\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"368",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Skin Grafts - Indications, Applications and Current Research",title:"Skin Grafts",subtitle:"Indications, Applications and Current Research",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The procedure of skin grafting has been performed since 3000BC and with the aid of modern technology has evolved through the years. While the development of new techniques and devices has significantly improved the functional as well as the aesthetic results from skin grafting, the fundamentals of skin grafting have remained the same, a healthy vascular granulating wound bed free of infection. Adherence to the recipient bed is the most important factor in skin graft survival and research continues introducing new techniques that promote this process. Biological and synthetic skin substitutes have also provided better treatment options as well as HLA tissue typing and the use of growth factors. Even today, skin grafts remain the most common and least invasive procedure for the closure of soft tissue defects but the quest for perfection continues.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-509-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6465-4",doi:"10.5772/892",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"skin-grafts-indications-applications-and-current-research",numberOfPages:386,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"78bb532197274bb1fe80d42c800a1b00",bookSignature:"Marcia Spear",publishedDate:"August 29th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/368.jpg",numberOfDownloads:162310,numberOfWosCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:59,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:116,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 16th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 14th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 20th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 20th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 19th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"61993",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia",middleName:null,surname:"Spear",slug:"marcia-spear",fullName:"Marcia Spear",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61993/images/1926_n.jpg",biography:"Marcia Spear is a Doctor of Nursing Practice for the Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. She received her Masters and Doctorate degrees from Vanderbilt University, School of Nursing in 1999 and 2010, respectively. She holds faculty appointments in both the School of Medicine and School of Nursing. She has worked in the specialty of Plastic Surgery and Wound Care for over twenty years and has written numerous articles and publications on related issues.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Vanderbilt University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1144",title:"Craniofacial Surgery",slug:"craniofacial-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"18924",title:"Split-Thickness Skin Grafts",doi:"10.5772/23658",slug:"split-thickness-skin-grafts",totalDownloads:25331,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tamer Seyhan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18924",authors:[{id:"53040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",surname:"Seyhan",slug:"tamer-seyhan",fullName:"Tamer Seyhan"}],corrections:null},{id:"18925",title:"Skin Graft Harvesting and Donor Site Selection",doi:"10.5772/21957",slug:"skin-graft-harvesting-and-donor-site-selection",totalDownloads:18122,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yusuf Kenan Coban, Ahmet Hamdi Aytekin and Göktekin Tenekeci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18925",authors:[{id:"45584",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuf Kenan",surname:"Coban",slug:"yusuf-kenan-coban",fullName:"Yusuf Kenan Coban"},{id:"54839",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet Hamdi",surname:"Aytekin",slug:"ahmet-hamdi-aytekin",fullName:"Ahmet Hamdi Aytekin"},{id:"54847",title:"Dr.",name:"Goktekin",surname:"Tenekeci",slug:"goktekin-tenekeci",fullName:"Goktekin Tenekeci"}],corrections:null},{id:"18926",title:"Indications of Skin Graft",doi:"10.5772/21916",slug:"indications-of-skin-graft",totalDownloads:6831,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abdou Darwish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18926",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18926",authors:[{id:"45367",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdou",surname:"Darwish",slug:"abdou-darwish",fullName:"Abdou Darwish"}],corrections:null},{id:"18927",title:"Full Thickness Skin Grafts",doi:"10.5772/22385",slug:"full-thickness-skin-grafts",totalDownloads:20515,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Saikat Ray and Krishna Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18927",authors:[{id:"47548",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna",surname:"Rao",slug:"krishna-rao",fullName:"Krishna Rao"},{id:"61637",title:"Mr",name:"Saikat",surname:"Ray",slug:"saikat-ray",fullName:"Saikat Ray"}],corrections:null},{id:"18928",title:"Lower Third Nasal Skin Grafting",doi:"10.5772/22737",slug:"lower-third-nasal-skin-grafting",totalDownloads:6997,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"James F. Thornton and Emily D. Rapstine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18928",authors:[{id:"49003",title:"Dr.",name:"James F.",surname:"Thornton",slug:"james-f.-thornton",fullName:"James F. Thornton"},{id:"60354",title:"Ms",name:"Emily",surname:"Rapstine",slug:"emily-rapstine",fullName:"Emily Rapstine"}],corrections:null},{id:"18929",title:"Penis-Sparing Surgery with Neo-Glans Reconstruction for Benign, Premalignant or Malignant Penile Lesions",doi:"10.5772/25331",slug:"penis-sparing-surgery-with-neo-glans-reconstruction-for-benign-premalignant-or-malignant-penile-lesi",totalDownloads:5586,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Enzo Palminteri, Fernando Fusco, Elisa Berdondini and Andrea Salonia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18929",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18929",authors:[{id:"63021",title:"Dr.",name:"Enzo",surname:"Palminteri",slug:"enzo-palminteri",fullName:"Enzo Palminteri"},{id:"63022",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferdinando",surname:"Fusco",slug:"ferdinando-fusco",fullName:"Ferdinando Fusco"},{id:"63023",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Berdondini",slug:"elisa-berdondini",fullName:"Elisa Berdondini"},{id:"63024",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Salonia",slug:"andrea-salonia",fullName:"Andrea Salonia"}],corrections:null},{id:"18930",title:"Skin and Soft Tissue Injuries in Congenital Vascular Malformations",doi:"10.5772/23277",slug:"skin-and-soft-tissue-injuries-in-congenital-vascular-malformations",totalDownloads:3128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kyung-Bok Lee and Dong-Ik Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18930",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18930",authors:[{id:"51380",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong-Ik",surname:"Kim",slug:"dong-ik-kim",fullName:"Dong-Ik Kim"},{id:"59461",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyung-Bok",surname:"Lee",slug:"kyung-bok-lee",fullName:"Kyung-Bok Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"18931",title:"Oral Mucosa Graft",doi:"10.5772/21911",slug:"oral-mucosa-graft",totalDownloads:6558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ismaila A Mungadi and Ngwobia P Agwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18931",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18931",authors:[{id:"45350",title:"Prof.",name:"Ismaila",surname:"Mungadi",slug:"ismaila-mungadi",fullName:"Ismaila Mungadi"},{id:"59344",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Agwu",slug:"peter-agwu",fullName:"Peter Agwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"18932",title:"Full-Thickness Skin Grafts in Reconstructive Dermatologic Surgery of Nasal Defects",doi:"10.5772/24039",slug:"full-thickness-skin-grafts-in-reconstructive-dermatologic-surgery-of-nasal-defects",totalDownloads:7800,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carmen Fernández-Antón Martínez and Ricardo Suárez-Fernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18932",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18932",authors:[{id:"55130",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Fernández-Antón Martínez",slug:"carmen-fernandez-anton-martinez",fullName:"Carmen Fernández-Antón Martínez"},{id:"59334",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo María",surname:"Suárez Fernández",slug:"ricardo-maria-suarez-fernandez",fullName:"Ricardo María Suárez Fernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"18933",title:"Surgical Treatment of Post-Burn Trophic Ulcers and Cicatrices of the Foot Calcaneal Area",doi:"10.5772/22926",slug:"surgical-treatment-of-post-burn-trophic-ulcers-and-cicatrices-of-the-foot-calcaneal-area",totalDownloads:2394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Babur M. Shakirov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18933",authors:[{id:"49829",title:"Prof.",name:"Babur",surname:"Shakirov",slug:"babur-shakirov",fullName:"Babur Shakirov"}],corrections:null},{id:"18934",title:"Preputial Skin Grafts",doi:"10.5772/23424",slug:"preputial-skin-grafts",totalDownloads:2590,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ahmet Bulent Dogrul and Kaya Yorganci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18934",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18934",authors:[{id:"51997",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaya",surname:"Yorganci",slug:"kaya-yorganci",fullName:"Kaya Yorganci"},{id:"59910",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet Bulent",surname:"Dogrul",slug:"ahmet-bulent-dogrul",fullName:"Ahmet Bulent Dogrul"}],corrections:null},{id:"18935",title:"Treatment of Adult-Acquired Buried Penis",doi:"10.5772/23570",slug:"treatment-of-adult-acquired-buried-penis",totalDownloads:14985,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"W. Britt Zimmerman and Richard A. Santucci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18935",authors:[{id:"52597",title:"Dr.",name:"W. Britt",surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"w.-britt-zimmerman",fullName:"W. Britt Zimmerman"},{id:"59671",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard A.",surname:"Santucci",slug:"richard-a.-santucci",fullName:"Richard A. Santucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"18936",title:"Skin Graft Preservation",doi:"10.5772/23084",slug:"skin-graft-preservation",totalDownloads:5225,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Liangpeng Ge, Zhenggen Huang and Hong Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18936",authors:[{id:"50490",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",surname:"Wei",slug:"hong-wei",fullName:"Hong Wei"},{id:"57718",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenggen",surname:"Huang",slug:"zhenggen-huang",fullName:"Zhenggen Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"18937",title:"Comparative Study of Skin Graft Tolerance and Rejection in the Frog Xenopus Laevis",doi:"10.5772/21841",slug:"comparative-study-of-skin-graft-tolerance-and-rejection-in-the-frog-xenopus-laevis",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hristina Nedelkovska and Jacques Robert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18937",authors:[{id:"45072",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",surname:"Robert",slug:"jacques-robert",fullName:"Jacques Robert"},{id:"59684",title:"Ms",name:"Hristina",surname:"Nedelkovska",slug:"hristina-nedelkovska",fullName:"Hristina Nedelkovska"}],corrections:null},{id:"18938",title:"The Effect of Human Recombinant Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and Tacrolimus (FK506) in Autologous and Homologous Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG) Take and Viability in a Rat Model",doi:"10.5772/21946",slug:"the-effect-of-human-recombinant-erythropoietin-rhuepo-and-tacrolimus-fk506-in-autologous-and-homolog",totalDownloads:2206,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dimitrios Karypidis, Despina Perrea, Othon Papadopoulos and Alkiviadis Kostakis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18938",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18938",authors:[{id:"45544",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Karypidis",slug:"dimitrios-karypidis",fullName:"Dimitrios Karypidis"},{id:"59271",title:"Dr.",name:"Despina",surname:"Perrea",slug:"despina-perrea",fullName:"Despina Perrea"},{id:"59272",title:"Prof.",name:"Othon",surname:"Papadopoulos",slug:"othon-papadopoulos",fullName:"Othon Papadopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"18939",title:"Recent Innovation in Pretreatment for Skin Grafts Using Regenerative Medicine in the East",doi:"10.5772/23620",slug:"recent-innovation-in-pretreatment-for-skin-grafts-using-regenerative-medicine-in-the-east",totalDownloads:2676,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hitomi Sano and Shigeru Ichioka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18939",authors:[{id:"52821",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeru",surname:"Ichioka",slug:"shigeru-ichioka",fullName:"Shigeru Ichioka"},{id:"59380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitomi",surname:"Sano",slug:"hitomi-sano",fullName:"Hitomi Sano"}],corrections:null},{id:"18940",title:"Application of the Nanocrystalline Silver in Treatment of Burn Wounds in Children",doi:"10.5772/24646",slug:"application-of-the-nanocrystalline-silver-in-treatment-of-burn-wounds-in-children",totalDownloads:4905,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maya Argirova and Ognian Hadjiiski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18940",authors:[{id:"58705",title:"PhD.",name:"Maya",surname:"Argirova",slug:"maya-argirova",fullName:"Maya Argirova"},{id:"62439",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognian",surname:"Hadjiiski",slug:"ognian-hadjiiski",fullName:"Ognian Hadjiiski"}],corrections:null},{id:"18941",title:"How Does Human Amniotic Membrane Help Major Burn Patients Who Need Skin Grafting: New Experiences",doi:"10.5772/23107",slug:"how-does-human-amniotic-membrane-help-major-burn-patients-who-need-skin-grafting-new-experiences",totalDownloads:5547,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ali Akbar Mohammadi and Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18941",authors:[{id:"50621",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali Akbar",surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"ali-akbar-mohammadi",fullName:"Ali Akbar Mohammadi"},{id:"58843",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Kazem",surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"mohammad-kazem-mohammadi",fullName:"Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"18942",title:"Influence of Microorganisms on the Healing of Skin Grafts from Chronic Venous Leg Wounds",doi:"10.5772/22845",slug:"influence-of-microorganisms-on-the-healing-of-skin-grafts-from-chronic-venous-leg-wounds",totalDownloads:3673,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tine Yding Wolff, Thomas Bjarnsholt, Klaus Kirketerp-Møller and Trine Rolighed Thomsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18942",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18942",authors:[{id:"49457",title:"Dr.",name:"Trine Rolighed",surname:"Thomsen",slug:"trine-rolighed-thomsen",fullName:"Trine Rolighed Thomsen"},{id:"49462",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Bjarnsholt",slug:"thomas-bjarnsholt",fullName:"Thomas Bjarnsholt"},{id:"49463",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaus",surname:"Kirketerp-Møller",slug:"klaus-kirketerp-moller",fullName:"Klaus Kirketerp-Møller"},{id:"60054",title:"MSc",name:"Tine",surname:"Wolff",slug:"tine-wolff",fullName:"Tine Wolff"}],corrections:null},{id:"18943",title:"Clinical Evaluation of Glyaderm, a Dermal Substitute Based on Glycerinized Donor Skin",doi:"10.5772/24212",slug:"clinical-evaluation-of-glyaderm-a-dermal-substitute-based-on-glycerinized-donor-skin",totalDownloads:2626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pirayesh A., Richters CD, Hoeksema H, Verbelen J, Heyneman A and Monstrey S.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18943",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18943",authors:[{id:"56158",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",surname:"Richters",slug:"cornelia-richters",fullName:"Cornelia Richters"}],corrections:null},{id:"18944",title:"External Wire Frame Fixation for Skin Grafts",doi:"10.5772/21885",slug:"external-wire-frame-fixation-for-skin-grafts",totalDownloads:2345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rei Ogawa and Hiko Hyakusoku",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18944",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18944",authors:[{id:"45225",title:"Dr.",name:"Rei",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"rei-ogawa",fullName:"Rei Ogawa"},{id:"59886",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiko",surname:"Hyakusoku",slug:"hiko-hyakusoku",fullName:"Hiko Hyakusoku"}],corrections:null},{id:"18945",title:"Efficacy of Autogenous Dermis Graft for Wound Coverage",doi:"10.5772/24881",slug:"efficacy-of-autogenous-dermis-graft-for-wound-coverage",totalDownloads:2518,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Seung-Kyu Han",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18945",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18945",authors:[{id:"60148",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung-Kyu",surname:"Han",slug:"seung-kyu-han",fullName:"Seung-Kyu Han"}],corrections:null},{id:"18946",title:"Cryopreservation of Skin Tissues for Skin Grafts",doi:"10.5772/23268",slug:"cryopreservation-of-skin-tissues-for-skin-grafts",totalDownloads:3199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Suong-Hyu Hyon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18946",authors:[{id:"51336",title:"Prof.",name:"Suong-Hyu",surname:"Hyon",slug:"suong-hyu-hyon",fullName:"Suong-Hyu Hyon"}],corrections:null},{id:"18947",title:"Sentinel Skin Allograft for Monitoring of Composite Tissue Transplants Rejection",doi:"10.5772/23605",slug:"sentinel-skin-allograft-for-monitoring-of-composite-tissue-transplants-rejection",totalDownloads:2367,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zamfirescu DG, Lascar I and Lanzetta M",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18947",authors:[{id:"52765",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos",surname:"Zamfirescu",slug:"dragos-zamfirescu",fullName:"Dragos Zamfirescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"18948",title:"Immunological Considerations for Inducing Skin Graft Tolerance",doi:"10.5772/24325",slug:"immunological-considerations-for-inducing-skin-graft-tolerance",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ethel J. Gordon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18948",authors:[{id:"56692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ethel",surname:"Gordon",slug:"ethel-gordon",fullName:"Ethel Gordon"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"740",title:"Neck Dissection",subtitle:"Clinical Application and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"198a38d9effbbc4b524e15b024033bac",slug:"neck-dissection-clinical-application-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Raja Kummoona",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93854",title:"Prof.",name:"Raja",surname:"Kummoona",slug:"raja-kummoona",fullName:"Raja Kummoona"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1760",title:"The Role of Osteotomy in the Correction of Congenital and Acquired Disorders of the Skeleton",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9661cdebd682842816ac472a9330e6eb",slug:"the-role-of-osteotomy-in-the-correction-of-congenital-and-acquired-disorders-of-the-skeleton",bookSignature:"James P. Waddell",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112781",title:"Prof.",name:"James",surname:"Waddell",slug:"james-waddell",fullName:"James Waddell"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66065",slug:"corrigendum-to-eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",title:"Corrigendum to: Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66065.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66065",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66065",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66065",chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7005",leadTitle:null,title:"Theobroma Cacao",subtitle:"Deploying Science for Sustainability of Global Cocoa Economy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Almost five million tonnes of cocoa produced annually drives the US$100 billion global chocolate industry. To sustain the industry, cacao planting materials (seeds and clones) have been successfully moved from the Amazon forests in America to the humid tropical forests of Africa, Asia, and Australia. In more than 150 years of commercial cacao cultivation, smallholder farmers that supply the bulk of cocoa beans still face several production constraints that impede their efficiency. Scientific technologies have therefore been deployed to remove these constraints by ensuring a continuous supply of good quality cocoa beans to meet growing global demand. This book provides insight into these scientific advances to address these current and emerging problems and to assure the sustainability of the global cocoa industry.",isbn:"978-1-83962-733-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-732-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-734-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73761",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"theobroma-cacao-deploying-science-for-sustainability-of-global-cocoa-economy",numberOfPages:164,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6db7340ec4aa1fd498381eebc7fc7032",bookSignature:"Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7005.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:9333,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 18th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"94033",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:"Osobase",surname:"Aikpokpodion",slug:"peter-aikpokpodion",fullName:"Peter Aikpokpodion",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94033/images/system/94033.jpeg",biography:"Professor of Plant Breeding, Molecular Genetics and Genetic Resources Management in the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology with research interest in plant breeding and cultivar development, application of molecular techniques in genetic resources (diversity) management and utilization, marker-assisted selection (MAS), physiological genetics, host plant-pathogen interaction, breeding for resistance and end-use quality considerations, reproductive biology, plant adaptation studies, climate-smart agriculture and participatory plant breeding. He obtained B.Sc. (Agric) Crop Science (1989), M.Sc. Agronomy in Crop Science (1998) and Ph.D. in Plant Breeding in the Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan in 2007. Before joining University of Calabar in 2010, he was a Chief Research Officer (Plant Breeding) at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. With a strong background in research, industry linkages and knowledge driven policy development, he brings experience into teaching and post-graduate student research supervision. He has supervised and co-supervised three PhD and five MSc students. Dr. Aikpokpodion’s contributions to the cocoa industry include the development and official release of eight new cocoa hybrids (CRINTc1-8) now distributed to farmers in Nigeria and his unraveling of the genetic diversity of Nigeria’s cocoa field gene-banks and farm plantations. Dr. Aikpokpodion has managed several research projects and a recipient of scientific and industry awards including the USAID-administered Norman Borluag LEAP Fellowship 2006 and the 2014 Nigeria’s Cocoa Value Chain Team Player Award. Dr. Aikpokpodion also served as Technical Advisor & Team Leader, Cocoa Value Chain Development of the Nigeria’s Agricultural Transformation Agenda coordinated by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2011 to 2015).",institutionString:"University of Calabar",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Calabar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"141",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"environmental-sciences-plant-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"67634",title:"Cacao Growth and Development Under Different Nursery and Field Conditions",slug:"cacao-growth-and-development-under-different-nursery-and-field-conditions",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[null]},{id:"65595",title:"Current and Potential Use of Timber and Non-timber Resources of the Cacao Agroforestry Systems",slug:"current-and-potential-use-of-timber-and-non-timber-resources-of-the-cacao-agroforestry-systems",totalDownloads:645,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"65131",title:"Diversity of Cacao Pathogens and Impact on Yield and Global Production",slug:"diversity-of-cacao-pathogens-and-impact-on-yield-and-global-production",totalDownloads:1738,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[null]},{id:"69505",title:"Unsweetened Natural Cocoa Powder: A Potent Nutraceutical in Perspective",slug:"unsweetened-natural-cocoa-powder-a-potent-nutraceutical-in-perspective",totalDownloads:896,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"68088",title:"Exploration of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) By-Products as Valuable Potential Resources in Livestock Feeds and Feeding Systems",slug:"exploration-of-cocoa-em-theobroma-cacao-em-by-products-as-valuable-potential-resources-in-livestock-",totalDownloads:1371,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[null]},{id:"66163",title:"Cacao Genetic Resources Conservation and Utilization for Sustainable Production in Nigeria",slug:"cacao-genetic-resources-conservation-and-utilization-for-sustainable-production-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:951,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"64625",title:"Cocoa Genetic Resources and Their Utilization in Palm-Based Cropping Systems of India",slug:"cocoa-genetic-resources-and-their-utilization-in-palm-based-cropping-systems-of-india",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"67474",title:"Cocoa Plant, People and Profit in Ghana",slug:"cocoa-plant-people-and-profit-in-ghana",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8667",title:"Plant Communities and Their Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc25bcd1a48e847f8f7b4e30b4d84641",slug:"plant-communities-and-their-environment",bookSignature:"Manuel T. Oliveira, Feyza Candan and Anabela Fernandes-Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8667.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181227",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"manuel-oliveira",fullName:"Manuel Oliveira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41323",title:"Robotic Resection of Left Atrial Myxoma",doi:"10.5772/50868",slug:"robotic-resection-of-left-atrial-myxoma",body:'
Cardiac myxoma is a benign primitive tumor of endocardial origin that occurs with an incidence of 40-50% of all detected primary cardiac neoplasms. The vast majority of them are manifest as cavitary gelatinous masses and they may have a smooth or rough surface or thrombus adherent. The tumor is constituted by primitive connective tissue cells form rings, cords and nests that are often associated with capillaries and they exist in a myxoid stroma that is composed of variable amounts of proteoglycans, elastin and collagen.
Approximately 90% are solitary and pedunculated and the most common site of attachment is at the border of the fossa ovalis in the left atrium (75-85%), although myxomas can also originate from the atrial appendage, 25% of cases are found in the right atrium and up to 7% arise in the ventricular cavities [1].
The etiology remains to be determined and most cases are sporadic. About 75% of sporadic myxomas occur in females and the mean age for these cases is 55 years. Myxomas are familial in only 5-7% of the cases, and they have atypical features such as multicentricity, atypical localization, recurrence after excision and association with Carney complex [2]. Although atrial myxomas are typically benign, local recurrence due to malignant change has also been reported [3].
The growth rate of these tumors has been cited as reaching 0.15 cm per month and the clinical presentation varies according to the size, tumor\'s location and mobility (depending on the extent of attachment to the interatrial septum) [4-5]. Left atrial myxomas may produce symptoms by mechanical interference of blood flow across the mitral valve or pulmonary venous drainage, symptoms associated with embolization, constitutional symptoms and arrhythmias. Embolism is a major feature of cardiac myxomas, with systemic embolism occurring in 30% to 40% of patients with a left atrial tumor, although in general terms, the site is dependent upon the location (left or right atrium). Signs of heart failure with pulmonary congestion or pulmonary embolism are presented in 22% and 20% of patients respectively, indicating a high-risk situation [6]. Sudden death may occur in 15% patients with atrial myxomas and it is typically caused by coronary embolization or obstruction of heart valves.
In about 20% of cases, myxoma may be asymptomatic and discovered as an incidental finding by imaging techniques, such as transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography (CT). Cardiac imaging along with a high index of suspicion plays an important role in the diagnosis and subsequent management of patients with cardiac myxomas who can potentially benefit from surgical treatment.
Although these tumors are histologically benign, they may be lethal because of their strategic position and, after the diagnosis has been established, surgery should be performed promptly because of the possibility of embolic complications or sudden death previously described. In the past, cardiac myxoma has been generally considered a surgical emergency. However, currently it tends to be observed in a more elderly and higher risk population, often at an early stage because of the development of cardiac imaging techniques and, because of this reason, emergency surgery is not appropriate in stable forms [6]. With the exception of real emergency situations, there is no reason why surgery for cardiac myxoma should not comply with the usual recommendations for preoperative routine assessment before any form of cardiac surgery.
Long-term follow-up is recommended and annual echocardiograms are useful for early detection of recurrent tumors after surgery.
Operative resection of atrial myxoma is the treatment of choice and it is a safe procedure, with an early postoperative mortality of 2% and an excellent long-term prognosis [7].
Surgery is usually curative and includes a complete resection with adequate margin. In most cases, cardiac myxomas can be removed easily because they are pedunculated. Simple resection is justified in the most of patients, avoiding a large resection of the atrial septum below the tumor implantation, although extensive resection appears to be mainly justified in high-risk cases of recurrence, such as familial myxomas [8]. Right atrial tumors are resected through the right atrium and left atrial tumors can be removed using a trans-septal or trans-atrial approach.
Optimal operative technique emphasizes minimal manipulation of the tumor before institution of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to prevent fragmentation and embolization and the tumor must be removed intact. Recurrence is possible after surgery and it can be attributed to incomplete excision of the tumor, intracardiac implantation from the primary tumor or growth of a second focus.
Traditionally, surgery for cardiac myxomas has been performed by median sternotomy, which provides a generous exposure. However, a challenge is occurring and minimally invasive cardiac surgery has grown in last decade because of the observed benefits of minimal access surgery, such as reduced surgical trauma and decreased pain. Moreover, the advancements in three-dimensional (3D) video and robotic instrumentation have progressed to a point where a large number of cardiac procedures (including myxomas excision) are feasible by specially trained cardiac surgeons.
Currently, resection of atrial myxomas can be performed through small port sites with enhanced technological assistance rather than a traditional median sternotomy. The application of robotic telemanipulation systems enables the surgeon to provide the most effective and least invasive treatment option available for this condition, offering all the potential benefits of a minimally invasive procedure, including smaller incisions with minimal scarring, less trauma (including less pain and less bleeding), a decreased risk of infection, shorter hospital stay and recovery, and a quicker return to daily activities [9].
Removal of left atrial myxomas under robotic assistance has demonstrated to be safe and efficient with no limitations to resection of the tumor, allowing the surgeon generous access to the heart and surrounding structures. It can be done with reasonable cross clamp and perfusion times, conversions to open surgery are uncommon and excellent mid-term results can be achieved by well-trained surgical teams.
With this relatively new technology being more widespread, it is important to know about standard surgical procedure for resection of left atrial myxomas under robotic assistance, as well as acknowledge any related complications for this procedure.
Prior to advances in robotic technology, a variety of smaller incisions were developed for endoscopic heart operations in the mid-1990s, such as coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery [10-11]. In 1998, Carpentier [12] and Mohr et al [13] performed endoscopic mitral procedures and coronary artery bypass grafting using peripheral perfusion and endoaortic cross-clamp techniques.
Minimally invasive approaches have also been applied for cardiac myxomas resection, such as right parasternal or partial sternotomy with standard cardioplegic techniques [14], right submammary port-access method with antegrade cardioplegia and ascending aortic balloon occlusion [15] or right submammary incision with femoro-femoral bypass and nonclamped ventricular fibrillation [16]. In general terms, video-assisted resection by using these approaches has been successfully described, providing satisfactory exposure for atrial and ventricular myxomas [17-19].
Nevertheless, endoscopic instrumentation (with four degrees of freedom) reduces the dexterity needed for delicate cardiac surgical procedures, along with the loss of depth perception by using two-dimensional viewing systems. Robotic technology provides a solution to these problems and it has been born to facilitate cardiac procedures, initially by providing enhanced endoscopic camera control and in the recent decade, by allowing the manipulation of surgical instruments through thoracoscopic port incisions.
In 2001, Torracca et al [20] first reported a series of atrial septal defect closure using robotic device in Europe and, in the last decade, surgical telemanipulation systems have expanded to coronary revascularization, left ventricular lead implantation, congenital heart surgery, valvular surgery, arrhythmia procedures (Cox-Maze III) and cardiac tumors. The American Heart Association identified robotic surgery as one of the top 10 research advancements of 2002 [21].
The first group of robots consisted of assisting tools that were used for holding and positioning the endoscope during surgery, such as the robot AESOP (Automatic Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning; Computer Motion Inc, Goleta, CA) [22], although cardiac procedures have not obtained any relevant benefit from this system.
The second group comprises surgical telemanipulation systems, which are under the control of a surgeon who works at the console. The development of telemanipulation systems was performed in the late 1980s: the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) and the ZEUS robotic system (Computer Motion Inc, Goleta, CA) [23]. In 2003, Intuitive Surgical and Computer Motion agreed to merge and the ZEUS system was phased out in favor of the da Vinci system.
The advantages of the da Vinci system include 3D-viewing system, the robotic wrist and it can provide up four robotic arms. These characteristics seems to be more advantageous in mammary artery harvesting for coronary artery bypass grafting, but are also interesting features for a number of cardiac procedures, such as atrial myxomas excision.
The initial experience with robot-assisted excision of left atrial myxomas has been reported using the da Vinci Surgical System and it is the most widely used for cardiac procedures. It comprises three components: a surgeon’s console, an instrument cart (including two robotic operating arms with a diameter of 11 mm, their articulating instruments, the camera arm and an optional fourth arm) and a 3D-visioning platform for enabling natural depth perception with high-power magnification. The surgeon is seated in front of the computer console and operates the robotic arms while viewing the surgical field in 3D-image. The finger and wrist movements are registered digitally and the dual master controls translate them to the operation being performed on the patient with the surgical robotic arms, allowing various types of movements including rotating, sliding and squeezing. “Wrist-like” instrument articulation emulates the surgeon’s actions at the tissue level, and dexterity becomes enhanced through combined tremor suppression and motion scaling. It minimizes opportunities for human error when compared with traditional approaches.
As mentioned above, robotic-assisted cardiac surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System has allowed performing selected coronary artery bypass surgery, mitral valve repair or replacement, atrial and ventricular septal defect repairs [24-25] and most recent totally endoscopic removal of atrial myxomas. Isolated cases of removal of uncommon cardiac tumors using robotic techniques have also been reported, such as aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma, with excellent results [26].
The first successful application of robotic technology for totally resection of left atrial myxoma with da Vinci Surgical System was reported in 2005 by Murphy and associates [27], through transeptal and left atrial approaches. In 2008, at Beijing (China), Changqing Gao et al reported a new successful resection of left atrial myxoma by using this technology [28]. To date, approximately 30 cases of cardiac myxomas excision under robotic assistance have been described [28-29] and this author have reported the largest single institution series of robotic resection of left atrial myxomas, with 19 consecutive patients undergoing this procedure with no operative deaths or strokes [30] and follow-up echocardiograms up to 18 months noted no recurrence or atrial septal defect.
To minimize patient risk in this setting, cardiac surgeons should have previous experimental training in robotic techniques (in vivo animal laboratory work and human cadavers can be used) and they must demonstrate clinical proficiency to operate the robotic equipment per FDA (Food and Drug Association) approved company testing.
Some anesthetic considerations must be done. Cardiac anesthesiologists must be trained in order to recognize potential complications and challenges posed by the use of robotic systems, such as long surgical times or problems with single-lung ventilation. Management of TEE and minimally invasive percutaneous CPB management are also desirable for the anesthesiology team.
Patient monitoring consisted of standard electrocardiography, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, bispectral index, urine output and nasopharyngeal and bladder temperatures. Arterial blood gas analysis for acid-base status, oxygen and CO2 arterial pressures, hematocrit, haemoglobin, potassium and ionized calcium is performed during the procedure as needed.
TEE is a valuable adjunct in robotic cardiac surgery. During establishment of peripheral CPB, TEE is used to guide placement of the cannulas in the inferior and superior venae cavae and ascending aorta. When the midesophageal bicaval view (80-110º) is obtained, the venous cannula must be identified as two parallel lines surrounding the fluid-filled lumen. As example, the midesophageal aortic valve long-axis view (120-160º) can be obtained to assess the placement of the endoclamp for aortic occlusion when it is used.
After weaning from CPB, TEE is also used to evaluate the completeness of air removal. TEE identifies patients at risk for significant complications before they leave the operating room [31].
Other special anesthetic considerations required for robotic cardiac surgery, in order to maintain stable hemodynamic and oxygenation, are single-lung ventilation and carbon dioxide insufflation [32]. It may reduce cardiac output and result in hypercapnia and hypoxia. These characteristics are especially relevant for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease because of the creation of a transpulmonary shunt through the collapsed lung, worsening arterial oxygenation.
An active communication between anesthesiologist and surgeon is key to ensure the success, timely execution and safety of cardiac robotic surgery.
Robotic resection of left atrial myxomas is considered a good right-sided atrial approach with excellent visibility, which includes an adequate exposure of the attachment point of the tumor, excision of tissue margins and debridement, meticulous removal without fragmentation and a careful examination of intracardiac chambers. To date, robotic enhancement has been used to perform portions of intracardiac procedures via thoracotomy incisions as well as the application of this technology for totally endoscopic open heart surgery. For removal of left atrial myxomas, both approaches have been reported.
In first place, robotic arm placement and specialized equipment must be reviewed with the operating room staff.
Then, the patient is anesthetized and intubated with a dual-lumen endotracheal tube, allowing single left-lung ventilation; the lung needs to be deflated on the side of the chest that the robot is entering so visualization of the heart is not obstructed. Arterial pressure monitoring line and central venous catheter are inserted and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) study is performed. If an endoclamp for aortic occlusion is used, bilateral radial arterial catheters are required to monitor correctly balloon placement.
As there is limited access to the heart for direct defibrillation, external defibrillator pads are required.
The patient is positioned with the right chest elevated 30°–45° and the right arm positioned along the right side. This position permits direct access to the thoracic cavity and decreases the risk for brachial plexophaty. Patient positioning is of fundamental importance in decreasing patient-robot conflict during surgery, defined as a limitation in the free movement of the robot’s telemanipulated arms by interference with the patient’s body.
Percutaneous cannula (15-17 F) is inserted through the right internal jugular vein for drainage from superior cava vein under TEE assistance
After sterile preparation and draping the patient, a transverse right groin incision is made and femoral artery and vein are dissected and prepared for cannulation (Figure 2).
When totally robotic resection of left atrial myxoma is performed [28], the da Vinci endoscope is inserted through a 12-15 mm port in the fourth intercostal space (ICS), approximately 2-cm lateral to the midclavicular line. The camera is then introduced through the endoscope port into the pleural space and a small working port (2 cm) is created in the same ICS upward from the camera port.
Percutaneous cannula through the right internal jugular vein. This venous cannula is advanced into the right atrium.
The common femoral artery and femoral vein are dissected free from the surrounding structures. Both are dissected circumferentially and vessel-loops are placed for bleeding control.
Then, the da Vinci instrument arms are inserted in their respective ports through three 1-cm trocar incisions in the right side (anterior axillary line): the right instrument arm is positioned 5 cm lateral to the working port in the 6th ICS; the left arm, medial and cephalad to the right arm in the 2nd or 3rd ICS; and the fourth arm trocar is placed in the midclavicular line in the 5th ICS (to achieve an optimal interatrial exposure). For this approach, no rib-spreading retractor is necessary.
In selected cases, this approach can be modified and removal of giant left atrial myxomas is performed via thoracotomy incision under robotic assistance (Figure 3).
Positioning of the patient when anterolateral thoracotomy under robotic assistance is the selected approach.
Anterolateral thoracotomy. The da Vinci endoscope is introduced through the incision.
For these cases, a right submammary skin incision (about 9-10 cm) is made with the aim of reaching the chest wall, retractor is used and the camera is then introduced (Figure 4). This camera port and the working port can be fused together to be a new work-port for the intracardiac procedure.
For both approaches, after port insertion, the entire operation (including pericardiotomy, atriotomy and myxoma excision) are performed with robotic assistance.
After the selected approach has been initiated, the patient is heparinized and peripheral cannulation is performed as previously described for minimally invasive cardiac surgery [33] (bicaval venous drainage through the jugular and femoral cannulas along with arterial perfusion through femoral cannula placed into the ascending aorta). The sizes of the cannulas are determined by the patient’s body surface area and circulatory requirements. Cannulas are inserted over the Seldinger guidewire, are confirmed to be in the correct placement by TEE and the guidewire is then removed.
After the da Vinci endoscope and instrument arms have been inserted (Figure 5), pleural adhesions are rule out, the right pleural space is insufflated with carbon dioxide to create working space (intrapleural pressure of 5 to 10 mm Hg) and, via 4 port incisions and a working port, this procedure can be completed with a 30° angled endoscope facing upward with the da Vinci Surgical System.
View of the da Vinci robotic system’s arms positioned in the patient’s chest, for robotic assistance when a thoracotomy incision has been made.
The operating surgeon is positioned at the operative console and begins the intrathoracic portion of the operation by controlling the robotic camera and surgical instrument arms. The patient-side assistant changes instruments, supplies and retrieves operative materials.
The pericardium is opened with direct visualization of the phrenic nerve (3-4 cm anterior to the nerve) and it is excised (for a possible atrial septal reconstruction). Traction sutures are placed low on the pericardium on the right side (usually three sutures are necessary for better visualization of the septal rim of the left atriotomy). This maneuver enables an optimal exposure of the left atrium.
The venae cavae are encircled with linen tapes and caval snares are placed using a long-tip forceps and passed out of the working port. Total CPB is started. Usually, CPB is established at 26 °C through peripheral vessels, using femoral arterial inflow and kinetic venous drainage through a femoral (21–23 Fr) and right internal jugular vein (15-17 Fr) cannula.
The management of extracorporeal circulation for robotically assisted cardiac surgery has suffered modifications from the standard procedures. As mentioned above, for most of the patients, extracorporeal circulation is established through a femoral arterial cannula, femoral venous cannula and right internal jugular venous cannula, with vacuum-assisted venous drainage and continuous blood gas monitoring. The femoral artery needs to be able to fit this cannula and provide adequate flow. A learning curve of perfusion technique is necessary for the establishment of this type of extracorporeal circulation system and adequate communication between the surgical team is essential.
There are different venous cannulas for peripheral cannulation in robotic surgery, such as 25 F Quickdraw (Edwards LifeSciences, CA, USA) or 21-23 F cannula (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA). For arterial cannulation, different cannulas can be used. For endoaortic clamp, a 21-23 F EndoReturn cannula (Edwards LifeSciences, Irvine, CA, USA) is available. Any standard femoral access cannula may be used if cross-clamping is going to be achived. Finally, a remote access perfusion cannula has been developed to avoid both retrograde perfusion and cross-clamping (RAP Cannula, Estech Inc., Danville, CA, USA).
Aortic occlusion can be performed with a transthoracic cross-clamp, such as Chitwood (Scanlan International, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) developed by Chitwood, Elbeery and Moran [34], which enables central aortic occlusion without the use of an intra-aortic balloon. It is inserted through the 3rd or 4th ICS in the midaxillary line and is applied across the aorta. It is usually used for patients in whom use of endoaortic occlusion balloon is not indicated due to extensive calcification or tortuosity of aorto-iliac axis or aneurysmal disease.
When endoaortic clamping is going to be achieved, the aortic balloon is positioned in the ascending aorta (1 cm above the sinotubular junction) by TEE assistance. The aortic balloon is then inflated to a pressure of 250 to 300 mm Hg. The myocardium is protected with antegrade cold blood cardioplegia delivered through the distal lumen of the balloon, or directly through the second ICS working port with a 14 F angiocatheter if cross-clamping is used. Then, the heart is arrested. Repeat doses can be given when necessary during the procedure. Currently, the cardioplegia cannulas used in this setting are the dual-lumen antegrade cardioplegia cannula (Medtronic DLP, Minneapolis, MN), allowing for the simultaneous delivery of cardioplegia and aspiration of the aorta and left heart; or the RAP cannula (Estech, Inc, Danville, CA) mentioned above.
De-airing is ensured through the same angiocatheter for cardioplegia or with a left vent across the mitral valve.
When left atrial myxomas are attached to the interatrial septum, exploration can be achieved through an oblique right atriotomy for an optimal exposure of the atrial septum [27] and, when the point of attachment has been identified, the incision can be made in the septum (medial to the fossa ovalis) and it is extended 360º around the myxoma attachment following the entering to the left atrium. For this approach, margins of normal septal tissue must be maintained.
A left atriotomy through Sondergaard’s groove (anterior to the pulmonary veins) has been also described for patients with tumor attachment to the posterior left atrial wall. Traction sutures can be placed at the left atriotomy and pulled upward, or and atrial retractor (Estech, Inc., Danville, CA, USA) can be used for achieving an optimal operative field.
For selected cases, an atrial EndoWrist retractor (Intuitive Surgical, Inc, CA) is placed through the fourth robotic arm for an adequate exploration of the atrial myxoma. This dynamic robotic atrial retractor makes the right side of the heart to rotate up and the left side to rotate down and, along with the magnification provided by the robotic optical system, enhances the exposure and visualization in the left atrium.
Then, excision can be achieved by dissecting a plane at the point of attachment and atrial septum is maintained. Calcified areas and adherences must be identified. When atrial myxomas are located in the right atrium, they can be completely resected from the beating heart with the superior and inferior venae cavae snared.
Resection of full-thickness wall or only an endocardial attachment is controversial, although a partial thickness resection of the area of tumor attachment when anatomically is necessary has been reported, without an increase in recurrence rate [35]. The base of the myxomas can also be cauterized to prevent recurrence when, despite to be anatomically necessary, it has not been completely resected.
Because myxomas are generally very friable, their removal through a small working port is an important step during the robotic procedure. Endoscopic specimen baskets have been developed and are routinely used for laparoscopic procedures with good results and its use to catch and remove atrial myxomas has demonstrated to be safe and without risk for the patient when a video-assisted myxoma excision is performed [17]. For robotic procedures, the tumor is removed and grasped by the tissue margins and is extracted using an Endopouch bag (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio) through the service port without fragmentation in the pleural space.
A vacuum-extractor device has also been reported for this procedure [36], allowing the extraction of giant left atrial myxomas. The components for this device are the top of a plastic bottle of fluid serum (of 3-5 cm in diameter) connected to a flexible tube with a suction device. It is introduced and placed without aspiration through a thoracotomy incision, facilitated with the robotic magnification, and once the tumor is reached, it is removed with vacuum-traction under active aspiration (Figure 6). This device allows the manipulation and a complete removal of the tumor, even if it is friable.
The interatrial septum can be removed with the tumor, but it seems to be indicated only in high-risk patients. When an atrial wall defect is created after excision (usually at the septum), it is repaired using the principles learned from endoscopic atrial septal defect repair. It can be repaired primarily by a running suture in the most of cases or by patch closure using autologous or bovine pericardium. After resection, empty left atrial and left ventricular chambers inspection is accomplished with the da Vinci endoscope.
The entire procedure can be performed with the da Vinci Surgical System, including left atrial closure with running suture, although the left atrium can be closed under direct vision to decrease operative times for selected patients.
Resection of a giant atrial myxoma through a left atrial approach using the da Vinci Surgical System. Vacuum-extractor into the left atrium (viewing from the console’s surgeon).
After de-airing, aortic cross-clamp is deflated and removed. TEE is used for proving the absence of tumor in cardiac chambers, adequate removal of air as well as residual atrial septal defect or mitral regurgitation (Figure 7). Then, the patient is rewarmed and weaned from CPB.
Protamine is given and the femoral vessels are repaired once off CPB and the groin incision is closed. When cardioplegia has been infused through the second ICS, the site can be closed with extracorporeal knot tying through the working port and surgical close of the chest wall may be performed in the standard fashion.
TEE allows for an exhaustive inspection the cardiac chambers after removal of the atrial myxoma.
In most of patients, temporary cardiac pacing wires are not routinely required. When this step is required, it must be performed previously to removal of aortic clamp. The chest tube (or Blake drain, depending on institution) is placed in an existing intercostals porthole and they are usually left in the pericardium and in the right pleural space. The double-lumen endobronchial tube can be changed to a single-lumen tube. In selected cases, the patient can be extubated in the operating room or shortly upon arrival to the intensive care unit.
In general terms, although experience is limited, surgical results at a relatively large number of centres worldwide are optimal and this technology is of reproducible value with excellent cosmetic results. Despite successful cases reported of robotic-assisted excision of left atrial myxomas, most surgeons continue to use a median sternotomy approach.
An endoscopic approach to left atrial myxomas is appropriate only when the exposure of the attachment point of the tumor is optimal, excision of adequate tissue margins, removal with no fragmentation, reconstruction of atrial wall defects and an exhaustive inspection the cardiac chambers after removal of the atrial myxoma. These surgical tenets are achieved with the robotic technology.
Cross-clamp and perfusion times are longer under robotic assistance compared with conventional surgery [37-38], although a longer CPB time has not demonstrated any negative impact on operative and postoperative outcomes.
Increased total operative and cross-clamp times have been demonstrated for the endoaortic balloon versus the transthoracic clamp for valve surgery [39], but there are no studies for left atrial myxoma excision.
Learning curve can be long and minimally invasive surgery experience is desirable. The learning curve has demonstrated a progressive decline in cross-clamp, CPB, and overall operative times [40].
The perioperative results are similar to those obtained using traditional approaches and no serious complications during the robotic procedure have been reported in this setting. Necessity of conversion to sternotomy due to robotic system malfunction has not been described and to date, no operative mortality or neurologic complications have been observed [30].
The long incision in the midline of the chest, the risk of bleeding and infection and the relatively long recovery time after surgery seem to be avoided with robotic cardiac surgery. Usually, these patients benefit from low blood transfusion rate.
Intensive care unit stay duration is reduced in several studies [41-42]. Moreover, the patients are usually ready to be discharged on the third or fourth postoperative day and patient education regarding to sternotomy precautions is not needed for totally endoscopic cardiac surgery. Most patients can return to work in two or three weeks. Excellent quality of life has been demonstrated and, after discharge, these patients must be scheduled for a follow-up echocardiogram to rule out any recurrence of the myxoma.
Mid-term follow-up comparative studies between conventional and robotic surgery for removal of atrial myxomas are not yet available and data that include mid- and long-term follow-up are required.
It is important to keep in mind the potential complications for robotic extraction of left atrial myxomas. The working ports are only 2-2.5 cm in length and, during tumor resection through these small incisions, care must be taken to excise the mass entirely, given the friability of myxomas. Any fragment dropped during removal creates a high risk of systemic embolization and stroke [43]. When a left atrial approach is used, a “non-touch” technique (not possible with a conventional biatrial approach) is achieved, decreasing the risk for fragmentation of the tumor.
Vascular injuries from peripheral cannulation include arterial occlusion or aortic dissection (although extremely rare, but devastating).
In general terms, cardiac surgeons must be prepared to convert to a lateral thoracotomy or full sternotomy in case of unsuccessful result or emergency during the robotic procedure. For this reason, they must plan the alternative surgical procedure and choose the optimal access in advance.
The early clinical experience with computer-enhanced telemanipulation systems has defined many of the limitations of this approach despite rapid procedural success. Limitations can include an incomplete and delayed motion tracking, although this limitation might negatively affect the quality of an anastomosis in beating-heart surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting [44], and it does not seem relevant for intra-cardiac tumor resection. Lack of tactile feedback has demonstrated to be also a limitation: the visual force feedback primarily benefits inexperienced robot-assisted surgeons, with diminishing benefits among experienced surgeons [45].
The operation is demanding, expensive and it is only suitable for a selected patient population, but elevated costs of instruments and maintenance may be justified by a speed of recovery and reduction in hospital stay [46]. It is necessary to determine the cost of these systems by virtue of their measured benefits.
Longer operative times and learning curve, above mentioned, are due to the complexity of the system and because of this reason, this technology must be concentrated in a few reference centres with a high volume and expertise cardiac surgeons.
To date, literature about feasibility of robotic resection of left atrial myxomas is focused on small series or isolated case reports, and the world experience is mostly retrospective and noncontrolled.
There are no randomized studies comparing robotic to either video-assisted or sternotomy or thoracotomy left atrial myxoma excision and, although it is generally believed that patient morbidity is significantly reduced with this minimally invasive approach, further studies are needed to support this hypothesis. Despite early procedural success, future refinements in these devices such as "haptic" technology, which provide tactile and resistance feedback to the surgeon, are needed to apply this new technology more widely in this era of cardiac surgery.
The results of robotic procedures should be at least equivalent to those of conventional methods and the time required should be comparable to conventional surgery. Long-term results are needed to determine whether robotic technology could become a new standard in cardiac tumors excision.
Computer-aided robotic surgical technology is a safe procedure and can be used to perform open-heart procedures such as atrial myxomas excision with a totally endoscopic approach.
Atrial myxoma resection using surgical telemanipulation systems such as the da Vinci Surgical System have achieved excellent results and provide an attractive cosmetic advantage over traditional approaches.
Adults with atrial myxomas are a small but constant and growing population of patients who can benefit of this minimally invasive approach.
Decreased postoperative pain and recovery times along with improved cosmetic results are the main benefits for this approach.
Further research is necessary to demonstrate the reproducible value for this technology in patients with cardiac tumors on a larger scale.
Health promotion in schools has progressed rapidly since its inception in the last century, expanding from a traditional approach of health education in schools to its conceptualization as the Settings Approach to Health Promoting Schools (HPS). The concept draws on the five priority action areas for health improvement outlined by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion [1] applied to the schools setting and was piloted in Europe in the early 1990s by the European Network of Health Promoting Schools (ENHPS), which is now present in more than 43 European countries in the region [2].
The concept involves a whole-of-school approach to conducting health promotion and education in school communities, by capitalizing on its organizational potential to foster physical, social–emotional and psychological conditions for health as well as improved educational outcomes, and has been defined as “a school that constantly strengthens its capacity as a safe and healthy setting for living, learning and working” [3]. The HPS approach and related whole-of-school approaches to health have been associated with considerable improvements in many domains of health, well-being, nutrition and functioning [4].
In South Africa, the HPS concept was introduced in 1994 and guidelines drafted to comprehensively address school health in an attempt to redress the imbalances of the past [5]. South Africa adopted the conceptual framework of the HPS Network focusing on the school environment, community involvement, policy development and health and social services. By 2006, schools in all nine provinces were identifying themselves as health promoting schools [6]. A review on HPS conducted by Mukoma and Flisher [7] suggested that schools could successfully implement HPS, but no evaluation of HPS in Africa could be found.
A School Health Policy and Implementation Guideline document developed by the National Department of Health provided guidance for the implementation of health promotion activities through the 2015–2019 National Health Promotion Policy and Strategy [8]. The strategy, however, did not detail the systematic approach prescribed by WHO for initiating HPS, pointing to a weakness in the implementation of HPS that can be attributed partly to the system itself and partly to the quality of HPS concept implementation. Research was warranted to identify the causes of these weaknesses and to intervene by developing, implementing, and evaluating HPS initiatives.
In 2018, WHO/UNESCO announced an initiative to make every school a “health-promoting school, which included a commitment to develop global standards and indicators for HPS and to support their implementation [9]. These global standards and indicators were designed to be used by all stakeholders involved in identifying, planning, funding, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the HPS approach and are applicable to any whole-of-school approach to health [10]. According to WHO [9], the whole-school approach is thus “an approach which goes beyond the learning and teaching in the classroom to pervade all aspects of the life of a school”.
Although the HPS approach was introduced more than 25 years ago and has been promoted worldwide, the objective of a fully embedded, sustainable HPS system has only been implemented and sustained at scale in few countries [11]. Even fewer have effected institutional changes to make health promotion an integrated, sustainable part of the education system. Experts identified the lack of systematic support, the limited resources and common understanding as major barriers to HPS intervention [11]. These challenges are more pronounced in resource–limited settings, including South Africa and other settings in the global South.
Inadequate competency on the part of school authorities has been identified as a leading cause of HPS not being implemented and sustained at scale, in particular in resource–limited settings [12]. Health promotion competency frameworks spell out these ‘competencies’, which were defined as a combination of attributes that enable individuals to perform a set of tasks to an appropriate standard, such as knowledge, abilities, skills and attitudes [9]. The development of the global health promotion workforce brought renewed interest in identifying competencies for effective health promotion practice and education [13].
With a view of building health promotion capacity and workforce development, the identification of competencies is an important strategy for developing consensus around key requirements for effective health promotion practice [13]. A competent workforce which has the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities to translate policy, theory and research into action is key to the growth and development of global health promotion [12]. Competencies provide a useful base for health promotion training and academic preparation, and guide the development of professional standards and systems of quality assurance in the field [12].
The literature on health promotion and health education competencies is repleted with frameworks and how they are developed. Discussion of the contexts influencing competency development, the value of the competency approach and the relationship between competencies and health promotion professionalization is also encountered [13]. The use of competencies for educational and practice settings is however less well defined when applied to HPS, particularly in resource–limited settings, and more research is needed to advance this field.
It is against this backdrop, that this chapter outlines the development of two HPS programs in South Africa, guided by work from doctoral research and a round table discussion on core health promotion competencies. The chapter focuses on: (a) the development, implementation, and evaluation of a HPS training program for high school educators in the Limpopo Province, guided by assessment of priority needs; and (b) factors influencing HPS implementation in three secondary schools in Cape Town. Attention is paid to training program objectives, learning outcomes, and critical cross-field outcomes related to introducing the HPS concept, empowerment of educators to initiate HPS and evaluate program design and implementation, and the key role of external actors and school stakeholders in designing and implementing HPS in these settings.
The first case study describes the capacity building of educators to enable HPS in Limpopo. The province is the northernmost part of South Africa and a typical developing region with a big gap between poor and rich residents, especially in rural areas. The population consists of several ethnic groups distinguished by culture, language, and race (97.3% black) and traditional leaders and chiefs still form a strong backbone of the political landscape. The study was conducted in the Mankweng area, a township adjacent to the University of Limpopo (pop 33,738) with eleven public high schools which fall under the control of the Department of Basic Education.
The study was informed by a needs assessment to inform the development of the HPS training program and guided by an eco-holistic framework for developing data collection instruments and the constructs of health promotion practice applicability in South African schools. The framework consisted of four external and five internal constructs that are interlinked in a dynamic interaction, highlighting the existence of, and interrelationship between factors at local, regional, national, and global level that influence HPS structure and development. The findings can guide future researchers in exploring skills among program planners and policy makers and how these skills influence health promotion practice in rural communities [14].
The needs assessment used a sequential explanatory design with mixed method research, including a survey questionnaire for quantitative data collection among a representative sample of grade 9–11 learners (n=828) from eight randomly selected public schools in the area; semi-structured interviews with four key informants and in-depth interviews with seven student representatives. Ethics approval was granted by the Turfloop Research Ethics Committee and permission to conduct the study in the schools granted by the Department of Basic Education and other stakeholders. Informed consent was obtained in writing from the participants as well as parents of learners under the age of 18 years. Anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed throughout the study.
The questionnaire included sections related to demographic and socioeconomic indicators, risk behavior, physical school environment and school climate and ethos. The questionnaire had been used in previous research in the area where its internal consistency had been established [15]; translated in the local language (Sepedi); and, administered by a trained researcher. The interview topic guide was grounded in the quantitative results. Instruments were pilot-tested before data collection and analysis was done descriptively for quantitative data and using Tesch’s open coding technique for qualitative data analysis [16].
The most common
Factors related to the
Existing policies within the school environment provide for a course of action to address the social challenges faced by learners. Examples are the revised Integrated School Health Policy (2012) with a health education component on substance abuse. The policy was developed to support learners to adopt health-promoting behaviors, but very little change has been observed, questioning the actual implementation of programs for optimal health. Educators only received training on programs such as Life Skills and HIV & AIDS Education, which is primarily located in the Life Orientation (LO) learning area/subject [22].
District office staff cannot visit and support schools often and effectively enough to ensure good quality education. Lack of skills, monitoring and accountability lead to poor policy implementation, inferior training of teachers and bureaucrats. Once-off interventions implemented by different service providers, including the Department of Health, Social Development, Education, and non-governmental organizations, is an approach that fails to bring behavior change among learners, and the LO curriculum does not take into account implementation of HPS, which requires skills that the LO educators do not possess [23].
The LO curriculum emphasizes the importance of skills, values and attitudes, and participation in physical activities and community initiatives, which are all elements of HPS [23]. Skills development of educators is therefore crucial to identify needs and implement continuous school-based programs such as the HPS initiative prescribed by WHO [24] to address health risk behavior that derail learners from achieving their educational goals. Selecting a priority issue can be used as a meaningful point of entry to guide HPS program development, using a sequence of well-defined steps outlined in the next section.
A training program was developed to train educators in HPS in the study setting, based on a needs assessment, and comprising two-sessions that could be offered as a one to five days’ workshop to ensure that relevant learning was addressed depending on the availability of educators. The first session introduced the HPS concept, and the training program goals, aligned to the WHO Information Series on School health, local action: Creating a Health Promoting School [24]. The second session covered the five steps of initiating HPS, using principles of adult learning guided by Knowles’ theory of pedagogy and andragogy [25]. Next, guidelines for implementation of the training program were developed, followed by its implementation and evaluation.
The training program was designed to provide educators with a practical guide to HPS implementation and to achieve HPS accreditation in the Mankweng area using a series of five steps (Box 1).
HPS training program implementation.
Step 1: Understand what HPS is; solicit and achieve administrative and senior management buy-in and support; understand that HPS is a whole-school approach which needs ongoing support and commitment from school leaders.
Step 2: Create a task team to lead and coordinate health promotion activities. Key stakeholders should be represented on this group, including teachers, non-teaching staff, students, parents, and community members. The task team must share the workload, be involved in decision making and implementation, and conduct an audit of current needs and health promoting actions in line with the six components of the HPS framework [26].
Step 3: Establish agreed upon goals, objectives, and activities; develop strategies to achieve the goals with the available resources; develop a HPS Charter to symbolize the commitment of the school, setting out the school’s principles and targets, and enabling the school to celebrate its achievements in health promotion. Staff should have opportunities to attend professional development programs and present and discuss their school initiatives with others.
Step 4: Take action, develop plans, and allocate tasks to different individuals according to their experiences and background. Engaging the community by identifying some individuals who have the skills to support HPS; create a supportive environment for HPS to flourish and support inter-sectoral collaboration.
Step 5: Monitoring and evaluation of all processes determining whether the goals and objectives for the identified priority areas are met. Methods must be identified to assess if planned activities and their implementation have been materialized. The school can be launched as HPS to showcase continuous strengthening of capacity to make schools a healthy setting to work, learn and live. Continuously assess if the five steps of HPS implementation are followed.
Training program objectives, learning outcomes and critical cross-field outcomes focused on: introduction of the HPS concept and its benefits to educators; discussion of the association between health and education within school settings and the need for HPS; selecting priority problems as entry points to HPS training; introducing the steps to be followed when implementing HPS; and evaluating the training program. Learning outcomes were based on these objectives and described accordingly.
Although this was not a formal training program with any National Qualifications Framework level, as expected by the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) [27], critical cross-field outcomes (CCFOs) were considered important to guide the lifelong HPS related learning of educators. CCFOs are generic outcomes that inform teaching and learning, and they are deemed critical for building capacity for life-long learning. CCFOs related to this HPS training program were integrated in the material and methodology of the facilitator, and emphasized promotion of active, exploratory, and self-directed learning among educators [26].
Educators should, for example, be able to: identify problems; formulate responses that demonstrate responsible decision-making where critical, and creative thinking; consider different ways of collecting and analyzing data, and evaluating information; work effectively in team, organization and the community; apply scientific skills and show accountability for creating a healthy school environment and looking after the health of others; and understand their environment as a set of interrelated systems by recognizing that problem-solving contexts do not exist in isolation [26].
Development of the HPS training program was informed by the WHO Information Series on HPS [24] and guided by Knowles’ theory [25] around adult learning, which is based on the principles outlined below and adapted to the program (Box 2) [26].
HPS training program principles.
Adult learners have a well-established sense of self which differs from previous life stages. It is equally important that educators as adults have their say in the training and autonomy in what they learn to keep their interest.
Adults have past experiences, and the training program needs to feed into what they already know to be effective. Sharing of these experiences has to form part of the learning.
As adults, educators, are purpose driven and motivated to learn when they see the relevance of the taught material. Hence only those who are willing to learn should attend the training as theory indicates that they will learn well.
Internal motivation drives adults to develop their own ways of learning based on problem solving. Adults should not be expected to recite content but rather apply content in practice.
During training, mistakes often become a valuable teacher. Learning happens when adults are allowed to explore the subject and learn from their mistakes.
Adults need to play an active role in helping to design the course, personalize learning paths and select activities that are relevant to them and their work.
The training with educators included data collection which reflected the current situation at participating schools. The focus was directed at risks the learners faced. HPS appeared to be a new concept to participants, and both learners and educators confirmed there were no programs and activities at their school focusing on learner health risk behavior, except for the nutrition program and physical activities, which were done occasionally in some schools outside examination time, and where social workers were deployed at school.
Program activities were based on the principles of adult learning outlined above and included assessment of participants’ expectation of the training program as well as alignment with HPS training program content; explanation of the program topics and its relevance to HPS; sharing of experiences; ranking of health risk behaviors in the respective school settings; and a round of discussion to clarify areas of concern. These activities allowed participants to freely express themselves and engage in the HPS training program using Knowles’ principles of adult learning, including building internal motivation, and capitalizing on individual experiences.
Participants rated the training program as good to excellent, indicating that the training program was an eye opener to responsibilities, which they were not aware of [26]. Participants did not know that there were formal initiatives which could assist schools, parents, learners, and educators to address challenges hampering teaching and learning at school and enhance school health [26]. Educators agreed that their expectations had been met and the imparted knowledge would improve their ability to perform their jobs. They indicated that the training was well planned, informative, empowering, technical, and relevant for application in their school contexts.
In the Western Cape, an HPS project was conducted driven by the need to reduce the spread of TB and HIV in secondary schools. The project was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and conducted over a period of three and a half years in a resource-limited area with high rates of TB and HIV close to the University of the Western Cape (UWC). The project team comprised an educational psychologist; two members from the Faculty of Education; two from Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy; one from the School of Public Health; and a school doctor employed by the Provincial Department of Health. This diverse range of expertise and experience was an advantage as it drew on different paradigms because of the different backgrounds.
After an initial workshop to introduce the HPS concept and approach, a series of workshops was held in each school at the start of the project with teachers, students, and parents, as well as a workshop with all schools together [28]. The aim of the first workshop was to identify the needs in the school community around health and well-being, while the second workshop focused on TB and HIV [28]. In groups, participants brainstormed what was already in place to address the challenges of TB and HIV. Using the information from the two workshops, each school subsequently drew up its own plan of action, bearing in mind what was realistically achievable.
Although the funding aimed at capacity development for TB and HIV prevention, the project team used this as an entry point for HPS implementation. The focus was on generic capacity building across the schools. Once the participants became familiar with the HPS approach and the social determinants of TB and HIV, they developed their own agendas based on their perceived relevance and priority [28]. The value of these workshops was that teachers, students, and parents (to a lesser extent) worked together towards realizing the goal of HPS project implementation because they were receptive to its benefits.
The project team subscribed to certain processes and approaches to facilitate HPS implementation. A HPS committee was formed at each school comprising of teachers, students, and parents (to some extent). A member of the UWC team was appointed to each school to guide implementation via monthly meetings with the HPS committee and separate
A participatory approach was used based on the Appreciative Inquiry technique, which applies a positive stance and builds on organizational strengths to encourage growth and development [29]. For example, the HPS committees were asked to draw a dream tree depicting their ambition and a mapping exercise to outline the available resources. The teams worked with those who were receptive and eager to be involved and remained flexible in allowing schools to advance at their own pace and focus on their own plans.
A student camp was held each year focusing on leadership and empowerment to build capacity among students to implement HPS and develop as an individual. The value of the camp was that students were encouraged to explore and reflect on their feelings and capabilities independently of teachers or parents—an opportunity they did not often have. The camp was facilitated by members of the UWC team in addition to other organizations with expertise in youth development, communications, team building and TB and HIV.
Studies report that schools often lack the skills and competence to implement any health-promoting change, and hence need external catalysts for change [30, 31]. In this project, the UWC team was perceived as crucial for facilitating implementation. Apart from some financial and material support, they provided technical assistance, e.g., through workshops and skills development activities. Some teachers attended a short course at UWC to improve their HPS skills. The team also provided mentorship, guidance, education, and problem solving with the local HPS school committee.
The team was also seen as giving direction while receiving first-hand information of what was happening in the external and internal social context of the school. The nature of the collaboration of the UWC team with the school was in keeping with the settings approach of using a participatory bottom-up approach right from the start of the project, and its role was perceived as resulting in a valuable relationship with the school:
Relationship building was also a key role of the school facilitator, who confirmed that through constant in-person interaction a good relationship had been established with the HPS group and the school in general. The facilitator claimed that this contact provided an opportunity to feel the rhythm of the school, enabling to fit in with the way the school functioned. The facilitator felt that this was necessary to consolidate HPS and keep it on the school agenda, a finding which is consistent with other studies on the guiding and supporting role of school health advisors [30].
The findings of this study indicate that as initiators of the HPS concept, one of the key roles of the UWC team was to ascertain that the HPS concept was understood as a
The team acknowledged that the school knew what was best for them and were “experts” in terms of their own contexts. The team saw reciprocal learning as being crucial to a shared understanding of HPS and its requirements, which was especially important in view of applying a settings approach. The team worked with different actors in the school system (principal, teachers, parents, and students) which allowed them to gain a better understanding of the context and degrees of commitment of the actors and to gain their trust, which is a key aspect of collaborative work [32].
In keeping with the settings approach, the team further networked with external organizations and institutions that could provide services and resources that were conducive to HPS implementation. Implementation of the HPS program was however influenced by internal and contextual factors, which compromised how it was able to effectively implement the integration of HPS as a whole-school approach, all of which could have an impact on whether HPS was to be sustainable in this context [28].
In this project, capacity building of students was key to facilitate participation in HPS project implementation. Capacity building resulted not only in personal benefits but also contributed to a positive implementation climate by creating an empowering environment. Students from the participating schools attended the leadership camps where skills were developed to implement HPS. In two schools, students were able to put these leadership and other skills to use by taking some responsibility and fulfilling certain roles for HPS.
Although it was clear from this project that students across participating schools had gained knowledge and an understanding of health in its holistic sense, and were committed to the implementation of HPS, findings also indicated that student action differed from school to school. The levels of competence and involvement varied and were influenced by school climate and culture, the internal support received from the headmaster and other staff members, peers, the principal, and the external support received from the UWC team and other external agents.
Student empowerment indeed carries an understanding that, while students have a sense of agency, they need support and guidance from their teachers to support the implementation climate. In this study, students worked closely with the teachers they trusted, who respected and accepted them as persons and who listened to their ideas. This demonstrates the powerful role teachers can play in providing opportunities for students to realize their potential, which happens rarely because of the community context and school culture of excluding students from decision-making [33].
It was evident from the study that, where the students had specific, clearly defined roles in the HPS project, they had a sense of purpose and felt valued since they were trying to make a meaningful difference [28]. Being seen as resources or assets rather than cases increases the chance of empowerment among young people as they will be seen as having the skills and knowledge to bring about change for themselves [32]. Where students are perceived as unequal partners, they may feel disempowered and consequently could become disengaged from HPS [34].
The benefits of HPS involvement for teachers were not evident in this study. This could be because teacher involvement carried more responsibilities than for students or other staff. The benefits for teachers hence cannot be perceived to be similar as for students who only seemed to gain from their involvement, while for some teachers it may have added to their workload. It has been recommended that capacity building for teachers should indeed not only aim at implementing HPS, but also at encouraging and gaining support from and working in partnership with, their peers and other actors [50].
Although some efforts were done by school facilitators to facilitate partnerships through mentoring and guiding of students and teachers, other contextual factors negatively influenced the ability to fully implement HPS as a whole- school approach, including a strike by teachers, and work and personal commitments. One attempt at building capacity among staff was when the UWC team shared the results of their HPS school climate survey with individual schools, giving staff an opportunity to engage and assess how they could integrate it into the curriculum and other school functions.
At the workshop, participants seemed to fully engage with the information, and teachers discussed how they could use it across the curriculum. The UWC team made further attempts to build the capacities of the teachers and staff directly involved in HPS, including organizing a camp to develop understanding of the HPS concept and process and facilitating a short course on HPS, which was attended by some teachers [28]. The activities took place during school holidays, which also meant that teachers had to compromise on their free time to be able to attend the training.
The fact they did this willingly reflects their readiness for change and commitment to building HPS capacity. On the other hand, teachers were not given an opportunity to further build their capacity or put into practice their acquired skills as part of the normal school operations. This might have resulted in teachers feeling less valued for their work and hence not taking ownership of the program [28]. If HPS would have been implemented as a whole-school approach, time would have been allocated to build capacity for HPS implementation by leadership and management.
A key finding related to capacity building was the challenge of continuity due to staff turnover. This had repercussions in terms of the quality of implementation and sustainability, especially if the leaving staff member carried a high responsibility for HPS implementation. This again could have been averted if a whole-school approach had been taken. Where responsibilities were shared, the potential for integration in the school life was greater. Therefore, leadership capacity must be built at different levels to complement, and, if required, succeed those in leadership positions.
In the last decades, HPS has become widely accepted as the gold standard for implementing health promotion in school environments, and evidence has indicated its effectiveness [35]. In South Africa, the concept has gained traction since the advent of democracy and the two case studies described in this chapter are testimony to that. The case studies describe attempts to implement HPS in disadvantaged communities based on its value system by imparting knowledge and understanding of the concept; building capacity in terms of leadership and management skills; and communication with, and empowerment of students and educators.
Taken together, these competencies are in line with the set of core competencies for health promotion as outlined in existing competency frameworks, e.g., the Galway Consensus Statement for Health Promotion Competencies [36]. The core domains of competency agreed to in the Consensus Statement are catalyzing change, leadership, assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, advocacy, and partnerships, all of which were adhered to a greater or lesser extent in the case studies described above. In Limpopo, educators were trained through a rigorous process of induction into HPS concept and methodology, showing proof of acquired competencies in terms of HPS knowledge and understanding. In Cape Town, the focus was on capacity building, and HPS implementation highlighted the key role of students as agents of change.
In the latter study, students showcased their role based on their newly acquired competencies of leadership and project management skills. Constant communication of school-based facilitators with the local HPS committee was also found to facilitate HPS implementation and enabled continuous buy-in and sustained implementation. In addition, results indicate that the UWC team consciously tried to practice cultural humility by not setting the agenda [37], which minimizes the power balance between partners [38], including professionals and communities, by valuing lay knowledge [39] and cultivating mutual respect [40].
The value placed on communication and cultural humility were also found to be core health promotion competencies for South Africa as identified in a round table on core competencies for health promotion organized at UWC in 2014. The round table gathered stakeholders involved in health promotion from academia, government, and civil society and found that the existing core competency frameworks, with particular attention to the CompHP Core Competencies Framework for Health Promotion [41] were useful, but lacked some specific competencies for the region.
Participants at the round table also concluded that health promotion training in South Africa should match the need for specific skills and that service training should be developed next to academic curricula. Attention towards cultural competency and health literacy and knowledge management were considered equally important as the higher outlined core competency domains. To meet these expectations, strategic engagement between training institutions, government and civil society was deemed necessary to formulate the appropriate competencies.
In the above-described case studies, the aim was to build capacity in terms of HPS implementation; and to instill confidence and competencies to implement and sustain HPS even after support of the external facilitators ceased. Studies suggest that teacher training and professional development are required to enable them to act as catalysts for change [42, 43, 44, 45]. Similarly, capacity building of students was found to be crucial for HPS implementation in the second case study. The findings indeed show that capacity building of students resulted not only in personal gains, but contributed to a positive HPS implementation climate [46].
Many studies report that schools do not have the skills and competence to achieve health-promoting changes, and hence need external catalysts for change [30, 31]. For example, universities have been found to play an important role as external catalysts by creating a supportive climate for HPS implementation in schools [40, 47, 48].The first case study shows that the development, implementation and evaluation of a HPS Training Program provides evidence that skills development of school educators improves HPS knowledge and understanding and creates an enabling environment where students learn how to control health risks and practice health behaviour [26].
The HPS program also assisted learners to achieve educational outcomes and enhance the health and well-being of all those involved [26]. The Training Program improved knowledge, understanding and skills around HPS, and addressed health risks, physical and environmental challenges, the school climate, and ethos issues of implementing a whole-of-school approach.
The second study also revealed how the program assisted actors at different levels of the school system to identify the link between what they were already doing and the HPS approach [28]. Where a link to existing practice and processes was in place, it was easier to integrate new initiatives such as HPS [45]. Seeing these links increased the readiness for change, although this understanding was not enough for the schools to achieve full integration of HPS. One of the values implicit in the settings approach was also participation of those affected or targeted for health promotion initiatives, including teachers and students, as described in the two case studies.
The UWC team acted as an external catalyst, ensuring that the HPS concept was understood as a whole-school approach and implemented in the best way that suited the school and implementers. The team saw its role as facilitative and enabling, rather than effecting HPS implementation. The team used reciprocal learning to achieve a shared understanding of what HPS entails, which was especially appropriate in terms of the settings approach, in which different stakeholders (principal, teachers, parents and students) were invited to gain more understanding of the context and degrees of commitment of these actors. This also allowed to gain their trust, which is important in collaborative working [32]. With this knowledge, the team was able to ascertain what the schools’ concerns were and what was needed, and through HPS strategies attempted to respond to some of these issues in partnership with the different actors [40, 49], consistent with the settings approach and the practice of cultural humility.
Although teachers in the second case study attempted to empower students and implement HPS, they lacked the skills to do so. They were not supported by the school or education authorities to develop these skills [28]. Even teachers who attended the short course were not supported, indicating that HPS is not a high-ranking priority and showcasing the barriers teachers and students face when trying to implement HPS. Hence the question of how realistic any HPS approach can be, considering the diverse needs and heterogeneity within a particular school, comes to mind. This could also be the reason why some teachers and students did not become involved in HPS.
In the South Africa education sector, health issues are addressed mainly as part of the life skills curriculum with little room and time for active student participation and critical reflection. A top-down approach to education is typically used, which does not allow much space for teachers and students to experiment with HPS. There seems to be a lack of political will from the education and health sectors to work collaboratively towards the health and well-being of young people, which highlight the difficulty of implementing HPS as a whole school approach, raising the question of whether it is idealistic to achieve HPS in a context such as of the above-described case studies.
The implication for HPS in South Africa is that, unless there is sufficient political will to create an environment in which a whole school HPS approach can be realized and its value and potential appreciated by all stakeholders, it will be an uphill battle for those wanting to implement HPS. Using incremental changes can be an effective lever to achieve organizational readiness for change, starting with marginal changes in activities and the commitment of those involved [28]. Once the changes are visible schools could be tempted to attempt more complex changes. Hence striving towards implementation of HPS as a whole school approach is a goal worth pursuing for South African youth to be able to make a meaningful contribution to society.
This chapter described two case studies of HPS implementation in South Africa. The first case study showed how the implementation of a HPS training program for educators in the Mankweng Education Circuit, Limpopo Province, could be used for skills development of educators in addressing problems that typically interfere with teaching and learning. Recognizing that the entire school community is important, educators were encouraged to initiate HPS programs. Educators agreed that instead of inviting professionals for ad hoc support, they wanted to develop a sustainable program to empower learners to take care of their own health behavior.
The second case study highlighted the significant contribution that students can make in HPS implementation. Students were found to be key assets with the potential to take responsibility for many practices and processes of program implementation. Student participation and building leadership capacity should hence be a major aim of HPS implementation in secondary schools. If students are given enough autonomy, they can develop a sense of agency and ability, which is especially important in view of the heavy workload of teachers who usually carry the bulk of HPS implementation.
Taken together, the case studies illustrate the role of competency building among both educators and students to implement HPS programs in secondary schools that result in capacity and motivation to transform the educational environment in South Africa into an environment that enables educators and learners to achieve their full health potential.
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
",metaTitle:"List of Institutions by Country",metaDescription:"If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. However, if your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"open-access-funding-institutions-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Book Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12717},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"13"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11633",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa - New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a7cd19791397a27a80526be0dc54bd8a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Osama Darwesh and Dr. Ibrahim Matter",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11633.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"298076",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Osama",surname:"Darwesh",slug:"osama-darwesh",fullName:"Osama Darwesh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11634",title:"Mycobacterium - Epidemiology, Prevention, Diagnostic, and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa972af90c14eb4ef39b6dc71911f623",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Awelani Mutshembele",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11634.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"468847",title:"Dr.",name:"Awelani",surname:"Mutshembele",slug:"awelani-mutshembele",fullName:"Awelani Mutshembele"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11796",title:"Cytomegalovirus - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4e442adc2808f68ccc1aeac17e6ae746",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11796.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11798",title:"Listeria monocytogenes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Cristina Saraiva, Dr. Sónia Saraiva and Prof. Alexandra Esteves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11798.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226197",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Saraiva",slug:"cristina-saraiva",fullName:"Cristina Saraiva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11799",title:"Salmonella - Past, Present and Future",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6ddb13c31fb19c6f79d19f11ceeb860e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Hongsheng Huang and Dr. Sohail Naushad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342722",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hongsheng",surname:"Huang",slug:"hongsheng-huang",fullName:"Hongsheng Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11801",title:"Roundworms - A Survey From Past to Present",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5edc96349630be8bb4e67170be677d8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nihal Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11801.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"169552",title:"Dr.",name:"Nihal",surname:"Dogan",slug:"nihal-dogan",fullName:"Nihal Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:23},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4428},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry",parent:{id:"1",title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:190,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:4292,numberOfWosCitations:8452,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4464,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11171,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"8",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9937",title:"Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d37a39be8412d39e729669c9c73ebb8",slug:"recent-advances-in-gas-chromatography",bookSignature:"Fabrice Mutelet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186677",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Mutelet",slug:"fabrice-mutelet",fullName:"Fabrice Mutelet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10999",title:"Carbene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"605a68d742896b92a81b245cdacc150a",slug:"carbene",bookSignature:"Satyen Saha and Arunava Manna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10999.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226917",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyen",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"satyen-saha",fullName:"Satyen Saha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10884",title:"Bisphenols",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d73ec720cb7577731662ac9d02879729",slug:"bisphenols",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10581",title:"Alkaline Chemistry and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ed90bdab4a7211c13cd432aa079cd20",slug:"alkaline-chemistry-and-applications",bookSignature:"Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",middleName:null,surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11072",title:"Sample Preparation Techniques for Chemical Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38fecf7570774c29c22a0cbca58ba570",slug:"sample-preparation-techniques-for-chemical-analysis",bookSignature:"Massoud Kaykhaii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349151",title:"Prof.",name:"Massoud",middleName:null,surname:"Kaykhaii",slug:"massoud-kaykhaii",fullName:"Massoud Kaykhaii"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10443",title:"Accenting Lipid Peroxidation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"783b476008fbd1917ab059fb9f07b93c",slug:"accenting-lipid-peroxidation",bookSignature:"Pınar Atukeren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10443.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54960",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Atukeren",slug:"pinar-atukeren",fullName:"Pınar Atukeren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10776",title:"Cellulose Science and Derivatives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"947660259ce1915c3cac58bf7d990424",slug:"cellulose-science-and-derivatives",bookSignature:"Arpit Sand and Sangita Banga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287032",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Arpit",middleName:null,surname:"Sand",slug:"arpit-sand",fullName:"Arpit Sand"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:"alkenes-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:190,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36171",doi:"10.5772/36942",title:"Research of Calcium Phosphates Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"research-of-calcium-phosphates-using-fourier-transformation-infrared-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:9225,totalCrossrefCites:130,totalDimensionsCites:375,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina and Natalija Borodajenko",authors:[{id:"110522",title:"Prof.",name:"Liga",middleName:null,surname:"Berzina-Cimdina",slug:"liga-berzina-cimdina",fullName:"Liga Berzina-Cimdina"},{id:"112181",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalija",middleName:null,surname:"Borodajenko",slug:"natalija-borodajenko",fullName:"Natalija Borodajenko"}]},{id:"36178",doi:"10.5772/36323",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",totalDownloads:20806,totalCrossrefCites:84,totalDimensionsCites:254,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"maria-gonzalez",fullName:"María González"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas"}]},{id:"53973",doi:"10.5772/66927",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7253,totalCrossrefCites:74,totalDimensionsCites:158,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"36184",doi:"10.5772/36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",totalDownloads:7792,totalCrossrefCites:75,totalDimensionsCites:150,abstract:null,book:{id:"1591",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Infrared Spectroscopy - Materials Science, Engineering and Technology"},signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández"}]},{id:"53128",doi:"10.5772/66368",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9318,totalCrossrefCites:75,totalDimensionsCites:142,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55500",title:"Interpretation of Mass Spectra",slug:"interpretation-of-mass-spectra",totalDownloads:12377,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The chapter includes an introduction to the main ionisation techniques in mass spectrometry and the way the resulting fragments can be analysed. First, the fundamental notions of mass spectrometry are explained, so that the reader can easily cover this chapter (graphs, main pick, molecular ion, illogical pick, nitrogen rule, etc.). Isotopic percentage and nominal mass calculation are also explained along with fragmentation mechanism. A paragraph emphasises the ionisation energy issues, the basics of ionisation voltage, the developing potential and the energy balance. A frame time of the main theoretical milestones in both theory and experimental mass spectrometry is highlighted here. In the second part of the chapter, the molecular fragmentation for alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, halogen, alcohols, phenols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids and functional derivatives, nitrogen compounds (amines, nitro compounds), sulphur compounds, heterocycles and biomolecules (amino acids, steroids, triglycerides) is explained. Fragmentation schemes are followed by the simplified spectra, which help the understanding of such complex phenomena. At the end of the chapter, acquisition of mass spectrum is discussed. The chapter presented here is an introduction to mass spectrometry, which, we think, helps the understanding of the mechanism of fragmentation corroborating spectral data and molecular structures.",book:{id:"5735",slug:"mass-spectrometry",title:"Mass Spectrometry",fullTitle:"Mass Spectrometry"},signatures:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu",authors:[{id:"196775",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Octavian",middleName:"Octavian",surname:"Nicolescu",slug:"teodor-octavian-nicolescu",fullName:"Teodor Octavian Nicolescu"}]},{id:"57909",title:"Validation of Analytical Methods",slug:"validation-of-analytical-methods",totalDownloads:6879,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Method validation is a key element in the establishment of reference methods and within the assessment of a laboratory’s competence in generating dependable analytical records. Validation has been placed within the context of the procedure, generating chemical data. Analytical method validation, thinking about the maximum relevant processes for checking the best parameters of analytical methods, using numerous relevant overall performance indicators inclusive of selectivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), ruggedness, and robustness are severely discussed in an effort to prevent their misguided utilization and ensure scientific correctness and consistency among publications.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Tentu Nageswara Rao",authors:[{id:"220824",title:"Dr.",name:"Tentu",middleName:null,surname:"Nageswara Rao",slug:"tentu-nageswara-rao",fullName:"Tentu Nageswara Rao"}]},{id:"55440",title:"Solubility Products and Solubility Concepts",slug:"solubility-products-and-solubility-concepts",totalDownloads:3051,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The chapter refers to a general concept of solubility product Ksp of sparingly soluble hydroxides and different salts and calculation of solubility of some hydroxides, oxides, and different salts in aqueous media. A (criticized) conventional approach, based on stoichiometry of a reaction notation and the solubility product of a precipitate, is compared with the unconventional/correct approach based on charge and concentration balances and a detailed physicochemical knowledge on the system considered, and calculations realized according to generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) principles. An indisputable advantage of the latter approach is proved in simulation of static or dynamic, two-phase nonredox or redox systems.",book:{id:"5891",slug:"descriptive-inorganic-chemistry-researches-of-metal-compounds",title:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds",fullTitle:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds"},signatures:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk, Aneta Spórna-Kucab and\nTadeusz Michałowski",authors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",middleName:null,surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"},{id:"203867",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk",slug:"anna-maria-michalowska-kaczmarczyk",fullName:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk"},{id:"203868",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Spórna-Kucab",slug:"aneta-sporna-kucab",fullName:"Aneta Spórna-Kucab"}]},{id:"62736",title:"Radioisotope: Applications, Effects, and Occupational Protection",slug:"radioisotope-applications-effects-and-occupational-protection",totalDownloads:4493,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter presents a brief introduction to radioisotopes, sources and types of radiation, applications, effects, and occupational protection. The natural and artificial sources of radiations are discussed with special reference to natural radioactive decay series and artificial radioisotopes. Applications have played significant role in improving the quality of human life. The application of radioisotopes in tracing, radiography, food preservation and sterilization, eradication of insects and pests, medical diagnosis and therapy, and new variety of crops in agricultural field is briefly described. Radiation interacts with matter to produce excitation and ionization of an atom or molecule; as a result physical and biological effects are produced. These effects and mechanisms are discussed. The dosimetric quantities used in radiological protection are described. Radiological protections and the control of occupational and medical exposures are briefly described.",book:{id:"5903",slug:"principles-and-applications-in-nuclear-engineering-radiation-effects-thermal-hydraulics-radionuclide-migration-in-the-environment",title:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering",fullTitle:"Principles and Applications in Nuclear Engineering - Radiation Effects, Thermal Hydraulics, Radionuclide Migration in the Environment"},signatures:"Sannappa Jadiyappa",authors:[{id:"239626",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Sannappa J.",slug:"sannappa-j.",fullName:"Sannappa J."}]},{id:"58596",title:"Linearity of Calibration Curves for Analytical Methods: A Review of Criteria for Assessment of Method Reliability",slug:"linearity-of-calibration-curves-for-analytical-methods-a-review-of-criteria-for-assessment-of-method",totalDownloads:7983,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"Calibration curve is a regression model used to predict the unknown concentrations of analytes of interest based on the response of the instrument to the known standards. Some statistical analyses are required to choose the best model fitting to the experimental data and also evaluate the linearity and homoscedasticity of the calibration curve. Using an internal standard corrects for the loss of analyte during sample preparation and analysis provided that it is selected appropriately. After the best regression model is selected, the analytical method needs to be validated using quality control (QC) samples prepared and stored in the same temperature as intended for the study samples. Most of the international guidelines require that the parameters, including linearity, specificity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix effect and stability, be assessed during validation. Despite the highly regulated area, some challenges still exist regarding the validation of some analytical methods including methods when no analyte-free matrix is available.",book:{id:"6379",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods - A Sampling of Current Approaches"},signatures:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi and Sussan Ghassabian",authors:[{id:"216099",title:"Dr.",name:"Sussan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassabian",slug:"sussan-ghassabian",fullName:"Sussan Ghassabian"},{id:"216101",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Moosavi",slug:"seyed-mojtaba-moosavi",fullName:"Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"8",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82385",title:"Cyclodextrins as Bricks for Tuning Polymer Properties",slug:"cyclodextrins-as-bricks-for-tuning-polymer-properties",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105688",abstract:"Cyclodextrins are natural cyclic oligosaccharides with a cone shape delimiting a hydrophobic cavity. The rims of cyclodextrins can be functionalized in order to improve their properties. Based on this, cyclodextrins can be linked to polymer chains, which further allows the tuning of the polymer properties. This review describes the methods of polymer functionalization with cyclodextrins and highlights the changes in the physicochemical properties of these materials. This chapter is focused on polymers in solution and in gel states. Cyclodextrin-based polymers are evaluated by various physicochemical methods, such as rheology, calorimetry, and spectroscopy (electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), etc.). Both natural and synthetic polymers are considered in this chapter.",book:{id:"11901",title:"Cyclodextrins - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11901.jpg"},signatures:"Ludmila Aricov, Anca Ruxandra Leontieș, Iulia Matei and Gabriela Ioniță"},{id:"82358",title:"Water Defluoridation Methods Applied in Rural Areas over the World",slug:"water-defluoridation-methods-applied-in-rural-areas-over-the-world",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105102",abstract:"Overexposure to fluoride (F) through drinking water is the most widespread water problem in the world, but it has now exacerbated due to rapid population growth rates, adverse climatic changes, and increasing levels of water scarcity. Thus, despite the large amounts of data, which has accrued on mitigation methods of high F is still the primary impediment to drinking water programs among many developing nations. The current review chapter on F mitigation techniques applied world-over is aimed at providing a succinct overview of water defluoridation techniques and strategies being used to combat the impact of human F overexposure. It represents a starting point to understand the prospects of reducing the global F impact. It is anticipated that this work will lay a strong foundation for this and also inform strategies for safeguarding public health and the environment from F pollution.",book:{id:"11209",title:"Fluoride",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11209.jpg"},signatures:"Enos Wamalwa Wambu, Franco Frau, Revocatus Machunda, Lilliane Pasape, Stephen S. Barasa and Giorgio Ghiglieri"},{id:"82221",title:"Solvent Catalysis in the Sensitizer-Mediator Redox Kinetics",slug:"solvent-catalysis-in-the-sensitizer-mediator-redox-kinetics",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105393",abstract:"The sensitizer-mediator redox reaction is a vital component of the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The efficiency and stability of dye-sensitized solar cells are aided by the kinetics of this redox process. Several reaction parameters influence the kinetics of a reaction, and if those parameters are controlled, the rate of the process and its results can be controlled. One of the most important aspects of the sensitizer-mediator interaction is the reaction medium. Aqueous DSSCs are unquestionably a good replacement when it comes to taking a green approach to avoiding toxic, flammable, and volatile organic solvents and their mixtures, which are commonly used in DSSCs and are known to harm the environment while also reducing the lifetime and stability of the DSSCs. The catalytic role of a small volume fraction of organic solvent in the aqueous electron transfer kinetics of a few putative sensitizer-mediator reactions is discussed in this chapter. In binary solvent media including dilute tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA)-water and dilute 1,4-dioxane-water, the reduction of dicyanobis(2,2′-dipyridyl)iron(III) and dicyanobis(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(III) was investigated. The reactions were carried out in a 10% TBA or dioxane to water media with a volume-volume fraction of both solvents using iodide as a reducing agent. The effect of several parameters on the rate constant was also calculated and analyzed.",book:{id:"11217",title:"Recent Advances in Chemical Kinetics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11217.jpg"},signatures:"Rozina Khattak"},{id:"82282",title:"Pyridine Nucleus as a Directing Group for Metal-Based C–H Bond Activation",slug:"pyridine-nucleus-as-a-directing-group-for-metal-based-c-h-bond-activation",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105544",abstract:"Carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bond activation involves a methodology for the construction of carbon-X (C–X) bonds where X can be carbon (C), oxygen (O), or the nitrogen (N), allowing the formation of C–C, C–O, or C–N bonds. Among them, the construction of the C–C bond within the aromatic moiety has remained a bottleneck because the abundance of C–H bonds in aromatic molecules possesses almost similar bond dissociation energies comparable to the C–C bond allowing leading to the poor reactivity and selectivity. Secondly, C–H bonds possess low polarity and thus confer them inertness. Considering this, directing group strategy came into existence, where the coordination ability of the heteroatoms such as O and N atoms within the ring was utilized for the direction of the reaction. The use of the heteroatom for the regioselective C–H bond activation is quite advantageous that could be explored immensely for their functionalization. In this chapter, we have congregated the information and put forth the evidence of C–H activation leading to the C–C bond formation in pyridine and pyridine-containing entities.",book:{id:"11562",title:"Chemistry with Pyridine Derivatives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11562.jpg"},signatures:"Purohit Priyank, Joshi Gaurav and Aggarwal Meenu"},{id:"82236",title:"Alternatives to Soluble Phosphorus Fertilizers in Indian Context",slug:"alternatives-to-soluble-phosphorus-fertilizers-in-indian-context",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105561",abstract:"Phosphorus is one of the primary nutrients required in crop production. Rock phosphate is the raw material required for the manufacturing of soluble phosphorus fertilizers, which is nonrenewable in nature and expected to last for 50–400 years. The restriction of resources to few geographical locations makes its supply more vulnerable. In India, 90% of the rock phosphate for fertilizer manufacturing is imported. However, the low quality of rock phosphate deposits available in India can be utilized with certain modifications in the form of addition of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, addition of gypsum, and in the form of phospho-enriched compost. Agriculture, livestock, urban and industrial waste can also prove to be a source of phosphorus through crystallization of struvite. There are encouraging results of struvite compared with soluble phosphorus fertilizers. This will reduce the import dependency in India as well as encourage the Atmanirbhar initiative in phosphorus fertilizer.",book:{id:"11906",title:"Phosphate Minerals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11906.jpg"},signatures:"Alok Singh Jayara, Rajeew Kumar, Priyanka Pandey, Manoj Kumar Bhatt, Sharad Pandey and Roshan Lal Meena"},{id:"82251",title:"Potassium Persulfate as an Eco-Friendly Oxidant for Oxidative Transformations",slug:"potassium-persulfate-as-an-eco-friendly-oxidant-for-oxidative-transformations",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104715",abstract:"The formation of carbon-carbon/carbon-heteroatom bonds by oxidative transformations is a hotly debated topic in chemistry. K2S2O8 has emerged as a cost-effective inorganic oxidant for a wide range of oxidative reactions in this setting. This book chapter covers oxidative reactions facilitated by K2S2O8 in the absence of a metal catalyst in detail. Organic chemists may find this book chapter valuable in formulating the mechanistic pathways involving the sulphate radical anion, as well as in the quick and environmentally friendly synthesis of novel chemical species.",book:{id:"11211",title:"Green Chemistry - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11211.jpg"},signatures:"Bilal Ahmad Mir and Suresh Rajamanickam"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:77},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate: The Case of Montado/Dehesa System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate-the-case-of-montado-dehesa-system",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",value:94,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:14,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/41323",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"41323"},fullPath:"/chapters/41323",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()