Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7018",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Progress in Carotenoid Research",title:"Progress in Carotenoid Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The book "Progress in Carotenoid Research" presents an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the biology, biochemistry, and chemistry of carotenoids. Divided into 14 discrete parts, this book covers topics on basic science and applied technology of carotenoid molecules. This book provides an insight into future developments in each field and has an extensive bibliography. It will be an essential resource for researchers and academic and industry professionals in the natural pigment field.',isbn:"978-1-78923-717-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-716-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-752-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73775",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"progress-in-carotenoid-research",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"14ba5fb24fd6a28556e5b496fc87e9c8",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Veridiana Vera De Rosso",publishedDate:"September 26th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7018.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14953,numberOfWosCitations:58,numberOfCrossrefCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:78,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:180,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 6th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 5th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171980/images/system/171980.jfif",biography:"Prof. Dr. Eduardo Jacob-Lopes is currently an associate professor at the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. He has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. He has coordinated and is coordinating more than fifty research projects and/or technological developments financed by public funding agencies and private initiatives. He has published more than 600 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 60 book chapters, 120 original research papers, 400 research communications in national and international conferences, and 13 patents. He is a member of the editorial board of ten journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. His research interests include bioprocess engineering and sustainable engineering with an emphasis on microalgal biotechnology.",institutionString:"Federal University of Santa Maria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"257718",title:"Dr.",name:"Veridiana",middleName:null,surname:"Vera De Rosso",slug:"veridiana-vera-de-rosso",fullName:"Veridiana Vera De Rosso",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257718/images/system/257718.jpg",biography:"Prof. Veridiana Vera de Rosso is currently an associate professor at the department of biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo. She has more than 18 years of teaching and research experience. She is a technical and scientific consultant of several agencies and scientific journals. She has 175 publications and communications which include 2 book, 6 book chapters, 65 original research papers, 100 research communications in international and national conferences and has registered 1 patent. Her research interest includes food chemistry with emphasis on natural pigments.",institutionString:"Federal University of São Paulo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"371",title:"Phytochemistry",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-phytochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"62606",title:"Introductory Chapter: Carotenoids - A Brief Overview on Its Structure, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79542",slug:"introductory-chapter-carotenoids-a-brief-overview-on-its-structure-biosynthesis-synthesis-and-applic",totalDownloads:2085,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, 1178 natural carotenoids have been properly characterized and reported in the literature, which present a huge structural diversity and physicochemical properties. This number comprises a wide distribution of these biomolecules in approximately 700 source organisms including plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. Besides having a wide applicability as natural dyes, some carotenoids such as β-carotene already have another well-established application such as provitamin A activity. However, due to the structural diversity of these molecules, there are still numerous biochemical and physiological functions to be associated with this class of compounds. Accordingly, these characteristics enable a wide applicability, what drives the global carotenoid market. Thus, with the primary objective of addressing aspects regarding to basic science and applied carotenoid technology, a comprehensive description of the biology, biochemistry, and chemistry of these compounds will be described in this chapter.",signatures:"Andrêssa Silva Fernandes, Tatiele Casagrande do Nascimento,\nEduardo Jacob-Lopes, Veridiana Vera De Rosso and Leila Queiroz\nZepka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62606",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62606",authors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"},{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"},{id:"257718",title:"Dr.",name:"Veridiana",surname:"Vera De Rosso",slug:"veridiana-vera-de-rosso",fullName:"Veridiana Vera De Rosso"},{id:"250286",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Andrêssa",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"andressa-fernandes",fullName:"Andrêssa Fernandes"},{id:"257717",title:"MSc.",name:"Tatiele",surname:"Casagrande Do Nascimento",slug:"tatiele-casagrande-do-nascimento",fullName:"Tatiele Casagrande Do Nascimento"}],corrections:null},{id:"62667",title:"Recent Developments in the Analysis of Carotenoids by Mass Spectrometry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79755",slug:"recent-developments-in-the-analysis-of-carotenoids-by-mass-spectrometry",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool for the analysis of carotenoids in photosynthetic tissues, foods, and biological materials from different sources to accurately establish their pigment profile, to provide evidences to distinguish the different structural arrangements, and to obtain biological meaning from metabolic processes where carotenoids participate during the development of their natural functions and activities. The recent progresses in the hyphenated HPLC systems with hybrid mass spectrometers, which enhance the acquisition of independent and complementary physicochemical properties for the identification of carotenoids, are detailed in this chapter. A reasonable guide for the implementation of post-processing routines, assisted by modern software tools, and the key issues for the analysis of the characteristic product ions are also defined in this contribution to help the readers in the understanding of the potential capabilities of mass spectrometry in the field of carotenoid pigments.",signatures:"Antonio Pérez-Gálvez and María Roca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62667",authors:[{id:"184805",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Roca",slug:"maria-roca",fullName:"María Roca"},{id:"246848",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Pérez-Gálvez",slug:"antonio-perez-galvez",fullName:"Antonio Pérez-Gálvez"}],corrections:null},{id:"61966",title:"External Field Effect on Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Carotenoids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78593",slug:"external-field-effect-on-electronic-and-vibrational-properties-of-carotenoids",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Resonance Raman spectroscopy is one of the most popular molecular spectroscopy methods. Using this technique, carbon-carbon (CC) vibration can be well investigated and give much information on π-conjugated system. The CC vibration has a strong dependence on the π-electron band gap, which is able to be characterized by absorption spectroscopy. Electron-phonon coupling will strongly influence the Raman intensity and shows sensitivity to the surrounding environment. Through electron-phonon coupling, CC vibration can be modulated by the π-electron band gap. In this review, we present our absorption and Raman-scattering observations of all-trans-beta-carotene from different environment such as temperature, pressure, solvents, and phase transition. The relationship between π-electron band gap and CC vibration is studied. With the decreasing of the π-electron energy, the modulation on CC vibration and electron-phonon coupling is enhanced leading to spectral red-shift. This review has significant importance in understanding the resonance Raman scattering, structural properties of polyenes, and the physics behind it. The results are also valuable for the development of fine-quality photoelectric device.",signatures:"Nan Gong, Zuowei Li, Chenglin Sun and Zhiwei Men",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61966",authors:[{id:"250437",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiwei",surname:"Men",slug:"zhiwei-men",fullName:"Zhiwei Men"},{id:"257702",title:"Dr.",name:"Nan",surname:"Gong",slug:"nan-gong",fullName:"Nan Gong"},{id:"257703",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuowei",surname:"Li",slug:"zuowei-li",fullName:"Zuowei Li"},{id:"257704",title:"Prof.",name:"Chenglin",surname:"Sun",slug:"chenglin-sun",fullName:"Chenglin Sun"}],corrections:null},{id:"61853",title:"Microbiological Synthesis of Carotenoids: Pathways and Regulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78343",slug:"microbiological-synthesis-of-carotenoids-pathways-and-regulation",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carotenoids are naturally produced by plants, algae, and some bacteria and fungi, fulfilling functions as accessory photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants. Among carotenoids, the xanthophyll astaxanthin stands out for its antioxidant and nutraceutical properties, which are beneficial to human health, and also for its use in the aquaculture industry as nutritional supplement of salmonid fish. Many studies have focused on the search of natural sources of astaxanthin as an alternative production that guarantees the beneficial properties of this compound. In nature, few astaxanthin-producing organisms are known, being the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous the most promising microbiological systems for the biotechnological production of this carotenoid. In this chapter, we describe the carotenogenic pathways in these microorganisms and the proposed carotenogenesis regulation mechanisms. As an example, the influence of the carbon source, the regulation by catabolic repression and by sterols in the carotenogenesis in the yeast X. dendrorhous is described.",signatures:"Pamela Córdova, Marcelo Baeza, Víctor Cifuentes and Jennifer\nAlcaíno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61853",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61853",authors:[{id:"250030",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Alcaino",slug:"jennifer-alcaino",fullName:"Jennifer Alcaino"},{id:"250031",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",surname:"Cordova",slug:"pamela-cordova",fullName:"Pamela Cordova"},{id:"250033",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Baeza",slug:"marcelo-baeza",fullName:"Marcelo Baeza"},{id:"250035",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Cifuentes",slug:"victor-cifuentes",fullName:"Victor Cifuentes"}],corrections:null},{id:"62140",title:"Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids by Microorganisms and Their Industrial Potential",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79061",slug:"biosynthesis-of-carotenoids-and-apocarotenoids-by-microorganisms-and-their-industrial-potential",totalDownloads:1906,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:21,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carotenoids are a large group of natural pigments, ranging from red, to orange, to yellow colors. Synthesized by plants and some microorganisms (e.g., microalgae, fungi and bacteria), carotenoids have important physiological functions (e.g., light harvesting). Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds and play important roles in various biological activities (e.g., plant hormones). Many carotenoids and apocarotenoids have high economic value in feed, food, supplements, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Despite high commercial values, they are severely undersupplied because of low abundance in natural hosts (usually a few milligrams per kilogram of raw materials). Furthermore, plants or microbes usually produce mixtures of these molecules with very similar physical and chemical properties (such as α- and β-carotenes). All these features render the extraction from natural hosts rather difficult and also very costly both from process economics and sustainable land-use viewpoints. Chemical synthesis is also expensive due to structural complexity (e.g., astaxanthin has many unsaturated bonds and two chiral regions). Biotechnology via the rapidly advancing metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches has led to alternative ways to attain several carotenoids and apocarotenoids at relatively high titers and yields using fast-growing microorganisms. This chapter briefly reviews the biosynthesis of carotenoids and apocarotenoids by microorganisms and their industrial potential.",signatures:"Congqiang Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62140",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62140",authors:[{id:"246729",title:"Dr.",name:"Congqiang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"congqiang-zhang",fullName:"Congqiang Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"62531",title:"Carotenoids in Raw Plant Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78677",slug:"carotenoids-in-raw-plant-materials",totalDownloads:1431,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carotenoids are rich sources of pro-vitamin A. These compounds are usually obtained from pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, and C. moschata), as well as orange and yellow sweet potatoes. Carotenoids are C40 tetraterpenoids, which stand out for their antioxidant activity. Among them are carotenes (very apolar carbon and hydrogen molecules, like lycopene, β-carotene, α-carotene) and oxygenated derivatives and xanthophylls composed of oxygenated functions (less apolar molecules such as lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin). β-Carotene is the most commonly found carotenoid, accounting for 25–30% of the total carotenoid content of plants. It is also the most active carotenoid, with the highest bioconversibility in the human body. β-Carotene is a suppressor of tumorigenesis in the skin, lung, liver, and colon, promoting the cessation of the cell multiplication cycle. Thermal processing can affect the sensory characteristics and the antioxidant compounds, altering the antioxidant potential of foods. Time, temperature, and style of cooking are determinant conditions for the increase or decrease of total antioxidant activity. The biological activity of carotenoids depends on their bioaccessibility and solubilization in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this chapter is to offer information about some raw plant materials containing carotenoids.",signatures:"Lucia Maria Jaeger de Carvalho, Gisela Maria Dellamora Ortiz, José\nLuiz Viana de Carvalho and Alcides Ricardo Gomes de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62531",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62531",authors:[{id:"97047",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucia Maria Jaeger",surname:"De Carvalho",slug:"lucia-maria-jaeger-de-carvalho",fullName:"Lucia Maria Jaeger De Carvalho"}],corrections:null},{id:"63040",title:"Astaxanthin as a Modifier of Genome Instability after γ-Radiation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79341",slug:"astaxanthin-as-a-modifier-of-genome-instability-after-radiation",totalDownloads:884,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter is devoted to study the effects of astaxanthin on the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the level of DNA damages in human peripheral blood lymphocytes under ionizing radiation exposure in vitro. To achieve the purpose of the research, a combination of classical cytogenetic methods (G0- and G2-radiation sensitivity assays) and method of single-cell electrophoresis (comet assay) was used. The specificity of the modifying effect of astaxanthin on radiation-induced genomic injuries depending on the stage of the cell cycle had been determined. Significant weakening of the negative effect of ionizing radiation on the G0 stage and the absence of a radioprotective effect on the S and G2 stages of the cell cycle may be associated with activation by astaxanthin of apoptosis in irradiated cells with a critically high level of the genome damages. The research results not only testify about strong radioprotective effect of astaxanthin but also demonstrate the feasibility of the parallel use of cytogenetic and molecular genetic methods to assess the impact as mutagens as well as factors that modify the effect of mutagens on genome stability.",signatures:"Denys Kurinnyi, Stanislav Rushkovsky, Olena Demchenko and\nMariya Pilinska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63040",authors:[{id:"246436",title:"Dr.",name:"Denys",surname:"Kurinnyi",slug:"denys-kurinnyi",fullName:"Denys Kurinnyi"},{id:"247459",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",surname:"Rushkovsky",slug:"stanislav-rushkovsky",fullName:"Stanislav Rushkovsky"},{id:"247462",title:"Dr.",name:"Olena",surname:"Demchenko",slug:"olena-demchenko",fullName:"Olena Demchenko"},{id:"247464",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariya",surname:"Pilinska",slug:"mariya-pilinska",fullName:"Mariya Pilinska"}],corrections:null},{id:"61891",title:"Effects of Z-Isomerization on the Bioavailability and Functionality of Carotenoids: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78309",slug:"effects-of-z-isomerization-on-the-bioavailability-and-functionality-of-carotenoids-a-review",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carotenoids, the most common fat-soluble plant pigments in nature, are beneficial to human health due to their strong antioxidant activities and abilities to prevent various diseases. Carotenoids have many geometrical isomers forms caused by E/Z-isomerization at arbitrary sites within the multiple conjugated double bonds. Several studies have addressed that the bioavailability as well as the antioxidant, anticancer, and antiatherosclerotic activities of carotenoids varies among the isomers. In addition, those variations differ among carotenoids: Z-isomerization resulted in “positive” or “negative” effect for carotenoids bioavailability and functionality, for example, Z-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable than the all-E-isomer, whereas the opposite is observed for β-carotene. Thus, to efficiently promote the beneficial effects of carotenoids by ingestion, it is important to have a good understanding of the impact of E/Z-isomerization on the corresponding functional changes. The objective of this contribution is to review the effects of carotenoid Z-isomerization on bioavailability and functionality and describe their differences among carotenoids.",signatures:"Masaki Honda, Hayato Maeda, Tetsuya Fukaya and Motonobu\nGoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61891",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61891",authors:[{id:"248780",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Honda",slug:"masaki-honda",fullName:"Masaki Honda"},{id:"248860",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayato",surname:"Maeda",slug:"hayato-maeda",fullName:"Hayato Maeda"},{id:"248861",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Fukaya",slug:"tetsuya-fukaya",fullName:"Tetsuya Fukaya"},{id:"248862",title:"Prof.",name:"Motonobu",surname:"Goto",slug:"motonobu-goto",fullName:"Motonobu Goto"}],corrections:null},{id:"61992",title:"Lutein-Enriched Emulsion-Based Delivery System: Impact of Casein-Phospholipid Emulsifiers on Chemical Stability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78601",slug:"lutein-enriched-emulsion-based-delivery-system-impact-of-casein-phospholipid-emulsifiers-on-chemical",totalDownloads:901,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The health benefits of carotenoids in terms of their role in decreasing the risk of diseases, particularly certain cancers and eye disease, are limited by their chemical degradation. Emulsion delivery systems with water dispersions of a carotenoid enhance chemical stability and bioavailability to the host. An emulsified carotenoid delivery system can be based on carotenoid dissolution in lipid media and its stabilization by a surfactant mixture of milk proteins (the caseins) and phospholipids. The inclusion of lutein into an emulsified delivery system comprised of bovine casein or caprine casein in combination with phospholipids (soybean lecithin) enhanced the chemical stability of lutein during storage for 7 days at pH 7.0 at incubation temperatures of 5 and 15°C. The chemical stability of lutein in the corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by bovine and caprine caseins in combination with soybean lecithin was in the following order: caprine αs1-II-casein/lecithin > caprine αs1-I-casein/lecithin > bovine casein/lecithin. The results suggest that the chemical stability of lutein in oil-in-water emulsions can be enhanced by altering the thickness of the interfacial layer. Caprine casein/lecithin has the potential for use as an emulsifier in beverage emulsions.",signatures:"Adela Mora-Gutierrez, Rahmat Attaie and Maryuri Núñez de\nGonzález",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61992",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61992",authors:[{id:"178297",title:"Dr.",name:"Adela",surname:"Mora-Gutierrez",slug:"adela-mora-gutierrez",fullName:"Adela Mora-Gutierrez"},{id:"249167",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahnat",surname:"Attaie",slug:"rahnat-attaie",fullName:"Rahnat Attaie"},{id:"249168",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryuri",surname:"Nuñez De González",slug:"maryuri-nunez-de-gonzalez",fullName:"Maryuri Nuñez De González"}],corrections:null},{id:"62525",title:"Lutein and the Aging Eye",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79604",slug:"lutein-and-the-aging-eye",totalDownloads:1317,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lutein is a carotenoid highly concentrated in the macula of the retina. Lutein cannot be synthesized and must be supplied in the diet, for example, dark green leafy vegetable and egg yolk. Lutein is believed to absorb blue light, leading to the protection of retina from light-related damage. It can also protect the retina against oxidative stress and inflammation. In fact, dietary and supplementary lutein have been shown to be associated with possible reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of elderly blindness, attributed largely to lutein’s antioxidant properties. Lutein is also beneficial as a nutritional supplement in preventing diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, lutein is very safe and widely used. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic chemistry of lutein; its uptake, transport, distribution, and functions in the normal eye. Lastly, the effects of lutein in age-related eye diseases will be summarized.",signatures:"Shen Nian and Amy C.Y. Lo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62525",authors:[{id:"201136",title:"Dr.",name:"Amy",surname:"Lo",slug:"amy-lo",fullName:"Amy Lo"}],corrections:null},{id:"61714",title:"Monitoring Crop Carotenoids Concentration by Remote Sensing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78239",slug:"monitoring-crop-carotenoids-concentration-by-remote-sensing",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Assessment of carotenoids (Car) content provides a valuable insight into clarifying the mechanisms of plant photoprotection and light-adaption and is critical for stress diagnoses in plants. Due to their small proportion in the overall total pigment content and to the overlapping of spectral absorption features with chlorophylls (Chl) in the blue region of the spectrum, accurate estimation of Car content in plants, from remotely sensed data, is challenging. Previous studies made progress in Car content estimation at both the leaf and canopy level with remote sensing techniques. However, established spectral indices and methods for Car estimation in most studies that generally rely on specific and limited measured data might lack predictive accuracy for Car estimation and lack sensitivity to low or high Car content in various species and at different growth stages. In this chapter, a new carotenoid index (CARI) was proposed for foliar Car assessment with abundant simulated leaf data and various measured leaf reflectances. Detailed analysis on the mechanism, formation and performance of the new spectral index on Car retrieval was presented. Analysis results suggested that accurate nondestructive estimation of foliar Car content with CARI could be achieved at the leaf scale, through remote sensing techniques.",signatures:"Wenjiang Huang, Xianfeng Zhou, Weiping Kong and Huichun Ye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61714",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61714",authors:[{id:"247987",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenjiang",surname:"Huang",slug:"wenjiang-huang",fullName:"Wenjiang Huang"},{id:"250650",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianfeng",surname:"Zhou",slug:"xianfeng-zhou",fullName:"Xianfeng Zhou"},{id:"250651",title:"Dr.",name:"Weiping",surname:"Kong",slug:"weiping-kong",fullName:"Weiping Kong"},{id:"250652",title:"Dr.",name:"Huichun",surname:"Ye",slug:"huichun-ye",fullName:"Huichun Ye"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",slug:"vitamin-a",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10290",title:"Bioactive Compounds",subtitle:"Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3038c0754a98f17e043af911c375ec08",slug:"bioactive-compounds-biosynthesis-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Tatiele Casagrande do Nascimento and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3244",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Bio-Active Compounds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b21aa6107fce439bd06d53fbe0bc3c9e",slug:"soybean-bio-active-compounds",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6385",title:"Potential of Essential Oils",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3dc02ec3b9f324b4b571867aa4ee7f15",slug:"potential-of-essential-oils",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7688",title:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f7407afbf69173f4fa419b4338a6c8",slug:"plant-physiological-aspects-of-phenolic-compounds",bookSignature:"Marcos Soto-Hernández, Rosario García-Mateos and Mariana Palma-Tenango",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7688.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Soto-Hernández",slug:"marcos-soto-hernandez",fullName:"Marcos Soto-Hernández"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6794",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de750b7a7b62ae27896c73a630c39cb3",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",bookSignature:"Toshiki Asao and Md Asaduzzaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6530",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"104f235908f326361a3ab16891949b70",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6530.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9482",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16d29ce9f4f9ea78b5d3789c8fd79b0c",slug:"essential-oils-bioactive-compounds-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Wanessa Almeida da Costa and Sebastião Gomes Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8753",title:"Tannins",subtitle:"Structural Properties, Biological Properties and Current Knowledge",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d18f8d68a470cabaa124ad01ea455859",slug:"tannins-structural-properties-biological-properties-and-current-knowledge",bookSignature:"Alfredo Aires",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8753.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175895",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Aires",slug:"alfredo-aires",fullName:"Alfredo Aires"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8077",title:"Phytochemicals in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8db73d87975ed16ea4758f1aecb5bf27",slug:"phytochemicals-in-human-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao, Dennis Mans and Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"expression-of-concern-integrated-vehicle-health-management-in-the-automotive-industry",title:"Expression of Concern: Integrated Vehicle Health Management in the Automotive Industry",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79356.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79356",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79356",totalDownloads:2888,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79356",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79356",chapter:{id:"11531",slug:"integrated-vehicle-health-management-in-the-automotive-industry",signatures:"Steven Holland",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 27th 2010",book:{id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Health Management",slug:"health-management",publishedDate:"September 27th 2010",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"11531",slug:"integrated-vehicle-health-management-in-the-automotive-industry",signatures:"Steven Holland",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 27th 2010",book:{id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Health Management",slug:"health-management",publishedDate:"September 27th 2010",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Health Management",slug:"health-management",publishedDate:"September 27th 2010",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9990",leadTitle:null,title:"Seafloor Geomorphology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"747056341ba0b11a3035856aac600263",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9990.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 7th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 28th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 14th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46037",title:"Eco-Technological Solutions for the Remediation of Polluted Soil and Heavy Metal Recovery",doi:"10.5772/57314",slug:"eco-technological-solutions-for-the-remediation-of-polluted-soil-and-heavy-metal-recovery",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/46037.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46037",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46037",totalDownloads:3158,totalViews:188,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:27,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:10,impactScorePercentile:98,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"September 20th 2013",dateReviewed:"October 27th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 26th 2014",dateFinished:"January 8th 2014",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/46037",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/46037",book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination"},signatures:"Carmen Cristina Elekes",authors:[{id:"169736",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Elekes",fullName:"Carmen Elekes",slug:"carmen-elekes",email:"cristina_elekesh@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3854",type:"book",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",publishedDate:"March 26th 2014",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3854.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1235-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4235-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:325,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"676"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46032",type:"chapter",title:"Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation",slug:"soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation",totalDownloads:14033,totalCrossrefCites:22,signatures:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25185",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aqeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-aqeel-ashraf"},{id:"101988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",fullName:"Ismail Yusoff",slug:"ismail-yusoff"},{id:"169931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Jamil",middleName:null,surname:"Maah",fullName:"Mohd Jamil Maah",slug:"mohd-jamil-maah"},{id:"169932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ng Tham",middleName:null,surname:"Fatt",fullName:"Ng Tham Fatt",slug:"ng-tham-fatt"}]},{id:"46040",type:"chapter",title:"Sustainability Aspects of In-Situ Bioremediation of Polluted Soil in Developing Countries and Remote Regions",slug:"sustainability-aspects-of-in-situ-bioremediation-of-polluted-soil-in-developing-countries-and-remote",totalDownloads:3156,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Anders Jonsson and Henrik Haller",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169739",title:"Dr.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Jonsson",fullName:"Anders Jonsson",slug:"anders-jonsson"},{id:"169945",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrik",middleName:null,surname:"Haller",fullName:"Henrik Haller",slug:"henrik-haller"}]},{id:"45994",type:"chapter",title:"Chronic Toxicity of Weathered Oil-Contaminated Soil",slug:"chronic-toxicity-of-weathered-oil-contaminated-soil",totalDownloads:2447,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Dinora Vázquez-Luna",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169742",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinora",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-Luna",fullName:"Dinora Vázquez-Luna",slug:"dinora-vazquez-luna"}]},{id:"46144",type:"chapter",title:"Heavy Metal Contamination in Brazilian Agricultural Soils due to Application of Fertilizers",slug:"heavy-metal-contamination-in-brazilian-agricultural-soils-due-to-application-of-fertilizers",totalDownloads:3966,totalCrossrefCites:15,signatures:"Affonso Celso Gonçalves Jr., Herbert Nacke, Daniel Schwantes and\nGustavo Ferreira Coelho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169744",title:"Dr.",name:"Affonso Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves Jr.",fullName:"Affonso Celso Gonçalves Jr.",slug:"affonso-celso-goncalves-jr."},{id:"169946",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Nacke",fullName:"Herbert Nacke",slug:"herbert-nacke"},{id:"169947",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Schwantes",fullName:"Daniel Schwantes",slug:"daniel-schwantes"},{id:"169948",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo Ferreira",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Gustavo Ferreira Coelho",slug:"gustavo-ferreira-coelho"}]},{id:"46042",type:"chapter",title:"Beneficial and Negative Impacts on Soil by the Reuse of Treated/Untreated Municipal Wastewater for Agricultural Irrigation – A Review of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives",slug:"beneficial-and-negative-impacts-on-soil-by-the-reuse-of-treated-untreated-municipal-wastewater-for-a",totalDownloads:3747,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Juan C. Durán–Álvarez and Blanca Jiménez–Cisneros",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169729",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Carlos",surname:"Durán Álvarez",fullName:"Juan Durán Álvarez",slug:"juan-duran-alvarez"},{id:"169730",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez",fullName:"Blanca Jiménez",slug:"blanca-jimenez"}]},{id:"46029",type:"chapter",title:"The Complex Nature of Pollution in the Capping Soils of Closed Landfills: Case Study in a Mediterranean Setting",slug:"the-complex-nature-of-pollution-in-the-capping-soils-of-closed-landfills-case-study-in-a-mediterrane",totalDownloads:1925,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jesús Pastor, María Jesús Gutiérrez-Ginés, Carmen Bartolomé and\nAna Jesús Hernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Pastor",fullName:"Jesús Pastor",slug:"jesus-pastor"},{id:"169942",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Gines",fullName:"Maria Jesus Gutierrez Gines",slug:"maria-jesus-gutierrez-gines"},{id:"169943",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Jesus Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Jesus Hernandez",slug:"ana-jesus-hernandez"},{id:"170174",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Bartolomé",fullName:"Carmen Bartolomé",slug:"carmen-bartolome"}]},{id:"46340",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Soil Contamination of a Cattle Market around River Ogun Basin, Isheri, Nigeria",slug:"assessment-of-soil-contamination-of-a-cattle-market-around-river-ogun-basin-isheri-nigeria",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"A.A. Adeyi, O.M. Omidiran and O. Osibanjo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51675",title:"Dr.",name:"Adebola",middleName:"Abosede",surname:"Adeyi",fullName:"Adebola Adeyi",slug:"adebola-adeyi"},{id:"58376",title:"Prof.",name:"Oladele",middleName:null,surname:"Osibanjo",fullName:"Oladele Osibanjo",slug:"oladele-osibanjo"},{id:"169944",title:"Dr.",name:"Oludele Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Omidiran",fullName:"Oludele Michael Omidiran",slug:"oludele-michael-omidiran"}]},{id:"46304",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Historical Heavy Metal Pollution of Land in the Proximity of Industrial Area of Targoviste, Romania",slug:"assessment-of-historical-heavy-metal-pollution-of-land-in-the-proximity-of-industrial-area-of-targov",totalDownloads:2783,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Carmen Cristina Elekes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169736",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Elekes",fullName:"Carmen Elekes",slug:"carmen-elekes"}]},{id:"46338",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals in Romania",slug:"assessment-of-soil-pollution-with-heavy-metals-in-romania",totalDownloads:3338,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Anca Maria Moldoveanu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25924",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Moldoveanu",fullName:"Anca Moldoveanu",slug:"anca-moldoveanu"}]},{id:"46037",type:"chapter",title:"Eco-Technological Solutions for the Remediation of Polluted Soil and Heavy Metal Recovery",slug:"eco-technological-solutions-for-the-remediation-of-polluted-soil-and-heavy-metal-recovery",totalDownloads:3158,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Carmen Cristina Elekes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169736",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Elekes",fullName:"Carmen Elekes",slug:"carmen-elekes"}]},{id:"46346",type:"chapter",title:"Selected Bioremediation Techniques in Polluted Tropical Soils",slug:"selected-bioremediation-techniques-in-polluted-tropical-soils",totalDownloads:3101,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Emmanuel Uzoma Onweremadu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110784",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Onweremadu",fullName:"Emmanuel Onweremadu",slug:"emmanuel-onweremadu"}]},{id:"45983",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Gasification Biochars",slug:"thermal-removal-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-from-gasification-biochars",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sebastian Meyer, Bruno Glaser, Daniel Fischer, Peter Quicker, Yves\nNoel and Georg Kuffer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84418",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Glaser",fullName:"Bruno Glaser",slug:"bruno-glaser"},{id:"96141",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",fullName:"Daniel Fischer",slug:"daniel-fischer"},{id:"169743",title:"Mr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Meyer",fullName:"Sebastian Meyer",slug:"sebastian-meyer"},{id:"170181",title:"Mr.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Noël",fullName:"Yves Noël",slug:"yves-noel"},{id:"170182",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Quicker",fullName:"Peter Quicker",slug:"peter-quicker"},{id:"170183",title:"Mr.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Kuffer",fullName:"Georg Kuffer",slug:"georg-kuffer"}]},{id:"46302",type:"chapter",title:"Electrochemical Detection of Mercury Removal from Polluted Bentonite and Quartz using Different Removing Agents",slug:"electrochemical-detection-of-mercury-removal-from-polluted-bentonite-and-quartz-using-different-remo",totalDownloads:2660,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"I. Robles, Luis A. Godínez, J. Manríquez, F. Rodríguez, A. Rodríguez\nand E. Bustos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169733",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Bustos",fullName:"Erika Bustos",slug:"erika-bustos"}]},{id:"46254",type:"chapter",title:"Treatment Methods for Radioactive Wastes and Its Electrochemical Applications",slug:"treatment-methods-for-radioactive-wastes-and-its-electrochemical-applications",totalDownloads:6454,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"V. Valdovinos, F. Monroy-Guzman and E. Bustos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169733",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Bustos",fullName:"Erika Bustos",slug:"erika-bustos"}]},{id:"46048",type:"chapter",title:"Optical Fibers to Detect Heavy Metals in Environment: Generalities and Case Studies",slug:"optical-fibers-to-detect-heavy-metals-in-environment-generalities-and-case-studies",totalDownloads:3281,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Generalities and Case Studies 427\nJ. A. García, D. Monzón, A. Martínez, S. Pamukcu, R. García and E.\nBustos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169733",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Bustos",fullName:"Erika Bustos",slug:"erika-bustos"}]},{id:"46314",type:"chapter",title:"Metabolomics for Soil Contamination Assessment",slug:"metabolomics-for-soil-contamination-assessment",totalDownloads:3076,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano and Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano"},{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez"}]},{id:"46355",type:"chapter",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:8604,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza and\nManoj S. Paul",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas",slug:"paulo-favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul",slug:"manoj-paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun",slug:"mayank-varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza"}]},{id:"46038",type:"chapter",title:"Contribution of Vegetation to Alleviate Slope’s Erosion and Acidity",slug:"contribution-of-vegetation-to-alleviate-slope-s-erosion-and-acidity",totalDownloads:3451,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Normaniza Osman, Mohammed Saifuddin and Aimee Halim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169745",title:"Dr.",name:"Normaniza",middleName:null,surname:"Osman",fullName:"Normaniza Osman",slug:"normaniza-osman"},{id:"169949",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Saifuddin",fullName:"Mohamad Saifuddin",slug:"mohamad-saifuddin"},{id:"169950",title:"Dr.",name:"Aimee",middleName:null,surname:"Halim",fullName:"Aimee Halim",slug:"aimee-halim"}]},{id:"46060",type:"chapter",title:"Metal Contamination of Soils and Prospects of Phytoremediation in and Around River Yamuna: A Case Study from North-Central India",slug:"metal-contamination-of-soils-and-prospects-of-phytoremediation-in-and-around-river-yamuna-a-case-stu",totalDownloads:3434,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Manoj S. Paul, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza, Paulo J.C. Favas and\nJoão Pratas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas",slug:"paulo-favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul",slug:"manoj-paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun",slug:"mayank-varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza"}]},{id:"46150",type:"chapter",title:"Continuous and Induced Phytoextraction — Plant-Based Methods to Remove Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil",slug:"continuous-and-induced-phytoextraction-plant-based-methods-to-remove-heavy-metals-from-contaminated-",totalDownloads:2927,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Maciej Bosiacki, Tomasz Kleiber and Bartosz Markiewicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169740",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Bosiacki",fullName:"Maciej Bosiacki",slug:"maciej-bosiacki"},{id:"170289",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Kleiber",fullName:"Tomasz Kleiber",slug:"tomasz-kleiber"},{id:"170290",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartosz",middleName:null,surname:"Markiewicz",fullName:"Bartosz Markiewicz",slug:"bartosz-markiewicz"}]},{id:"46151",type:"chapter",title:"Diagnosis and Management of Field Pollution in the Case of an Organochlorine Pesticide, the Chlordecone",slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-field-pollution-in-the-case-of-an-organochlorine-pesticide-the-chlordeco",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"T. Woignier, F. Clostre, P. Cattan, J. Levillain, Y.M. Cabidoche and M.\nLesueur-Jannoyer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169735",title:"Dr.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Woignier",fullName:"Thierry Woignier",slug:"thierry-woignier"},{id:"169934",title:"Dr.",name:"Florence",middleName:null,surname:"Clostre",fullName:"Florence Clostre",slug:"florence-clostre"},{id:"169935",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Cattan",fullName:"Philippe Cattan",slug:"philippe-cattan"},{id:"169936",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Cabiddoche",fullName:"Yves Marie Cabiddoche",slug:"yves-marie-cabiddoche"},{id:"169937",title:"Dr.",name:"Megalie",middleName:null,surname:"Lesueur Jannoyer",fullName:"Megalie Lesueur Jannoyer",slug:"megalie-lesueur-jannoyer"},{id:"169938",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Levillain",fullName:"Joseph Levillain",slug:"joseph-levillain"}]},{id:"46371",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical and Hydraulic Behavior of a Tropical Soil Compacted Submitted to the Flow of Gasoline Hydrocarbons",slug:"chemical-and-hydraulic-behavior-of-a-tropical-soil-compacted-submitted-to-the-flow-of-gasoline-hydro",totalDownloads:2293,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wisley Moreira Farias, Geraldo Resende Boaventura, Éder de Souza\nMartins, Fabrício Bueno da Fonseca Cardoso, José Camapum de\nCarvalho and Edi Mendes Guimarães",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169738",title:"Dr.",name:"Wisley",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira Farias",fullName:"Wisley Moreira Farias",slug:"wisley-moreira-farias"},{id:"169941",title:"Dr.",name:"Eder",middleName:null,surname:"Souza Martins",fullName:"Eder Souza Martins",slug:"eder-souza-martins"},{id:"169960",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Camapum De Carvalho",fullName:"José Camapum De Carvalho",slug:"jose-camapum-de-carvalho"},{id:"169961",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrício",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno Da Fonseca Cardoso",fullName:"Fabrício Bueno Da Fonseca Cardoso",slug:"fabricio-bueno-da-fonseca-cardoso"},{id:"169962",title:"Dr.",name:"Edi",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes Guimarães",fullName:"Edi Mendes Guimarães",slug:"edi-mendes-guimaraes"},{id:"170131",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Rezende Boaventura",fullName:"Geraldo Rezende Boaventura",slug:"geraldo-rezende-boaventura"}]},{id:"46143",type:"chapter",title:"Exposure and Hazard Identification of Sulphonamides in the Terrestrial Environment",slug:"exposure-and-hazard-identification-of-sulphonamides-in-the-terrestrial-environment",totalDownloads:1880,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Anna Białk-Bielińska, Joanna Maszkowska, Alan Puckowski and\nPiotr Stepnowski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14872",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Stepnowski",fullName:"Piotr Stepnowski",slug:"piotr-stepnowski"},{id:"169737",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Białk-Bielińska",fullName:"Anna Białk-Bielińska",slug:"anna-bialk-bielinska"},{id:"169939",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Maszkowska",fullName:"Joanna Maszkowska",slug:"joanna-maszkowska"},{id:"169940",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Alan",middleName:null,surname:"Puckowski",fullName:"Alan Puckowski",slug:"alan-puckowski"}]},{id:"46039",type:"chapter",title:"Heavy Metal Deposition in Soils and Plants Impacted by Anthropogenic Modification of Two Sites in the Sudan Savanna of North Western Nigeria",slug:"heavy-metal-deposition-in-soils-and-plants-impacted-by-anthropogenic-modification-of-two-sites-in-th",totalDownloads:2544,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sunday Paul Bako, Augustine Uwanekwu Ezealor and Yahuza\nTanimu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22874",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunday",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Bako",fullName:"Sunday Bako",slug:"sunday-bako"}]},{id:"46033",type:"chapter",title:"Geochemical Speciation and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments",slug:"geochemical-speciation-and-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-soils-and-sediments",totalDownloads:4339,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Paulo J.C. Favas, Dibyendu Rakshit and K.K.\nSatpathy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas",slug:"paulo-favas"},{id:"10088",title:"Prof.",name:"Santosh",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Santosh Sarkar",slug:"santosh-sarkar"},{id:"169951",title:"Dr.",name:"Dibyendu",middleName:null,surname:"Rakshit",fullName:"Dibyendu Rakshit",slug:"dibyendu-rakshit"}]},{id:"46266",type:"chapter",title:"The Effect of Industrial Heavy Metal Pollution on Microbial Abundance and Diversity in Soils — A Review",slug:"the-effect-of-industrial-heavy-metal-pollution-on-microbial-abundance-and-diversity-in-soils-a-revie",totalDownloads:4641,totalCrossrefCites:25,signatures:"Anna Lenart-Boroń and Piotr Boroń",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169734",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Lenart-Boroń",fullName:"Anna Lenart-Boroń",slug:"anna-lenart-boron"},{id:"169933",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Boron",fullName:"Piotr Boron",slug:"piotr-boron"}]},{id:"46128",type:"chapter",title:"Pollution of Pb in Soils Affected by Pyrite Tailings: Influence of Soil Properties",slug:"pollution-of-pb-in-soils-affected-by-pyrite-tailings-influence-of-soil-properties",totalDownloads:2236,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"F. Martín, M. Simón, I. García, A. Romero and V. González",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77540",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:"José",surname:"Martin Peinado",fullName:"Francisco Martin Peinado",slug:"francisco-martin-peinado"},{id:"85596",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariano",middleName:null,surname:"Simon",fullName:"Mariano Simon",slug:"mariano-simon"},{id:"169955",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Fernandez",fullName:"Ines Garcia Fernandez",slug:"ines-garcia-fernandez"},{id:"169956",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",fullName:"Veronica Gonzalez",slug:"veronica-gonzalez"},{id:"169967",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",fullName:"Ana Romero",slug:"ana-romero"}]},{id:"45991",type:"chapter",title:"Copper Accumulation in Vineyard Soils: Distribution, Fractionation and Bioavailability Assessment",slug:"copper-accumulation-in-vineyard-soils-distribution-fractionation-and-bioavailability-assessment",totalDownloads:3093,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Marija Romić, Lana Matijević, Helena Bakić and Davor Romić",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63363",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Romic",fullName:"Marija Romic",slug:"marija-romic"}]},{id:"46045",type:"chapter",title:"Characterization and Remediation of Soils and Sediments Polluted with Mercury: Occurrence, Transformations, Environmental Considerations and San Joaquin’s Sierra Gorda Case",slug:"characterization-and-remediation-of-soils-and-sediments-polluted-with-mercury-occurrence-transformat",totalDownloads:3242,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"I. Robles, J. Lakatos, P. Scharek, Z. Planck, G. Hernández, S. Solís and\nE. Bustos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169733",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Bustos",fullName:"Erika Bustos",slug:"erika-bustos"}]},{id:"46310",type:"chapter",title:"Conducted and Investigate Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) Contamination in Agricultural' Soils and Wheat Crops Projects at Three Regions in Libya",slug:"conducted-and-investigate-arsenic-as-cobalt-co-copper-cu-manganese-mn-lead-pb-and-zinc-zn-contaminat",totalDownloads:2447,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Youssef F. Lawgali, Andy A. Meharg and Yousef M.T. Elgimati",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169748",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef F.",middleName:"F",surname:"Lawgali",fullName:"Youssef F. Lawgali",slug:"youssef-f.-lawgali"},{id:"170459",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Meharg",fullName:"Andrew Meharg",slug:"andrew-meharg"},{id:"170460",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Elgimat",fullName:"Yousef Elgimat",slug:"yousef-elgimat"}]},{id:"46350",type:"chapter",title:"Risks of Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil-Pant System by Land Application of Sewage Sludge: A Review with Data from Brazil",slug:"risks-of-heavy-metals-contamination-of-soil-pant-system-by-land-application-of-sewage-sludge-a-revie",totalDownloads:2844,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alysson Roberto Baizi e Silva and Fábio Camilotti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169727",title:"Dr.",name:"Alysson Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Baizi E Silva",fullName:"Alysson Roberto Baizi E Silva",slug:"alysson-roberto-baizi-e-silva"},{id:"169728",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Camilotti",fullName:"Fábio Camilotti",slug:"fabio-camilotti"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"411",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02b616b9401d15f1c0e8e4e5ad11a48d",slug:"soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Simone Pascucci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60200",title:"MSc",name:"Simone",surname:"Pascucci",slug:"simone-pascucci",fullName:"Simone Pascucci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19388",title:"Long-Term Monitoring of Dioxin and Furan Level in Soil Around Medical Waste Incinerator",slug:"long-term-monitoring-of-dioxin-and-furan-level-in-soil-around-medical-waste-incinerator",signatures:"Li Xiao-dong, Yan Mi, Chen Tong, Lu Sheng-yong and Yan Jian-hua",authors:[{id:"32713",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaodong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiaodong Li",slug:"xiaodong-li"},{id:"41224",title:"Mr.",name:"Mi",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Mi Yan",slug:"mi-yan"}]},{id:"19389",title:"Research for Investigating and Managing Soil Contamination Caused by Winter Maintenance in Cold Regions",slug:"research-for-investigating-and-managing-soil-contamination-caused-by-winter-maintenance-in-cold-regi",signatures:"Helen K. French and Sjoerd E.A.T.M. van der Zee",authors:[{id:"51699",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen K.",middleName:null,surname:"French",fullName:"Helen K. French",slug:"helen-k.-french"},{id:"62032",title:"Prof.",name:"Sjoerd E.A.T.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Zee",fullName:"Sjoerd E.A.T.M. Van Der Zee",slug:"sjoerd-e.a.t.m.-van-der-zee"}]},{id:"19390",title:"Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Zoonoses in Humans and Associated Risk Factors",slug:"soil-transmitted-helminthic-zoonoses-in-humans-and-associated-risk-factors",signatures:"Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Guita Rubinsky-Elefant and Marcelo Urbano Ferreira",authors:[{id:"51816",title:"Dr.",name:"Vamilton",middleName:null,surname:"Santarém",fullName:"Vamilton Santarém",slug:"vamilton-santarem"},{id:"54823",title:"Dr.",name:"Guita",middleName:null,surname:"Rubinsky-Elefant",fullName:"Guita Rubinsky-Elefant",slug:"guita-rubinsky-elefant"},{id:"81673",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Marcelo Ferreira",slug:"marcelo-ferreira"}]},{id:"19391",title:"Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Contaminated Soils",slug:"reflectance-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-contaminated-soils",signatures:"Guy Schwartz, Gil Eshel and Eyal Ben-Dor",authors:[{id:"53061",title:"Mr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",fullName:"Guy Schwartz",slug:"guy-schwartz"},{id:"53064",title:"Prof.",name:"Eyal",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Dor",fullName:"Eyal Ben-Dor",slug:"eyal-ben-dor"},{id:"53065",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:null,surname:"Eshel",fullName:"Gil Eshel",slug:"gil-eshel"}]},{id:"19392",title:"Multi-Technique Application for Waste Material Detection and Soil Remediation Strategies: The Red Mud Dust and Fly Ash Case Studies",slug:"multi-technique-application-for-waste-material-detection-and-soil-remediation-strategies-the-red-mud",signatures:"Claudia Belviso, Simone Pascucci, Francesco Cavalcante, Angelo Palombo, Stefano Pignatti, Tiziana Simoniello and Saverio Fiore",authors:[{id:"60200",title:"MSc",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Pascucci",fullName:"Simone Pascucci",slug:"simone-pascucci"},{id:"61365",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Simoniello",fullName:"Tiziana Simoniello",slug:"tiziana-simoniello"},{id:"61456",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatti",fullName:"Stefano Pignatti",slug:"stefano-pignatti"},{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso"},{id:"61954",title:"Prof.",name:"Saverio",middleName:null,surname:"Fiore",fullName:"Saverio Fiore",slug:"saverio-fiore"},{id:"61955",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Cavalcante",fullName:"Francesco Cavalcante",slug:"francesco-cavalcante"},{id:"61960",title:"MSc",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Palombo",fullName:"Angelo Palombo",slug:"angelo-palombo"}]},{id:"19393",title:"Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils and Phytoremediation Strategies in Taiwan",slug:"heavy-metals-contaminated-soils-and-phytoremediation-strategies-in-taiwan",signatures:"Hung-Yu Lai, Shaw-Wei Su, Horng-Yuh Guo and Zueng-Sang Chen",authors:[{id:"56222",title:"Prof.",name:"Zueng-Sang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zueng-Sang Chen",slug:"zueng-sang-chen"},{id:"62013",title:"Prof.",name:"Hung-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",fullName:"Hung-Yu Lai",slug:"hung-yu-lai"},{id:"62014",title:"Mr.",name:"Shaw-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shaw-Wei Su",slug:"shaw-wei-su"},{id:"62015",title:"Mr.",name:"Horng-Yuh",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Horng-Yuh Guo",slug:"horng-yuh-guo"}]},{id:"19394",title:"Biological Remediation of Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil",slug:"biological-remediation-of-hydrocarbon-and-heavy-metals-contaminated-soil",signatures:"O. Peter Abioye",authors:[{id:"60507",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"Olabisi",surname:"Abioye",fullName:"Peter Abioye",slug:"peter-abioye"}]},{id:"19395",title:"Bioindicators and Biomarkers in the Assessment of Soil Toxicity",slug:"bioindicators-and-biomarkers-in-the-assessment-of-soil-toxicity",signatures:"Carmem Silvia Fontanetti, Larissa Rosa Nogarol, Raphael Bastão de Souza, Danielli Giuliano Perez and Guilherme Thiago Maziviero",authors:[{id:"61298",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmem",middleName:null,surname:"Fontanetti",fullName:"Carmem Fontanetti",slug:"carmem-fontanetti"},{id:"61304",title:"BSc.",name:"Larissa",middleName:null,surname:"Nogarol",fullName:"Larissa Nogarol",slug:"larissa-nogarol"},{id:"61305",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Raphael",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Raphael Souza",slug:"raphael-souza"},{id:"61306",title:"BSc.",name:"Danielli",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",fullName:"Danielli Perez",slug:"danielli-perez"},{id:"61307",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Thiago",surname:"Maziviero",fullName:"Guilherme Maziviero",slug:"guilherme-maziviero"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"410",title:"Soil Erosion Issues in Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab3ad713d24941e8ce0649ae94643ec3",slug:"soil-erosion-issues-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"411",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02b616b9401d15f1c0e8e4e5ad11a48d",slug:"soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Simone Pascucci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60200",title:"MSc",name:"Simone",surname:"Pascucci",slug:"simone-pascucci",fullName:"Simone Pascucci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1354",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54b680a6a971eb10ae500071207ab86d",slug:"soil-erosion-studies",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2112",title:"Soil Health and Land Use Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3065f0ce00f5f86227cc7f2069cdb89a",slug:"soil-health-and-land-use-management",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3101",title:"Research on Soil Erosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51090e50c44c29c86ddab2f001203205",slug:"research-on-soil-erosion",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone, Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3854",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88e43f7e0affb0c1ba3eccf8675e10f2",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81567",title:"Basic Animal Breeding Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104136",slug:"basic-animal-breeding-methods",body:'
1. Introduction
Selection is one of the important processes for any improvement in farm animals. The breeding merit animal is not often determined by a single character, but more often based on many characters simultaneously. The purpose of selection is to produce elite breeding stocks which act as parents of future generations. The system of selection allows the best animals to act as parents of future generations and culling of undesirable animals from the herd. The animals retained have certain acceptable traits which make them produce more. The breeding of animals is underneath human control, and the breeders decide which individuals shall produce the subsequent generation [1, 2]. The breeding of animals is based upon the fact that certain qualities are genetic; hence valuable qualities are passed on from parents to offspring’s. Due to selection, the qualities of animals can be maintained or improved in the next generation [3]. The purpose of selection is to enhance the frequency of desirable alleles and reduce the frequency of unwanted alleles from the herd which in the long run consequences genetic improvement in livestock. The overall performance of an animal is mainly influenced by the genetic potential that is inherited from its parents and the environment which particularly encompass feeding, health, management and so forth.
2. Methodology
Breeding for increased productivity over the past few decades has been very successful in terms of improvement of growth, production and reproduction traits; however, it has also had negative consequences on behavior and welfare [4]. Breeding and genetics are playing an important role in the improvement of domestic animals. Therefore, a broad approach is needed that encompasses both production and welfare traits, even though welfare may not be a primary breeding goal of the selection scheme. Now, in the era of genomics, breeders have lots of opportunities to collect more precise information on the biological impact of certain breeding decisions. This might help breeders to make more accurate decisions in their selection programs. Genomic tools could also facilitate selection for complex traits, which are frequently not possible to measure on a large number of animals. Looking to this the salient features about selection criteria and methods of selection have been discussed in this chapter.
2.1 Types of selection
Figure 1 is showing the different type criteria and methods of selection that are applied for the selection of animals for a single trait or multiple traits in animal breeding [5, 6].
Figure 1.
Different types of selection [5, 6].
2.2 Selection for improvement of animals
The manmade selection with certain desirable goal plays important role in the improvement of animal. The different types of artificial selection have been discussed in this chapter along with their merits and demerits. The selection, breeding and propagation of animals by breeders are known as artificial selection. There are two approaches for artificial selection. First is the traditional “breeder’s approach” in which the breeder applies “a known amount of selection to a single phenotypic trait” by examining the selected trait and selecting to breed only those that show superior values” of the trait under selection [7]. The second is called “controlled natural selection,” which is actually natural selection in a controlled environment [8]. The main purpose of animal breeding is not just to improve individual animals genetically but also to improve the future generation of the animal population [9]. The technique or method used by the breeder to make long-term changes in animals is called selection. Selection is the process in which certain individuals in a population are given an opportunity to produce progeny while others are denied this opportunity [10]. It also decides about how many progenies it should produce and how long they should remain in the breeding population. Selection is an important tool for changing gene frequencies to better-fit individuals for a particular purpose. Selection is not an invention of modern man. It has been going on in nature since life existed in the world. Selection is choosing individuals that will be parents of the next generation. The effectiveness of selection depends on the ability to recognize those animals, which possess superior inheritance [11]. Those superior animals must be mated together for the production of offspring. The aids available to estimate the breeding value of an animal is through the phenotype of an animal or its relatives.
2.3 Basis of selection for single traits
Figure 2 is showing the different basis of selection that are commonly used to estimate the probable breeding for the selection of animals for a single trait [3, 5, 6].
Figure 2.
Different basis of selection [5, 6].
2.3.1 Individual selection/performance testing
Individual selection is most commonly used as a basis for selective improvement in livestock. Individual selection is based on the performance of individual or individual phenotypic value. These animals are selected based on their own phenotype. Individual selection is more effective when the heritability of traits is high, but the effect decreases with falling heritability. It is the simplest, more rapid and most commonly used basis of selection. If proper performance records are maintained then, the traits like body weight, growth rate, fleece production and other parameters of similar nature can be evaluated directly from the performance of individual animals [10, 12].
2.3.1.1 Selection for qualitative traits
The animals are kept or rejected for breeding purposes based on their phenotype for a particular trait. The progress made in selection depends on how closely genotype is correlated with the phenotype. The phenotype of the individuals is often used to estimate the breeding value for qualitative traits such as color and horned or polled conditions. Selection for such traits based on mass or phenotype is more effective than others. For example, in Angus cattle, the coat color Red (rr) is recessive to dominant black (BB) color. But it is practically difficult to distinguish and differentiate the genotype BB and Bb phenotypically. Thus, selection based on individuality will be useful but not always completely accurate [4, 13].
2.3.1.2 Selection for quantitative traits
These traits are controlled by many genes and are also affected by various environmental factors. There is no sharp distinction among the phenotypes and affected by both additive and non-additive gene action. No trait is 100 per cent heritable, because the environment always affects the phenotype to a certain extent. Therefore, the phenotype of an individual for quantitative traits is not the true indicator of genotype. The phenotypic merit of the individuals for quantitative traits is determined by comparing the individual’s own phenotype with that of the average of all the individuals within a group from which it is selected and is called trait ratio [14, 15, 16].
Trait ratio=record of individual foratraitGroup mean for the same trait×100
The trait ratio depends upon the accuracy of records or available data. The individual’s record is of little value unless it shows where the individual ranked relative to others under similar conditions. The environmental part of phenotypic superiority or inferiority will not be transmitted to the offspring or next generation. Therefore, in general, there is a tendency for the average phenotype of the offspring of a phenotypically superior individual will tend to regress toward the average of the population, whereas the average phenotype of the offspring of phenotypically inferior individuals will tend to rise toward the average of the population. Animals own phenotypic value of the character under selection is considered to estimate the probable breeding value (PBV) [5, 13, 14] of that character for that individual.
Probable Breeding ValuePBV=P¯+h2Pi−P¯
Where, P¯ is population mean, h2 is heritability, Pi is individual phenotypic value.
Comparison is made with the average of other individuals kept under similar environmental conditions of same age and same time; thus, individuals are ranked relative to others under similar conditions. It is also called as mass selection.
In individual selection, the best animals are selected from within a group of animals of the similar age group that has been reared and treated similarly at the same time, i.e., contemporaries. In individual selection, the breeder will be having a single record of each animal’s performance (performance test) and hence an estimate of probable breeding value (PBV) [13] for a given trait is calculated as:
Probable Breeding ValuePBV=P¯+h2Pi−Pc¯
Where, P¯ is population mean, h2 is heritability, Pi is individual phenotypic value, Pc¯is average of contemporaries.
2.3.1.3 Advantages of individual selection
Information of individuals to be selected is easily available [3, 5].
Used when pedigree information not available, this is the only available guide for selecting the breeding stock.
Used when generation interval is shorter than progeny testing.
It gives a direct estimation of BV and is more accurate when h2 is high.
Traits such as body type, growth rate, fleece production, horn pattern, color and others of a similar nature can be evaluated if suitable records are available.
Useful for traits expressed in both sexes and performance of the individual is above average for breeding, regardless of the merit of near relatives.
In the absence of pedigree and progeny records, this is the only available guide for selecting the breeding stock.
2.3.1.4 Disadvantages of individual selection
Not applied for sex-limited traits such as milk production, egg production, maternal abilities, semen production and litter size, etc. [3, 13].
Not applied when traits are expressed in later life/after the death of individual.
Not applied when traits have low heritability, then the individual selection is the poor indicator of breeding value such as reproductive characters.
Not possible for traits expressed only after sexual maturity, because selection has to be delayed till maturity resulting in waste of time and money.
The easy appraisal of appearance often tempts the breeder to overemphasis this evaluation in selection.
It is concluded that the individual selection is based on individual’s phenotype (appearance) and performance. Individuals are selected solely in accordance with their own phenotypic values. This is the simplest and yields more rapid response. It is the most commonly used method for selective improvement of livestock. Undoubtedly, most of the progress in livestock improvement can be credited to individual selection. Traits such as body type, growth rate, fleece production and other of similar nature can be evaluated directly from the performance of the individual animal, if suitable performance records are being kept; such evaluations are usually available by the time initial selection of breeding stock has to be made. In contrast, only a few can be progeny tested.
2.3.2 Pedigree selection
When the genetic worth or breeding value of animals is determined based on the performance of their ancestors or pedigree information is called as pedigree selection. Pedigree may be a record of an individual’s ancestors associated with it through its parents. Therefore, the selection is based on the information of the ancestors of individuals that are related to it. Performance records from ancestors can provide useful information about the potential genetic worth or the breeding value of the individuals in question. This will give useful information before the animal is old. An estimate of calf’s potential milk yield could be determined based on the milk yield of its mother until such time as the calf is grown up and can be milked. When adequate information on the merit of the individual is not available, then attention is given on pedigree information for selection of individual. From the selection point of view, knowledge of the different economic traits of the ancestors is essential [17].
It’s usual to expect offspring of outstanding parents to be of superior genetic value than the mean of the individuals of the herd. Each parent transmits only sample halves of its genes to every offspring and just one quarter of genes from each grandparent. So, parents never provide the maximum amount of information about the breeding value of a single individual as individual’s performance itself would produce. Unless the performance of the ancestor is well known, selection based on pedigree is meaningless. Distant ancestors of an individual give even less genetic information about the individual’s breeding value especially for production traits. The pedigree is often classified into two as direct and collateral [2]. Collateral means those descended from same ancestors.
Selecting a cow based on the performance of its great grandparent is as good as random selection because the relationship is (0.5)2 = 0.125, i.e., only 1/8th of the superiority can be expected in the progenies. It will not do much good to go beyond three generations into pedigree due to the halving process of the chromosomes in each generation [9].
When the pedigree data provides information on the phenotypic and genotypic merit of the ancestors then it is called performance pedigrees. If the selection differential for the ancestor could be presented in the pedigree or if the performance record of the ancestor could be expressed as a percentage of the average contemporaries (Trait ratio), the ancestor’s records would be of greater predictive value [9, 10].
Figure 3 is showing the different basis of selection that are commonly used to estimate the probable breeding for the selection of animals for a single trait.
Figure 3.
Schematic of pedigree selection [5].
2.3.2.1 Degree of relationship
If ancestors are more closely related to the individual (Parent: 12, Grandparent: 14 and Great grandparent: 18) should receive most emphasis in pedigree assessment [16].
In pedigree selection, the PBV [3] of an individual is estimated on the basis of the performance of his ancestors.
PBV=Pc¯+bAPP¯i−Pc¯
Where, P¯ is population mean, bAP is regression of additive genetic value or breeding value on phenotypic value, Pi is phenotypic average of individual, Pc¯ is average phenotypic value of individual contemporaries,
The selection criteria based on the ancestor’s performance is called as the pedigree selection. For pedigree selection, more recent ancestors consider rather than distant.
2.3.2.2 Difficulties in pedigree selection
Ancestral records are not always available.
Recording may be faulty due to stray mating
Most of the characters have low heritability.
The accuracy of pedigree selection when only single information is available for ancestor has been summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 summarizes the accuracy of pedigree selection when only single information is available for ancestor (n = 1) [3]. The accuracy of selection based on individuals own record increases, when ancestors’ information (parents and grandparents) is combined with an individual’s own records.
When information of more than one ancestor are available the accuracy of selection increases, which is described in Table 2.
Table 2 summarizes the accuracy of pedigree selection when information of more than one ancestor (n > 1) [3] is available. This increases the accuracy of selection. The pedigree selection is basically only useful to select the individual before its own records is available.
2.3.2.3 Merits
It is less costly and allows selection at a younger age and provides first-hand information [3, 17].
It helps in multistage selection and is also useful for sex-limited traits.
It is useful when two individuals have similar performance.
The pedigree should be used only as a minor ancestry to individual selection. It may be used to tip the balance between two individuals who are very close on individual merits.
The selection based on pedigree is only useful than of individual selection only when heritability is moderate or low.
2.3.2.4 Demerits
All the animals from an inferior pedigree are culled in spite of the fact that an individual may be of good merit and free from recessive alleles [3, 17].
Some pedigrees get favored irrespective of the true merit of the individuals in the population.
Pedigree records are from different environmental conditions.
Pedigree selection provides no basis of selection among the descendants of the same ancestor.
2.3.3 Family selection
Family is a group of individuals that descended from the same ancestor. Family represents a group of animals having common genetic relationship. In family selection, it is presumed that the ancestor has outstanding merit. In animal breeding, generally, the family is a group of animals having a common genetic relationship. In animal population under random mating, generally half sibs (HS) and full sibs (FS) are the most common collateral relatives, whose records are often used to estimate the breeding value. When individual’s performance is also included in calculating the sibs average performance, it is called family selection. Family selection is very useful in case of traits with low heritability [1, 3].
2.3.3.1 Sib selection
The selection of individual based on the sibs performance not including individuals own performance.
Sib selection is performed when the measurements on the individual are not available. For example, Slaughter traits; Sex limited traits; Threshold traits like disease resistance.
HS selection is preferred over FS selection:
HS are easily available in more number
The rate of inbreeding can be kept low in HS mating as compared to FS
FS selection is more likely to be increased by c-effects
Breeding value of sib selection:
PBV=Pc¯+rh2n1+n−1tPs¯−Pc¯
Where, P¯ - Average of contemporaries, Ps¯ - average of sibs, n- number of sibs, r- coefficient of relationship (12 for FS and 14 for HS), t- intra-class correlation (rh2) among sibs (12 for FS and 14 for HS), h2- heritability of the traits, h2s heritability of sibs = nh21+n−1t. [18]
Breeding value of Family selection:
PBV=Ps¯+h21−r1−tP1−P¯s1+n−1r1+n−1tPs¯−Pcs¯
Heritability of the trait:
Accuracy of family selection is more for the traits of low heritability [5, 19]
Accuracy of sib selection based on one FS is 0.5 h and based on one HS is 0.25
2.3.3.2 Advantages of family selection
Improve the character of low heritability in species with high reproductive rates
It does not allow generation interval to increase.
It supports individual selection because it is better to select an individual from a superior family.
2.3.3.3 Disadvantages of family selection
It is costly
It requires a large family size depending on the genetic relationship which is only possible in prolific breeder.
It results in inbreeding and limits the genetic diversity.
Its accuracy depends upon the genetic relationship among the family members.
2.3.4 Progeny selection
The selection criteria for evaluating an individual based on his progeny performance is known as Progeny selection or progeny testing. Progeny testing is the most important and one of the best criteria of selection. It is regarded as a form of family selection since progenies are the family members of each other. Progeny selection is very useful in the case of sex-limited traits. Such traits are milk yield and fat percentage in cattle and goat, litter size and litter weight at weaning in pigs and egg production in poultry etc. [20]. Progeny selection is also useful for the evaluation of an individual for carcass quality traits which could only be recorded after slaughter. The various functions or equations (sire indices) are used for the estimation of breeding value of individual. The accuracy of progeny testing is depending on number of progenies tested, heritability of traits and the environmental correlation between the records of different progeny [5].
2.3.4.1 Genetic principle of progeny testing
Each progeny of an individual inherits half of the genes. Hence, the breeding value of the parent is twice the mean deviation of the progenies from population mean.
Points to be considered in Progeny testing:
Test as many as sires as possible (5 to 10 would be minimal) [5, 13]
Make sure that dams are mated to sires at random, within age group as possible.
Produce as many progenies per sire as possible (10 to 15 progenies of either sex for growth traits but up to 300 to 400 progeny is required for traits like calving difficulty and fertility).
No progeny should be culled until the end of the test.
Offspring that are being tested are not a select group.
The performance of an adequate sample of an animal’s progeny under normal environmental conditions will give a true indication of its genotype than any knowledge of individuality or pedigree.
To involve a large number of individuals, Progeny testing should be followed in associated herds.
Five males should be tested to select one Progeny testing breeding bull
Ten female progenies of each bull should be performance tested.
One set of bulls should be completed in two years
Facility for recording performance of progenies
Constraints in Progeny testing:
Small Population Size
Unplanned Mating
Breeding value of Progeny testing
PBV=Pc¯+2nh24+n−1h2Pi¯−Pc¯
Accuracy of Progeny testing
rGP¯=rAP¯=0.5nh21+n−1t
Where, r is Coefficient of relationship between sire and his progeny, n is Number of progenies, Pi is Mean performance of progenies of ith sire, Pc is Mean performance of contemporaries of progenies of ith sire, h2 is Heritability of the trait
The choice of records for the optimum breeding program for low and high heritable traits has been summarized in [5, 14, 21] (Table 3).
Restriction on Records
Heritability
Low (h2 < 0.20)
High (h2 > 0.40)
For selection of Males:
1
None
Progeny
Own
2.
Females only (i.e., MY)
Progeny
Progeny, maternal relative
3
Relative only (i.e., carcass traits)
Progeny
Sibs, progeny
For selection of Females:
1
None
Own, Pedigree
Own
2.
Males only (i.e., Semen Production)
Sibs, Pedigree
Sibs, Pedigree
3
Relative only (i.e., carcass traits)
Sibs, Pedigree
Sibs
Table 3.
Choice of records for the optimum breeding program [4, 9].
Table 3 [4, 9] summarizes the appropriate criteria for selection male and female for optimum breeding program under different restrictions of records for low and high heritable traits.
Advantages of Progeny testing:
It is the better method for sex-limited traits, the traits with low heritability and slaughter traits.
The bulls carrier of recessive gene can be identified by mating with its progenies.
It evaluates carcass traits that demands sacrifice of animal.
Progeny testing increases selection intensity.
Its accuracy increases with an increase in the number of progenies.
Limitations/disadvantages of progeny testing:
High cost and time are required.
It increases the generation interval and due to longer generation interval genetic gain per year is low.
It requires an adequate number of progenies to be tested on a bull.
3. Systems of breeding
Systems of breeding can be classified into two major groups: Inbreeding and Out breeding [5, 22].
3.1 Inbreeding
Inbreeding is the mating of animals more closely related to each other than the average relationship with in the population concerned. The mated individual should have one or more common ancestors in their pedigree up to 4–6 generations. Inbreeding includes mating like parent-offspring, brother–sister. Inbreeding is classified into two types: close Inbreeding and line breeding [22].
Close inbreeding is mating between sibs or between parents and progeny to achieve inbred lines with a relatively high degree of homogeneity. Most of the time, we use the full sib mating method. The same effect can be achieved by consistently back crossing the progeny to the younger parents. Line breeding is a milder form of close inbreeding is in which the relationships of mated individual is kept as close as possible to some ancestor. As a general rule sire is not mated to its daughters but half sib mating is made among the offspring of the particular sire. Line breeding was used extensively in the past in development of British breeds of cattle such as Angus, Hereford and Shorthorn [3]. Line breeding should be practiced in purebred populations of the high degree of excellence, after identifying outstanding individuals and it can be advocated to form a new breeds.
Inbreeding is that it makes more pairs of genes in the population homozygous irrespective of the type of gene action involved. Inbreeding does not increase the number of recessive alleles in a population but merely brings to light through increased homozygosity. When the animals are homozygous for several traits, the regularity of inheritance is assured (i.e., it fixes the characteristics). Inbreeding reduces vigor or it results an inbreeding depression.
Despite certain obvious disadvantages of inbreeding, there are certain instances where it may be used as the advantage of livestock production. It is used to maintain genetic purity and thereby to increase prepotency. It is also used to develop inbred lines and also to eliminate undesirable recessives from the population. When a sire is mated to at least twenty of its daughters and does not produce any recessive characters in the offspring, it may conclude that the sire is not heterozygous for recessive characters.
Inbreeding is to be practised only when the herd is better than the average, i.e., when the frequency of desirable genes is more, herd has an outstanding sire, the breeder knows the merits and demerits of inbreeding and the herd is not maintained for commercial purpose.
3.2 Out breeding
Out breeding is the mating of animals that are less closely related to each other than the average of the population. Its general, effects are the opposite of those of inbreeding. Out breeding increases the heterozygosity of the individual. The maximum practical usefulness of out breeding systems is the production of animals for market. Out breeding is a form breeding where the mates are chosen based on not being related. The following type of out breeding is used in animal breeding [3, 6].
3.2.1 Selective breeding
The selective breeding is used to maintain the purity of the breed along with their improvement. Figure 4 describes the brief information for genetic improvement of indigenous cattle breeds by selective breeding is shown below:
Figure 4.
Schematic of selective breeding [3, 5].
Figure 3 is showing the different basis of selection which are commonly used to estimate the probable breeding for selection of animals for single trait.
3.2.2 Out crossing
It is usually applies only to mating within a pure well-defined breed. If two lines within the same breed are separated for 4 or 5 generations and the sire from one herd is used in another herd that accounts to out crossing. It is used when the genetic variability and there is lack of selection response [3]. It introduces new genes in the population with reference - color, horn type, etc.
3.2.3 Top crossing
It refers to the use of highly inbred sires to the dams of the base population or non-inbred population within the same breed. It usually refers to the best sire in a pedigree. It also refers to the continued use of sires to different families within a pure bred, same breed or different breed [3, 5].
3.2.4 Up-grading
Grading up or upgrading is the repeated use of pure breed sire (or sires) over females of non-descript population. There is a noticed improvement in crosses if sires from a particular breed (A) are repeatedly back crossed to another breed/non-descript animals (B). Five generations are sufficient to raise the level of inheritance of breed A to 96.9% (0.969) in the fifth generation. After five generations of repeated back crossing to a particular breed, the animals after the end of fifth generation become eligible to be registered as purebred. After 7 to 8 generations of continuous grading up the non descript population will be transferred into well defined purebreed [3, 4].
The level of inheritance (%) of pure-bred male and non-descript in different generation under upgradation program is summarizes below in the [4, 5] (Table 4).
Table 4 [4, 5] summarizes the change in the per cent level of inheritance of pure-bred male and non-descript female in different generation under upgradation program. By the successive backcrossing from one population into another population over generation after generation (7–8 generations), the non-descript population can be substituted by pure bred population.
The representative model for upgrading the local cattle by frozen semen and nucleus breeding unit is summarized in [4, 5] (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Representative model for upgrading the local cattle by frozen semen and nucleus breeding unit [5].
3.2.5 Cross breeding
Cross breeding is mating of two individuals from different distinct breeds. In recent years, crossbreeding has been used for development of new breeds or synthetics strain. For example: Santa Gertrudis, Jamaica Hope, Norwegian Red and White, Australian Milking Zebu, Hissardale, Karan Swiss, Sunandini, Taylor breed etc. [4, 5]. The representative diagram for genetic improvement of non-descript zebu cattle by crossbreeding is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Representative cross for genetic improvement of non-descript zebu cattle by crossbreeding unit [5].
Crosses of animals from different breeds result in offspring whose level of production is above that of the average of the parents. The increased production may be due to increased fertility, increased pre and post-natal viability, faster and more efficient growth, improved mothering ability, etc. The increased level of performance as compared to the average of the parents is known as heterosis or hybrid vigor. Heterosis is due to non-additive gene action. The breeds or lines with good nicking ability or combining ability are crossed to exploit heterosis.
4. Conclusions
In any species of livestock, the primary aim of breeder is to improve the production traits. In these traditional methods of selection along with intervention of recent molecular techniques has paved the way to exploit the genetic potential of animals upto certain limit. However, in this rapid race of genomics ethical and environmental issues should be taken into consideration.
\n',keywords:"criteria, methods, selection, improvement, breeding value, inbreeding",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81567.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81567.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81567",totalDownloads:9,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 21st 2021",dateReviewed:"March 2nd 2022",datePrePublished:"July 4th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 29th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In the era of genomic selection, basic animal breeding methods are still playing a very important role in animal selection and their improvement. Animal Breeding involves the selective breeding of domestic animals with the intention to improve desirable and heritable qualities in the next generation. An animal’s overall performance is mostly influenced by genetic potential acquired from its parents, as well as the environment, which includes nutrition, health, management, and other factors. This chapter covers a brief outline of traditional breeding methods for the selection of animals and their improvement.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81567",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81567",signatures:"Mohan Singh Thakur",book:{id:"10898",type:"book",title:"Animal Husbandry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sándor Kukovics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10898.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-127-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-126-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-128-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"25894",title:"Dr.",name:"Sándor",middleName:null,surname:"Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Types of selection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Selection for improvement of animals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Basis of selection for single traits",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.3.1 Individual selection/performance testing",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_4",title:"2.3.1.1 Selection for qualitative traits",level:"4"},{id:"sec_5_4",title:"2.3.1.2 Selection for quantitative traits",level:"4"},{id:"sec_6_4",title:"2.3.1.3 Advantages of individual selection",level:"4"},{id:"sec_7_4",title:"2.3.1.4 Disadvantages of individual selection",level:"4"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_4",title:"2.3.2.1 Degree of relationship",level:"4"},{id:"sec_10_4",title:"Table 1.",level:"4"},{id:"sec_11_4",title:"2.3.2.3 Merits",level:"4"},{id:"sec_12_4",title:"2.3.2.4 Demerits",level:"4"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.3.3 Family selection",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_4",title:"2.3.3.1 Sib selection",level:"4"},{id:"sec_15_4",title:"2.3.3.2 Advantages of family selection",level:"4"},{id:"sec_16_4",title:"2.3.3.3 Disadvantages of family selection",level:"4"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_4",title:"Table 3.",level:"4"},{id:"sec_22",title:"3. Systems of breeding",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"3.1 Inbreeding",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"3.2 Out breeding",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"3.2.1 Selective breeding",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24_3",title:"3.2.2 Out crossing",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_3",title:"3.2.3 Top crossing",level:"3"},{id:"sec_26_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_27_3",title:"3.2.5 Cross breeding",level:"3"},{id:"sec_30",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Lasley JF. Genetics of Livestock Improvement. New Delhi: Prentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd.; 1965'},{id:"B2",body:'Nicholas FW. Introduction to Veterinary Genetics. Morgan City, LA, United States: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010'},{id:"B3",body:'Parekh HKB, Srivastava PN. Genetic Concepts in Animal Breeding. Pusa, New Delhi: Directorate of information and Publication of Agriculture, ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan; 2002'},{id:"B4",body:'Marleen FM, Beerling M, Buchanan DS, Theunissen B, Koolmees PA, Lenstra JA. On the history of cattle genetic resources. Diversity. 2014;6(4):705-750. DOI: 10.3390/d6040705'},{id:"B5",body:'Tomar SS. Textbook of Animal Breeding. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher; 2010'},{id:"B6",body:'Warwick EJ, Legates JE. Breeding and Improvement of Farm Animals. Avenue of the Americas New York City, United States: TMH Edition; 1979'},{id:"B7",body:'Flint AP, Woolliams JA. Precision animal breeding, philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B biological. Science. 2008;263:273-390'},{id:"B8",body:'Hansen TF. Stabilizing selection and the comparative analysis of adaptation. Evolution. 1997;51(5):1341-1351'},{id:"B9",body:'Rodenburg TB, Turner SP. The role of breeding and genetics in the welfare of farm animals. Animal Frontiers. 2012;2(3):16-21'},{id:"B10",body:'Brah GS. Animal Breeding: Principles and Applications. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers; 2016'},{id:"B11",body:'Johansson I, Rendel J. Genetics and Animal Breeding. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company; 1968'},{id:"B12",body:'Tomar SS. Text Book of Population Genetics Vol. I-Qualitative Inheritance. Karnal, India: Universal Publication Centre; 1996'},{id:"B13",body:'Tomar SS. Text Book of Population Genetics Vol. II-Quantitative Inheritance. India: Kalyani Publishers; 1998'},{id:"B14",body:'Becker WA. Manual of Quantitative Genetics. 5th ed. USA: Academic Enterprises; 1992'},{id:"B15",body:'Crew FA. Animal Genetics: The Science of Animal Breeding. Redditch, United Kingdom: Read Books Ltd.; 2013'},{id:"B16",body:'Rendel J, Johansson I. Genetics and Animal Breeding. San Francisco: W. Freeman; 1968'},{id:"B17",body:'Van Vleck LD, Pollak EJ, Bltenacu EAB. Genetics for Animal Sciences. New York, NY, United States: WH Freeman; 1987'},{id:"B18",body:'Jain JP. Statistical Techniques in Quantitative Genetics. Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill; 1982'},{id:"B19",body:'Henderson CR. Application of Linear Models in Animal Breeding. Guelph, Ontario, Canada: University of Guelph; 1984'},{id:"B20",body:'Singh RP, Kumar J. Biometrical Methods in Poultry Breeding. Daryaganj, New Delhi: Kalyani; 1994'},{id:"B21",body:'Hammond GD. Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 1990'},{id:"B22",body:'Falconer DS, Mackay TFC. An Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. NY, United States: Longman; 1996'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Mohan Singh Thakur",address:"drmohansingh@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10898",type:"book",title:"Animal Husbandry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sándor Kukovics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10898.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-127-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-126-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-128-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"25894",title:"Dr.",name:"Sándor",middleName:null,surname:"Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"111454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokhan",middleName:null,surname:"Egilmez",email:"gokhanegilmez@gmail.com",fullName:"Gokhan Egilmez",slug:"gokhan-egilmez",position:null,biography:"Dr. Gokhan Egilmez is an associate professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of New Haven, West Haven, CT. He previously worked as an assistant professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at the North Dakota State University and a postdoctoral research associate at the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida. He obtained his PhD degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering and MS degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering and Civil Engineering from the Ohio University, USA. He also received his BS degree in Industrial Engineering from the Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. His research interests cover various topics that include social, economic, and environmental life cycle assessment; agriculture systems’ sustainability assessment; data analytics; engineering education; applied optimization; and simulation modeling. He has over 60 peer reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings, leading ASOS research lab, and 2022 president and board member of Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers Sustainable Development Division.",institutionString:"University of New Haven",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111454/images/system/111454.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"1",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of New Haven",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[{id:"5762",type:"book",slug:"agricultural-value-chain",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5762.jpg",abstract:"This book covers the agricultural value chain issues that occur in different parts of the world and aims to increase our understanding about the sustainable agricultural value chain paradigm. By reading through these chapters, the readers will witness various interesting, sometimes sad, commonalities among different regions of the world, where smallholder farmers and producers are severely affected by various agricultural policy deficiencies or mistakes and inexistences. The book consists of 14 chapters, which comprehensively cover over 20 agricultural products from more than 15 different regions of the world. Various qualitative and quantitative research methods are presented including surveys, case studies, interviews, price transmission, risk analysis, and multiagent system technology.",editors:[{id:"111454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokhan",surname:"Egilmez",slug:"gokhan-egilmez",fullName:"Gokhan Egilmez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"36420",title:"Stochastic Capacitated Cellular Manufacturing System Design with Hybrid Similarity Coefficient",slug:"stochastic-capacitated-cellular-manufacturing-system-design-with-hybrid-similarity-coefficient",abstract:null,signatures:"Gökhan Eğilmez, Gürsel A. Süer and Orhan Özgüner",authors:[{id:"110659",title:"Dr.",name:"Gursel",surname:"Suer",fullName:"Gursel Suer",slug:"gursel-suer",email:"suer@ohio.edu"},{id:"111454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokhan",surname:"Egilmez",fullName:"Gokhan Egilmez",slug:"gokhan-egilmez",email:"gokhanegilmez@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"1802",title:"Manufacturing System",slug:"manufacturing-system",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"16202",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Songmene",slug:"victor-songmene",fullName:"Victor Songmene",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnique Montréal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"91931",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Cortes",slug:"jorge-cortes",fullName:"Jorge Cortes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Bachelor and Master in Sciences in Metallurgy from National Politechnical Institute in Mexico. And Doctor in Engineering from Hiroshima University, Japan. He has worked as advisor in several industrial manufacturing plants and recently works as Research Professor in Monterrey Tech Mexico..",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Universitario en Sistemas Administrativos de Monterrey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"92468",title:"MSc.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Varela",slug:"ignacio-varela",fullName:"Ignacio Varela",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"104675",title:"Prof.",name:"Barthélemy",surname:"Ateme-Nguema",slug:"barthelemy-ateme-nguema",fullName:"Barthélemy Ateme-Nguema",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104675/images/2204_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"107782",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli",surname:"Aksoy",slug:"asli-aksoy",fullName:"Asli Aksoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uludağ University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"109136",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Faieza",surname:"Abdul Aziz",slug:"faieza-abdul-aziz",fullName:"Faieza Abdul Aziz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109136/images/2797_n.jpg",biography:"Engr. Dr. Faieza Abdul Aziz is a senior lecturer at Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. She graduated in B. Eng. (Hons.) Mechanical Engineering in 1995 from University of Bradford, UK. She has several years working experience as a Product Engineer before she pursues her Master degree in Mechanical Engineering. She obtained her PhD in Systems Engineering from Cardiff University, UK in 2006. She is involved in teaching Manufacturing Engineering modules for undergraduate as well as postgraduate degree. She also teach off-campus program for Master in Manufacturing System Engineering. She has been involved in collaboration research with many researchers and organizations since 2006 and published in diverse areas of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering. She has published 4 books, 4 book chapters and over 80 technical papers. She is a member of the editorial board of numerous international organizations. Her research interests include Manufacturing System, Virtual Reality and Human Computer Interaction.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Putra Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"111624",title:"Prof.",name:"Nursel",surname:"Öztürk",slug:"nursel-ozturk",fullName:"Nursel Öztürk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uludağ University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"112752",title:"Prof.",name:"Thiên-My",surname:"Dao",slug:"thien-my-dao",fullName:"Thiên-My Dao",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École de Technologie Supérieure",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"120058",title:"Mrs.",name:"Félicia",surname:"Etsinda-Mpiga",slug:"felicia-etsinda-mpiga",fullName:"Félicia Etsinda-Mpiga",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École de Technologie Supérieure",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"140053",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Bueno Vives",slug:"miguel-bueno-vives",fullName:"Miguel Bueno Vives",position:"Quality",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/140053/images/860_n.jpg",biography:"Born in San Luis Potosi, Mexico.\nStudied BSc at ITESM in Monterrey\nSemester abroad at Iowa State University\nStudied MSc at ITESM Monterrey\nSummer abroad at Kanazawa University\n\nWork experience in the automotive, aerospace and electronics manufacturing enviroments.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22421},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33697}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135705},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11464",title:"Carbon Nanotubes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Potential Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce526ec78ed00c4f5f08ffb4548ff388",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri and Prof. Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11464.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:467},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4802},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:82,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2179,numberOfWosCitations:1878,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1637,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3546,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"13",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10874",title:"Insights on Antimicrobial Peptides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23ca26025e87356a7c2ffac365f73a22",slug:"insights-on-antimicrobial-peptides",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany, Jorge Masso-Silva and Anna Savitskaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7f3f66e22e16c3751989918a43b3210",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10442",title:"Cyanobacteria",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Taxonomy and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fec78743d3f973c80881957ce3e6d79",slug:"cyanobacteria-recent-advances-in-taxonomy-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10442.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8043",title:"Monoclonal Antibodies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91da3371c910d66deb7b8c434948b834",slug:"monoclonal-antibodies",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",slug:"human-microbiome",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9665",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa",subtitle:"Biofilm Formation, Infections and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00e9f0f41cf8cd97ff33fac3bcea14cb",slug:"pseudomonas-aeruginosa-biofilm-formation-infections-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Theerthankar Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9665.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179493",title:"Dr.",name:"Theerthankar",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"theerthankar-das",fullName:"Theerthankar Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:82,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62553",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79371",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7333,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"39599",doi:"10.5772/50046",title:"Encapsulation Technology to Protect Probiotic Bacteria",slug:"encapsulation-technology-to-protect-probiotic-bacteria",totalDownloads:12461,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"María Chávarri, Izaskun Marañón and María Carmen Villarán",authors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"},{id:"151613",title:"MSc.",name:"Izaskun",middleName:null,surname:"Marañon",slug:"izaskun-maranon",fullName:"Izaskun Marañon"},{id:"151621",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villarán",slug:"ma-carmen-villaran",fullName:"Mª Carmen Villarán"}]},{id:"39607",doi:"10.5772/50121",title:"Recent Application of Probiotics in Food and Agricultural Science",slug:"recent-application-of-probiotics-in-food-and-agricultural-science",totalDownloads:10177,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:78,abstract:null,book:{id:"3145",slug:"probiotics",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics"},signatures:"Danfeng Song, Salam Ibrahim and Saeed Hayek",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"150202",title:"Dr.",name:"Danfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"danfeng-song",fullName:"Danfeng Song"},{id:"151025",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Hayek",slug:"saeed-hayek",fullName:"Saeed Hayek"}]},{id:"51065",doi:"10.5772/63499",title:"Role of the Biofilms in Wastewater Treatment",slug:"role-of-the-biofilms-in-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:6856,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Biological wastewater treatment systems play an important role in improving water quality and human health. This chapter thus briefly discusses different biological methods, specially biofilm technologies, the development of biofilms on different filter media, factors affecting their development as well as their structure and function. It also tackles various conventional and modern molecular techniques for detailed exploration of the composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilms. These data are crucial to improve the performance, robustness and stability of biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies.",book:{id:"5197",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",title:"Microbial Biofilms",fullTitle:"Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Shama Sehar and Iffat Naz",authors:[{id:"180364",title:"Dr.",name:"Iffat",middleName:null,surname:"Naz",slug:"iffat-naz",fullName:"Iffat Naz"},{id:"183345",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",middleName:null,surname:"Sehar",slug:"shama-sehar",fullName:"Shama Sehar"}]},{id:"49246",doi:"10.5772/61300",title:"Chitosan as a Biomaterial — Structure, Properties, and Electrospun Nanofibers",slug:"chitosan-as-a-biomaterial-structure-properties-and-electrospun-nanofibers",totalDownloads:4727,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin; chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in the world, after cellulose. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic, so that it can be usedin medicalapplications such as antimicrobial and wound healing biomaterials. It also used as chelating agent due to its ability to bind with cholesterol, fats, proteins and metal ions.",book:{id:"4648",slug:"concepts-compounds-and-the-alternatives-of-antibacterials",title:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials",fullTitle:"Concepts, Compounds and the Alternatives of Antibacterials"},signatures:"H. M. Ibrahim and E.M.R. El- Zairy",authors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"},{id:"175694",title:"Dr.",name:"Enas",middleName:null,surname:"El- Zairy",slug:"enas-el-zairy",fullName:"Enas El- Zairy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65613",title:"The Methods for Detection of Biofilm and Screening Antibiofilm Activity of Agents",slug:"the-methods-for-detection-of-biofilm-and-screening-antibiofilm-activity-of-agents",totalDownloads:9297,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Biofilm producer microorganisms cause nosocomial and recurrent infections. Biofilm that is a sticky exopolysaccharide is the main virulence factor causing biofilm-related infections. Biofilm formation begins with attachment of bacteria to biotic surface such as host cell or abiotic surface such as prosthetic devices. After attachment, aggregation of bacteria is started by cell-cell adhesion. Aggregation continues with the maturation of biofilm. Dispersion is started by certain conditions such as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). By this way, sessile bacteria turn back into planktonic form. Bacteria embedded in biofilm (sessile form) are more resistant to antimicrobials than planktonic bacteria. So it is hard to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria than planktonic forms. For this reason, it is important to detect biofilm. There are a few biofilm detection and biofilm production methods on prosthetics, methods for screening antibacterial effect of agents against biofilm-embedded microorganism and antibiofilm effect of agents against biofilm production and mature biofilm. The aim of this chapter is to overview direct and indirect methods such as microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and Congo red agar, tube method, microtiter plate assay, checkerboard assay, plate counting, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF, and biological assays used by antibiofilm researches.",book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}]},{id:"62553",title:"Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance",slug:"antibiotic-use-in-poultry-production-and-its-effects-on-bacterial-resistance",totalDownloads:7339,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.",book:{id:"6978",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-global-threat",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",fullTitle:"Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah, Crystal Ngofi Zumbi and\nFrank Boateng Osei",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"261271",title:"MSc.",name:"Crystal Ngofi",middleName:null,surname:"Zumbi",slug:"crystal-ngofi-zumbi",fullName:"Crystal Ngofi Zumbi"},{id:"261272",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank Boateng",middleName:null,surname:"Osei",slug:"frank-boateng-osei",fullName:"Frank Boateng Osei"},{id:"261273",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Etsiapa",middleName:null,surname:"Boamah",slug:"vivian-etsiapa-boamah",fullName:"Vivian Etsiapa Boamah"}]},{id:"65914",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Action Mechanisms of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-action-mechanisms-of-antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:4436,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"8427",slug:"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods",title:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods",fullTitle:"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods"},signatures:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu, Nesrin Gareayaghi and Bekir S. Kocazeybek",authors:[{id:"179460",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"},{id:"248288",title:"Prof.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Kocazeybek",slug:"bekir-kocazeybek",fullName:"Bekir Kocazeybek"},{id:"406463",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Gareayaghi",slug:"nesrin-gareayaghi",fullName:"Nesrin Gareayaghi"}]},{id:"50992",title:"Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition",slug:"probiotics-a-comprehensive-review-of-their-classification-mode-of-action-and-role-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5438,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are beneficial for their hosts and prevent certain diseases. In this chapter, after a complete introduction to probiotics, definition, mechanism of action, and their classification, currently used organisms will be discussed in detail. Moreover, different kinds of nutritional synthetic products of probiotics along with their safety and drug interaction will be noticed. This chapter mentions all clinical trial studies that have been done to evaluate probiotic efficacy with a focus on gastrointestinal diseases.",book:{id:"5193",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",fullTitle:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Amirreza Khalighi, Reza Behdani and Shabnam Kouhestani",authors:[{id:"179560",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirreza",middleName:null,surname:"Khalighi",slug:"amirreza-khalighi",fullName:"Amirreza Khalighi"},{id:"185238",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Behdani",slug:"reza-behdani",fullName:"Reza Behdani"},{id:"185239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Kouhestani",slug:"shabnam-kouhestani",fullName:"Shabnam Kouhestani"}]},{id:"56849",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Innate Immune Response Against Pathogens",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-innate-immune-response-against-pathogens",totalDownloads:6238,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response. The innate response is characterized by being the first line of defense that occurs rapidly in which leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc., are involved. These cells recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which have been evolutionarily conserved by the diversity of microorganisms that infect humans. Recognition of these pathogen-associated molecular patterns occurs through pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and some other intracellular receptors such as nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD), with the aim of amplifying the inflammation and activating the adaptive cellular immune response, through the antigenic presentation. In the present chapter, we will review the importance of the main components involved in the innate immune response, such as different cell types, inflammatory response, soluble immune mediators and effector mechanisms exerted by the immune response against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites; all with the purpose of eliminating them and eradicating the infection of the host.",book:{id:"5975",slug:"physiology-and-pathology-of-immunology",title:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology",fullTitle:"Physiology and Pathology of Immunology"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz Carrillo, Flor Pamela Castro García, Oscar\nGutiérrez Coronado, María Alejandra Moreno García and Juan\nFrancisco Contreras Cordero",authors:[{id:"214236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Carrillo",slug:"jose-luis-munoz-carrillo",fullName:"Jose Luis Muñoz-Carrillo"},{id:"216080",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-García",slug:"alejandra-moreno-garcia",fullName:"Alejandra Moreno-García"},{id:"216081",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Coronado",slug:"oscar-gutierrez-coronado",fullName:"Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado"},{id:"216082",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-García",slug:"pamela-castro-garcia",fullName:"Pamela Castro-García"},{id:"220717",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras Cordero",slug:"juan-francisco-contreras-cordero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Contreras Cordero"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"13",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83120",title:"Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli",slug:"mechanisms-of-antimicrobial-resistance-of-e-coli",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101671",abstract:"Escherichia coli has become a major significant pathogen behind infections, many researches have been conducted on possible drugs that can successfully eradicate the pathogenic isolates. To ensure survival, E. coli strains improvised resistant mechanisms to allow them to maneuver through with life among bactericidal agents. The chapter gives an overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms found in major groups of antimicrobial drugs. E. coli uses enzymes in defying drug susceptibility for example aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in modifying drug recognition sites, in cephalosporin, penicillin the pathogen indulged in the use of β-lactamases to break down the β-lactam ring on the structure of the drugs. In fluoroquinolones, the pathogen uses efflux pumps, DNA gyrase mutation as a mechanism of resistance. The continuous use of drugs induces resistance mechanisms to increase, there is a need for continuous researches on drugs effectivity and the discovery of new and better medication to fight against E. coli pathogens.",book:{id:"10894",title:"Escherichia coli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10894.jpg"},signatures:"Rodney C. Jariremombe"},{id:"82690",title:"Picocyanobacteria in Surface Water Bodies",slug:"picocyanobacteria-in-surface-water-bodies",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105750",abstract:"Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in lentic, low tidal water bodies with high concentrations of easily assimilated nutrients have generated worldwide concern. However, CyanoHABs often formed from a variety of lesser-known taxa, such as nanocyanobacteria and picocyanobacteria, which are characterized as numerous and ubiquitous in diverse environments. Studies indicate that some taxa of picocyanobacteria can produce toxins. However, their identification through conventional methods is limited by their size and physiological plasticity, recently molecular methods have been chosen for more reliable results. this systematic review aims to summarize the results of original research articles on predominant picocyanobacteria in surface water bodies collected in indexed journal articles and gray literature. The methodology used consisted of searching for original publications in 3 specific databases and one general, using thesauri and free terms; the articles were filtered by previously defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-four articles were selected and analyzed. The results show that the predominant picocyanobacteria in freshwater systems belong to the genus Synechococcus, reported in oligotrophic systems and capable of producing cyanotoxins. Likewise, from 2015 to 2019, the largest number of publications on this topic was obtained, mainly in countries such as China and the United States, which invest in research resources.",book:{id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg"},signatures:"Alejandra Sandoval Valencia, Lisseth Dahiana Salas, María Alejandra Pérez Gutiérrez, Luisa María Munera Porras and Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio"},{id:"83067",title:"Multiplicity in the Genes of Carbon Metabolism in Antibiotic-Producing Streptomycetes",slug:"multiplicity-in-the-genes-of-carbon-metabolism-in-antibiotic-producing-streptomycetes",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106525",abstract:"Streptomycetes exhibit genetic multiplicity, like many other microorganisms, and redundancy occurs in many of the genes involved in carbon metabolism. The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway presenting the greatest multiplicity were phosphofructokinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase. The genes that encode citrate synthase and subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex are the ones that show the greatest multiplicity, while in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node, only malic enzymes and pyruvate phosphate dikinase present two copies in some Streptomyces. The extra DNA from these multiple gene copies can be more than 50 kb, and the question arises whether all of these genes are transcribed and translated. As far as we know, there is few information about the transcription of these genes in any of this Streptomyces, nor if any of the activities that are encoded by a single gene could be limiting both for growth and for the formation of precursors of the antibiotics produced by these microorganisms. Therefore, it is important to study the transcription and translation of genes involved in carbon metabolism in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces growing on various sugars.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Toshiko Takahashi, Jonathan Alanís, Polonia Hernández and María Elena Flores"},{id:"82972",title:"Actinomycosis: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment",slug:"actinomycosis-diagnosis-clinical-features-and-treatment",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104698",abstract:"Actinomycosis is a filamentous bacterium that forms part of the normal human flora of the gastrointestinal, oropharynx and female genitalia. This indolent infection is characterized by abscess formation, widespread granulomatous disease, fibrosis, cavitary lung lesions and mass-like consolidations, simulating an active malignancy or systemic inflammatory diseases. It is subacute, chronic and variable presentation may delay diagnosis due to its capability to simulate other conditions. An accurate diagnostic timeline is relevant. Early diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis decreases the risk of indolent complications. Proper treatment reduces the need for invasive surgical methods. Actinomycosis can virtually involve any organ system, the infection spread without respecting anatomical variables as metastatic disease does, making malignancy an important part of the differential diagnosis. As it is normal gastrointestinal florae, it is difficult to cultivate, and share similar morphology to other organisms such as Nocardia and fungus. It is often difficult to be identified as the culprit of disease. Its true imitator capability makes this infectious agent a remarkable organism within the spectra of localized and disseminated disease. In this chapter, we will discuss different peculiarities of actinomycosis as an infectious agent, most common presentation in different organ systems, and challenging scenarios.",book:{id:"10893",title:"Actinobacteria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10893.jpg"},signatures:"Onix J. Cantres-Fonseca, Vanessa Vando-Rivera, Vanessa Fonseca-Ferrer, Christian Castillo Latorre and Francisco J. Del Olmo-Arroyo"},{id:"82412",title:"Potential of Native Microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon on the Removal of Pollutants",slug:"potential-of-native-microalgae-from-the-peruvian-amazon-on-the-removal-of-pollutants",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105686",abstract:"Environmental pollution is a severe and common problem in all the countries worldwide. Various physicochemical technologies and organisms (e.g., plants, microorganisms, etc.) are used to address these environmental issues, but low-cost, practical, efficient, and effective approaches have not been available yet. Microalgae offer an attractive, novel, and little-explored bioremediation alternative because these photosynthetic organisms can eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and remove heavy metals and toxic organic compounds through processes still under study. Our research team has conducted some experiments to determine the bioremediation potential of native microalgae on some pollutant sources (i.e., leachate and wastewater) and its ability to remove hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, in this chapter, we provide the results of our research and updated information about this exciting topic. Experiments were conducted under controlled culture conditions using several native microalgae species, variable time periods, different pollutant sources, and hazardous chemicals such as ethidium bromide. The results indicated that native microalgae can remove pollutants (i.e., phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) of wastewater, leachate, and some hazardous chemical compounds such as ethidium bromide. In conclusion, native microalgae have an excellent potential for removing several pollutants and, consequently, could be used to develop bioremediation technologies based on native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon.",book:{id:"11366",title:"Microalgae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11366.jpg"},signatures:"Marianela Cobos, Segundo L. Estela, Carlos G. Castro, Miguel A. Grandez, Alvaro B. Tresierra, Corayma L. Cabezudo, Santiago Galindo, Sheyla L. Pérez, Angélica V. Rios, Jhon A. Vargas, Roger Ruiz, Pedro M. Adrianzén, Jorge L. Marapara and Juan C. Castro"},{id:"81859",title:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus",slug:"respiratory-syncytial-virus",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104771",abstract:"Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-driven bronchiolitis is one of the most common causes of pediatric hospitalization. Every year, we face 33.1 million episodes of RSV-driven lower respiratory tract infection without any available vaccine or cost-effective therapeutics since the discovery of RSV eighty years before. RSV is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the pneumoviridae family of viruses. This chapter aims to elucidate the structure and functions of the RSV genome and proteins and the mechanism of RSV infection in host cells from entry to budding, which will provide current insight into the RSV-host relationship. In addition, this book chapter summarizes the recent research outcomes regarding the structure of RSV and the functions of all viral proteins along with the RSV life cycle and cell-to-cell spread.",book:{id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg"},signatures:"Sattya Narayan Talukdar and Masfique Mehedi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:104},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. Minnow and Vern L. Schramm",slug:"purine-and-pyrimidine-pathways-as-antimalarial-targets",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Pollution",value:38,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:413,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools"},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Infectious Diseases",id:"6"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",annualVolume:11399,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"190041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Fernandez",fullName:"Jose Gutierrez Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institutionString:"Sapienza University",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164933/images/system/164933.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge",institution:{name:"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",annualVolume:11401,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",annualVolume:11402,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/46037",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"46037"},fullPath:"/chapters/46037",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()