bridge Infrastructure Using Soft Computing Techniques",slug:"introduction-to-monitoring-of-bridge-infrastructure-using-soft-computing-techniques",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104905",abstract:"More than a billion structures exist on our planet comprising a million bridges. A number of these infrastructures are near to or have already exceeded their design life and maintaining their health condition is an engineering optimization problem. Besides, these assets are damage-prone during their service life. This is due to the fact that different external loads induced by the environmental effects, overloading, blast loads, wind excitations, floods, earthquakes, and other natural disasters can disturb the serviceability and integrity of these structures. To overcome such bottlenecks, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems have been used to guarantee the safe functioning of structures to make satisfactory decisions on structural maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation. However, conventional SHM approaches such as virtual inspections cannot be used for structural continuous monitoring, real-time and online assessment. Therefore, soft computing techniques can be significantly used to mitigate the aforesaid concerns by handling the qualitative analysis of the complex real world behavior. This chapter aims to introduce the optimized SHM-based soft computing techniques of bridge structures through artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in order to illustrate the performance of advanced bridge monitoring approaches, which are required to maintain the health condition of infrastructures as well as to protect human lives.",book:{id:"10984",title:"Applied Methods in Bridge Design Optimization - Theory and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10984.jpg"},signatures:"Meisam Gordan, Saeed-Reza Sabbagh-Yazdi, Khaled Ghaedi, David P. Thambiratnam and Zubaidah Ismail"},{id:"81870",title:"Value-Added Products from Natural Gas using Fermentation Processes—Products from Natural Gas using Fermentation Processes, Part 2",slug:"value-added-products-from-natural-gas-using-fermentation-processes-products-from-natural-gas-using-f",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104643",abstract:"Methanotrophic bacteria can use methane as their only energy and carbon source, and they can be deployed to manufacture a broad range of value-added materials, from single-cell protein (SCP) for feed and food applications over biopolymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), to value-added building blocks and chemicals. SCP can replace fish meal and soy for fish (aquacultures), chicken, and other feed applications, and also become a replacement for meat after suitable treatment, as a sustainable alternative protein. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) like PHB are a possible alternative to fossil-based thermoplastics. With ongoing and increasing pressure toward decarbonization in many industries, one can assume that natural gas consumption for combustion will decline. Methanotrophic upgrading of natural gas to valuable products is poised to become a very attractive option for owners of natural gas resources, regardless of whether they are connected to the gas grids. If all required protein, (bio) plastics, and chemicals were made from natural gas, only 7, 12, 16–32%, and in total only 35–51%, respectively, of the annual production volume would be required. Also, that volume of methane could be sourced from renewable resources. Scalability will be the decisive factor in the circular and biobased economy transition, and it is methanotrophic fermentation that can close that gap.",book:{id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas - New Perspectives and Future Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Lackner, David Drew, Valentina Bychkova and Ildar Mustakhimov"},{id:"81861",title:"Emerging Human Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) in the Environment Associated with Outbreaks Viral Pandemics",slug:"emerging-human-coronaviruses-sars-cov-2-in-the-environment-associated-with-outbreaks-viral-pandemics",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103886",abstract:"In December 2019, there was a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city of about 11 million people in Hubei Province. The World Health Organization (WHO), qualified CoVid-19 as an emerging infectious disease on March 11, 2020, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which spreads around the world. Coronaviruses are also included in the list of viruses likely to be found in raw sewage, as are other viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family. SRAS-CoV-2 has been detected in wastewater worldwide such as the USA, France, Netherlands, Australia, and Italy according to the National Research Institute for Public Health and the Environment. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 could infect many animals since it has been noticed in pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats, tigers, cattle. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 molecular characterization in the environment, particularly in wastewater and animals, appeared to be a novel approach to monitor the outbreaks of viral pandemics. This review will be focused on the description of some virological characteristics of these emerging viruses, the different human and zoonotic coronaviruses, the sources of contamination of wastewater by coronaviruses and their potential procedures of disinfection from wastewater.",book:{id:"11173",title:"Wastewater Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11173.jpg"},signatures:"Chourouk Ibrahim, Salah Hammami, Eya Ghanmi and Abdennaceur Hassen"},{id:"81826",title:"Robot Perception Based on Vision and Haptic Feedback for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"robot-perception-based-on-vision-and-haptic-feedback-for-fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104983",abstract:"The robot perception can be enhanced further through visual and haptic to give more impression. This chapter aims to combine vision and haptic for the robot navigation during tracing their movement. The pandemic has striven humans to do direct contact; therefore, an alternative using the robot as delivery tools is assumed to be one of solution. As the initial experiment has been shown in the previous section, the deviation of angle is quite low and the success rate of arriving at the destination is also quite high around 76%. Future work can be enhanced by improving the success rate by monitoring the robot track closely.",book:{id:"10663",title:"Haptic Technology - Intelligent Approach to Future Man-Machine Interaction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10663.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori, Omar M. Barukab, Sharaf Jameel Malebary and Andi Besse Firdausiah Mansur"},{id:"81849",title:"A Comparative Evaluation of Biodiesel and Used Cooking Oil as Feedstock for HDRD Application: A Review",slug:"a-comparative-evaluation-of-biodiesel-and-used-cooking-oil-as-feedstock-for-hdrd-application-a-revie",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104393",abstract:"The search for clean energy for transportation fuel across the globe has grown in intensity. The use of biodiesel as a fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines has shown some deficiencies, e.g., poor storage, and poor pour point. The carbon chain of biodiesel is one of the factors to be considered; the longer carbon chain length leads to decreased ignition delay, which leads to the formation of OH during the premixed combustion phase. The major challenges that render biodiesel inefficient are discussed, like higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high cost, and higher engine wear. The novelty of this work is that it shows that biodiesel conversion to green diesel is possible using a biowaste heterogeneous catalyst to obtain quality and high yield of HDRD with lower cost. This renewable energy (HDRD) possesses properties that are directly compatible with CI engines and transportation engines. This research reviewed biodiesel and UCO as feedstocks for the production of HDRD, including the cost–benefit of these feedstocks. Hydrogenation of biodiesel has the potential to overcome the drawbacks of conventional chemically catalyzed processes.",book:{id:"11164",title:"Diesel Engines",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11164.jpg"},signatures:"Josiah Pelemo, Kayode Timothy Akindeji, Freddie L. Inambao, Omojola Awogbemi and Emmanuel Idoko Onuh"},{id:"81819",title:"Value-Added Products from Natural Gas Using Fermentation Processes: Fermentation of Natural Gas as Valorization Route, Part 1",slug:"value-added-products-from-natural-gas-using-fermentation-processes-fermentation-of-natural-gas-as-va",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103813",abstract:"Methanotrophic bacteria can use methane as their only energy and carbon source, and they can be deployed to manufacture a broad range of value-added materials, from single cell protein (SCP) for feed and food applications over biopolymers such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) to value-added building blocks and chemicals. SCP can replace fish meal and soy for fish (aquacultures), chicken and other feed applications, and also become a replacement of meat after suitable treatment, as a sustainable alternative protein. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) like PHB are a possible alternative to fossil-based thermoplastics. With ongoing and increasing pressure towards decarbonization in many industries, one can assume that natural gas consumption for combustion will decline. Methanotrophic upgrading of natural gas to valuable products is poised to become a very attractive option for owners of natural gas resources, regardless of whether they are connected to the gas grids. If all required protein, (bio)plastics and chemicals were made from natural gas, only 7, 12, 16–32%, and in total only 35–51%, respectively, of the annual production volume would be required. Also, that volume of methane could be sourced from renewable resources. Scalability will be the decisive factor in the circular and biobased economy transition, and it is methanotrophic fermentation that can close that gap.",book:{id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas - New Perspectives and Future Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Lackner, David Drew, Valentina Bychkova and Ildar Mustakhimov"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:236},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profile