Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. 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\n
1. Introduction
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The use of microemulsions, in particular, colloidal self-aggregates, and in general, as reaction media [1] makes the application of kinetic models necessary for the quantitative interpretation of the observed results. In this sense, a simple thermodynamic model was developed for its application in micelles [2] and it was called the pseudophase model [3]. This model was successfully applied through extensions to different microheterogeneous systems over the last 50 years [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
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2. The pseudophase model
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This model considers that the micellar system can be considered as the sum of two conventional reaction media, the continuous pseudophase and the micellar pseudophase, where the reagents are distributed and in which the reaction can occur simultaneously (see Figure 1).
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Figure 1.
Pseudophase model applied to micellar aggregates as reaction media.
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In this figure, A and B are the reagents, k is the kinetic constant and the subscripts w and m denotes the reaction loci (w corresponds to the continuous pseudophase and m is the micellar pseudophase). Finally, KA and KB are the distribution coefficients of both reactants between different pseudophases.
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The model considers that the reaction rate observed in the microheterogeneous system will be the sum of the velocities in each one of the pseudophases, and it can be expressed as shown in the following equations assuming a first-order reaction for each reactant:
The mass balance on both pseudophases and the consideration of the distribution coefficients between them allow us to establish the existing relationship between the total concentrations of the reactants and the concentrations in each of the pseudophases considered.
In Eqs. (8) and (9), Dn denotes the concentration of surfactant micellized and [Dn] = [D]-CMC (where D is the total surfactant concentration and CMC is the critical micellar concentration). Using Eqs. (8) and (9), the following equations can be written:
According to the pseudophase model, each pseudophase is evenly distributed in the total micellar dispersion volume. The value of rate constanst must be corrected taking into account the molar volume of each pseudophase to compare de intrinsic reactivity in the two different domains due to this reactants distribution between both pseudophases [10].
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Equation (21) can be simplified according to the distributions of A and B, and the presence of chemical reaction in one or both pseudophases. This model predicts the catalysis or inhibition processes with success due to the compartmentalising effect of these colloidal aggregates [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. However, this model must be expanded to take into account possible ion exchange processes between the continuous medium and the micelle, which give rise to more complicated expressions [29]. In some cases, it is necessary to resort to Poisson-Boltzmann distribution to evaluate the concentration of the different ions in the Stern and Gouy-Chapman layers to be able to model the ion exchange process between the continuous medium and the micellar electric double layer [30].
\n
The pseudophase model applied to micelles has also been satisfactory for the analysis of the kinetic results in more complex micellar systems such as mixed micellar-cyclodextrin systems [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37] or pseudo-micellar humic acids aggregates [38, 39, 40, 41, 42].
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3. The pseudophase model in microemulsions
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The pseudophase model was first extended by our research group in order to quantitatively analyse the kinetic behaviour of nitrosation reactions in microemulsions based on AOT [43, 44]. Afterwards, this extended model, with minor corrections, has been satisfactorily tested on microemulsions covering all possible cases [45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55] such as: (i) different chemical reactions (ionic or non-ionic), (ii) reactants distributed throughout the different hydrophobic domains or (iii) with different reaction loci.
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Unlike in normal micelles, where we recognised two different domains (micelles and bulk water), in a microemulsion system three domains can be found: (i) the microdroplets of the dispersed phase, (ii) the continuous phase and (iii) the surfactant film (or surfactant + cosurfactant) that stabilises the system. Due to this, in this case, three pseudophases will be considered, taking into account the same proposed considerations for the micellar model.
\n
We will assume that the reactants can be located in each of these three pseudophases, and their distribution will be governed by the distribution coefficients defined in an analogous way to that proposed in micelles. The chemical reaction can take place in each of the three pseudophases. In this way, the model can be explained according to Figure 2, where A and B are the reagents, k corresponds to the kinetic constant and the subscripts d, i and c denotes the loci (c corresponds to the continuous pseudophase, d with the dispersed pseudophase and i with the surfactant film -or interphase-). KA,id and KB,id are the distribution coefficients of both reactants between the interphase and the dispersed phase. KA,ic and KB,ic correspond to distribution coefficients of both reactants between the interphase and the continuous phase.
\n
Figure 2.
Pseudophase model applied to microemulsions reaction media.
\n
As in the case of micelles, the reaction rate observed in the microemulsions will be the sum of the velocities in each one of the pseudophases as it shown in the following equations (as in the case of micelles -vide supra-, assuming a first order reaction for each reactant):
As quoted above, the mass balance on the three pseudophases and the consideration of the distribution coefficients between them allow us to establish the existing relationship between the total concentrations of the reactants and the concentrations in each of the pseudophases considered
where [C] is the continuous phase concentration and [Dn] corresponds to the concentration of surfactant in the microemulsion. In the case of micelles, [Dn] is obtained as [Dn] = [D]-CMC; but in the case of microemulsions, CMC = 0. It means that the surfactant concentration in the microemulsion is equal to the total surfactant concentration. Similar expressions can be obtained for the partition coefficients between the dispersed pseudophase and the interphase. In this case, [Dis] corresponds to the dispersed phase concentration.
The previous equations (Eqs. (30)–(33)) can be rewritten using the characteristic parameters of microemulsions: z and w. Both of them are mole ratios related with the microemulsion geometry. The w ratio is the molar ratio between the disperse phase concentration and the surfactant concentration, and z is the molar ratio between continuous phase concentration and the surfactant concentration (Eqs. (34) and (35)). The w ratio is directly proportional to the droplet radius and z is inversely proportional to the number of microdroplets of the dispersed phase in the microemulsion.
This expression (Eq. (56)) can be simplified considering pseudo-first order conditions, and, of course, taking into account the reagents partitions and the loci of reaction (see Table 1).
Examples of reactions in microemulsions satisfactorily modelled with the pseudophase model.
D and C correspond to the dispersed or the continuous phase, respectively, I denotes the surfactant film. Reactions in w/o microemulsions of AOT/isooctane/water.
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Finally, to compare the obtained results, as quoted above for micelles model -vide supra-, the rate constant values must be corrected taking into account each pseudophase molar volume because the pseudophase model considers that each pseudophase is evenly distributed in the total microemulsion volume [47].
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4. Conclusions
\n
The presented model is capable of modelling, as shown in Table 1, all the possible circumstances that can occur when the microemulsion is used as a chemical nanoreactor. In all the cases, the adjustment of the experimental data to the model is satisfactory, which shows us that despite its simplicity it presents a great versatility.
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We must also indicate that it has not only been applied to micellar systems and microemulsions but also, with satisfactory results, to kinetic processes in other colloidal aggregates such as vesicles [61, 62].
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
Financial support from Xunta de Galicia is gratefully acknowledged. Astray G. would like to give his warm thanks to Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria for the post-doctoral grant B, POS-B/2016/001, which he received from them. Cid A acknowledges the post-doctoral grant SFRH/BD/78849/2011 granted to Requimte and UID/MULTI/04378/2013 granted to Unidade de Cien̂cias Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), both from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology.
\n
This chapter is dedicated to Professor Julio Casado Linarejos (sit tivi terra levis) who taught us chemistry and, what really matters, to be better people.
\n
\n',keywords:"microemulsions, reverse micelles, kinetic model, pseudophase model",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65675.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/65675.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65675",totalDownloads:1101,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"January 10th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"September 18th 2019",dateFinished:"February 14th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The kinetic behaviours in microemulsions can be easily modelled using an extension of the pseudophase model previously developed for micellar catalysis. This model considers that the microheterogeneous media can be considered as the sum of different conventional reaction media, where the reagents are distributed and in which the reaction can occur simultaneously. The reaction rate observed in the microheterogeneous system will be the sum of the velocities in each one of the pseudophases. This use can be considered as an extension of the pseudophase model, which has been developed for the quantitative analysis of nitrosation reactions in AOT/isooctane/water microemulsions and has been applied successfully in the literature in a large variety of chemical reactions.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65675",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65675",signatures:"Antonio Cid, Aangel Acuña, Manuel Alonso-Ferrer, Gonzalo Astray, Luis García-Río, Jesus Simal-Gándara and Juan C. Mejuto",book:{id:"6830",type:"book",title:"Microemulsion",subtitle:"a Chemical Nanoreactor",fullTitle:"Microemulsion - a Chemical Nanoreactor",slug:"microemulsion-a-chemical-nanoreactor",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Juan C. Mejuto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6830.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-544-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-501-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-545-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"192394",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:"C.",surname:"Mejuto",slug:"juan-mejuto",fullName:"Juan Mejuto"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The pseudophase model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. The pseudophase model in microemulsions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ruasse MF, Blagoeva IB, Ciri R, García-Río L, Leis JR, Marques A, et al. Organic reaction in micro-organized media: Why and how? Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1997;69:1923-1932. DOI: 10.1351/pac199769091923\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Menger FM. The structure of micelles. Accounts of Chemical Research. 1979;12:111-117. DOI: 10.1021/ar50136a001\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Bunton CA, Savelli G. Organic reactivity in aqueous micelles and similar assemblies. Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry. 1986;22:213-309. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3160(08)60169-0\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Cordes EH, Dunlap RB. Kinetics of organic reactions in micellar systems. Accounts of Chemical Research. 1969;2:329-337. DOI: 10.1021/ar50023a002\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Bunton CA, Romsted LS, Sepulveda L. A quantitative treatment of micellar effects upon deprotonation equilibriums. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1980;84:2611-2618. DOI: 10.1021/j100457a027\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Bunton CA, Romsted LS, Thamvit C. The pseudophase model of micellar catalysis. Addition of cyanide ion it N-alkylpyridinium ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1980;102:3900-3903. DOI: 10.1021/ja00531a036\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Bunto CA, Carracsco N, Huang SK, Paik CH, Romsted LS. Reagent distribution and micellar catalysis of carbocation reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1978;100:5420-5425. DOI: 10.1021/ja00485a028\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Bravo C, Herves P, Leis JR, Peña ME. Basic hydrolysis of N-[N′methyl-N′-nitroso(aminomethyl)]benzamide in aqueous and micellar media. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 1992;153:529-536. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(92)90343-K\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Vera S, Rodenas E. Inhibiton effect of cationic micelles on the basic hydrolysis of aromatic esters. Tetrahedron. 1986;42:143-149. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)87411-1\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Bravo C, Leis JR, Peña ME. Effect of alcohols on catalysis by dodecyl sulfate micelles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1992;96:1957-1961. DOI: 10.1021/j100183a077\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Bunton CA, Romsted LS, Savelli G. Tests of the pseudophase model of micellar catalysis: Its partial failure. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1979;101:1253-1259. DOI: 10.1021/ja00499a034\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Al-Lohedan H, Bunton CA, Romsted LS. Micellar effects upon the reaction of betaine esters with hydroxide ion. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1981;85:2123-2129. DOI: 10.1021/j150614a034\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Bunton CA, Hamed FH, Romsted LS. Quantitative treatment of reaction rates in functional micelles and comicelles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1982;86:2103-2108. DOI: 10.1021/j100208a040\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Bunton CA, Romsted LS, Smith HJ. Quantitative treatment of micellar catalysis of reactions involving hydrogen ions. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1978;43:4299-4303. DOI: 10.1021/jo00416a010\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Bunton CA, Gan LH, Moffatt JR, Romensted LS, Savelli G. Reactions in micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. Test of the pseudophase model for kinetics. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1981;85:4118-4125. DOI: 10.1021/j150626a033\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Bravo-Díaz C, Romero-Nieto MA, Gonzalez-Romero E. Micellar-promoted homolytic dediazoniation of p-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. Langmuir. 2000;16:42-48. DOI: 10.1021/la9901682\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Bravo C, Hervés P, Leis JR, Peña ME. Micellar effects in the acid denitrosation of N-nitroso-N-methyl-p-toluenesulfonamide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1990;94:8816-8820. DOI: 10.1021/j100388a014\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Costas-Costas U, Bravo-Díaz C, Gonzalez-Romero E. Micellar effects on the reaction between an arenediazonium salt and 6-o-octanoyl-l-ascorbic acid. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction. Langmuir. 2004;20:1631-1638. DOI: 10.1021/la036142z\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Ródenas E, Valiente M, Villafruela MS. Different theoretical approaches for the study of the mixed tetraethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether/hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. 1999;103:4549-4554. DOI: 10.1021/jp981871m\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Ortega F, Ródenas E. Micellar effects upon the reaction of low-spin diimine-iron(II) complexes with hydroxide and cyanide ions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1986;90:2408-2413. DOI: 10.1021/j100402a031\n'},{id:"B21",body:'García-Río L, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Perez-Juste J. Hydrolysis of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulphonamide in micellar media. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 1998;11:584-588. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(199808/09)11:8/9<584::AID-POC59>3.0.CO;2-F\n'},{id:"B22",body:'García-Rio L, Hervés P, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. Reactive micelles: Nitroso group transfer from N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide to amphiphilic amines. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 2004;17:1067-1072. DOI: 10.1002/poc.827\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Astray G, Cid A, Manso JA, Mejuto JC, Moldes O, Morales J. 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DOI: 10.3184/146867811X12984793755693\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Shrivastava A, Singh AK, Sachdev N, Shrivastava DR, Katre Y, Singh SP, et al. Micelle catalyzed oxidative degradation of norfloxacin by chloramine-T. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A. 2012;361–362:1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2012.04.004\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Morales J, Moldes OA, Cid A, Astray G, Mejuto JC. Cleavage of carbofuran and carbofuran-derivatives in micellar aggregates. Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism. 2015;40:105-118. DOI: 10.3184/146867815X14259195615547\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Bunton CA, Nome F, Quina FH, Romsted LS. Ion binding and reactivity at charged aqueous interfaces. Accounts of Chemical Research. 1991;24:357-364. DOI: 10.1021/ar00012a001\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Amado S, García-Rio L, Leis JR, Rios A. Reactivity of anions with organic substrates bound to sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles: A Poisson−Boltzmann/pseudophase approach. Langmuir. 1997;13:687-692. DOI: 10.1021/la960749g\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Fernández I, García-Río L, Hervés P, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. β-Cyclodextrin–micelle mixed systems as a reaction medium. Denitrosation of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 2000;13:664-669. DOI: 10.1002/1099-1395(200010)13:10<664::AID-POC264>3.0.CO;2-U\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Astray G, Cid A, García-Río L, Lodeiro C, Mejuto JC, Moldes O, et al. Cyclodextrin-surfactant mixed systems as reaction media. Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism. 2010;35:105-129. DOI: 10.3184/146867810X12686717520194\n'},{id:"B33",body:'García-Río L, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J. Basic hydrolysis of m-nitrophenyl acetate in micellar media containing β-cyclodextrins. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. 1998;102:4581-4587. DOI: 10.1021/jp980432k\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Alvarez AR, García-Rio L, Hervés P, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Perez-Juste J. Basic hydrolysis of substituted nitrophenyl acetates in β-cyclodextrin/surfactant mixed systems. Evidence of free cyclodextrin in equilibrium with micellized surfactant. Langmuir. 1999;15:8368-8375. DOI: 10.1021/la981392e\n'},{id:"B35",body:'García-Río L, Leis Jr, Mejuto JC, Navarro-Vázquez A, Pérez-Juste J, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. Basic hydrolysis of crystal violet in β-cyclodextrin/surfactant mixed systems. Langmuir. 2004;20:606-613. DOI: 10.1021/la035477d\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Dorrego AB, García-Rio L, Hervés P, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J. Micellization versus cyclodextrin-Surfactant complexation. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2000;39:2945-2948. DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000818)39:16<2945::AID-ANIE2945>3.0.CO;2-6\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Dorrego B, García-Rio L, Hervés P, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J. Changes in the fraction of uncomplexed cyclodextrin in equilibrium with the micellar system as a result of balance between micellization and cyclodextrin-surfactant complexation. cationic alkylammonium surfactants. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. 2001;105:4912-4920. DOI: 10.1021/jp0035232\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Astray G, García-Río L, Lodeiro C, Mejuto JC, Moldes O, Morales J, et al. Influence of colloid suspensions of humic acids on the alkaline hydrolysis of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluene sulfonamide. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics. 2010;42:316-322. DOI: 10.1002/kin.20481\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Morales J, Manso JA, Cid A, Mejuto JC. Stability study of iprodione in alkaline media in the presence of humic acids. Chemosphere. 2013;92:1536-1541. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.020\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Morales J, Manso JA, Cid A, Mejuto JC. Degradation of carbofuran and carbofuran-derivatives in presence of humic substances under basic conditions. Chemosphere. 2012;89:1267-1271. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.018\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Morales J, Cid A, Mejuto JC. Alkaline hydrolysis of vinclozolin: Effect of humic acids aggregates in water. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A. 2015;401:13-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.02.017\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Arias-Estevez M, Astray G, Cid A, Fernández-Gándara D, García-Río L, Mejuto JC. Influence of colloid suspensions of humic acids upon the alkaline fading of carbocations. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 2007;21:555-560. DOI: 10.1002/poc.1317\n'},{id:"B43",body:'García-Río L, Leis JR, Peña ME, Iglesias E. Transfer of the nitroso group in water/AOT/isooctane microemulsions: Intrinsic and apparent reactivity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1993;97:3437-3442. DOI: 10.1021/j100115a057\n'},{id:"B44",body:'García-Río L, Leis JR, Mejuto JC. Pseudophase approach to reactivity in microemulsions: Quantitative explanation of the kinetics of the nitrosation of amines by alkyl nitrites in AOT/isooctane/water microemulsions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1996;100:10981-10988. DOI: 10.1021/jp953264u\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Astray G, Cid A, García-Río L, Hervella P, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Organic reactivity in AOT-stabilized microemulsions. Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism. 2008;33:81-97. DOI: 10.3184/146867807X273173\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Morales J, Manso JA, Cid A, Lodeiro C, Mejuto JC. Degradation of carbofuran derivatives in restricted water environments: Basic hydrolysis in AOT-based microemulsions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2012;372:113-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.01.022\n'},{id:"B47",body:'García-Río L, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Perez-Lorenzo M. Microemulsions as microreactors in physical organic chemistry. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2007;79:1111-1123. DOI: 10.1351/pac200779061111\n'},{id:"B48",body:'García-Río L, Hervés P, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. Pseudophase approach to reactivity in microemulsions: Quantitative explanation of the kinetics of the nitroso group transfer reactions between N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide and secondary alkylamines in water/AOT/isooctane microemulsions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2003;42:5450-5456. DOI: 10.1021/ie0208523\n'},{id:"B49",body:'García-Rio L, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Microheterogeneous solvation for aminolysis reactions in AOT-based water-in-oil microemulsions. Chemistry - A European Journal. 2005;11:4361-4373. DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401067\n'},{id:"B50",body:'García-Río L, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Aminolysis reactions by glycine in AOT-based water-in-oil microemulsions. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2005;270–271:115-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.05.048\n'},{id:"B51",body:'Fernández E, García-Río L, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Michael addition and ester aminolysis in w/o AOT-based microemulsions. New Journal of Chemistry. 2005;29:1594-1600. DOI: 10.1039/b507190a\n'},{id:"B52",body:'García-Río L, Hervés P, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. Pseudophase approach to the transfer of the nitroso group in water/AOT/SDS/isooctane quaternary microemulsions. Langmuir. 2000;16:9716-9721. DOI: 10.1021/la000523k\n'},{id:"B53",body:'García-Río L, Leis JR, Mejuto JC. Solvolysis of benzoyl halides in AOT/isooctane/water microemulsions. Influence of the Leaving Group. Langmuir. 2003;19:3190-3197. DOI: 10.1021/la026753b\n'},{id:"B54",body:'García-Río L, Hervés P, Mejuto JC, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. Nitrosation reactions in water/AOT/xylene microemulsions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2006;45:600-606. DOI: 10.1021/ie050925t\n'},{id:"B55",body:'García-Rio L, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Simultaneous effect of microemulsions and phase-transfer agents on aminolysis reactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. 2007;111:11149-11156. DOI: 10.1021/jp0743323\n'},{id:"B56",body:'García-Río L, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Modification of reactivity by changing microemulsion composition. Basic hydrolysis of nitrophenyl acetate in AOT/isooctane/water systems. New Journal of Chemistry. 2004;28:988-995. DOI: 10.1039/b401226g\n'},{id:"B57",body:'Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Peña ME. Comparison between the kinetics of the alkaline fading of carbocation dyes in water/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate/isooctane microemulsions and in homogeneous media. Langmuir. 1993;9:889-893. DOI: 10.1021/la00028a003\n'},{id:"B58",body:'García-Río L, Hervés P, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J. Determination of the hydrolysis rate of AOT in AOT/isooctane/water microemulsions using sodium nitroprusside as chemical probe. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 2002;15:576-581. DOI: 10.1002/poc.513\n'},{id:"B59",body:'García-Río L, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Ester aminolysis by morpholine in AOT-based water-in-oil microemulsions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2006;301:624-630. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.05.037\n'},{id:"B60",body:'García-Río L, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Lorenzo M. First evidence of simultaneous different kinetic behaviors at the interface and the continuous medium of w/o microemulsions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. 2006;110:812-819. DOI: 10.1021/jp055270o\n'},{id:"B61",body:'Hervés P, Leis JR, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J. Kinetic studies on the acid and alkaline hydrolysis of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide in dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride vesicles. Langmuir. 1997;13:6633-6637. DOI: 10.1021/la9705975\n'},{id:"B62",body:'García-Río L, Hervés P, Mejuto JC, Pérez-Juste J, Rodríguez-Dafonte P. Comparative study of nitroso group transfer in colloidal aggregates: Micelles, vesicles and microemulsions. New Journal of Chemistry. 2003;27:372-380. DOI: 10.1039/b209539d\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Antonio Cid",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, Spain
UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Departamento, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Universidad de Vigo, Spain
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Juan C. Mejuto",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo, Spain
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To address this situation, different countries have different strategies like vehicular noise limits and their regulation, vehicles physical health checkup, different time of operations for noisy traffic like trucks in the evening or night time, and noise pollution fines for noisy vehicles.",signatures:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sabir, Nukshab Zeeshan, Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain and Muhammad Usman Ghani",authors:[{id:"250964",title:"Mr.",name:"Zia Ur Rahman",surname:"Farooqi",fullName:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi",slug:"zia-ur-rahman-farooqi",email:"ziaa2600@gmail.com"},{id:"261006",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sabir",fullName:"Muhammad Sabir",slug:"muhammad-sabir",email:"cmsuaf@gmail.com"},{id:"261007",title:"Mr.",name:"Nukshab",surname:"Zeeshan",fullName:"Nukshab Zeeshan",slug:"nukshab-zeeshan",email:"envirsc3462@yahoo.com"},{id:"261155",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Mahroz",surname:"Hussian",fullName:"Muhammad Mahroz Hussian",slug:"muhammad-mahroz-hussian",email:"hmahroz@gmail.com"},{id:"261158",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Usman",surname:"Ghani",fullName:"Muhammad Usman Ghani",slug:"muhammad-usman-ghani",email:"usmanghani43@gmail.com"},{id:"296122",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",surname:"Murtaza",fullName:"Ghulam Murtaza",slug:"ghulam-murtaza",email:"gmurtazauaf@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"8883",title:"Autonomous Vehicle and Smart Traffic",slug:"autonomous-vehicle-and-smart-traffic",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"73983",title:"Atmospheric Pollution Interventions in the Environment: Effects on Biotic and Abiotic Factors, Their Monitoring and Control",slug:"atmospheric-pollution-interventions-in-the-environment-effects-on-biotic-and-abiotic-factors-their-m",abstract:"Atmosphere is polluted for all living, non-living entities. Concentrations of atmospheric pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are increasing abruptly due to anthropogenic activities (fossil fuels combustion, industrial activities, and power generation etc.). These pollutants are causing soil (microbial diversity disturbance, soil structure), plants (germination, growth, and biochemistry), and human health (asthma, liver, and lungs disorders to cancers) interventions. All the effects of these pollutants on soil, plants, animals, and microbes needed to be discussed briefly. Different strategies and technologies (HOPES, IOT, TEMPO and TNGAPMS) are used in the world to reduce the pollutant emission at source or when in the atmosphere and also discussed here. All gaseous emissions control mechanisms for major exhaust gases from toxic to less toxic form or environmental friendly form are major concern. 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Her main research interests cover several aspects related to the control and the diagnostics of electrical machine drives and generators involved in automotive as well as in renewable energy systems.",institutionString:"University of Sfax",institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"296513",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",surname:"Attias",slug:"danielle-attias",fullName:"Danielle Attias",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"300429",title:"Ms.",name:"Ayesha",surname:"Iqbal",slug:"ayesha-iqbal",fullName:"Ayesha Iqbal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300429/images/17392_n.jpg",biography:"Lecturer at University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan and pursuing Ph.D. Electrical Engineering from Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bedford College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"309115",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Antonialli",slug:"fabio-antonialli",fullName:"Fabio Antonialli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
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Services included are:
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XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
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Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
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Open Access Funding
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For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
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Dissemination and Promotion
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Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
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As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
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The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
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1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
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850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
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850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
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During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
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*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
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Services included are:
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An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
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Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
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Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
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XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
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Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
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Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
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What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
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If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
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Open Access Funding
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To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
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Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
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Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
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Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
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Personal support during every step of the publication process
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+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
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Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
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Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"14634",doi:"10.5772/15998",title:"The Application of FT-IR Spectroscopy in Waste Management",slug:"the-application-of-ft-ir-spectroscopy-in-waste-management",totalDownloads:6617,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"1574",slug:"fourier-transforms-new-analytical-approaches-and-ftir-strategies",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - New Analytical Approaches and FTIR Strategies"},signatures:"Ena Smidt, Katharina Böhm and Manfred Schwanninger",authors:[{id:"20376",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Böhm",slug:"katharina-bohm",fullName:"Katharina Böhm"},{id:"22840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",middleName:null,surname:"Smidt",slug:"ena-smidt",fullName:"Ena Smidt"},{id:"22915",title:"Dr.",name:"Manfred",middleName:null,surname:"Schwanninger",slug:"manfred-schwanninger",fullName:"Manfred Schwanninger"}]},{id:"15157",doi:"10.5772/15959",title:"Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for the Molecular Level Characterization of Natural Organic Matter: Instrument Capabilities, Applications, and Limitations",slug:"fourier-transform-mass-spectrometry-for-the-molecular-level-characterization-of-natural-organic-matt",totalDownloads:4317,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:null,book:{id:"122",slug:"fourier-transforms-approach-to-scientific-principles",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - Approach to Scientific Principles"},signatures:"Rachel L. Sleighter and Patrick G. Hatcher",authors:[{id:"22676",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachel L.",middleName:null,surname:"Sleighter",slug:"rachel-l.-sleighter",fullName:"Rachel L. Sleighter"},{id:"23168",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hatcher",slug:"patrick-g.-hatcher",fullName:"Patrick G. Hatcher"}]},{id:"60097",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75381",title:"Robust Optimization: Concepts and Applications",slug:"robust-optimization-concepts-and-applications",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Robust optimization is an emerging area in research that allows addressing different optimization problems and specifically industrial optimization problems where there is a degree of uncertainty in some of the variables involved. There are several ways to apply robust optimization and the choice of form is typical of the problem that is being solved. In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5300,totalCrossrefCites:47,totalDimensionsCites:76,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6750,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1675,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"15",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81892",title:"Perspective Chapter: Lattice Solitons in a Nonlocal Nonlinear Medium with Self-Focusing and Self-Defocusing Quintic Nonlinearity",slug:"perspective-chapter-lattice-solitons-in-a-nonlocal-nonlinear-medium-with-self-focusing-and-self-defo",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104824",abstract:"The fundamental lattice solitons are explored in a nonlocal nonlinear medium with self-focusing and self-defocusing quintic nonlinearity. The band-gap boundaries, soliton profiles, and stability domains of fundamental solitons are investigated comprehensively by the linear stability spectra and nonlinear evolution of the solitons. It is demonstrated that fundamental lattice solitons can stay stable for a wide range of parameters with the weak self-focusing and self-defocusing quintic nonlinearity, while strong self-focusing and self-defocusing quintic nonlinearities are shortened the propagation distance of evolved solitons. Furthermore, it is observed that when the instability emerges from strong quintic nonlinearity, increasing anisotropy of the medium and modification of lattice depth can be considered as a collapse arrest mechanism.",book:{id:"10959",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg"},signatures:"Mahmut Bağcı, Theodoros P. Horikis, İlkay Bakırtas and Nalan Antar"},{id:"80460",title:"A Criticality Study of Fast Critical Experimental Benchmarks Using MCNP Code to Qualifying Different Evaluations",slug:"a-criticality-study-of-fast-critical-experimental-benchmarks-using-mcnp-code-to-qualifying-different",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102449",abstract:"In this chapter we present our MCNP modeling, concerning fast critical experimental benchmarks, about qualifying our libraries of cross-sections deduced from the evaluations ENDF/B-VII, JEFF-3.1, JENDL-3.3, JENDL-4 processed by the code NJOY. The benchmarks analyzed are characterized by simple geometries which help to have a precise calculation. In our neutron calculation, we used the MCNP code (version 5), the reference code for the neutron transport calculation with the Monte Carlo method. It is also very efficient for criticality calculation. The cross-section data for all the isotopes that make up the material of the studied benchmarks are processed in ACE format at 300 K temperature using the NJOY 99.9 modular system. A detailed comparison of the criticality results of our simulation was carried out to highlight the influence of these evaluations on the keff calculations.",book:{id:"11501",title:"Qualitative and Computational Aspects of Dynamical Systems",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11501.jpg"},signatures:"Sanae El Ouahdani, Hamid Boukhal, El Mahjoub Chakir, Ahmed Gaga, Houda Elyaakoubi, Mustapha Makhloul, Abdelaziz Ahmed, Abdessamad Didi and Mohamed Bencheikh"},{id:"81784",title:"Practical and Optimal Crossover Designs for Clinical Trials",slug:"practical-and-optimal-crossover-designs-for-clinical-trials",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104694",abstract:"Crossover designs have received great attention in clinical trials, as they allow subjects to serve as their own controls and gain such advantage as higher efficiency and smaller sample size over parallel designs, because the within-subject variability is in general smaller than between-subject variability. Response-adaptive crossover designs allow clinical trials to adapt and respond to the information acquired during the trials to achieve various objectives. Adaptive designs have been considered to allocate more subjects to superior treatments, improve statistical efficiency, reduce the sample size for cost savings, increase the sample size to maintain prespecified statistical power, or include auxiliary information. We focus on an adaptive allocation scheme to maximize the benefits from superior treatments, while maintaining a sufficiently high level of statistical efficiency, controlled by a suitable weight parameter. We review and discuss the strategy of incorporating multiple objectives, while advocating a regression type estimation approach via the Generalized Estimating Equations method. We show that the multiple objectives can be successfully incorporated to construct a spectrum of designs, ranging over various efficiencies and trial outcomes of success. Moreover, the adaptive allocation scheme successfully constructs designs with a desired efficiency, as illustrated by practical two- and three-period designs.",book:{id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg"},signatures:"Su Hwan Kim and Keumhee Chough Carriere"},{id:"81710",title:"Spatial Modeling in Epidemiology",slug:"spatial-modeling-in-epidemiology",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104693",abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to present the methodology of some of the models used in the area of epidemiology, which are used to study, understand, model and predict diseases (infectious and non-infectious) occurring in a given region. These models, which belong to the area of geostatistics, are usually composed of a fixed part and a random part. The fixed part includes the explanatory variables of the model and the random part includes, in addition to the error term, a random term that generally has a multivariate Gaussian distribution. Based on the random effect, the spatial correlation (or covariance) structure of the data will be explained. In this way, the spatial variability of the data in the region of interest is accounted for, thus avoiding that this information is added to the model error term. The chapter begins by introducing Gaussian processes, and then looks at their inclusion in generalized spatial linear models, spatial survival analysis and finally in the generalized extreme value distribution for spatial data. The review also mentions some of the main packages that exist in the R statistical software and that help with the implementation of the mentioned spatial models.",book:{id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg"},signatures:"María Guzmán Martínez, Eduardo Pérez-Castro, Ramón Reyes-Carreto and Rocio Acosta-Pech"},{id:"81608",title:"Matrix as an Alternative Solution for Evaluating Sentence Reordering Tasks",slug:"matrix-as-an-alternative-solution-for-evaluating-sentence-reordering-tasks",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102868",abstract:"Although sentence reordering is a popular practice in educational contexts its scoring method has virtually remained ‘all-or-nothing’. The author proposed a more psychologically valid means of partial scoring called MRS (Maximal Relative Sequence) where a point is counted for each ascending run in the answer sequence allowing gaps and the final score reflects the length of the longest sequence of ascending elements. This scoring method, together with an additional consideration of recovery distances, was woven into an executable programme, and then transplanted to Excel without having to understand a programming language. However, the use of Excel was severely limited by the number of columns available. This chapter reviews the past practices of evaluating partial scoring of reordering tasks and proposes an alternative solution LM (Linearity Matrix), also executable on Excel, with far smaller consumption of columns and with the idea of calculating the recovery distances as well as MRS scores. Although LM and MRS are different scoring procedures, they both reflect psychological complexity of the task involved. Furthermore, LM is versatile as to the adjustability of adjacency weights as an extended model of Kendall’s tau. Some reflections on practical application are referred to as well as future directions of the study.",book:{id:"11151",title:"Matrix Theory - Classics and Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11151.jpg"},signatures:"Amma Kazuo"},{id:"81531",title:"Bayesian Inference as a Tool to Optimize Spectral Acquisition in Scattering Experiments",slug:"bayesian-inference-as-a-tool-to-optimize-spectral-acquisition-in-scattering-experiments",totalDownloads:26,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103850",abstract:"Nowadays, an increasing number of scattering measurements rely on the use of large-scale research facilities, which is usually granted after highly competitive peer-reviewing and typically for short-time lapses. The optimal use of the allocated time requires rigorous estimates on the reliability of the data analysis, as inferred from the limited statistical accuracy of the measurement. Bayesian inference approaches can significantly help this endeavor by providing investigators with much-needed guidance under challenging decisions on experimental time management. We propose here a method based on the real-time data analysis of running experiments, which fully exploits the core strengths of Bayes theorem. The procedure is implemented in sequential steps in which the spectral measurement is adjourned by summing to it successive acquisition runs, and the spectral modeling is upgraded accordingly. At each stage, the statistical accuracy of the measurement improves, and a more grounded joint posterior distribution is drawn and used as a prior in the subsequent data acquisition stage. The gradual reduction in the model parameters’ uncertainty down to the targets set a priori by experimenters provides a quantitative “success criterion,” which helps prevent oversampling during acquisition. A similar “on the fly” data modeling, might substantially change the way large-scale facilities operate.",book:{id:"11152",title:"Bayesian Inference",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11152.jpg"},signatures:"Alessio De Francesco, Luisa Scaccia, Martin Bohem and Alessandro Cunsolo"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:36},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:10,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. 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He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. 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