\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5138",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Wave Propagation Concepts for Near-Future Telecommunication Systems",title:"Wave Propagation Concepts for Near-Future Telecommunication Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Wave Propagation Concepts for Near-Future Telecommunication Systems is an edited book discussing recent researches for the development of innovative telecommunication systems, with particular focus on the propagation aspects and radiating systems design. It is divided into two sections: Section 1, devoted to the illustration of advanced results in terms of microwave propagation at high operating frequencies, and Section 2, illustrating new electromagnetic concepts and applications.",isbn:"978-953-51-3128-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3127-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4855-5",doi:"10.5772/61383",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wave-propagation-concepts-for-near-future-telecommunication-systems",numberOfPages:208,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3c9a5cd2bd8f9649582c0f49bef2ea25",bookSignature:"Sandra Costanzo",publishedDate:"May 3rd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5138.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13874,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 23rd 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 14th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 18th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 17th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 17th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"51071",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Costanzo",slug:"sandra-costanzo",fullName:"Sandra Costanzo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51071/images/3401_n.jpg",biography:"Sandra Costanzo received the Laurea degree (summa cum laude) in Computer Engineering from the University of Calabria in 1996, and the PhD degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Reggio Calabria in 2000. Currently, she is an Associate Professor at University of Calabria, Italy, where she teaches the courses of electromagnetic waves propagation, remote sensing and radar systems, signal and waves in telecommunications. Her research interests are focused on near-field far-field techniques, antenna measurement techniques, antenna analysis and synthesis, numerical methods in electromagnetics, millimeter-wave antennas, reflectarrays, synthesis methods for microwave structures, electromagnetic characterization of materials, antennas for biomedical applications, innovative antennas and technologies for radar applications. She serves as reviewer for various international journals, she is Associate Editor of IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE Access and IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology; she is member of the Editorial Board for Radioengineering and Electrical and Electronic Engineering. She is the Lead Editor of the following Special Issues:\n- “Reflectarray Antennas: Analysis and Synthesis Techniques” , International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2012 (http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/si/645350/);\n- “ Advances in Radar Technologies”, Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2014 (http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jece/si/291315/);\n- “ Compressed Sensing: Applications in Radar and Communications”, The Scientific World Journal (http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/si/354870/). \nShe has (co) authored more than 170 contributions in international journals, books and conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"762",title:"Wireless Communication System",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-wireless-communication-system"}],chapters:[{id:"54886",title:"Localized Bessel Beams: Basic Properties and Emerging Communication Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68780",slug:"localized-bessel-beams-basic-properties-and-emerging-communication-applications",totalDownloads:1624,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Relevant properties of Bessel beams in terms of nondiffracting propagation over ideally infinite range, with unchanged transverse profile and self-healing capability, are revised and discussed in the present chapter. Promising applications in the framework of new-generation communication systems are also outlined.",signatures:"Sandra Costanzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54886",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54886",authors:[{id:"51071",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Costanzo",slug:"sandra-costanzo",fullName:"Sandra Costanzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53567",title:"Transionospheric Microwave Propagation: Higher-Order Effects up to 100 GHz",doi:"10.5772/66659",slug:"transionospheric-microwave-propagation-higher-order-effects-up-to-100-ghz",totalDownloads:1313,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ionospheric refraction is considered as one of the major accuracy limiting factors in microwave space-based geodetic techniques such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), and satellite altimetry. Similarly, a high-performance ground-to-space and space-to-ground microwave link is considered to be very important for synchronizing clocks in global networks. Moreover, precise time and frequency transfer may lead to new applications in navigation, Earth observation, solar system science, and telecommunications. However, all transionospheric microwave signals are subject to ionospheric refraction and subsequent delays in the travel time. Since the ionosphere is a dispersive medium for radio signals, the first-order propagation effect can be removed by combining signals at two or more frequencies. Anyway, higher-order ionospheric effects remain uncorrected in such combinations. The residuals can significantly affect the accuracy of precise positioning, navigation, as well as the performance of time and frequency transfer. Here, we studied ionospheric propagation effects including higher-order terms for microwave signals up to 100 GHz frequencies. The possible combination between the L, S, C, X, Ku, and Ka band frequencies is studied for the first-order ionosphere-free solutions. We estimated the higher-order propagation effects such as the second- and third-order terms and ray-path bending effects in the dual-frequency group delay and phase advance computation. Moreover, the correction formulas originally developed for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) L-band frequencies are tested for mitigating residual errors at higher frequencies up to 100 GHz.",signatures:"Mohammed Mainul Hoque, Norbert Jakowski and Jens\nBerdermann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53567",authors:[{id:"80794",title:"Dr.",name:"M Mainul",surname:"Hoque",slug:"m-mainul-hoque",fullName:"M Mainul Hoque"},{id:"150550",title:"Dr.",name:"Norbert",surname:"Jakowski",slug:"norbert-jakowski",fullName:"Norbert Jakowski"},{id:"191658",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",surname:"Berdermann",slug:"jens-berdermann",fullName:"Jens Berdermann"}],corrections:null},{id:"53573",title:"Ka-to-W Band EM Wave Propagation: Tropospheric Effects and Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/66660",slug:"ka-to-w-band-em-wave-propagation-tropospheric-effects-and-countermeasures",totalDownloads:1487,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Near future satellite and terrestrial telecommunication (TLC) systems are expected to benefit from the use of operational frequencies spanning the Ka, Q, V and W bands, the main advantages being the availability of larger bandwidths and the smaller antenna size for a given gain. Moreover, the possibility of using on‐board antennas with enhanced directivity is attractive for satellite systems whose coverage area is subdivided into spot beams for frequency reallocation or regional services. For example, the W band is attractive for fixed satellite services (FSS), especially for geostationary high‐throughput systems (HTSs), in which the use of such frequencies for the feeder link (i.e. large available bandwidth) could reduce significantly the number of gateways with respect to Ka and Q/V bands. As for deep space missions, the main driver for the interest in using frequencies in the Ka to W bands is the possible increase in the on‐board antenna gain with respect to the values at X band considered for current or planned missions. The drawback of using electromagnetic waves at frequencies in Ka, Q, V and W bands is the definite impact of the impairments caused by the troposphere. As a consequence, the design of TLC systems at such frequencies, and in particular satellite‐based ones, cannot rely on the classical approach of simply assigning an extra power margin to counteract atmospheric fades. The extensive use of fade mitigation techniques (FMTs), such as link power control (LPC), site diversity or on‐board adaptive power allocation, from the propagation side, adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and data rate adaptation (DRA), from the telecommunication side, is mandatory. A reduction of the quality of service (QoS) should also be considered. This chapter deals with all these aspects characterizing the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the Ka, Q, V and W bands, spanning from the main impairments induced by the troposphere (and how they change as the frequency increases), to how extreme atmospheric conditions can be handled making use of suitable FMTs.",signatures:"Lorenzo Luini, Roberto Nebuloni and Carlo Riva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53573",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53573",authors:[{id:"186888",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Luini",slug:"lorenzo-luini",fullName:"Lorenzo Luini"},{id:"194378",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Nebuloni",slug:"roberto-nebuloni",fullName:"Roberto Nebuloni"},{id:"194379",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",surname:"Riva",slug:"carlo-riva",fullName:"Carlo Riva"}],corrections:null},{id:"53446",title:"Photon Propagation Through Dispersive Media",doi:"10.5772/66673",slug:"photon-propagation-through-dispersive-media",totalDownloads:1247,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present chapter, we study the propagation of photons through dispersive media, starting from a description of the dynamics of free photons using a Dirac‐like equation with an analysis of the energy solutions arising from this equation. A comparison with the case of a free electron is made. We present an analysis of the interaction between photons with the medium considering both a classical and a quantum treatment of light, and also we analyse the propagation of photons along a waveguide where they behave as if they did have a finite mass. As a technological application of the theoretical frame here presented, we consider the use of the properties of metamaterials to control the propagation of waves through waveguides filled with this kind of materials.",signatures:"Patricio Robles and Francisco Pizarro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53446",authors:[{id:"178355",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Patricio",surname:"Robles",slug:"patricio-robles",fullName:"Patricio Robles"},{id:"198831",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Pizarro",slug:"francisco-pizarro",fullName:"Francisco Pizarro"}],corrections:null},{id:"53541",title:"Light Wave Propagation and Scattering Through Particles",doi:"10.5772/66662",slug:"light-wave-propagation-and-scattering-through-particles",totalDownloads:1214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of light propagating and scattering for various particles has always been important in many practical applications, such as optical diagnostics for combustion, monitoring of atmospheric pollution, analysis of the structure and pathological changes of the biological cell, laser Doppler technology, and so on. This chapter discusses propagation and scattering through particles. The description of the solution methods, numerical results, and potential application of the light scattering by typical particles is introduced. The generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT) for solving the problem of Gaussian laser beam scattering by typical particles with regular shapes, including spherical particles, spheroidal particles, and cylindrical particles, is described. The numerical methods for the scattering of Gaussian laser beam by complex particles with arbitrarily shape and structure, as well as random discrete particles are introduced. The essential formulations of numerical methods are outlined, and the numerical results for some complex particles are also presented.",signatures:"Yi Ping Han, Zhi Wei Cui and Jia Jie Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53541",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53541",authors:[{id:"178948",title:"Dr.",name:"Yiping",surname:"Han",slug:"yiping-han",fullName:"Yiping Han"}],corrections:null},{id:"53547",title:"Slow Electromagnetic Waves: Theory and New Applications",doi:"10.5772/66672",slug:"slow-electromagnetic-waves-theory-and-new-applications",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the usage of slow electromagnetic waves in several application domains is deeply discussed. Starting from an outline of the classical Cerenkov effect, various related topics are presented in detail, namely the generation of electromagnetic waves by the Cerenkov effect, the Cerenkov free-electron laser, pickup and kickers in accelerators, pulse compression in radar and linac, and compact components and waveguides in the microwave region.",signatures:"Giuseppe Di Massa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53547",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53547",authors:[{id:"61461",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Di Massa",slug:"giuseppe-di-massa",fullName:"Giuseppe Di Massa"}],corrections:null},{id:"53888",title:"Numerical Investigation about Frequency Behaviour of Conformal FSS",doi:"10.5772/66661",slug:"numerical-investigation-about-frequency-behaviour-of-conformal-fss",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are spatial filters widely employed in high-performance applications like hybrid radomes for radars and antennas. While planar geometries are widely studied, less attention has been devoted to conformal ones, where we must consider the influence of both the lattice geometry and the shape and size of the individual elements. In the planar case, periodicity first impacts on the general reflecting properties of the surface, while the shape and the size of the individual element affect its detailed both spatial and frequency filtering behaviour. In particular, the frequency response is dictated mainly by the scattering by the individual element and attains its maximum at resonance conditions. We mean to numerically investigate whether the same also occurs for non-planar surfaces and curved elements, for both cylindrical and conical surfaces. We compare the results of the general frequency behaviour of FSS both made of strips in free space and slots cut in a perfectly conducting material. The effect of the lattice geometrical parameters is also appreciated. The main conclusions are that also for curved elements a frequency selective behaviour can be appreciated and the interaction with the single elements plays an important role, when mutual coupling is not strong.",signatures:"Giovanni Leone, Francesco Mattiello and Rocco Pierri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53888",authors:[{id:"190697",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Leone",slug:"giovanni-leone",fullName:"Giovanni Leone"}],corrections:null},{id:"53802",title:"A Rain Estimation System Based on Electromagnetic Propagation Models and DVB-S Opportunistic Sensors",doi:"10.5772/66726",slug:"a-rain-estimation-system-based-on-electromagnetic-propagation-models-and-dvb-s-opportunistic-sensors",totalDownloads:1265,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Weather conditions have in general huge impact on the global economy, in particular on agriculture, industry, transport, and so forth. In recent years, also the occurrences of rapid and localized heavy rainfall in complex topographic areas became more frequent, possibly due to global warming. These facts cause injuries and deaths, and an accurate and early alert system is required to warn people and operators. In this chapter, we describe a real-time and low-cost system for precipitation detection, aimed at collecting additional data with respect to those obtainable from traditional sensors. Such a system is based on the opportunistic usage of satellite digital video broadcasting (DVB-S) microwave signals and estimates the rain intensity from the detected attenuation. Our system proved to accurately obtain results comparable with rain gauges located in the experimentation area, with much tighter spatial and temporal scales than traditional schemes.",signatures:"Daniele Caviglia, Matteo Pastorino, Andrea Randazzo and Andrea\nCaridi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53802",authors:[{id:"188155",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Pastorino",slug:"matteo-pastorino",fullName:"Matteo Pastorino"}],corrections:null},{id:"54129",title:"Real-Time Electromagnetic Signal Processing: Principles and Illustrations",doi:"10.5772/67356",slug:"real-time-electromagnetic-signal-processing-principles-and-illustrations",totalDownloads:1506,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Real-time electromagnetic signal processing has recently appeared as a novel signal-processing paradigm to manipulate and control electromagnetic signals in real time directly in the analog domain. This has led to attractive alternatives to conventional digital techniques, which typically suffer from poor performances and high cost at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. This novel paradigm is based on dispersion-engineered electromagnetic structures, and in this review chapter, two types of structures are presented and discussed in details: phasers and metasurfaces. While phasers are typically group delay engineered to manipulate and rearrange spectral components in the time domain, metasurfaces enhances these functionalities by providing spatial processing in addition to temporal processing. Two kinds of phasers are presented here: static and dynamic all-pass C-section phasers, and all-dielectric metasurface-based spatial phasers. Finally, two applications illustrating real-time signal processing are discussed: 2D beam scanning leaky-wave antenna for high-resolution spectrum analysis and a dispersion code multiple access (DCMA) system.",signatures:"Shulabh Gupta and Christophe Caloz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54129",authors:[{id:"112652",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Caloz",slug:"christophe-caloz",fullName:"Christophe Caloz"},{id:"186309",title:"Dr.",name:"Shulabh",surname:"Gupta",slug:"shulabh-gupta",fullName:"Shulabh Gupta"}],corrections:null},{id:"53546",title:"Manipulating Electromagnetic Waves with Zero Index Materials",doi:"10.5772/66663",slug:"manipulating-electromagnetic-waves-with-zero-index-materials",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Zero-index material is a typical metamaterial with an effective zero refractive index, possessing a variety of exotic electromagnetic properties and particular functionalities. We have considered two kinds of zero-index materials with the first one a nearly matched zero index made of magnetic metamaterial and the second one a radially anisotropic zero index. The magnetic metamaterial-based systems are shown to be significant in wavefront engineering and flexibly tunable by an external magnetic field and a temperature field. The radially anisotropic zero-index-based systems can remarkably enhance the omnidirectional isotropic radiation by enclosing a line source and a dielectric particle within a shell configuration. The physical origin lies in that the dielectric particle effectively rescatters the trapped anisotropic higher order modes and converts them into the isotropic 0th order mode radiated outside the system. The case for the system with the loss is then examined and the energy compensation with a gain particle is also demonstrated.",signatures:"Shiyang Liu, Jialin Zhou, Ying Han, Xinning Yu, Huajin Chen and\nZhifang Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53546",authors:[{id:"16514",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiyang",surname:"Liu",slug:"shiyang-liu",fullName:"Shiyang Liu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2300",title:"Microwave Materials Characterization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25921c01ddbac11535ce589c4007a695",slug:"microwave-materials-characterization",bookSignature:"Sandra Costanzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51071",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Costanzo",slug:"sandra-costanzo",fullName:"Sandra 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Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3084.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73920",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2195",title:"Ultra Wideband",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ccb3923bb2bc9e1d96af0b5302fe071",slug:"ultra-wideband-current-status-and-future-trends",bookSignature:"Mohammad Abdul Matin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12623",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Abdul",surname:"Matin",slug:"mohammad-abdul-matin",fullName:"Mohammad Abdul Matin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3370",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",subtitle:"from System to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d7aeb6d453d7f56ee45fd7fe20e8ebc",slug:"radio-frequency-identification-from-system-to-applications",bookSignature:"Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3370.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"129681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamun Bin Ibne",surname:"Reaz",slug:"mamun-bin-ibne-reaz",fullName:"Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3339",title:"Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:"Design Methods and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7aca4c1d01b02aa7fb7c7db35c38e000",slug:"radio-frequency-identification-fundamentals-and-applications-design-methods-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Cristina Turcu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3339.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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\r\n\tInternal combustion engines are the main propulsion system in both light and heavy duty applications for ground and marine transportation. Their role is also relevant in the field of power generation and stationary industrial applications. In recent years, the depletion of fossil fuels, the consequences of emissions and the anthropological greenhouse effect, have imposed new challenges to face with.
\r\n\tA number of advanced combustion technologies have been introduced to improve performance, fuel economy and emissions levels. Research in combustion technology has highlighted the importance of new fuels in reducing the petroleum dependence and achieving high efficiency with low pollutant formation.
\r\n\tThe purpose of this book is to collect interesting and original studies on combustion methods, advanced combustion strategies and new fuels able to achieve efficiency improvements and environment compliance.
\r\n\tContributions in which experimental, theoretical and computation approaches are applied to explore how fuel properties and composition affect advanced combustion systems and how advanced combustion technology can maximize engine efficiency and be environment-friendly are invited and appreciated.
Well-developed mangrove forest in southern China has increased their values of environment, eco-tourism resources, and conservation of biodiversity, etc. [1, 2, 3]. Mangrove ecosystems are also expected to provide many ecological services: (1) provisioning, (2) regulation, (3) culture, and (4) basic service [4, 5]. Basic service, i.e., means primary productivity of plants, soil formation and nutrient cycling, etc. The rest services are depending on basic services. Therefore, ecophysiology of mangrove is the most fundamental and essential information for this chapter.
In terms of ecological functions, mangroves can provide (1) many foods including fish, shellfish via offering their habitats, dye materials, wood and materials for high quality charcoal, etc., (2) maintain marsh ecosystems: soil conservation, reduction of storm disasters, wave attenuation, acceleration of reclamation, contaminant degradation, clean the atmosphere and marine environment, (3) eco-tourism, culture, scientific resources, etc., (4) CO2 fixation and O2 evolution, biomass production, nutrient circulation [6]. However, an increase of anthropogenic activities in coastal areas reduced mangrove cover and functions, with environment deterioration to be important factor, such as pollution caused by heavy metals. Recent degradation of mangrove functions, such as offering habitat for many living organisms is also reduced by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including micro-plastics (MPs), etc. [7, 8, 9].
In China, large area of mangroves mainly distributed in six provinces (Zhejiang, Taiwan, Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, and Guangdong), and two special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macao). There were 37 mangrove species, representing 20 families and 25 genera, with thermophilic eurytopic species being the dominant components [10]. Mangrove could accumulate various pollutants derived from rivers and tidal waters due to its unique properties, such as high productivity, organic-rich matter scrap, fine grains of wetland soil, and anoxic environment [11, 12].
Pollutants like heavy metals and organic contaminants are generally toxic and persistent in mangrove ecosystems. In estuarine mangroves of New Zealand, the soils were characterized with lower Eh and currents upstream trapped more macro-nutrients and heavy metals compared to downstream [13]. In Southeast Sulawesi of Indonesia, mangrove species significantly bioaccumulated heavy metals (such as Cu, Hg, Cd, Zn, and Pb), with different partitioning and uptake capacity of heavy metals to be detected in tissues of mangrove species [14]. Marchand et al. (2011) explored the relationships between heavy metals and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments of Conception Bay, New Caledonia [15]. Currently, various pollutions caused by anthropogenic activities are well recognized in mangrove in Shenzhen, the most rapidly developed city in China [16, 17]. Especially, Futian mangrove in Shenzhen has been recognized as one of the most typical urban mangroves located in a big city (Figure 1), which has been receiving more and more attention. Shenzhen municipal government has decided to keep their environment in order to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and adopt mangrove as the iconic plant.
Futian mangrove located in the center of Shenzhen, China (
In this chapter, first, we briefly summarized the history of studies in East Asia; then, we take China as an example to explore current progress in mangrove management and research: i.e. heavy metal distribution and ecological risk in mangrove sediment, as well as POPs (such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers). POPs could affect photosynthesis via belowground root vigor and function, and transfer along food chain/web to bio-accumulate [18]. Thirdly, the status of education effect of mangroves in China, especially for Shenzhen was stated. At last, the future perspective of mangrove research in China was provided. These mangrove functions under current and rapid environmental changes in China may provide a hint of conservation and restoration of mangrove ecosystems in the rest of the world.
In recent years, intensively research have been conducted on the productivities of mangrove forests in tropical and sub-tropical areas of southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and southern Japan, etc. [19, 20, 21, 22]. As a contribution to the IBP (International Biological Program), we globally estimated the biomass productivity of different types of vegetation and ecosystem. This IBP is dedicated to human survival from the perspective of biomass production as well as conservation of biodiversity including local people’s lives [23, 24, 25]. In this project, general empirical models for estimating above-ground biomass, especially universal equation for root biomass was developed (Figure 2) [26].
Universal allometry equation of above- and below-ground biomass of mangrove forests in Asia (Adopted from Komiyama 2017 [
Mangrove plants are characterized by their unique growth characteristics [28]. They can grow and develop along with brackish region of estuaries, wetlands and sea-shores, and are well-known as “marine forest.” Furthermore, the growth of mangrove plant would be affected by other climate factors. For example, from dendrometer monitoring of the diameter growth of
Hagihara (2006) reviewed production ecology and carbon cycling of mangrove stand (
The stratification diagram of a mangrove stand at the northern boundary in the Ryukyu islands, south Japan (Adopted from Hagihara [
Generally, T/R ratio of mangrove stands was around 1.0 [26, 37] whereas it is ranged between 3 ~ 4 for most forests. From the stratification diagram, estimated value of the extinction coefficient (KF) including branches for
People recently have again recognized that mangroves have played an important role in preventing Tsunami tide wave after earthquakes in Indonesia, which lead to tsunami in Southeast Asia and cause huge losses and casualties to Southeast Asian Countries, particularly Indonesia [38, 39]. In fact, the mangrove stands along with seacoast of Indonesia protected and lessened destructive power of tide wave at the time [4]. In China, though very few typical examples were available for weaken effect of mangrove on tsunami, the storm prevention of mangrove is one important aspect of mangrove ecosystem services, which have been evaluated to be 10473.3 × 104 RMB in terms of energy value [40].
Recently, due to our concern that global warming will cause rapid rise in sea level, new aspects of salt resistance (tolerance and avoidance) of mangrove species has been studied intensively [33, 41, 42, 43]. Sea level rise would increase tidal inundation period and make mangrove species beyond the specific thresholds of flooding tolerance [44, 45]. With intense environmental change, the related knowledge about mangroves have also been systematically summarized through publish of revised editions of botanical books on mangroves as well as ethnobotanical books [31, 32, 46, 47]. On the other hand, researchers recognized the impact of polluted water caused by anthropogenic activities on growth of mangrove plants, without paying much attention to negative impact of heavy metal pollution on mangrove ecosystems [26, 31, 46, 48].
The exploration on heavy metal pollution in mangrove wetlands would understand the source, history, and status of heavy metals, and obtain the relationship between heavy metals and mangrove ecosystem, which is important for coordination between economic development and environment protection. With positive leadership of Chinese ecological policy [49], we have been studying on heavy metal pollution, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and its counter effects on physiology and growth of the representative mangrove plants dominated around southern China. A typical example of pollution is an intensive study on mangrove ecosystems in Shenzhen city where is located north of Hong Kong, one of the most dramatically developed cities in China. Shenzhen City has decided to adopt mangrove plants as the symbolic trees and well organized ecological and environmental education by establishing mangrove museums and field education parks [7]. Environmental education trail will also be briefly discussed in latter part of this review.
Mangrove species in China belong to the Indo-Malaysia Northeast subgroup of East group and covered >50,000 ha in 1950s [47]. Before 1990s, mangroves in China had been degraded and the areas greatly reduced, with only 22,752 ha remained [47]. Furthermore, mangrove ecological exploitation in China existed many problems, including imbalance between protection and utilization, simple ecological development mode, low economic benefit of ecological development, planning management and related policies and insufficient regional cooperation. Since then, increased government investments have greatly improved the research on mangroves in China.
In 1995, China’s Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan included the action plans, which called for “Increasing mangrove conservation areas”. As a result, majority of the national mangroves have been protected as a part of the national wide mangrove nature reserves (Figure 4). On the announcement of the leader Mr. Xi Jinping, one of the Chinese ecological policies orients us how to conserve mangrove forest as an ecological unit [49]. Based on this statement, conservation of mangrove ecosystem is one of the national key projects, especially at Fujian and Guangdong Province, especially Shenzhen city government, the most rapid developing economical city in China.
A Flame work of conservation strategy of mangrove ecosystem in China proposed by Dr. Hailei Zheng at Ningde, China in 2019 [
Over the past decades, large number of studies have significantly improved our understanding of structure and function of the mangrove ecosystems, however, there are still many areas needed to be strengthened: (1) The construction of sea walls plus many skyscrapers behind natural mangrove wetlands may prevent migration landward into areas of higher elevations in response to sea level rise; (2) Biological invasions such as those of
Since 1970s, mangrove researches in China have mainly focused on taxonomy and ethno-botanical view point, medical use and practical use of mangrove plants [6, 50, 51]. According to uncompleted statistic, China researchers have published 24 monographs or proceedings related with mangrove, including comprehensive basic research, ecological restoration, macro-benthos, birds, pest control, and ecological location, remote sensing monitoring and evaluation, resource management, and popular science [52]. The Shenzhen City Office strongly supports researches and education in mangrove ecosystem (see education section).
Chinese mangrove ecologists hold workshop every two years to make further progress in mangrove researches and practical works. For most researchers, they are engaged in the topics such as remote sensing, biodiversity in mangrove ecosystems, physiological ecology, heavy metal pollutions, etc. These topics are relatively regarded as short-term target compared to those topics more professional (Figure 5).
Research topics on mangrove forests in Chinese Ecological Society (CES) in 2019 (Adopted from program leaflet of the meeting of CES [
At the 9th workshop in Ningde 2019 (in Fujian Province) [53], the recent ecological efforts on mangrove conservation in accordance with the SDGs (Sustainable developmental goals) was summarized as follows (Figure 6) [49].
Rehabilitation strategy of mangrove forests under pollution, (Adopted from the statement by Dr. Hailei Zheng, 2019) [
The contents were: i.e. policy making, scientific review, practical forestry, and frost resistant researches, which were mainly reported by national and regional research institutes. Among them, one unique research is how to increase mangrove’s frost tolerance and freezing avoidance research (Figure 7) [56, 57]. In 2010, sudden snow-fall caused death of newly planted mangroves because they were originally grown in sub-tropical and tropical, where there would not be a severe low temperature environment. Glycine-Betaine was employed as a target chemical for species selection and breeding, as this compound is also common in relation to increase of desiccation and frozen tolerance [57]. Clearly, more work is needed to perform practical applications in the future.
Photos of snow on mangrove seedlings planted in Zhejiang Province, China in 2010. Left photo was offered by Dr. Jianbiao Qiu of Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute. And right photo at nursery was offered by Dr. QiuXia Chen of Zhejiang Sub-tropical research institute [
The current situation of heavy metal pollution of the southern part of China from ecological statistics was reported by Shi et al. [58]. As the first integrated analysis of heavy metal pollution in mangrove sediments across China, this study covered whole mangroves in China by selecting 6 sites including Hainan Island and near the border of Vietnam. If we focus on common mangrove species of these regions,
Ecological statistics of heavy metals pollution in south China (AM, Avicennia marina a kind of mangrove; MF, mudflat) (Adopted from Shi et al. [
From data of heavy metal pollution at the 6 sites, the pollution level in Futian district of Shenzhen city has higher pollution level. We detected representative heavy metal pollutants cause by high concentration of zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and relatively low concentration of molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd). Although proportion of Cd in the total heavy metal concentrations was low (based on evaluation of geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, potential ecological risk coefficient, pollution load index, and potential ecological risk index), Cd is a cause of the “Itai-itai” disease in Japan [60] and was detected as 0.66 ~ 3.30 μg/g at Futian district of Shenzhen city [61].
The factor affecting capture of heavy metal is particle size of soil with different specific surface areas and adsorption capacities [60, 61]. In fact, the heavy metal concentration was lower at Fangchenggang in Guangxi province where sand is dominant, while it was higher at Dong fang, Yunxiao and Futian district of Shenzhen where silt (between sand and clay) is dominant [62, 63]. We regarded mangrove stands, coral-reef and seaweed fauna as three major inshore marine ecosystems [1, 64, 65]. Furthermore, we explored the heavy metal pollution in Futian mangroves of Shenzhen, China. Futian mangrove is a mangrove forest area of 304 ha located in the Guangdong Province, and is the only mangrove forests located in the middle of Shenzhen, China. Futian mangrove was adjacent to the Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong, and has suffered serious heavy metal pollution since the early 1990s [62].
In order to systematically explore ecological risk of heavy metal contamination in Futian mangrove forest, being important for designing management and conservation policy, we quantify the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in mangrove sediments, assess the potential ecological risk and sources of heavy metals, and identify the speciation of heavy metals [66]. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments (0–20 cm depth) varied greatly along the coastline, demonstrating the heterogeneity of sediment to some extent. As for different heavy metal species, the concentrations reduced in the order of Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd [66]. Furthermore, the combination of studied metals had a 21% probability of being toxic, based on analysis of mean probable effects level quotient. Similarly, high heavy metal contamination was also revealed in term of potential ecological risk index and geo-accumulation index. Among all heavy metals, Cd has higher potential for adverse biological effects, being of primary concern. Take into account the sediment characteristics, clay and silt were important in raising deposition/accumulation of Cr, Cu, and Zn. As for different speciation of heavy metals, the percentage of mobile heavy metals was relatively higher than other fractions; while, no considerable ecological risk to the biota was detected in terms of the risk assessment code. The mobile heavy metals referred to the sum of acid-soluble, reducible, and the oxidizable fractions in terms of heavy metal speciation [67].
Mangrove plants have specific nutrient balance for growth and survival because they grow in very special environment (i.e. high NaCl, flooding environment, etc.).
Therefore, response of mangrove plants to various environmental stresses is a key information of rehabilitation of degraded regions. Cadmium (Cd), a non-essential element, can easily be taken up by plants and cause chlorosis [69], wilting [70] and cell death [71]. Heavy metals and large amounts of nutrients including nitrogen from domestic sewage also accumulate in mangrove sediment, and change its oligotrophic state [72] and pH [73]. We quantified the effects of ammonium nitrogen on the accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) in
The distribution of cadmium (Cd) in
In terms of subcellular distribution, Cd in roots of
The use of chlorophyll florescence for diagnose of plant health status under stress, especially for mangrove plants is important in the rapid non-destructive assessment [34]. Physiological activity of coastal mangrove species is evaluated based on a three-temperature (3 T) model using high-resolution thermal infrared remote sensing. This evaluation method is based on growth evaluation of the representative mangrove species,
The cultured
Furthermore, the interactive effects of multiple heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) on growth of
Compared to external binary metal treatment, trinary treatments (Pb + Zn + Cu) improved plant biomass and the photosynthetic capacity. As for root of
In leaves of
At the ecosystem level, mangrove plants, microbes in the soil, any other living organisms, and their natural environment cooperated with each other [3, 81, 82]. There are many places in mangrove stands producing sulfate compounds (e.g. hydrogen sulfide, H2S). We can identify the smell of H2S, implying importance of sulfate producing microbe activities. In the field conditions, heavy metal accumulation is important environmental factor regulating bacterial communities [83, 84]. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) could utilize sulfate as an electron acceptor in the dissimilatory reduction of sulfate [85]. How about the impacts of heavy metals pollutant on SRB? The effects of heavy metal contamination on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with both field survey and experimental approaches have been revealed [3]. SRB communities were investigated in mangrove sediments (0–30 cm depth) from 3 districts of mangrove wetlands in Shenzhen with different heavy metal contamination levels.
The results revealed that SRB community abundance was correlated with depth of mangrove sediments, especially significant correlation was found in soil concentration of Cd and Ni concentrations. From 1980 to 1990s, almost no analysis was done from the view point of biodiversity [81]. The α-diversity index of SRB community was significantly correlated with Cd level in mangrove sediments. Dominant 3 SRB groups (Desulfo-bacteraceae, Desulfobulbaceae, Syntrophobacteraceae) were isolated in the mangrove sediments of Shenzhen mangrove, China [3]. Among these families, Syntrophobacter-aceae was most sensitive to heavy metal contamination. The Unifrace clustering analysis revealed that SRB community structure was influenced by heavy metal stress. Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that Cd and total phosphorus were the major element affecting the SRB structure in the mangrove sediments [3].
Generally, the structure of mangrove sediment bacterial community could be affected by various factors, including plantation species [86], sediment depths [87], physico-chemical properties of sediment [88], and anthropogenic activities [87]. Different mangroves might reveal the specific biogeographic distribution pattern of bacterial community [89]. We explored the biogeographic distribution of sediment bacterial community in six mangroves across China, including two mangroves in Hainan Province, two in Guangdong Province, one in Guangxi Province and one in Fujian Province [90]. Among all six mangroves, the sediment bacterial demonstrated different characteristics in terms of bacterial abundance, bacterial richness and diversity, and bacterial community structure. Compared with intertidal mudflat,
In mangrove sediment,
In different geographic location, mangrove archaeal have different community characteristics, which might be related to various environmental factors, including pH, carbon, and nitrogen contents in sediment. Furthermore, the main archaeal communities in mangrove sediments were genus
Shellfish is an important component in mangrove ecosystems similar to well-known crabs [32]. Recently, people have eaten more shellfishes as healthy food than before; however, the bio-accumulation of heavy metals in the shellfish can endanger the health of consumer [93]. Shenzhen is a fast-developing city in south China, and has been developed from a small fishermen village to a modern metropolis with about 12 million populations since the reform and opening policy in 1978 [94].
A case study on 3 markets of Shenzhen has received increasing attention. Arsenic (As), Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb in 10 popular shellfish species and associated health risks were analyzed for Shenzhen’s consumers by evaluation of estimated weekly intake (EWI), non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to the 3 stages in a human life-cycle (children, adolescents, adults) [95]. Based on 50 shellfish samples in each site of market there, they found that the levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in
From the perspective of species, the concentration of Zn and Cu in the
The results of the risk assessment showed that the weekly intake of heavy metals by eating shellfish did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake set by Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA*, *JECFA, 2010. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Summary and Conclusions by the JECFA.), and there was no non-carcinogenic risk to the human body. However, in terms of the long overdose of all sampling points of the
Overuse of POPs like plastic bags pollutes mangrove stands and POPs are hardly decomposed in mangrove ecosystems and consequently degrade habitat for most living organisms in a mangrove stand. The value of mangrove environment is getting worse by accumulation of the POPs, therefore, we should know the effect of POPs on mangrove plants as well as ecosystem for improvement of rehabilitation strategy of degraded mangrove stands.
Microplastics (MPs) researches have been mainly investigating on food-web and bioconcentration in Japan [97]. For example, in Tokyo Bay, the bowel of several kinds of seabird, sardine, etc. contains huge amount of MP. In detail study on a kind of seabird (
MPs are now worldwide serious problem [97, 99]. MPs have a long life-span in ecosystem and become smaller in size of less than 5 mm over time, and deposit toward deep sea [9]. The existence form of MPs in south China was classified as fiber, film, and fine particle with several colors of original products [99]. At the 6 mangrove stands located along the coast of Southern China, the top 3 MPs were detected as health safety substance, including polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). In terms of shape, color and size, MPs were mainly fibrous, white-transparent and 500 μm-5000 μm, respectively. MPs pollution in mangroves was significantly linked to surrounding socio-economic development. The TOC and silt content of mangrove sediments also affect the deposition of MPs [99]. Based on a comprehensive evaluation using the potential ecological risk factor, potential ecological risk, polymer risk index and pollution load index, MPs showed highest ecological risk in Futian mangrove of Shenzhen, China. These fundamental data on MPs occurring in mangroves of Southern China could support further studies of the ecological consequences of MPs on mangrove macro-fauna, shrimp, fish and even human.
Unfortunately, polluted condition with MPs of mangrove forest is getting worse in Shenzhen. As harmful MPs, PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) have recently been detected. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and other polyhalogenated compounds. Exposure to PBDEs would cause problems in the hormone system, liver and kidney morphology, neuro-behavioral and sexual development [100, 101]. The health risk of PBDEs and PCBs are increasing, and these chemical compounds have been shown to reduce human fertility to some extent [97]. The amount of PBDEs in a mangrove ecosystem increases with increasing amount of organic matters in soil [95, 102]. Concentration [unit: ng/g-dw] of PBDE-209 in mangrove stands of Hong Kong was 0.5 ~ 5.4 except for Mai Po mangrove (47.2–112.0) opposite to Futian district of Shenzhen [103]. These values were lower than those of Shenzhen (2.1–1987.6) [102].
In Shenzhen mangroves, the levels of PBDE-209 [unit: ng/g-dw] were 2.1 ~ 110.0 in mangrove sediment and 180 ~ 600 in the leaves. The highest value was detected as 3600 in bark of the avenue trees in Beijing [104]. We found that PBDE-209 was the dominant PBDE congener in all six mangroves in China, including Yunxiao, Futian, Zhanjiang, Fangchenggang, Dongzhaigang and Dongfang [5]. Futian mangrove in Shenzhen was seriously polluted by PBDEs (in particular PBDE-209), compared to the other 5 mangrove wetlands. Total organic matter acted as an effective factor in affecting spatial distribution and ecological risk of PBDEs in sediment of mangroves. In 6 mangroves, sediments may pose low/moderate risk of exposure to penta- and deca-BDE congeners for sediment-dwelling organisms, with penta- and deca-BDE congeners to be major drivers of ecological risk. Furthermore, we explored PBDEs contamination in 4 urban mangroves of Shenzhen, including Shajing mangrove (SJM), Xixiang mangrove (SJM), Futian mangrove (FTM) and Baguang mangrove (BGM) [102]. Regarding urban functional zoning, urban mangroves were featured with industry district (SJM and XXM), central business district (CBD) (FTM), and ecological preserve (BGM) [105, 106, 107]. Our result showed that the ranking order of PBDEs contamination in urban mangroves was BGM ≈ FTM < XXM < SJM.
Compositions of PBDEs were complex in SJM, XXM, and FTM, with surface runoff to be the main source apportionment of PBDEs. Thus, in urban mangroves with different urban functional zonings, PBDEs accumulation in mangrove sediment and their bioaccumulation in mangrove plants were different. In the future, much work should be done to decrease e the input of PBDEs into the urban mangrove, such as the inspection of the illegal waste recycling sites and promotion of sewage treatment capacity of PBDEs-related enterprises.
Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs: unit: [ng/g-dw]) in mangrove sediments of China ranged from 15 to 11,098 and decreased in the order of Hong Kong (56–11,098) > Fujian (171–1074) > Guangdong (15–726) > Hainan (31–63) > Guangxi (24) [11, 12, 108]. Higher levels of PAH s in Hong Kong mangrove might be attributed to the intense anthropogenic activities. Levels of PAHs in mangrove sediments of China (24–11,098) were far below effects range mean (ERM) (44,792), with levels of PAHs in Hong Kong to be lower than effects range low (ERL) (4022), indicating that PAHs in Hong Kong may pose little risk to biota in mangrove ecosystems [63, 108]. Li et al. (2014) explored PAH pollution in sediments of three mangrove swamps of Shenzhen, China, namely Futian, Baguang and Water-lands, and found that the mean concentrations of PAHs in Futian (4480) was higher than that in Baguang (1262) and Watersheds (2711) [109]. The higher levels of PAHs in Futian mangrove may be related to various anthropogenic activities, such as continuously discharges of domestic sewage from households and Fengtang River, effluents from industrial processes, construction of highways and heavy traffic [48].
In China including Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian, levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mangrove sediments ranged from 0.1 to 47 ng/g dry weight [110, 111, 112, 113]. In general, PCB concentrations in mangrove sediments from Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai were relatively higher, indicating heavily PCBs-polluted mangrove sediments in the Pearl River Estuary to some extent [114]. The higher PCB levels in sediments from Pearl River Estuary could be linked to high density of electronic/electrical industries and electronic waste recycling activities [110].
Other organic pollutants in mangrove sediment were limited. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in sediments were reported to be 32–579 mg/kg-dw and a higher level was observed in the Pearl River Estuary, China [82, 115], which mainly derived from vehicle exhausts and incomplete combustion [82, 88]. Tam et al. (2008) reported that the levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorcyclohexanes (HCHs) were 28 and 0.07 ng/g-dw in Leizhou Peninsula [116].
Although Chinese ecological policy was proposed, ecological and environmental education should be made for conservation and increasing ecological services of mangrove forests [31, 98, 117]. In China, the environmental education mainly focused on the popular science and propaganda of mangrove reserve and park [97, 118, 119, 120]. Since there are multiple education stations in China, we show an example of Shenzhen because mangrove species are applied as the symbolic woody plants for the city. The City Hall shows SDGs (sustainable developmental goals) to the public with both ordinal (indoor type) museum as well as field museum (outdoor type). The former exhibits basic information of mangrove ecosystem by indoor exhibition. The latter mainly shows 2 parts; one is a practical method of how to rehabilitate mangrove stand at water front and the other is to conduct ecological research, including pollination biology, vegetation, etc.
Shenzhen shows all aspects of mangrove conservation and the latest advances in natural education at the city museums. The museum is unique in interactive exhibits, such as many educational quizzes about how to develop mangrove forests as well as to conserve the ecosystem. There are two field museums on the coast of Shenzhen: (1) one is a kind of park to walk in mangrove stand along with the interior experience of different species of forest stands, and (2) the other is to show the ecological rehabilitation of mangrove stands (Figure 10).
Example of mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation in south China. (A) Rehabilitation of mangrove stand; (B) Rehabilitation of Geiwai pond of mangrove ecosystem; (C) Typical example of mangrove ecosystem plantations by Prof. Changyi Lu of Xianmen University.
Figure 10A showed the rehabilitation of mangrove stands in Futian mangrove in Shenzhen. In order to improve ecological function of mangroves [121], the rehabilitation of Geiwai pond in mangrove ecosystem was conducted (Figure 10B). Among these trails, a distinguish exhibition for both tourists and education of mangrove park was established and popular trees were provided to the public near Xiamen, Fujian province, southeast China (Figure 10C). The star shaped mangrove restoration indicated that suitable mangrove species selection and planting design would create a beautiful landscape. This is a park showing a symbol of restoration success with mangrove.
The protection of mangrove in Shenzhen was closely related with large amounts of non-governmental organization (NGO) and volunteer groups. In 2017, the number of professional volunteers registered in Mangrove Conservation Foundation (MCF) exceeded 300, with 198 newly trained volunteer in one year, and 100,000 people participated in relevant activities in three years. In Shenzhen, China, the above-mentioned citizen acted as the volunteer labor group for Futian mangrove ecological park. These volunteers mainly come from enterprise, residence community and school, and took part in various environmental improvement activities, including cleaning of invasive plants, collection of marine garbage, replantation of plant, and construction of ecological floating island, etc.
The implication of these activities increased volunteer number of mangrove protection in Shenzhen. Furthermore, there were also a certain number of volunteers in Overseas Chinese Town (OCT) wetland, Shenzhen Green Fund Association, Shenzhen Spring Environmental Protection Volunteer Association. Some activities related with mangrove education was implicated to improve protection awareness of mangrove protection (Figure 11).
Activities carried out by nongovernment organizations. (A) Marine protection activity; (B) vein painting of popular science education; (C) display board of natural education. All photos were offered by RL Li and MW Chai.
Anthropogenic pollution in mangrove ecosystems has been intensively studied (including heavy metals and POPs, etc.) and consequently we can obtain many phenomena of current situation, such as sea level-rise [27, 122, 123, 124]. Based on the data of mangrove ecosystems in China, we should make further progress in increasing ecological services and forest rehabilitation. In the future, we believe that several aspects should be further explored to improve mangrove afforestation and restoration: (1) Ecological adaptation mechanism of mangrove species under various environmental stresses; (2) The development of mangrove plant breeding and colonization techniques; (3) The remediation of degraded mangrove ecosystem; (4) Digital technology research and development in mangrove ecological engineering.
Ecological exploitation of mangrove would create better ecological environment, economic and social benefits, being important for sustainable development of mangrove resource in the future. Several countermeasures are included to engage ecological exploitation of mangroves: coordinating development and alleviating the contradiction between protection and development; promoting diversified ecological development based on local conditions; improving the economic benefits of ecological development by scientific evaluation; improving relevant policies and plans while promoting regional cooperation and scientific research. We hope our data may contribute for improving restoration practices in the rapid economic development regions.
This work was supported by the Program of Science and Technology of Shenzhen (JCYJ20160330095549229, JSGG20170413103811649), Special Fund of State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (18K05ESPCP), and Shenzhen Municipal Development and Reform Commission (Discipline construction of watershed ecological engineering). We thank Emeritus Prof. A. Hagihara of The Univ. of Ryukyu for his kind permission to modify his original figures to cite in the text.
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Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"53128",doi:"10.5772/66368",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9257,totalCrossrefCites:73,totalDimensionsCites:137,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]},{id:"53580",doi:"10.5772/66885",title:"Application of Phenolic Compounds for Food Preservation: Food Additive and Active Packaging",slug:"application-of-phenolic-compounds-for-food-preservation-food-additive-and-active-packaging",totalDownloads:3862,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are well known for their health benefits related to antioxidant activity. In addition, this kind of compounds can be extracted from natural sources, such as olives, grapes, fruits, vegetables, rice, spices, herbs, tea and algae, among others. In this way, these compounds have increased their popularity and, little by little, the consumers are more interested in these compounds due to the fact that they come from natural sources and because they have health biological activity. In fact, other important characteristics associated to phenolic compounds are the antimicrobial activity, because phenolics have the capacity of retarding the microbial invasion in some products and avoiding the putrefaction of others, mainly fruits and vegetables. These properties allow phenolic compounds to be suitable for numerous food preservation applications. Therefore, different kinds of products can be fortificated with phenolic compounds to extend the shelf life of some foods, to turn them in functional food or to incorporate them in food packaging. Active packing is an innovative strategy where phenolic compounds can play an important role for improving the global assessment and extend the shelf life of commercial products.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Sara Martillanes, Javier Rocha-Pimienta, Manuel Cabrera-Bañegil,\nDaniel Martín-Vertedor and Jonathan Delgado-Adámez",authors:[{id:"193618",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado-Adámez",slug:"jonathan-delgado-adamez",fullName:"Jonathan Delgado-Adámez"},{id:"193962",title:"Ms.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Martillanes",slug:"sara-martillanes",fullName:"Sara Martillanes"},{id:"193963",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha-Pimienta",slug:"javier-rocha-pimienta",fullName:"Javier Rocha-Pimienta"},{id:"193964",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cabrera-Bañegil",slug:"manuel-cabrera-banegil",fullName:"Manuel Cabrera-Bañegil"},{id:"193965",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"daniel-martin",fullName:"Daniel Martín"}]},{id:"53576",doi:"10.5772/66844",title:"Inhibitory Properties of Phenolic Compounds Against Enzymes Linked with Human Diseases",slug:"inhibitory-properties-of-phenolic-compounds-against-enzymes-linked-with-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2594,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Some drugs currently used are inhibitors of enzymes involved in mediating many disease processes. Concerns over the toxicity and side effects of synthetic enzyme inhibitors have led to a search for new safe and effective inhibitors particularly from natural sources. Owing to their wide range of biological effects, plant phenolic compounds are one of the most studied families of natural products. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the potential of phenolic compounds as enzyme inhibitors. Extensive research has been conducted to study the enzyme inhibitory capacity of many phenolic compounds against several enzymes linked with important human conditions. Investigations conducted are mainly focused on the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, lipase, cholinesterases, proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase) and tyrosinase, which are related with hypertension, type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s diseases, inflammation and skin hyperpigmentation, respectively. Overall, among phenolics, flavonoids are probably those with great capacity to inhibit the activity of the enzymes revised. Several studies demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids, which highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Although our literature survey showed that a huge number of phenolic compounds have been studied and there are some promising compounds depending on the enzyme, more in vivo tests and subsequent steps to be a drug candidate are required before therapeutic application.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Sandra Gonçalves and Anabela Romano",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"193968",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"sandra-goncalves",fullName:"Sandra Gonçalves"}]},{id:"54035",doi:"10.5772/67232",title:"Health Benefits of Phenolic Compounds Against Cancers",slug:"health-benefits-of-phenolic-compounds-against-cancers",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are the biggest group of phytochemicals, and many of them have been found in plant‐based foods. Polyphenol‐rich diets have been linked to many health benefits including cancer. The potential anti‐carcinogenic mechanisms of action that have been so far identified for phenolic compounds, as well as the feasibility reports occurred in vivo. In general terms, under the oxidative stress, polyphenols could act in those cellular mechanisms by participating in the modulation of the redox status and on multiple key elements in intracellular signal transduction pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. A protective role of polyphenols against carcinogenesis is supported by many studies carried out on animal models and different mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain such protective effects. Studies performed in animals have demonstrated that phenolic components can prevent and/or slow down the initiation‐progression of different types of cancers. They act through the regulation of cell signal transduction and gene expression and exhibit either up or down regulation of genes controlling tumor development.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Abdelkader Basli, Nassim Belkacem and Iman Amrani",authors:[{id:"193750",title:"Dr.",name:"Basli",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelkader",slug:"basli-abdelkader",fullName:"Basli Abdelkader"},{id:"195990",title:"Mr.",name:"Belkacem",middleName:null,surname:"Nacim",slug:"belkacem-nacim",fullName:"Belkacem Nacim"},{id:"195991",title:"Dr.",name:"Amrani",middleName:null,surname:"Iman",slug:"amrani-iman",fullName:"Amrani Iman"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53973",title:"Phenolic Compounds in Water: Sources, Reactivity, Toxicity and Treatment Methods",slug:"phenolic-compounds-in-water-sources-reactivity-toxicity-and-treatment-methods",totalDownloads:7198,totalCrossrefCites:69,totalDimensionsCites:151,abstract:"Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities into water bodies. They also occur as a result of natural phenomena. These compounds are known to be toxic and inflict both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans and animals. They act as carcinogens and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low concentrations. Interaction of these compounds with microorganisms, inorganic and other organic compounds in water can produce substituted compounds or other moieties, which may be as toxic as the original phenolic compounds. This chapter dwells on the sources and reactivity of phenolic compounds in water, their toxic effects on humans, and methods of their removal from water. Specific emphasis is placed on the techniques of their removal from water with attention on both conventional and advanced methods. Among these methods are ozonation, adsorption, extraction, photocatalytic degradation, biological, electro‐Fenton, adsorption and ion exchange and membrane‐based separation.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"William W. Anku, Messai A. Mamo and Penny P. Govender",authors:[{id:"195237",title:"Dr.",name:"Messai",middleName:"A.",surname:"Mamo",slug:"messai-mamo",fullName:"Messai Mamo"},{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",middleName:null,surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"},{id:"196466",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny",middleName:null,surname:"Govender",slug:"penny-govender",fullName:"Penny Govender"}]},{id:"53128",title:"Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability",slug:"phenolic-compounds-functional-properties-impact-of-processing-and-bioavailability",totalDownloads:9243,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:135,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the influence of the processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. The intake of fruits and vegetables based‐foods are associated with delayed aging and a decreased risk of chronic disease development. Fruits and vegetables can be consumed in natura, but the highest amounts are ingested after some processing methods, such as cooking procedures or sanitizing methods. These methods are directly methods are directly related to alteration on the phenolic content. In addition, the postharvest conditions may modify several phytochemical substances. Phenolic compounds are referred to as phytochemicals found in a large number of foods and beverages. The relative high diversity of these molecules produced by plants must be taken into account when methods of preparation are employed to obtain industrial or homemade products. Phenolic compounds comprise one (phenolic acids) or more (polyphenols) aromatic rings with attached hydroxyl groups in their structures. Their antioxidant capacities are related to these hydroxyl groups and phenolic rings. Despite the antioxidant activity, they have many other beneficial effects on human health. However, before attributing health benefits to these compounds, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of each phenolic compound in the body are important points that should be considered.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Igor Otavio Minatel, Cristine Vanz Borges, Maria Izabela Ferreira,\nHector Alonzo Gomez Gomez, Chung-Yen Oliver Chen and\nGiuseppina Pace Pereira Lima",authors:[{id:"146379",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"giuseppina-lima",fullName:"Giuseppina Lima"},{id:"194002",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristine",middleName:null,surname:"Vanz Borges",slug:"cristine-vanz-borges",fullName:"Cristine Vanz Borges"},{id:"194003",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor Otavio",middleName:null,surname:"Minatel",slug:"igor-otavio-minatel",fullName:"Igor Otavio Minatel"},{id:"194004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"maria-izabela-ferreira",fullName:"Maria Izabela Ferreira"},{id:"194005",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Gomez",slug:"hector-gomez-gomez",fullName:"Hector Gomez-Gomez"},{id:"194006",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yen Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chung-yen-oliver-chen",fullName:"Chung-Yen Oliver Chen"}]},{id:"53295",title:"Chemical Structure of Phenols and Its Consequence for Sorption Processes",slug:"chemical-structure-of-phenols-and-its-consequence-for-sorption-processes",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Sorption of phenolic compounds is a very complex process and many factors influence it. At the beginning, detailed chemical structure of phenols is presented with its consequence for physical properties, for example, values of melting and boiling points, solubility in water, pKa and Log P. Also influence of activating and deactivating substituents on the properties is explained. On this basis, interaction with the most frequently used sorbents, for example, chemically modified silicas, polymers and porous carbons, is described. Both sorbents characteristics including physical (porosity) and chemical properties (functional groups) and experimental conditions such as concentration of solutes, contact time, temperature, solvent effects and presence or absence of oxygen are taken into account. The explanations of irreversible adsorption and oxidative coupling phenomena are included. The mechanisms of phenolic compounds sorption are described.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Sobiesiak",authors:[{id:"193105",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Sobiesiak",slug:"magdalena-sobiesiak",fullName:"Magdalena Sobiesiak"}]},{id:"53528",title:"Anthocyanin Pigments: Importance, Sample Preparation and Extraction",slug:"anthocyanin-pigments-importance-sample-preparation-and-extraction",totalDownloads:7536,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Anthocyanins are naturally occuring pigments belonging to the group of flavonoids, a subclass of the polyphenol family. They are common components of the human diet, as they are present in many foods, fruits and vegetables, especially in berries and red wine. There were more studies conducted on effect of processing and storage on changes and stability of colors of anthocyanins in foods such as fruits and also for their use as natural colorants. Besides, the interest on anthocyanins is still growing also owing to their strong antioxidant activity against many chronic diseases, numerous studies about their medicinal, therapeutical and nutritional value were also conducted. There are pieces of evidence regarding the positive association of their intake with healthy biological effects. They act as antioxidants both in the foodstuffs in which they are found and in the organism that take in foods rich in anthocyanins. Many efforts have been carried out to develop new analytical techniques for identification and quantification of anthocyanins in plant materials, as well as their effects in vivo and in vitro. With this in mind, an overview to general considerations concerning (i) polyphenol and flavonoid history; (ii) chemical structure, color and intake of anthocyanins and (iii) sample preparation and extraction methods are presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"6029",slug:"phenolic-compounds-natural-sources-importance-and-applications",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications"},signatures:"Julia Martín, María José Navas, Ana María Jiménez-Moreno and\nAgustín G. Asuero",authors:[{id:"190870",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustín G.",middleName:null,surname:"Asuero",slug:"agustin-g.-asuero",fullName:"Agustín G. Asuero"},{id:"190871",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"julia-martin",fullName:"Julia Martín"},{id:"195470",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª José",middleName:null,surname:"Navas",slug:"ma-jose-navas",fullName:"Mª José Navas"},{id:"195471",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana María",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez",slug:"ana-maria-jimenez",fullName:"Ana María Jiménez"}]},{id:"53576",title:"Inhibitory Properties of Phenolic Compounds Against Enzymes Linked with Human Diseases",slug:"inhibitory-properties-of-phenolic-compounds-against-enzymes-linked-with-human-diseases",totalDownloads:2588,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Some drugs currently used are inhibitors of enzymes involved in mediating many disease processes. Concerns over the toxicity and side effects of synthetic enzyme inhibitors have led to a search for new safe and effective inhibitors particularly from natural sources. Owing to their wide range of biological effects, plant phenolic compounds are one of the most studied families of natural products. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the potential of phenolic compounds as enzyme inhibitors. Extensive research has been conducted to study the enzyme inhibitory capacity of many phenolic compounds against several enzymes linked with important human conditions. Investigations conducted are mainly focused on the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, lipase, cholinesterases, proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase) and tyrosinase, which are related with hypertension, type II diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer’s diseases, inflammation and skin hyperpigmentation, respectively. Overall, among phenolics, flavonoids are probably those with great capacity to inhibit the activity of the enzymes revised. Several studies demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids, which highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Although our literature survey showed that a huge number of phenolic compounds have been studied and there are some promising compounds depending on the enzyme, more in vivo tests and subsequent steps to be a drug candidate are required before therapeutic application.",book:{id:"5609",slug:"phenolic-compounds-biological-activity",title:"Phenolic Compounds",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Biological Activity"},signatures:"Sandra Gonçalves and Anabela Romano",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"193968",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"sandra-goncalves",fullName:"Sandra Gonçalves"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"500",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",abstract:"Due to the modern lifestyle and consumers’ interests, demands toward healthy foods and nutraceuticals were increased, among them essential oils (EOs) characterized by different biological activities. However, the use of EOs in foods and pharmaceuticals may be limited due to the hydrophobicity nature in addition to the instability and cause of degradation upon exposure to environmental conditions, e.g., oxygen, temperature, and light. Therefore, encapsulation in various colloidal systems such as microcapsules, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and molecular inclusion complexes, seem to be the solution for such issues. New trends in food packaging have also been focused on exploiting capsulated bioactive EOs constituents for extending foods’ shelf life due to their potent antimicrobial agents and the great activity against pathological bacteria. Micro and nanoencapsulation of EOs may affect their biological activities based on the technique used. In the current chapter, different subjects have been discussed, like techniques used for the encapsulation of EOs, potential applications in food, and their behaviors/trends after encapsulation.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk"},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:46,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",abstract:"This chapter will be described oxidative stress related to modern age illness as well as biological activity of essential oils and essential oil components in terms of their antioxidant activity. The importance of essential oils and their constituents in terms of protecting lipids and proteins from oxidation will also be explained. Alzheimer’s disease as a disease related to oxidative stress and strategies in their treatment by using essential oil components as cholinesterase inhibitors will also be described. As case studies will be pointed out medicinal plants, endemic Saturejasubspicata L., and widely used Menthapulegium L. growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo"},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:34,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",abstract:"Pimenta dioica L. Merrill. Myrtaceae family, known for its berries called pimenta or allspice, is one of the oldest spices in the world, widely used for its culinary and medicinal qualities. The main commercial product obtained from this spice is its essential oil, the reason for the interest in essential oil is based on the versatility of its use in different industrial areas (food, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals) due to its harmless and beneficial effects for health. In addition, it contains compounds that have shown broad biological activity, which turns out to be useful in the treatment of diseases related to the excessive formation of oxygen radicals. As a result, the extraction process and operating conditions have a significant impact on the bioactivity of these molecules. As a consequence, selecting the correct mix of variables to improve oil extraction and functionality is essential. The most of study on this essential oil is being focused on resolving these issues, as well as purification and identification. This chapter will cover the methods for obtaining P. dioica essential oil, as well as the chemical profile of the oil and its biological properties, which include its effects on humans, plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso"},{id:"80673",title:"Teucrium ramosissimum Derived-Natural Products and Its Potent Effect in Alleviating the Pathological Kidney Damage in LPS-Induced Mice",slug:"teucrium-ramosissimum-derived-natural-products-and-its-potent-effect-in-alleviating-the-pathological",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102788",abstract:"Teucrium esssential oil mediates an extensive spectrum of biological effects, including renal diseases. The aim of this research was to explore the ethnobotanical feature, biochemical composition and antiinflammatory potential of T. ramosissimum alone or prior the use of LPS-induced kidney damage. The essential oils were subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) apparatus to detect biomolecules in T. ramosissimum. In vivo renal dysfunction induced by LPS was investigated using mouse model. Our data showed that oral treatment of animals with LPS highly increased level of serum biomarkers and induces renal dysfuntion, whereas, pre-treatment with T. ramosissimum mediated markedly histopatological changes of kidney architecture and ameliorates renal function. Dense cover of secretory structures in teucrium leaves may protect this specie. Overall, this study showed phytocompounds richness and interesting biological activities of Tunisian Teucrium ramosissimum. Essential oil of this specie T. ramossimum given prior to LPS exposure protected mice from renal inflammation.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Fatma Guesmi and Ahmed Landoulsi"},{id:"80600",title:"Essential Oil as Green Preservative Obtained by Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques",slug:"essential-oil-as-green-preservative-obtained-by-ecofriendly-extraction-techniques",totalDownloads:60,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103035",abstract:"Essential oils are formed by a complex matrix of substances that are biosynthesized in the secondary metabolism of plants. Nowadays, different ecofriendly extraction techniques (e.g., ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid by CO2, etc.) have been adopted to obtain essential oils. These techniques provide unique quality of essentials oils or extracts from aromatic plants in a short time with high energy savings. Essential oils not only impart aroma, but also possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Health limitations in the use of synthetic additives have drawn researchers’ attention towards essential oils as safe natural preservatives. Therefore, this chapter summarizes novel technologies to recover essential oils or extracts. In addition, it focuses on application of essential oils and their constituents as green preservatives to retard microbial growth and oxidative spoilage.",book:{id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg"},signatures:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy"},{id:"80122",title:"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils",slug:"pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-potentials-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:127,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102037",abstract:"It is a common perspective that medicinal plants have played and continue to perform an undeniably major role in the lives of people worldwide. Essential oils are the key constituents of medicinal herbs and their biological activities have been discovered since ancient times and are enormously utilised in multiple industries. The essential oils possess important biological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal, etc. Because of these unique features they are more acceptable and are utilised in various fields throughout the world. In the cosmetics industry they play an important role in the development of perfumes while in the food industry they have been used as food preservatives. Essential oil components are interestingly utilised for pharmaceutical applications. The most investigated properties are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, anxiolytic activities etc. The current thrust area is evaluation for aromatherapy and anti-cancer, as it is noted that essential oils reported in plants may prevent, inhibit, or even reverse formation of cancerous cells. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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