\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9550",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Contemporary Issues",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Entrepreneurship plays an exceptional role in the development of economies and is a vital source of change in all aspects of society. This book tries to facilitate a fundamental rethinking of entrepreneurial activity and how it is manifested. It addresses a critical shortcoming in much of the research, education, and economic development work that deals with entrepreneurship. Instead of the general theories of entrepreneurship, the book lays a foundation for developing theories of different kinds of entrepreneurial ventures. As the reader navigates these pages, he or she should hopefully broaden their entrepreneurial landscape and identify critical factors that drive contemporary entrepreneurship.",isbn:"978-1-83881-003-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-999-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-004-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87345",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",numberOfPages:222,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5889,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 21st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 29th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 28th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319755/images/system/319755.jpg",biography:"Mladen Turuk, Ph.D., is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. He earned his postgraduate specialist degree in Strategic Entrepreneurship in 2009 and his Ph.D. in Business Economics in 2016. He has authored or co-authored over 20 scientific papers, has acted as a reviewer, and has been engaged as a visiting professor at Macquarie University of Sydney, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, and the University of Johannesburg. He has participated in several domestic and international projects. In addition to his academic career, he has more than ten years of experience in the industrial sector and is active in civil society organizations. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Contemporary Business and Entrepreneurship and the President of The Entrepreneurship Club.",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"453",title:"Entrepreneurial Economics",slug:"entrepreneurial-economics"}],chapters:[{id:"73449",title:"Collaborative Entrepreneurship for Continuous Innovation: A Strategic Alliance Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93868",slug:"collaborative-entrepreneurship-for-continuous-innovation-a-strategic-alliance-perspective",totalDownloads:663,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Strategic alliances act as a platform to implement collaborative entrepreneurship while exposing a range of challenges. By capitalizing on entrepreneurial opportunities for continuous innovation, alliance partners can promote the productive utilization of resource-pooling systems and facilitate innovation processes for value co-creation. Simultaneously, the heterogeneity of partners in terms of different motivations and interests interferes with the advancement of collaborative entrepreneurship for resource exchange and orchestration. The objective of this paper is thus to explore how to deal with the potential coordination issues that can make an alliance vulnerable and its returns diminished through a preliminary integrative approach to the interface between collaborative entrepreneurship and strategic alliances. From this approach, three elements that can contribute to leverage values of collaborative entrepreneurship for continuous innovation are identified: social capital, entrepreneurial orientation, and interorganizational learning. Based on the discussion about the functions of each element in the context of alliance partners’ dynamic interactions, a model of analysis on collaborative entrepreneurship for continuous innovation is proposed. Hence, this chapter contributes to a better understanding of how firms can enact collaborative entrepreneurship productively to gain greater benefit from the alliance configuration for collaborative advantage.",signatures:"Ribin Seo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73449",authors:[{id:"321949",title:"Dr.",name:"Ribin",surname:"Seo",slug:"ribin-seo",fullName:"Ribin Seo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73000",title:"Business Harvesting Strategies for Entrepreneurs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93442",slug:"business-harvesting-strategies-for-entrepreneurs",totalDownloads:616,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in our societies, such as employment creation. This is a key to addressing income inequalities leading to poverty reduction and economic growth. As a result of this critical role, the campaign is on establishing more entrepreneurial entities, and there is very little concern regarding harvesting an entrepreneurial entity. Entity harvesting is equally important as setting up a new entrepreneurial venture and this chapter explores this issue. During the harvesting process, the entrepreneur recovers value through the sale of an entrepreneurial entity or its assets. Having spent several years building and adding value to the business, the entrepreneur must design an entity harvesting strategy that would provide maximum returns on the investment of time, effort and money. Several reasons may compel the entrepreneur to harvest the business and this chapter provides some of these reasons based on extant literature and primary data collected from small- and medium-sized entity (SME) owners in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further, the chapter outlines various entity harvesting strategies preferred by SME owners in Sub-Saharan Africa and circumstances at which they deem appropriate to apply such.",signatures:"Herring Shava",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73000",authors:[{id:"322754",title:"Dr.",name:"Herring",surname:"Shava",slug:"herring-shava",fullName:"Herring Shava"}],corrections:null},{id:"73440",title:"Domination of Value Creation Networking and Closeness to the Market Dimensions on Entrepreneurial Marketing Behavior: An Analysis from the Perspective of Start-Up Companies and Scale-Up Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93628",slug:"domination-of-value-creation-networking-and-closeness-to-the-market-dimensions-on-entrepreneurial-ma",totalDownloads:393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to bridge the gap in literature by studying how far do growth orientation, opportunity orientation, total customer focus, value creation networking, informal market analysis, and closeness to the market dimensions in start-up companies and scale-up companies have impact on entrepreneurial marketing (EM) behavior. Therefore, the goals in this study are: analyzing whether there is any difference in EM behavior for start-up company and scale-up company? The questionnaires were distributed to 406 business owners in Indonesia, spread throughout eight provinces. Start-up companies are companies that have been operating for less than 6 years, and scale-up companies are companies that have been operating for more than 6 years. Snowball sampling was used to select the chosen respondents, using the entire firms in Indonesia, be it services or manufacturing. The result of the study suggests that there is no difference in entrepreneurial marketing behavior between start-up companies and scale-up companies. Value creation networking is shown to be the most dominant dimension for start-up companies in terms of its impact on entrepreneurial marketing behavior, as for scale-up company, the most dominant dimension is closeness to market dimension in its impact on entrepreneurial marketing behavior.",signatures:"Christina Whidya Utami and Hendro Susanto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73440",authors:[{id:"322398",title:"Prof.",name:"Christina",surname:"Whidya Utami",slug:"christina-whidya-utami",fullName:"Christina Whidya Utami"},{id:"322400",title:"Mr.",name:"Hendro",surname:"Susanto",slug:"hendro-susanto",fullName:"Hendro Susanto"}],corrections:null},{id:"73919",title:"Measuring a Blended Performance: Managerial Insights from the Field of Impact Entrepreneurship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94441",slug:"measuring-a-blended-performance-managerial-insights-from-the-field-of-impact-entrepreneurship",totalDownloads:503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The commitment to generating a blended value is increasingly spreading in the business sector. At the forefront of this movement, impact ventures are organizations born to produce value for the society, i.e. social impact, while engaging in commercial activities to sustain their operations. On the other end, we have observed an increased emphasis on more responsible, sustainable practices that traditional for-profit businesses have been called to establish. Accounting for and reporting on social impact has become increasingly of interest to a range of institutions and sectors, with the result that many competing methodologies, approaches, guidelines and standards have been introduced. The chapter performs a comprehensive review of existing approaches for impact measurement and management implemented by socially-oriented ventures (both not for profit organizations and for-profit businesses) focusing on both methodological, governance and operational barriers and enabling factors of the practices. Then, it drafts a framework which helps any ventures to structure a process and methodology to measure its blended performance. The research not only contributes to the scant literature on impact entrepreneurship but impact ventures might offer a compelling laboratory to disentangle the obstacles posed by the combined achievement of financial and social objectives and how organizations might address these challenges.",signatures:"Irene Bengo, Veronica Chiodo and Valentina Tosi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73919",authors:[{id:"323956",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Chiodo",slug:"veronica-chiodo",fullName:"Veronica Chiodo"},{id:"324283",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"Bengo",slug:"irene-bengo",fullName:"Irene Bengo"},{id:"333800",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Tosi",slug:"valentina-tosi",fullName:"Valentina Tosi"}],corrections:null},{id:"73664",title:"The Role of Prior Knowledge in the Process of Recognizing Entrepreneurial Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94161",slug:"the-role-of-prior-knowledge-in-the-process-of-recognizing-entrepreneurial-opportunities",totalDownloads:321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recognizing opportunities has often been raised as a crucial aspect of the entrepreneurial process. It seems that the ability to identify, analyze and develop entrepreneurial opportunities is what differentiates entrepreneurs from those who are not. This assertion highlights the relevance of understanding in greater depth the variables that have an influence on the process of recognizing opportunities. In this context, an entrepreneur’s prior knowledge and experience, which can be broken down into three domains, have an impact on the dimensions of recognizing opportunities, such as the scope of the opportunity and the intensity of the process. Deriving from this dynamic, the objective of this study is to understand the role of prior knowledge in the process of recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities. By way of in-depth interviews with ten entrepreneurs, it was concluded that those who have limited professional experience attribute greater relevance in the process to their educational activities. When it comes to recognizing opportunities, however, these same entrepreneurs have a broader scope and approach the process in a more intense way. Entrepreneurs who have a better-defined mental framework, on the other hand, which results from their vast professional experience, tend to channel any opportunities they recognize towards the industry in which they operate and this results in fewer potential businesses.",signatures:"Felipe Baeta and Tales Andreassi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73664",authors:[{id:"323188",title:"Prof.",name:"Tales",surname:"Andreassi",slug:"tales-andreassi",fullName:"Tales Andreassi"}],corrections:null},{id:"73599",title:"International Entrepreneurship: An Entrepreneurial Behavior Oriented to the Pursuit of International Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93675",slug:"international-entrepreneurship-an-entrepreneurial-behavior-oriented-to-the-pursuit-of-international-",totalDownloads:481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"International entrepreneurship (IE) research draws on the notion that internationalization is an entrepreneurial behavior oriented to the discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities across national borders to create value and get a competitive advantage. Based on the clear emphasis on opportunity-focused behaviors, IE research has made progress and extended its domain and boundaries to an extent that the mechanisms operating throughout the international opportunity process can be described. The present chapter aims to depict antecedents, mechanisms, and outcomes of this entrepreneurial behavior oriented to the pursuit of international opportunities and it offers directions for future research. As such, the chapter makes four contributions. First, it outlines antecedents at three levels (individual, firm, and environmental) as driving aspects that lead to the international opportunity-related behavior. Second, it reveals the mechanism by which different actors discover, enact, evaluate, and exploit international opportunities. Third, it describes the outcomes of this opportunities process. Fourth, it suggests establishing a conceptual basis around one previously proposed definition incorporating a notion of a social context that would enable IE scholarly community to set the objective criteria around opportunities and go beyond the legal entity of the focal firm and consider multiple actors, resources, processes, history, and context. Finally, the chapter offers some theoretical contributions by proposing directions for future research.",signatures:"Alexander Tabares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73599",authors:[{id:"323165",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Tabares",slug:"alexander-tabares",fullName:"Alexander Tabares"}],corrections:null},{id:"73553",title:"Halal Entrepreneurship: Concept and Business Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93657",slug:"halal-entrepreneurship-concept-and-business-opportunities",totalDownloads:755,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The concept of entrepreneurship is not something new in Islam as it can be observed from the history as a noble profession practiced by the Prophet (PBUH) and His companions. However, in recent times, scholars of the Islamic economy have introduced a new term, “Halal entrepreneurship” or “Halalpreneurship” to define and differentiate entrepreneurs in the Halal industry from the conventional entrepreneurs. The integration of Islamic values reshapes the entrepreneurs in the Halal industry through certain features that justify using the term Halalpreneurs and Halalpreneurship. However, a limited number of research papers have attempted to define Halalpreneurship. In this context, this chapter aims to achieve two main objectives. Firstly, to provide a comprehensive overview of Halal entrepreneurship (Halalpreneurship) by identifying its salient features that differentiates from entrepreneurs. Such understanding and knowledge will help someone to identify his/her role as Halalpreneur in the Halal industry. Secondly, to explore the business opportunities in different sectors of the global halal industry for the Halalpreneurs to tap. To achieve the objectives, the chapter adopts the methodology of content analysis by reviewing research papers, books, journals, and articles from different secondary sources.",signatures:"Moha Asri Abdullah and Md. Siddique E Azam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73553",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73553",authors:[{id:"321948",title:"Prof.",name:"Moha A.",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"moha-a.-abdullah",fullName:"Moha A. Abdullah"},{id:"324718",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Md. Siddique E.",surname:"Azam",slug:"md.-siddique-e.-azam",fullName:"Md. Siddique E. Azam"}],corrections:null},{id:"73375",title:"Does Financial Institution Proximity Affect the Development of Entrepreneurship?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93919",slug:"does-financial-institution-proximity-affect-the-development-of-entrepreneurship-",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present contribution joins the stream of research investigating the relationship between local financial development, economic growth, and entrepreneurship. Relevant contributions highlighted that the probability of an individual to start a new business is higher when he/she moves from the least financially developed region to the most financially developed one. Indeed, higher levels of local financial development allow for easier access to external funds, which are crucial for the growth of new businesses. In this entrepreneurial context, the need of financial resources is especially relevant for research spin-offs (ROSs), which require significant resources to transfer to the market their innovative technologies. This chapter deepens the role of local financial development on entrepreneurship and, in particular, on research spin-offs. Empirical evidence highlight that at the time of ROSs’ incubation, local financial development does not affect the performance of spin-offs, as they mainly rely on Universities and public contributions. Vice versa, when the RSOs enter the market, they are more in need of funds from the financial system, for which local financial development interestingly becomes strongly relevant to them, affecting corporate performance. Consequently, despite the internationalization of financial markets, policymakers should carefully encourage entrepreneurship through the development of local financial systems.",signatures:"Francesco Fasano, Maurizio La Rocca, Tiziana La Rocca and Veronica Marozzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73375",authors:[{id:"236147",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"La Rocca",slug:"maurizio-la-rocca",fullName:"Maurizio La Rocca"},{id:"329169",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Fasano",slug:"francesco-fasano",fullName:"Francesco Fasano"},{id:"329170",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiziana",surname:"La Rocca",slug:"tiziana-la-rocca",fullName:"Tiziana La Rocca"},{id:"329172",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Marozzo",slug:"veronica-marozzo",fullName:"Veronica Marozzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73352",title:"Financial Fragility and Corporate Bond Funding of SMEs: An Analysis of the Italian Case",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93701",slug:"financial-fragility-and-corporate-bond-funding-of-smes-an-analysis-of-the-italian-case",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter analyzes the financial policy of corporate bond issuers in the new Italian junior bond market specifically dedicated to unlisted firms and SMEs, using a proprietary firm-level dataset on 127 first-time mini-bond issuers across 2013–2017 years jointly with a control sample of around 5200 Italian private firms that have not issued corporate bonds across the same years. Since SME access to the debt capital market is largely considered a valuable source of debt funding diversification, especially for growth firms with a prominent exposure on bank debt, we test using OLS regressions whether bond issuers are able to reduce their financial vulnerability in comparison with similar nonissuers firms. The aim is to assess the extent to which the financial choices of SMEs regarding nonequity external funding can become a key factor in facing real and financial shocks like those triggered by the current pandemic Covid-19 outbreak. Our findings suggest that the access to the junior bond market is beneficial for the Italian unlisted companies in terms of a pronounced improvement in our financial fragility indicators.",signatures:"Emanuele Rossi and Simone Boccaletti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73352",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73352",authors:[{id:"323150",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Rossi",slug:"emanuele-rossi",fullName:"Emanuele Rossi"},{id:"323542",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",surname:"Boccaletti",slug:"simone-boccaletti",fullName:"Simone Boccaletti"}],corrections:null},{id:"73987",title:"Entrepreneurship at Any Age",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94440",slug:"entrepreneurship-at-any-age",totalDownloads:405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Entrepreneurship represents a mindset and set of behaviors which can occur at many ages across the developmental continuum from early childhood to late adulthood. In this selective review of the literature, a narrative analysis illuminates insight to inform academics and practitioners regarding the intersection of age and entrepreneurship. These insights are first built upon a conceptual foundation grounded in a developmental perspective and then organized into opportunities and challenges facing entrepreneurs at various ages along the developmental continuum. Entrepreneurs of all share many commonalities yet they are also face unique opportunities and challenges. Many of these opportunities and challenges are age based. These commonalities and challenges must be understood by all those stakeholders in the entrepreneurship ecosystem to enhance the success of entrepreneurs of all ages.",signatures:"William (Marty) Martin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73987",authors:[{id:"321866",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Martin",slug:"william-martin",fullName:"William Martin"}],corrections:null},{id:"73293",title:"Innovation Processes in Aquaculture: Comparing Companies in Norway and Chile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93672",slug:"innovation-processes-in-aquaculture-comparing-companies-in-norway-and-chile",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the last 20 years, aquaculture in general and harvested Atlantic salmon in particular has experienced very high growth rates compared to other food products, and at the same time, salmon production has evolved from semi-manual production techniques to the utilization of high-tech capital-intensive production equipment. This development has seriously challenged the environmental considerations and escalated fish health measures to combat existing and evolving problems. As an answer to these challenges and because of relatively high profit margins, aquaculture of harvested Atlantic salmon has also had a speedy innovation path. This chapter will give a theoretical background and an empirical analysis based on data collection at three companies, two in Norway and one in Chile. The focus is on how innovations take place in different stages of the production process, and how these are built into the production and managerial system. The results show, as expected, links between company operations and the actual innovations, but these links do not have the same structure in Norway and Chile. Factors like human and financial resources, technology, and company organization seem to explain most of the differences between how innovations take place in the companies.",signatures:"Knut Ingar Westeren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73293",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73293",authors:[{id:"322340",title:"Prof.",name:"Knut Ingar",surname:"Westeren",slug:"knut-ingar-westeren",fullName:"Knut Ingar Westeren"}],corrections:null},{id:"73586",title:"Entrepreneurship in Urban Jungles through High-Tech Vertical Farming",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93667",slug:"entrepreneurship-in-urban-jungles-through-high-tech-vertical-farming",totalDownloads:429,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Demographic movements forecasted by the United Nations indicates that, over the next few decades greater portion of people will be concentrated in and around large cities of the world. Such population dynamics in parallel with emerging phenomena such as global pandemics and impact of climate change are posing threats to the supply chain of agricultural production. The reliance on traditional open-field cultivation and transportation of fresh products to distant urban locations are coming under threat. This has been further exposed by the current pandemic (Covid-19) that is impeding farm production along with movement of people and goods. A viable solution lies in vertical in-door farming driven by advanced technologies. The use of high-tech solutions to grow vegetables, fruits and flowers close to consumption centers has taken off successfully in many locations around the world. However, majority of such projects have been set up by investors; with access to substantial capital. In order to mitigate the possibilities of food shortages in densely populated cities, initiatives need to be undertaken to foster growth of large-scale entrepreneurship by individuals that can venture into this field on a smaller scale and with less capital outlay.",signatures:"Suaad Jassem and Mohammad Rezaur Razzak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73586",authors:[{id:"322289",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Razzak",slug:"mohammad-razzak",fullName:"Mohammad Razzak"},{id:"327631",title:"Dr.",name:"Suaad",surname:"Jassem",slug:"suaad-jassem",fullName:"Suaad Jassem"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2261",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Born, Made and 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In terms of food, soy is the main source of protein and the second most consumed oil in the world, only behind palm [1]. Furthermore, it has an importance that involves the development of a productive complex including the processing of the bean and its main products: crude oil and bran; also, its use for animal food edible oil and fuel (see Figure 1).
Soy production chain.
The soybean industrial processing can be summarized in two steps: (1) the crude oil production with soybean residue; (2) Crude oil refining to obtain other products (e.g.: refined oils, margarine, hydrogenated fat).
The volume of soy sold is extremely important for the economy, especially for the main world producers, such as Brazil. In order to have a positive trade balance, Brazil needs to export tons of primary products, which have low unit values to offset the import of value-added products, such as electronic appliances and machines. In addition, processing soybeans increases the job offer, further heating up the economy. Therefore, adding value to the soy production process is very important for a country’s economy.
Based on this, this chapter aims to discuss and present routes for the processing of soy, especially the Deodorized Soybean Oil Distillate (DSOD) and viable options to produce biodiesel to add value to the soy chain.
Refining consists of a set of processes that aim to transform crude oils into edible oils. The refining process aims to improve the appearance, odor and taste of the oil, which occurs with the removal of certain components from the crude oil. There are two types of refining, chemical and physical. These names are related to the process of removing unwanted fatty acids in the oil. The main steps in the refining processes are: degumming (hydration), neutralization (deacidification), whitening (clarification) and deodorization.
The removal of traces of components responsible for undesirable odors and tastes occurs in the step called deodorization. According to Sangoi and Almeida [2], the reduction of free fatty acids contained in oils promotes the removal of flavors and odors, at a range of 0.01% to 0.03%, eliminating the undesirable characteristics of the oil. This step generates a residue known as a distillate from soybean oil deodorization. According to Ma and Hanna [3], this substance is concentrated in tocopherols (vitamin E), sterols and fatty acids. DSOD is obtained from the precipitation of an aqueous phase during deodorization, and the compounds of interest are insoluble in water [4].
According to Aranda and Morlock [5], to produce a ton of biodiesel 0.91 tons of fatty acids are needed. According to Fontana [6], 0.1% of DSOD are generated in the refining of soybean oil, which would provide a quantity of 6440 tons of fatty acids, considering a production of 9.2 million tons of oil, according to Abiove [7] and an average percentage of 75% of fatty acids in DSOD. These values show the potential of the residue, increased by the logistical facility, as it is found in oil refining industries, unlike residual oils, which have a high logistical cost and variable production.
The most interesting components present in the sludge are fatty acids, however some works have evaluated the potential of other components such as sterols, tocopherols and squalene.
There are studies in the literature that evaluated the extraction of components from the deodorized distillate, such as sterols using supercritical extraction. The results show a recovery of 76% with a purity of 60%, both by weight. These substances are important because they act in the reduction of cholesterol in the blood, being of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry [8]. Similar works using enzymes are also presented and recovery of up to 87.7% of sterols [9].
Biodiesel is currently an important biofuel of global interest, as it is considered a sustainable energy source of renewable origin [10]. As the most used raw material for production is refined soy oil, the production of fuel has the potential to close the carbon cycle [11]. In addition, the use of biodiesel generates less pollutants than fossil diesel, mainly CO2, CO and SO2, although it presents higher NOx emissions [12, 13].
Brazil is a major world producer of biodiesel, ranking second in production volume in 2021, totaling approximately 6.9 billion liters, only behind the United States, which will produce more than 8.5 billion liters [14].
Another option to add value with deodorized distillate is direct esterification, that is, the synthesis of fatty acids to esters. This pathway was evaluated in a subcritical environment, as fatty acids are miscible in ethanol, unlike triglycerides, which are constituents of refined oils. These conditions, even though they demand high temperatures, dispense with the catalyst separation step, allowing for greater gains in the process. Some studies point to a 97% conversion of fatty acids into esters using subcritical environments at 100°C [15].
The economic potential of a complete process is available in the literature [16]. The work evaluated the potential of DSOD for the supercritical synthesis of esters and recovery of squalene. The squalene recovered was 31 g per kg DSOD with 98% purity by weight, the esters had a purity of 88% plus a mixture of tocopherols and sterols. The results of the economic analysis show, for the worst scenario, that is, with higher raw material values and lower product sales, a gross margin (MB) of 35% and the contribution margin index (BMI) of 29% for DSOD. These indicators are presented in Eq. 1 and 2.
Other alternative routes are discussed in this chapter. The focus is on the synthesis of biodiesel via chemical reactions other than transesterification via heterogeneous, enzymatic and medium catalysis conventional supercritical, which promote the synthesis under different conditions.
As the formation of glycerol as a by-product is linked to the transesterification of triglycerides by alcohols, other supercritical routes propose to use other reagents for the same purpose – methyl acetate, acetic acid and dimethyl carbonate –, generating by-products of greater economic value than glycerol. These alternative routes, therefore, have all the advantages and disadvantages mentioned for the supercritical transesterification process, with the difference that they present more economically attractive by-products [13].
This route consists of a single step, in which the interesterification between the methyl acetate and the triglyceride of the oil takes place, forming the fatty acid methyl esters and the triacetin as a by-product. The reaction, like the transesterification, occurs in three reversible steps: in the first, a triglyceride molecule reacts with a methyl acetate molecule to form a FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) and monoacetyl diglyceride molecule. Then, one molecule of monoacetyl diglyceride reacts with the second molecule of methyl acetate to form another of FAME and diacetyl monoglyceride; finally, diacetyl monoglyceride reacts with a methyl acetate molecule to form the third FAME molecule and triacetin, as can be seen in Figure 2.
Overall FAME synthesis reaction from triglycerides and methyl acetate.
If fatty acids are present in the oil, they are esterified by methyl acetate in FAME, generating acetic acid as a by-product. Other parallel reactions that can occur are the hydrolysis of triglycerides due to the presence of water, forming fatty acids and glycerol. This, in turn, reacts with acetic acid derived from esterification, forming triacetin and water [17, 18].
Triacetin formed as a by-product is the great advantage of this route. Although, its commercial value is greater than that of glycerol, the sale of biodiesel with this substance in its composition can be even more advantageous as it will increase the volume of biofuel generated, now a mixture of FAME and triacetin. Thus, there would be no need to purify triacetin in the process [18].
This final product alternative is only possible because triacetin, in addition to being miscible with fatty acid methyl esters, does not influence the fuel properties in a way that leaves them out of the pattern. Important properties of biodiesel as a fuel, such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cold filter plugging point, flash point and cetane number, are not changed with the addition of the by-product, remaining within European and North American standards [19]. However, due to the influence on the heat of combustion and density of the biofuel, the ideal is a mixture with a maximum of 10% by mass of triacetin - the European standard establishes 900 kg/m3 as a density limit, as well as the Brazilian legislation on ANP [18, 20, 21].
Figure 3 shows a preliminary scheme for the process was proposed by Saka and Isayama [18].
Simplified diagram for the interesterification process with methyl acetate. Source: [
This route consists of two steps: in the first, triglycerides, when reacting with acetic acid, are converted into fatty acids, which are esterified by methanol to FAME. The main justification for this route is the adoption of reaction temperatures of up to 300°C, avoiding thermal degradation of the esters.
The route begins with the breakdown of triglycerides in the oil by acetic acid, a reaction in which one mole of triglyceride reacts with three moles of acid, forming one mole of triacetin and three moles of fatty acid, as shown in Figure 4. The reaction also takes place in three reversible steps: first, an acetic acid molecule reacts with a triglyceride molecule, forming a fatty acid molecule and a monoacetyl diglyceride molecule, which reacts with another acetic acid molecule to form the second fatty acid molecule and diacetyl monoglyceride; this reacts with the last acetic acid molecule to form again fatty acid and finally triacetin [22].
Hydrolysis reaction between triglyceride and acetic acid. Source: [
Regarding the cost of raw materials, acetic acid is a viable obtaining reagent because it is a commodity of the chemical industry, mainly used for the production of the acetate monometer of vinyl, for the production of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) [23].
The second reaction of this route takes place in just one reversible step, in which a fatty acid molecule reacts with a methanol molecule, forming a FAME molecule and a water molecule, as shown in Figure 5.
Esterification reaction between fatty acids and methanol.
After step 1, where the oil reacts with acetic acid through subcritical hydrolysis, the reaction products are separated by aqueous washing, from which triacetin and acetic acid are recovered in the step aqueous and fatty acids are taken to the second reactor with methanol under supercritical conditions for esterification. A phase separator is used to recover some of the excess methanol, followed by an unspecified scrubber that will separate the rest of the methanol and water from the FAME. The aqueous phase of the first stage is also subjected to unspecified purification to obtain triacetin, which will be mixed with FAME and, thus, composes the biodiesel in the final product. Performing an intermediate separation between the two steps can be advantageous to reduce the size of equipment in the second step. However, this imposes successive heating and cooling on the process, increasing energy expenditure, which can be one of the biggest disadvantages of this route [22].
Literature reports a yield of 95% in mass compared to the oil used in the first step, with only 2 minutes of reaction at 300°C and 15 minutes of reaction at 270°C. This approach to this process is interesting because, in addition to avoiding the saturation of the triacetin market, a phenomenon observed for glycerol, it is possible to increase the net production of FAME [24]. Saka et al. [22] suggested a diagram for this route, shown in Figure 6.
Diagram of the process of hydrolysis with acetic acid and esterification with methanol. Source: [
The third route is to obtain FAME from a reaction between triglycerides and dimethyl carbonate. Unlike all the other pathways described, this reaction takes place in two reversible steps: in the first, a DMC molecule reacts with a triglyceride molecule, releasing two FAME molecules and an intermediate, the fatty acid glycerol carbonate (FAGC - fatty). acid glycerol carbonate). In the second step, the FAGC molecule reacts with the second DMC molecule to form a FAME molecule and the by-product of the route, glycerol dicarbonate [25]. The reaction and its stoichiometry are shown in Figure 7.
Two-step reaction with dimethyl carbonate. Source: adapted from [
DMC is an attractive reagent because it can be considered a green alternative in the organic synthesis industry and has several applications as a methylation and carbonylation agent. It is a non-toxic and biodegradable substance, which is obtained by environmentally interesting routes. The most used industrial route today is the oxidative carbonylation of methanol with carbon monoxide and oxygen, catalyzed by copper(I) chloride. As methanol and carbon monoxide can be obtained from biomass synthesis gas, obtaining biodiesel using DMC from this route would only use reagents of renewable origin [26, 27, 28].
Another important point is the fact that DMC does not decompose at temperatures lower than 390°C, so using it as a reagent in supercritical processes is viable [29].
Biodiesel production by this route via supercritical process was studied using crude oils of
The two-stage route, as well as for the methanol and acetic acid routes, has the advantage of being able to apply milder process conditions to avoid product degradation. However, this pathway generates glycerol as a by-product, although this can be converted to glycerol carbonate, a compound with greater added value, when reacting with DMC [29, 31].
The mixture of FAME and glycerol dicarbonate can be used as biodiesel, without harming its properties, as well as with triacetin. After the reaction to obtain FAME and the removal of excess dimethyl carbonate, the remaining product – FAME and DCG – was analyzed, showing that its properties were within the parameters established by the American and European standards. However, as it is an intermediate for glycerol carbonate, a compound with a high market value, glycerol dicarbonate and FAME can also be separated in a distillation column, depending on the strategy and economic feasibility of the process [30]. The complete flowsheet for the described process is shown in Figure 8.
Process using DMC as a reagent, producing FAME and glycerol dicarbonate (DCG) as products. Source: [
This chapter shows the potential of soy as a raw material for a biorefinery, that is, obtaining several high added value products through different technological routes. The residues of this oilseed can be used to obtain these products with high added value without competing with the food sector. Routes that make the production of biodiesel viable are real and technically feasible, in addition to the generation of co-products of greater interest such as: tocopherols, sterols, squalene, triacetin, DCG. Another interesting point is the flexibility that some products allow when generated together with the esters, as they do not interfere with the quality of the biofuel. Soy has a wide range of exploration possibilities, and its production follows the pace of industrial production. Studies that make its development economically viable are the biggest challenge, as the technical feasibility is well consolidated.
The authors are grateful to SENAI CIMATEC for their financial support.
The authors have no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"62738",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79550",title:"The Role of UV-Visible Spectroscopy for Phenolic Compounds Quantification in Winemaking",slug:"the-role-of-uv-visible-spectroscopy-for-phenolic-compounds-quantification-in-winemaking",totalDownloads:2764,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are bioactive substances present in a large number of food products including wine. The importance of these compounds in wine is due to their large effect on the organoleptic attributes of wine. Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in the colour as well as mouthfeel properties of wines. UV-visible spectroscopy appears as a suitable technique for the evaluation of phenolic compounds’ properties and content. The ability of the phenolic ring to absorb UV light and the fact that some of the phenolic substances are coloured compounds, i.e. show absorption features in the visible region, make UV-visible spectroscopy a suitable technique to investigate and quantify grape and wine phenolic compounds. A number of analytical techniques are currently used for phenolic quantification. These include both simpler approaches (spectrophotometric determinations) as well as more complex methodologies such liquid chromatography analysis. Moreover, a number of spectroscopy applications have also been recently reported and are becoming popular within the wine industry. 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To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.",book:{id:"8504",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",title:"Pectins",fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",authors:null},{id:"69396",title:"Soybean Amino Acids in Health, Genetics, and Evaluation",slug:"soybean-amino-acids-in-health-genetics-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soybean is an important source of protein and amino acids for humans and livestock because of its well-balanced amino acid profile. This chapter outlines the strengths and weaknesses of soybean as a complete amino acid source as well as the relative importance of individual amino acids. Special attention is paid to the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. Breeding and genetic engineering efforts are summarized to highlight previous accomplishments in amino acid improvement and potential avenues for future research. Agronomic properties and processing methods that affect amino acid levels in soybean food and feed are also explained. A brief introduction into current amino acid evaluation techniques is provided. By understanding the complexities of amino acids in soybean, protein quality for humans and livestock can be maximized.",book:{id:"6972",slug:"soybean-for-human-consumption-and-animal-feed",title:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed",fullTitle:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed"},signatures:"William Monte Singer, Bo Zhang, M.A. Rouf Mian and Haibo Huang",authors:[{id:"308970",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Singer",slug:"william-singer",fullName:"William Singer"},{id:"309005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"bo-zhang",fullName:"Bo Zhang"},{id:"310776",title:"Dr.",name:"M.A. Rouf",middleName:null,surname:"Mian",slug:"m.a.-rouf-mian",fullName:"M.A. Rouf Mian"},{id:"310777",title:"Dr.",name:"Haibo",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"haibo-huang",fullName:"Haibo Huang"}]},{id:"56975",title:"Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination",slug:"metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination",totalDownloads:6220,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Seed germination is crucial stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. 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These micelles are being extensively studied because of their importance in functional behavior of milk and various milk products. However, the exact structure and nature of these casein micelles are still under debate. These different casein proteins possess different functional properties due to their primary amino acid sequence.",book:{id:"5060",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",title:"Milk Proteins",fullTitle:"Milk Proteins - From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects"},signatures:"Mohd Younus Bhat, Tanveer Ali Dar and Laishram Rajendrakumar\nSingh",authors:[{id:"178323",title:"Dr.",name:"Laishram R",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"laishram-r-singh",fullName:"Laishram R Singh"},{id:"183444",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Younus",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"md.-younus-bhat",fullName:"Md. 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Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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