Sources and common habitats of aerobic endospore forming bacteria of
1. Introduction
At the present time, among the most important factors limiting production of different crops are soil-borne plant pathogens [1]. Which include the genera
2. Overview of Bacillus
The genus
2.1. Ecology and habits
Distribution and habitat of
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Hot springs | Acid hot springs and soils, enrichment from neutral soils have failed. |
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Human feces | soil, water, dung |
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Honeybee larvae suffering from European foulbrood | Soil, this specie is a saprophyte but common in bees with European foulbrood |
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Soil | |
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Soil | soil, industrial amylase fermentations |
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Soil | |
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human feces | |
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Soil | soil, rhizosphere of various grasses |
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Soil | Soil |
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Dead larvae of honeybee | |
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Human feces | Dust, coastal waters, soil |
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Soil | Soil |
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Soil | Foods, soil, seawater, and sediments |
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Soil | soil, foods, especially dried foods, spices, and milk; seawater and sediments |
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Soil | Widespread in soil and decomposing vegetables; medicated creams, Relatively scarce in soil. |
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marine mud | |
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evaporated milk | Beet sugar, canned foods, especially vegetables; medicated creams, relatively scarce in soil. |
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marine phytoplankton | |
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Soil | soil, poultry litter |
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Soil | soil, seawater and marine sediments, salt marshes |
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Soil, river water, and sewage | |
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Soil | soil, mud, and water |
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Soil | soil, mud, water and frozen foods |
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Rhizosphere of ditch crowfoot | rhizosphere of plants |
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honeybee larvae suffering from American foulbrood | Infected brood and honey combs. Presumable in soil around hives of bees |
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Soil | soil, water, dead honeybee larvae, rumen of animals |
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hemolymph of larvae of Japanese beetle | causes milky disease of scarabaeidae larvae |
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Soil | Seawater, marine sediments, salt marshes and soil. Spices including black and red pepper |
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Soil | soil, marine and freshwaters; foods, particularly dried foods, spices and cocoa beans, compost, rumen of cattle |
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unknown | foods and vegetables, compost |
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soil from Macquarie island | Unknown |
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cow dung | decaying material |
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seawater | Unknown |
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Soil | soil including desert soil, seawater and marine sediments, cocoa bean, dried foods and spices |
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sand from seashore | Seawater |
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Soil | generally considered to be a soil inhabitant but also isolated from pharmaceutical products |
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Soil | soil, water, sewage, urinals |
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Soil | widely distributed in soil, decomposing plant matter and water |
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Commercial spore dust | causes milky disease of scarabaeidae larvae |
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Soil | soil, water, mud, frozen foods vegetables |
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dead larvae of honeybee | Unknown |
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Soil | Ubiquitous in soil. Also found in seawater and marine sediments. Common in dried foods. |
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rhizosphere of wild lettuce | rhizosphere of plants |
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sediments of eutrophic lake | Unknown |
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Soil | soil, marine and freshwaters sediments and foods |
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unknown | soil, foods including milk, canned foods and sugar beet, dried foods |
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Soil | soil, marine and freshwater and sediments, foods including spices, cocoa, pulses, seeds and bread |
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Soil | Unknown |
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Human feces | Unknown |
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Pathogenic for lepidopteran larvae, common in soil. | |
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Soil | Unknown |
2.2. Importance how antifungal agents
Many species of
The amount of antibiotics produced by bacilli class was approaching 167 [45], being 66 derived from
2.3. Collection and isolation of Bacillus
Traditional tools for determining composition of the soil bacterial community and diversity are based largely on
2.4. Biochemical identification
Biochemical test were the traditional method for bacteria identification to specie level, after that, strains are located at the genus taxonomically, based on characteristics of colony growth in artificial medium, form cell unit, presence, number and orientation of locomotive units, Gram stain, spore form and specific environmental conditions of growth and finally the specific use of carbon sources (biochemical tests) gave its metabolic diversity (Table 2 and 3).
Cell diameter"/>1.0 um | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | - | + |
Parasporal crystals | - | - | - | - | d | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Anaerobic growth | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | + |
Voges Proskauer test | + | - | + | + | d | + | + | NG | - | - | - | - | + |
egg yolk lecithin’s | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | + |
growth in lysozyme | - | d | d | d | + | + | + | ND | - | - | - | - | + |
Acid from | |||||||||||||
d-glucose | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | NG | + | + | + | - | + |
l- arabinose | d | + | + | + | - | - | - | NG | - | + | d | - | - |
d-xylose | D | + | + | + | - | - | - | NG | - | + | d | - | - |
d-mannitol | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | NG | + | + | d | - | - |
hydrolysis of | |||||||||||||
Starch | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | + |
Casein | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | d | + | + | + |
nitrate reduction | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | - | d | d | d | - | + |
degradation of tyrosine | - | - | - | - | ND | + | ND | - | d | - | d | + | d |
Growth in 7% NaCl | + | + | + | + | + | d | d | - | + | d | d | ND | + |
Growth at | |||||||||||||
10°C | ND | + | d | - | d | d | d | + | d | ND | + | - | - |
50°C | d | d | d | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
55°C | ND | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Utilization of | |||||||||||||
Citrate | d | + | + | + | + | + | d | - | - | - | + | - | D |
Propionate | ND | - | - | + | ND | ND | ND | - | - | - | ND | - | ND |
2.5. Molecular identification
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Gram staining |
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+ | + | + | + |
Flagella staining |
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+ | + | + | + |
RYU Test |
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- | - | - | - |
Oxidase |
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- | - | - | - |
Catalase |
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+ | + | + | + |
Oxidation |
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+ | - | + | + |
Fermentation |
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+ | + | + | + |
Motility |
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+ | + | + | + |
Spore Posicion | |||||||
Terminal |
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- | - | - | - |
Central |
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+ | + | + | + |
Subterminal |
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- | - | - | - |
Colony Growth: | |||||||
45ºC |
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+ | + | + | + |
65ºC |
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+ | - | - | - |
pH Growth at 5.7 |
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+ | + | + | + |
NaCl Growth: | |||||||
7% |
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+ | + | + | + |
5% |
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- | + | + | + |
3% |
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- | + | + | + |
citrate utilization |
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+ | + | + | + |
Anaerobic growth in glucoseglucose |
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+ | + | + | + |
Glucose | |||||||
Acidic Forms: | |||||||
Arabinose |
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+ | + | + | + |
Manitol |
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- | + | + | + |
Xylose |
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nd | nd | nd | nd |
Voges-Proskauer |
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+ | + | + | + |
Hydrolysis starch |
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+ | + | + | + |
2.6. Antifungal effect in vitro , greenhouse and field
2.6.1. In vitro studies
Results of
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Strain |
35.55 a |
Strain |
40.44 ab |
Strain |
29.44 ab |
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22.22 b |
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11.11 c |
Witness 1 | 0 d |
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Strain |
53.44ª |
Strain |
48.44b |
Strain |
40.31c |
Strain |
46.25b |
Strain |
0f |
Strains |
0f |
Q-L 2000-2000 ppm | 14.06d |
Q-L 2000-1000 | 4.06e |
Q-L 1000-2000 | 1.88ef |
Q-L 1000-1000 | 0f |
Witness1 | 0f |
2.6.2. Greenhouse studies
Results under greenhouse conditions, present good evidence of
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Strain |
25d | 0.5 de | |
Strain |
0e | 0 e | |
Strain |
25d | 0.5 de | |
Strain |
25d | 0.5 de | |
Strain |
50c | 1 d | |
Strains |
50c | 1 d | |
Q-L 2000-2000 ppm | 50c | 3 c | |
Fungicides synthetics Mix* | 75b | 4.24 b | |
Witness | 100ª | 6.75 a |
Likewise
2.6.3. Field experience
Most research has been conducted in laboratory or greenhouse, and virtually no field-level assessments have been reported. A study carried out using
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2.71 a | 36 | 33 | 10.87 c | 33 | 19 | 19.59 c | 34 | 20 |
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2.71 a | 36 | 33 | 13.04 c | 39 | 23 | 28.80 c | 50 | 30 |
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3.80 a | 50 | 47 | 11.41 c | 34 | 20 | 20.65 c | 36 | 21 |
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4.89 a | 64 | 60 | 11.41 c | 34 | 20 | 25.54 c | 44 | 26 |
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3.25 a | 43 | 40 | 15.76 c | 48 | 28 | 20.11 c | 35 | 21 |
Traditional treatment | 7.61 a | 100 | 93 | 33.13 b | 100 | 59 | 57.61 b | 100 | 60 |
Control | 8.15 a | 107 | 100 | 55.97 a | 169 | 100 | 96.74 a | 168 | 100 |
Furthermore, the suppressive effect was maintained over time or among harvest times, this indicates that
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Strain |
2.1 c | 2.35 b |
Strain |
3.05 ac | 3.10 ab |
Strain |
3.00 ac | 3.05 ab |
Strain |
2.75 bc | 2.85 b |
Strains |
2.90 ac | 3.00 ab |
Treatments Fungicides | 3.5 ab | 3.25 ab |
Witness | 3.85 a | 3.85 a |
In the case of tomato same behavior was observed for disease development with respect to the presence of
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0.0 d | 0.0 c |
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0.0 d | 0.0 c |
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12.0.c | 1.5 c |
B1J1M2 Mix | 0.0 b | 0.0 c |
QT* | 27.0 b | 3.5 b |
AT** | 75.0 a | 5.0 a |
CV (%) | 10.4 | 1.2 |
The application in field of
2.7. Effect on plant development and growth
The effects obtained by applying
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39.95 ab | 3.60 a | 1.25 a | 61.20 ab | 13.35 a | 6.00 a |
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42.75 a | 3.60 a | 1.05 a | 60.05 ab | 10.70 a | 5.05 a |
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41.20 ab | 3.05 a | 1.05 a | 59.40 ab | 9.59 a | 4.50 a |
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43.75 a | 3.50 a | 1.35 a | 66.40 a | 14.35 a | 4.90 a |
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40.90 ab | 3.15 a | 1.40 a | 63.55 ab | 12.10 a | 6.00 a |
Traditional treatments | 35.30 ab | 2.75 a | 0.60 a | 58.10 ab | 10.45 a | 5.95 a |
Control | 32.80 b | 2.65 a | 0.55 a | 55.55 b | 12.00 a | 5.00 a |
In a similar way, positive effects of
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4.38 a | 100 | 4.01 a | 150 | 6.69 a | 421 | 15.10 a | 174 |
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3.32 ab | 76 | 3.05 ab | 114 | 4.01 b | 252 | 10.39 b | 120 |
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2.73 ab | 62 | 2.40 ab | 90 | 4.04 b | 254 | 9.17 b | 106 |
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3.79 ab | 86 | 3.41 ab | 127 | 4.01 b | 252 | 11.16 ab | 129 |
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3.14 ab | 72 | 2.80 ab | 104 | 4.30 b | 270 | 10.25 b | 118 |
Traditional Treatments | 4.39 a | 100 | 2.68 ab | 100 | 1.59 c | 100 | 8.67 b | 100 |
Control | 1.79 b | 41 | 1.71 b | 64 | 0.57 c | 36 | 4.08 c | 47 |
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119.47 a | 6857.01 b |
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118.65 a | 7762.92 a |
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102.95 b | 5393.32 b |
Mixture B1J1M2 | 121.05 a | 7022.90 a |
*TQ | 99.05 b | 4007.51 c |
**TA | 98.9 b | 4302.63 bc |
CV (%) | 3.11 | 9.29 |
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116.41 a | 30.31 ab | 31.28 c |
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107.57 a | 31.92 ab | 38.76 b |
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87.67 b | 27.90 b | 32.04 c |
Mixture B1J1M2 | 94.51 b | 34.69 a | 96.63 a |
*TQ | 1 c | 28.06 b | 33.38 bc |
**TA | 26.21 d | 14.57 c | 13.92 d |
CV (%) | 6.54 | 8.32 | 6.97 |
3. Conclusions
Use and application of biological control agents, such as
Acknowledgments
F.C.R., wants to thank to CONACYT for all financial support during his postgraduate studies.
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