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Research Group for Sustainable Management, Department of Economy and Forest Management - E.T.S.I de Ingenieros de Montes, Technical University of Madrid (U.P.M), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
María Victoria Núñez
Research Group for Sustainable Management, Department of Economy and Forest Management - E.T.S.I de Ingenieros de Montes, Technical University of Madrid (U.P.M), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
Ana Hernando
Research Group for Sustainable Management, Department of Economy and Forest Management - E.T.S.I de Ingenieros de Montes, Technical University of Madrid (U.P.M), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
Javier Velázquez
Catholic University of Avila. C/ Los Canteros, Ávila, Spain
Ana Pérez-Palomino
E.T.S.I de Ingenieros de Montes, Technical University of Madrid (U.P.M), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
*Address all correspondence to:
1. Introduction
The aim of Habitats Directive (European Council, 1992) is "to contribute towards ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora in the European territory of member states" (Article 2.1). This directive identifies a set of natural habitats and wild species of fauna and flora of Community interest (Annexes I and II of the Directive) and establishes the requirement to maintain a favourable conservation status. Therefore, Member States designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs), which are provisional sites of Community Importance (SCIs).
To ensure its enforcement, Member States should establish the necessary conservation measures involving, if necessary, appropriate management plans (Article 6.1).
According to the Article 1 of the Directive, the state of conservation of natural habitat is considered favourable when:
its natural range and areas within that range are stable or increasing and
the specific structure and functions necessary for long-term viability exist and are likely to continue to exist in the foreseeable future and
In addition, some Member States have developed their own methodologies for assessing the conservation status, such as Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom (Velázquez et al., 2010). These previous studies often propose numerical indicators and have been applied at regional or national levels (Cantarello, 2008).
In Spain, in 2009 the Ministry of Rural and Marine Environment issued a set of guidelines at national level to assess the conservation status of habitats and species of Community interest (AUCT. PL., 2009). The main objectives of these guidelines are to identify and adequately describe the 117 habitat types and typify their conservation status.
The objective of this study was to determine the conservation status of habitat 9120 - Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus (Quercion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion) within the beech forest of "Dehesa del Moncayo" (Spain) by applying the methodology provided by the Spanish Ministry. This implies a revision of the methodology at local level.
The conservation status of habitats is assessed according to four general factors (European Commission, 2006): range and area occupied by the habitat, typical species, structure and function and future perspectives (Table 1). Each one can take the value of favourable, unfavourable-inadequate, unfavourable-bad or unknown. The overall assessment of the conservation status arises by combining the values obtained in Table 2 with the General Assessment Matrix (European Commission, 2006)
FACTOR
INDICATOR
Range and area occupied
Area (ha) and trend
Typical species
presence and abundance of typical species
Structure and function
Dead wood
Forest structure
Fragmentation
Presence of Picidae
Degree of defoliation
Future prospects
Current and potential threats
Table 1.
Adaptation of the methodology for the habitat 9120.
PARAMETER
CONSERVATION STATUS
Favourable (green)
Unfavourable-inadecuate (amber)
Unfavourable-bad (red)
Unknown
Distribution area (range)
The range of habitat is stable (loss and expansion are balanced) or increasing and is not less than the "favourable area of reference”
Any situation other than those described in "green" or "red”
Large decrease in the range (equivalent to a loss of more than 1% per year over a period specified by the EC, other thresholds can be used but should be explained in Annex D Or the range is more than 10% below the "favourable reference range
Not available or insufficient reliable information
Area occupied by the habitat within the range
The area occupied by the habitat is stable (loss and expansion are balanced) or increasing and is not less than the "favourable area of reference " and without major changes in the distribution pattern within the range as a whole (if data are available for evaluation)
Any situation other than those described in "green" or "red”
Large decrease of the surface (equivalent to a loss of more than 1% per year over a period specified by the MS, other thresholds can be used but should be explained in Annex D Or with losses (negative changes) in the pattern of distribution within the range Or the current surface is more than 10% below the "favourable reference range"
Not available or insufficient reliable information
Structure and functions
Structures and functions (including typical species) in good condition and without significant damage/pressure
Any situation other than those described in "green" or "red”
More than 25% of the habitat is unfavourable in terms of its specific structures and functions (including typical species)
Not available or insufficient reliable information
Future prospects (regarding range, area covered and structure and function)
Future prospects are excellent / good, no significant effects of future threats, the long-term viability is guaranteed
Any situation other than those described in "green" or "red”
Future prospects are bad, serious impacts of threats, the long-term viability is not guaranteed
Not available or insufficient reliable information
Overall assessment of conservation status
All "green" or three "green" and one "unknown"
Any situation other than those described in "green" or "red”
Two or more "unknown" combined with "green" or all "unknown"
Not available or insufficient reliable information
Table 2.
General Assessment Matrix
3.1. Distribution area and area occupied
The distribution area can be defined as "the current habitat areas " (AUCT. PL., 2009). It aims to identify changes of distribution patterns of the habitat within the range. This factor makes sense at the biogeographic region scale. However, the range does not apply at the local level.
The area occupied assesses the area covered by the habitat in the study area and its trend:
Area occupied by habitat in the study area (in hectares).
Date of assessment.
Trend of area (stable, increasing, decreasing or unknown).
Magnitude of the trend.
Period of trend.
Reasons for the trend.
The concept of "Favourable Area of Reference" (FAR) shown on the General Assessment Matrix is defined as "the minimum area required within a biogeographic region to ensure long-term viability of a type of habitat" (European Commission, 2006). Neither this concept is of application for the current study, since it is a study at the local scale.
Measuring procedure
For the present study, the vegetation map of the Moncayo Natural Park has been used. We have distinguished three main types of vegetation: beech (used for extracting charcoal), scot pine reforestated in the 19th century and natural Pyrenean oaks (Gallo Manrique, 2011).
Assessment of conservation status
The conservation status was assessed based on the trend of the area occupied, giving a value of zero to the status in 2000, as proposed in the methodology.
3.2. Typical species
This factor considers the presence and viability of populations of typical species. That is, those that are indicators of habitat status. They can also be defined as those species relevant to maintain the habitat in a favourable conservation status, either because of their abundance or because of their influence in the ecological functions.
Typical species of the habitat 9120 are:
Flora: Yew (Taxus baccata L.), holly (Ilex aquifolium L.), Lobaria pulmonaria L.
The method used was based on observations of presence/absence of typical species during the field work reinforced with the wildlife catalog of Moncayo Natural Park (Gobierno de Aragón, 2002)
Assessment of conservation status
It is not imperative that a particular location holds all or most of its typical species for a favourable conservation status (European Commission, 2006). But the set of all the habitats at the national or biogeographic scale must have long-term viable populations of all or many of the typical species of the habitat.
Since this study covers a small area of habitat 9120 in Spain, we assessed the number of typical species present in the forest. The result of this factor must be consistent with the structure and function factors.
3.3. Structure and function
Structure and function define the quality of habitat 9120 through four parameters: dead wood, stand structure, fragmentation, presence of Picidae and degree of of defoliation.
To determine the overall status of the structure and function, each indicator takes a value (0: unfavourable-bad, 1: unfavourable-inadequate, 2: favourable). The overall status of the structure and function can be unfavourable-bad — for results below 40% of maximum punctuation —, unfavourable-inadequate — from 40 to 75% —, and favourable — above 75%.
3.3.1. Dead Wood
This indicator measures dead wood (m3/ha), separating it according to: species, standing or fallen, size and level of decomposition.
Measuring procedure
The inventory of dead wood was done by strip-plots 500 m long and 20 m wide (1 ha), as proposed in the Spanish methodology (Olano and Peralta de Andrés, 2009). In these plots we measured dead wood — both standing and fallen —, diameter, length, species, and degree of decomposition.
The degree of decomposition was assessed according to the following criteria (Table 3).
Degree of decomposition
Description
Level 1
Healthy wood, with bark; wood intact
Level 2
Healthy wood, beginning of the bark loss
Level 3
Wood beginning to rot away. Without bark
Level 4
Very rotten wood, full of holes
Level 5
Completely rotten wood that breaks when touched
Table 3.
Degree of d criteria
Assessment of conservation status
Dead wood in forests ranges from 10 to 150 m3/ha (Müller and Bütler, 2010). According to these authors, most species linked to dead wood seem to be present in hardwood forests for volumes between 30 and 50 m3/ha.
Unfavourable-Bad: less than 10 m3 of dead wood per hectare.
Unfavourable-inadequate: 10 to 30 m3 of dead wood per hectare, with at least 30% of deadwood above 30 cm diameter and 20% of standing dead wood.
Favourable: more than 30 m3 of dead wood per hectare, with at least 12 m3/ha of dead wood above 30 cm diameter and at least 4 m3/ha of standing dead wood. It is important that dead wood presents all stages of decomposition and it is distributed throughout the habitat.
3.3.2. Forest structure
Forest structure is evaluated according to three indicators: abundance of overmature trees (trees with dbh above 45 cm), structural diversity and species diversity. It is necessary to assess the number of stems/ha per diameter class and indicate the proportion of species.
To determine the overall status of forest structure, each indicator has a value (0: unfavourable-bad, 1: unfavourable-inadequate, 2: favourable). The overall status of the structure and function is unfavourable-bad — for results below 40% of the maximum punctuation —, unfavourable-inadequate — from 40 to 75% —, and favourable — above 75%.
Measuring procedure
We inventoried diameter and species in circular plots 10 m radius, located at the points 100, 300 and 500 m of the strip-plots used for the inventory of dead wood.
Assessment of conservation status
Overmature tree (dbh> 45 cm):
Unfavourable-Bad: less than 5 trees/ha
Unfavourable-inadequate: 6 to 10 trees/ha.
Favourable: above 10 trees/ha
Species diversity:
Unfavourable-Bad: less than 5 trees (dbh> 15 cm) /ha of other native tree species.
Unfavourable-inadequate: 5 to 10 trees (dbh> 15 cm) /ha of other native tree species
Favourable: above 10 trees (dbh> 15 cm) /ha of other native tree species
Structural diversity:
Unfavourable-Bad: 90% trees in the same diameter class (classes of 20 cm).
Unfavourable-inadequate: from 80% to 90% trees in the same diameter class (classes of 20 cm).
Favourable: less than 80% trees in the same diameter class (classes of 20 cm).
3.3.3. Fragmentation
This indicator evaluates whether the habitat is a continuous patch of sufficient extent to ensure species survival or, conversely, is composed of individual patches.
Fragmentation is a very important element for forest communities that affects the quality of habitat and causes loss of species (Telleria and Santos, 2001). In beech forests, typical flora and fauna species are strongly affected by the edge effect due to their dependence on low light and high relative humidity.
Measuring procedure
Fragmentation is quantified by comparing the total habitat area with the surface free of edge effect (effective area). We considered an edge effect of 30 m from the margins of the patches.
Assessment of conservation status
Unfavourable-Bad: ratio between surface without edge effect and total area less than 80%.
Unfavourable-inadequate: ratio between surface without edge effect and total area from 80 to 90%
Favourable: ratio between surface without edge effect and total area above 90%.
3.3.4. Presence of Picidae
Picidae are known for tapping on tree trunks in order to find insects living in crevices in the bark and to excavate nest cavities. Some of these species require old forests with abundant dead wood, both standing and fallen. The presence of Picidae is a good indicator of habitat quality and conservation status.
Measuring procedure
We performed a visual observation of cavities in the circular plots of the inventory. Additionally we used bibliographic survey (Gobierno de Aragón, 2002).
Assessment of conservation status
Unfavourable-Bad: no Picidae nesting.
Unfavourable-Inadequate: Only Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) nesting.
Pro: woodpecker White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) or Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) nesting
3.3.5. Degree of defoliation
This indicator belongs to the group of indicators for the maintenance of health and vitality of forest ecosystems and is considered to be the main indicator of health status (MCPFE, 2002).
In Spain, there is a network of Forest Damage Assessment following the European methodology (International Cooperative Programme on Forests). In Moncayo Natural Park there are 5 plots for that network, but none of them within the beech forest "Dehesa del Moncayo".
Measuring procedure
We visually assessed the percentage of defoliation in the circular inventory plots
Assessment of conservation status
We used the thresholds of European Forest Damage Assessment Network (Table 4)
Defoliation class
% defoliation
Description
0
0-10%
No defoliation
1
"/>10-25%
Minimum
2
"/>25-60%
Moderate
3
"/>60-<100%
High
4
100%
Dead tree
Table 4.
Criteria for assessing defoliation levels
3.4. Future perspectives
This factor refers to the long-term viability of a habitat considering possible threats, typical species and structure and function factors.
Measuring procedure
We evaluated the main past and present impacts and the possible future threats that may affect the long term-viability of the habitat.
Assessment of conservation status
Unfavourable: The future scenario does not ensure the long-term viability of habitat 9120
Favourable: The future scenario ensures the long-term viability of habitat 9120
The study area was the 1494 ha forest " Dehesa del Moncayo" within Moncayo Natural Park (Aragón, Spain) (Fig. 1). It is also included in the Natura 2000 Network as part of SCI ES2430028 "Moncayo" and SPA ES0000297 "Sierra del Moncayo-the-Fayos Sierra Arms" due to six habitats of interest. One of them is habitat 9120 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion).
Figure 1.
Location scheme
The forest is at the southern edge of the Mediterranean region. However, it is considered an "Atlantic island" due to the altitude and the NW-SE aspect. The Moncayo beech forest is between 1100 and 1900 m a.s.l. facing north or northeast with slopes between 20 and 50%. It has been mainly used for charcoal until 1940, since then it has evolved into a high polewood. It used to be also used for timber but, due to the poor quality of timber, cuttings have been infrequent. In 1978 it was declared Natural Park.
We distinguished four different forest types:
Beech forest (Fagus sylvatica)
This is a typical high density beech forest with holly (Ilex aquifolium) and blueberry(Vaccinium myrtillus) in less dense areas. It covers 360 ha (Table 5).
Fagus sylvatica on screes
Small and branched isolated beech trees on rocky abrupt areas.
Rangeland of Fagus sylvatica
It is an area of small size (9.92 ha) used for grazing until 1920. As a result, big trees are accompanied by smaller trees.
Fagus sylvatica with heather (Erica sp.)
Beech forest with dense heather and other tree species such as Rebollo oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Forest types
Area
(ha)
(%)
Beech forest (Fagus sylvatica)
360,61
76,82
Fagus sylvatica on scree
94,76
20,19
Rangeland of Fagus sylvatica
9,92
2,11
Fagus sylvatica with heather (Erica sp.)
4,13
0,88
TOTAL
469, 42
-
Table 5.
Forests types area (ha and %)
"Fagus sylvatica on scree" is assigned to habitat 8130 Mediterranean and thermophilous screes. Therefore it was excluded of the conservation status assessment.
4.2. Field survey
We performed a simple random pilot sampling inventory leaning on the network of paths. The pilot sampling was conducted over three consecutive days in July 2010.
The main objective of the pilot sampling was to calculate the variance and to determine whether the error was admissible or the inventory had to be strengthened with new sampling plots.
"Fagus sylvatica with heather" was excluded because it is a small area where the abundance of heather and the low density of trees do not justify the inventory.
4.3. Measuring procedure
4.3.1. Sampling units
We measured dead wood in four strip plots of 500 x 20 m and forest structure in 12 circular plots of 10 m radius (3 in each strip plot), distributed by forest type(Fig. 1).
It was decided to place them on the network of paths since this does not influence significantly the volume estimation of dead wood, due to narrow lanes (less than 1 m wide) and high bandwidth (10 m) both sides the path.
Figure 2.
Sampling plots
We measured all dead wood on the ground from a minimum diameter of 10 cm (criterion given by the technical director of the study). Given the abundance of fine twigs on the ground and the large size of the sample plots (1 ha), measurement from 0 cm would have been impossible.
4.3.2. Measured variables
Variables from strip plots:
Dead wood: Dead wood is classified into several groups: dead wood on the ground, standing dead trees, stumps and dead branches on living trees (Kirby et al., 1998). Diameter of the middle section (diameter at half the length of the fragment), length and level of decomposition was measured for dead wood on the floor.
Diameter at 1.30m height, total height, and level of decomposition was assessed for standing dead wood.
Variables from circular plots:
Forest structure: The reference methodology does not establish a minimum diameter for measuring forest structure. Following the technical director criterion, trees below 2.5cm diameter were excluded. Therefore, for the rest of the trees we measured all diameters at 1.30m height and recorded the species.
Level of defoliation (by visual observation)
number of cavities (natural or Picidae)
number of trees below 2.5 cm diameter
Mean height of the stand
Description of the stand, indicating silvicultural characteristics, non target species, and a sketch/diagram/outline/schema of the vertical forest structure.
We performed a sheet for each plot.
4.4. Field work results
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for both variables to check significant differences between the two types of beech forest inventoried ("beech Fagus sylvatica" and "Rangeland of Fagus sylvatica"). The analysis showed no significant differences. So we adopted a single maximum admissible error for these variables.
Error for standing dead trees is higher than admissible (Table 8). However, lack of standing dead trees (Table 7) and heterogeneous distribution are typical of young beech forests.
Furthermore, the error for the variable basal area slightly exceeds the maximum so it was not considered necessary to reinforce the sampling.
The results for the area occupied factor according to the methodology are:
Area covered by habitat 9120 within "Dehesa del Moncayo": 374.65 has
Date: 2011.
Trend: stable/increasing.
Trend-period: 1975-2011.
Reasons for the trend: the absence of human influence and good regeneration capacity.
Range
FAVUORABLE
5.2. Typical species
Typical 9120 habitat species present in "Dehesa del Moncayo" are the following:
Flora: Yew (Taxus baccata), holly (Ilex aquifolium) and Lobaria pulmonaria.
Holly is scarce except for some areas of low beech density. Yew and Lobaria pulmonaria are scarce or rare.
Birds: Nuthatch (Sitta European) and Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca).
Invertebrates: Rosalia alpina and Cerambyx cerdo.
During the field work no typical species of fauna were inventoried.
Therefore, the conservation status for this factor is unfavourable-bad.
Typical species
UNFAVOURABLE-BAD
5.3. Structure and function
Snags are scarce and most of them are not large (Fig. 2)
Volume of deadwood (m3m3/ha)
Strip-plot
Total
Standing dead wood
Dead wood on the floor
1
3.71
0.83
2.88
2
5.68
1.70
3.97
3
4.88
0.91
3.97
4
4.23
0.56
3.67
Mean
4.63
1.00
3.62
Table 9.
Volume of total deadwood — standing and on the floor — in each strip-plot
Figure 3.
Volume (m3/ha) by diametric class and type of dead wood
The mean total volume of deadwood is below 10 m3/ha (Table 9). Therefore, the conservation status is unfavourable-bad.
Deadwood
UNFAVOURABLE-BAD
5.3.1. Forests structure
Oversized trees: Only 4 oversized trees were sampled (all of them in the "Rangeland of Fagus sylvatica" forest type) involving a total of 9.8 tree/ha. An unfavourable-inadequate conservation status was assessed for this component.
Species diversity: Density of non target species with dbh above 15 cm was 14.7 tree/ha. Based on thresholds proposed in the methodology, a favourable conservation status for this component was assessed.
Structural diversity:
Total density reaches 1320 trees/ha. Above 50% of them are trees below 12.5 cm dbh. Regenerated beech (dbh< 2.5 cm) ) is the most abundant diameter class, with 32.84% of total trees. Large trees are scarce.
Less than 80% of trees group into the same diameter class (Fig. 3), so that the status regarding the structural diversity is favourable.
Figure 4.
Tree distribution by diameter classes
Individual results (0: unfavourable-bad, 1: unfavourable-inadequate, 2: favourable) reach 5 of the 6 possible points. So the conservation status of forest structure indicator is favourable.
Forest structure
FAVOURABLE
5.3.2. Habitat fragmentation
Total area is 374.65 and the effective area, 278.36 ha. This yields a ratio of 74.30% free surface of the edge effect. According to the thresholds in the methodology, this is an unfavourable-bad status.
Fragmentation
UNFAVOURABLE-BAD
5.3.3. Presence of Picidae
The only species inventoried are Spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), green woodpecker (Picus viridis) and Wryneck (Jynx torquilla) (experts information).
According to the thresholds established in the methodology, the conservation status is unfavourable-inadequate.
Picidae
UNFAVOURABLE -INADECUATE
5.3.4. Degree of defoliation
Defoliation reaches 12.5%. According to the pan-European forest monitoring criteria, defoliation level is low. Therefore, the conservation status is favourable.
DEFOLIATION
FAVOURABLE
5.3.5. Overall Conservation status of structure and function indicator
The overall conservation status scores 5 points (50% of maximum points), that means unfavourable-inadequate.
INDICATOR
Conservation status
Points
Dead wood
Unfavourable-bad
0
Forest structure
Favourable
2
Habitat fragmentation
Unfavourable-bad
0
Picidae
Unfavourable-inadecuate
1
Degree of defoliation
Favourable
2
Structure and function
UNFAVOURABLE -INADECUATE
5.4. Future Prospects
Given the low grazing pressure of herbivores, the control of public use and the low risk of fire, future prospects are favourable.
Future Prospects
FAVOURABLE
5.5. Global conservation status
Table 10 shows the results of the four general factors used to evaluate the conservation status of the habitat.
FACTOR
Conservation status
Global conservation status
Range
Favourable
Unfavourable-bad
Typical species
Unfavourable-bad
Structure and function
Unfavourable-inadecuate
Future Prospects
Favourable
Table 10.
Global Conservation Status for the 9120 habitat within "Dehesa del Moncayo" and final diagnosis
By applying the General Assessment Matrix (Table 2) criteria, we conclude that the conservation status of 9120 habitat within "Dehesa del Moncayo" is unfavourable-inadequate.
The methodology of this study is an important step for assessing the conservation status of habitats of Community interest. The reference values are based on scientific research which should be adjusted periodically.
When applying this methodology to the 9120 habitat we found some difficulties:
The area of distribution and area occupied had to be adapted locally since the General Assessment Matrix proposes the biogeographic region. This led to only consider the area occupied by the habitat.
Measurement procedure for Typical species has not been standarised yet. We used bibliographic survey that may not accurately represent population and species of our habitat. The conservation status of typical species was unfavourable-bad due to the scarcity of species of fauna. However there may be several abundant and viable populations and more research would be necessary.
Structure and function is the core of the conservation status assessment. This Indicator was unfavourable-inadequate. Only forest structure and level of defoliation parameters had a favourable outcome. Although forest structure result was favourable, tree distribution is far from an uneven-aged forest which is the most suitable structure for biodiversity (Camprodon and Plana, 2007). Therefore, more research studies on thresholds of structure and function should be developed.
Procedures to measure dead wood have not been standarised yet either. Taking into account several studies (Kirby et al., 1998, Woodall and Williams, 2005) we considered that "line transect" method could be more efficient than "strip-plot" method and could allow dead wood on the floor to be measured from 0 cm instead of 2.5 cm.
Finally, the overall conservation status unfavourable-inadequate shows the habitat is far from the favourable status. The lack of typical species of fauna is linked to the scarce dead wood and old trees with cavities. However, this is a young beech forest without productive exploitation since 1975 so the future prospects are favourable.
The Preliminary Ecological bases for the conservation of habitat types of Community interest in Spain (AUCT. PL., 2009) assesses the conservation status according to four general factors: range and area occupied, typical species, structure and function, and future prospects.
Although results showed an unfavourable conservation status, the current situation of the beech forest is the best one considering that it was highly harvested in the past. The future prospects are favourable and ensure the capacity of the forest to naturally achieve all the quality thresholds required, with no forest management actions.
Our results indicate that special attention must be paid to thresholds and that more accurate measurement procedures and assessment methods must be developed.
This methodology is an important and comprehensive starting point, however, it requires further applications to identify weaknesses and optimal measurement procedures.
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Servicio Provincial de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Aragón and FEADER. We wish to thank all of the members of the research group ‘‘Silvanet’’ for their support and comments. We extend special thanks to Enrique Arrechea Veramendi for his cooperation and assistance and Miguel Valentín Gamazo for the English review.
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Written By
Rosario Tejera, María Victoria Núñez, Ana Hernando, Javier Velázquez and Ana Pérez-Palomino
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