Amount of radio wave in free space.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10677",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Topics of Topology",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Topology is an area of mathematics that establishes relations and transformations between spaces with a certain structure depending on their position and considering the structure of the ambient space where these relations exist. This book discusses various concepts and theories of topology, including diffeomorphisms, immersions, Hausdorff spaces, cobordisms, homotopy theory, symplectic manifolds, topology of quantum field theory, algebraic varieties, dimension theory, Koszul complexes, continuum theory, and metrizability, among others.",isbn:"978-1-80355-094-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-093-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-095-4",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",numberOfDownloads:507,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 25th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 14th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 1st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92918/images/system/92918.png",biography:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes, Ph.D., is IINAMEI Director, Mathematics Research Centre, Mexico. He is a member of various international committees of science and serves as a reviewer and editor for British and American journals of mathematics and physics. He is head of the Research Department, GI-TESCHA. He has published more than 100 papers and several books in mathematics and physics. Dr. Bulnes has many theories, theorems, and math objects to his credit. He has received various honors and awards from universities as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations. He received the Doctor Honoris Causa in Education Philosophy and is a Peace Ambassador for ODAEE in Frankfurt, Germany. He is also a distinguished member of the Czech Republic Mathematics Society (JCFM). He obtained two post-doctorates in Mathematics in Cuba and Russia. His research interests include electronics, microelectronics, and spintronics.",institutionString:"Investigación Internacional Avanzada en Matemáticas e Ingeniería (IINAMEI)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"14",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"165",title:"Geometry & Topology",slug:"geometry-and-topology"}],chapters:[{id:"80411",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Topology from Classic Studies until Its Last Frontiers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102527",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-topology-from-classic-studies-until-its-last-frontiers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Francisco Bulnes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80411",authors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],corrections:null},{id:"78241",title:"More Functions Associated with Neutrosophic gsα*- Closed Sets in Neutrosophic Topological Spaces",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99464",slug:"more-functions-associated-with-neutrosophic-gs-closed-sets-in-neutrosophic-topological-spaces",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The concept of neutrosophic continuous function was very first introduced by A.A. Salama et al. The main aim of this paper is to introduce a new concept of Neutrosophic continuous function namely Strongly Neutrosophic gsα* - continuous functions, Perfectly Neutrosophic gsα* - continuous functions and Totally Neutrosophic gsα* - continuous functions in Neutrosophic topological spaces. These concepts are derived from strongly generalized neutrosophic continuous function and perfectly generalized neutrosophic continuous function. Several interesting properties and characterizations are derived and compared with already existing neutrosophic functions.",signatures:"P. Anbarasi Rodrigo and S. Maheswari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78241",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78241",authors:[{id:"426315",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Anbarasi",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"p.-anbarasi-rodrigo",fullName:"P. Anbarasi Rodrigo"},{id:"426558",title:"Ms.",name:"S.",surname:"Maheswari",slug:"s.-maheswari",fullName:"S. Maheswari"}],corrections:null},{id:"80455",title:"4-Dimensional Canards with Brownian Motion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102151",slug:"4-dimensional-canards-with-brownian-motion",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Generally speaking, it is impossible to analyze slow-fast system with Brownian motion. If it becomes possible to do using a new approach, we can evaluate the rigidity of the original system. What kind of the behavior of such a system we have? Using non-standard analysis, on a“hyper finite time line” by Anderson, the Brownian motions are described by step functions. Then, the original differential equations are described by the difference equations due to using non-standard analysis. When constructing the difference equations, the corresponding measure is extended topologically. Because the interval of the difference is according to the hyper finite time line, the topological space is well defined. In this paper, we propose a two-region economic model with Brownian motions. This concrete example gives us new results.",signatures:"Shuya Kanagawa and Kiyoyuki Tchizawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80455",authors:[{id:"427472",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuya",surname:"Kanagawa",slug:"shuya-kanagawa",fullName:"Shuya Kanagawa"},{id:"427473",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyoyuki",surname:"Tchizawa",slug:"kiyoyuki-tchizawa",fullName:"Kiyoyuki Tchizawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"79299",title:"The Topology of the Configuration Space of a Mathematical Model for Cycloalkenes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100723",slug:"the-topology-of-the-configuration-space-of-a-mathematical-model-for-cycloalkenes",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As a mathematical model for cycloalkenes, we consider equilateral polygons whose interior angles are the same except for those of the both ends of the specified edge. We study the configuration space of such polygons. It is known that for some case, the space is homeomorphic to a sphere. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: First, using the h-cobordism theorem, we prove that the above homeomorphism is in fact a diffeomorphism. Second, we study the best possible condition for the space to be a sphere. At present, only a sphere appears as a topological type of the space. Then our third purpose is to show the case when a closed surface of positive genus appears as a topological type.",signatures:"Yasuhiko Kamiyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79299",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79299",authors:[{id:"327075",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhiko",surname:"Kamiyama",slug:"yasuhiko-kamiyama",fullName:"Yasuhiko Kamiyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"82378",title:"Covers and Properties of Families of Real Functions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100555",slug:"covers-and-properties-of-families-of-real-functions",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We present results on the relationships of the covering property GΦΨ for Φ,Ψ∈OΛΩΓ and G∈S1SfinUfin of a topological space and the selection property GΦ0Ψ0 of the corresponding family of real functions. The result already published are presented without a proof, however with a citation of the corresponding paper. We present a general Theorem that covers almost all the result of this kind. Some results about hereditary properties are enclosed. We also present Scheepers Diagram of considered covering properties for uncountable covers.",signatures:"Lev Bukovský",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82378",authors:[{id:"427352",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Lev",surname:"Bukovský",slug:"lev-bukovsky",fullName:"Lev Bukovský"}],corrections:null},{id:"80019",title:"Vertex Decomposability of Path Complexes and Stanley’s Conjectures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101083",slug:"vertex-decomposability-of-path-complexes-and-stanley-s-conjectures",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monomials are the link between commutative algebra and combinatorics. With a simplicial complex Δ, one can associate two square-free monomial ideals: the Stanley-Reisner ideal IΔ whose generators correspond to the non-face of Δ, or the facet ideal I(Δ) that is a generalization of edge ideals of graphs and whose generators correspond to the facets of Δ. The facet ideal of a simplicial complex was first introduced by Faridi in 2002. Let G be a simple graph. The edge ideal I(G) of a graph G was first considered by R. Villarreal in 1990. He studied algebraic properties of I(G) using a combinatorial language of G. In combinatorial commutative algebra, one can attach a monomial ideal to a combinatorial object. Then, algebraic properties of this ideal are studied using combinatorial properties of combinatorial object. One of interesting problems in combinatorial commutative algebra is the Stanley’s conjectures. The Stanley’s conjectures are studied by many researchers. Let R be a Nn-graded ring and M a Zn-graded R-module. Then, Stanley conjectured that depthM≤sdepthM. He also conjectured that each Cohen-Macaulay simplicial complex is partition-able. In this chapter, we study the relation between vertex decomposability of some simplicial complexes and Stanley’s conjectures.",signatures:"Seyed Mohammad Ajdani and Francisco Bulnes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80019",authors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"},{id:"440971",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed",surname:"Mohammad Ajdani",slug:"seyed-mohammad-ajdani",fullName:"Seyed Mohammad Ajdani"}],corrections:null},{id:"79892",title:"βI-Compactness, βI*-Hyperconnectedness and βI-Separatedness in Ideal Topological Spaces",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101524",slug:"-em-em-sub-em-i-em-sub-compactness-em-em-sub-em-i-em-sub-hyperconnectedness-and-em-em-sub-em-i-em-su",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Let XτI be an ideal topological space. A subset A of X is said to be β-open if A⊆clintclA, and it is said to be βI-open if there is a set O∈τ with the property 1 O−A∈I and 2 A−clintclO∈I. The set A is called βI-compact if every cover of A by βI-open sets has a finite sub-cover. The set A is said to be cβI-compact, if every cover Oλ:λ∈Λ of A by β-open sets, Λ has a finite subset Λ0 such that A−∪Oλ:λ∈Λ0∈I. The set A is said to be countably βI-compact if every countable cover of A by βI-open sets has a finite sub-cover. An ideal topological space XτI is said to be βI∗-hyperconnected if X−cl∗A∈I for every non-empty βI-open subset A of X. Two subsets A and B of X is said to be βI-separated if clβIA∩B=∅=A∩clβB. Moreover, A is called a βI-connected set if it can’t be written as a union of two βI-separated subsets. An ideal topological space XτI is called βI-connected space if X is βI-connected. In this article, we give some important properties of βI-open sets, βI-compact spaces, cβI-compact spaces, βI∗-hyperconnected spaces, and βI-connected spaces.",signatures:"Glaisa T. Catalan, Michael P. Baldado Jr and Roberto N. Padua",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79892",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79892",authors:[{id:"425714",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Baldado",slug:"michael-baldado",fullName:"Michael Baldado"},{id:"438024",title:"Dr.",name:"Glaisa",surname:"Catalan",slug:"glaisa-catalan",fullName:"Glaisa Catalan"},{id:"486473",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto N.",surname:"Padua",slug:"roberto-n.-padua",fullName:"Roberto N. Padua"}],corrections:null},{id:"79797",title:"Clairaut Submersion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101427",slug:"clairaut-submersion",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we give the detailed study about the Clairaut submersion. The fundamental notations are given. 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In the last decade, the idea of employing free space energy in the forms of heat, light, vibration, electromagnetic waves, muscle motion, and other types of energy has become useful and attractive. A number of methods to produce electricity from these different types of energy sources have been developed [1, 2, 3]. Energy harvesting systems may eliminate the need to replace batteries everyday and the usage of power cords. In order to use as much free space energy as possible, it is important to collect the electromagnetic power from several wireless communication systems. In these cases, we should use wideband or multiband antennas. The energy harvesting antenna must satisfy several specific requirements related to the system application. Due to considerably low-power densities, highly efficient radiators are crucial. The antennas should operate at a specific frequency range and polarization. The antenna radiation pattern should have a wide beam width or omnidirectional radiation pattern. Several printed antennas were employed for harvesting energy applications [4, 5, 6]. Patch and slot antennas are widely used in communication and medical system [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Wideband compact slot and notch antennas are good choice to function in wearable harvesting energy systems. Slot and notch antennas are compact and flexible and have low production cost. Moreover, a compact low-cost feed network may be achieved by integrating the amplifiers with the antennas on the same substrate. Printed wearable antennas are widely presented in the literature in the last decade as referred in [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The human body effect on the electrical performance of wearable antennas at microwave frequencies is not always presented in the literature. Electrical properties of human tissues have been investigated in several papers such as [27, 28]. Several wearable antennas have been presented in papers in the last decade as referred in [22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. Wearable printed notch and slot antennas for harvesting energy applications are rarely presented in the literature. A new class of wideband passive and active wearable antennas for harvesting energy applications is presented in this chapter. The system efficiency and dynamic range may be improved by connecting amplifiers to the antenna feed line. The active antenna gain is around 23 dB, and the active antenna noise figure is 0.3 dB for frequencies from 200 to 600 MHz.
In RF energy harvesting systems, electromagnetic waves propagating in free space are captured, stored, and used to charge batteries and for other applications. There is a significant increase in the amount of electromagnetic energy in the air. The expected amount of radio wave in the air in 2013 was 1.5 exabytes per month. However, the expected amount of radio wave in the air in 2017 was 11 exabytes per month (see Table 1). Today we can do more computations per kWh as listed in Table 2. Energy sources used in harvesting systems are listed in Table 3. Wireless communication systems operate in the frequencies from 700 to 2700 MHz. Medical systems operate in the frequencies from 200 to 1200 MHz. WLAN systems operate in the frequencies from 5400 to 5900 MHz.
Year | Amount of radio wave in free space exabytes per month |
---|---|
2014 | 2.6 |
2015 | 4.4 |
2016 | 7 |
2017 | 11 |
Amount of radio wave in free space.
Year | Computations per kWh (1E+09) |
---|---|
1983 | 10 |
1985 | 50 |
1987 | 100 |
1992 | 1000 |
1997 | 10,000 |
2003 | 100,000 |
2008 | 1,000,000 |
2010 | 15,000,000 |
Computations per kWh.
Energy source | Type | Efficiency | Estimated Harvested Power |
---|---|---|---|
Light | Outdoor/indoor | 10–25% | 100 mW/cm2 |
Thermal | Human Industrial | ∼0.1% ∼3% | 60 μW/cm2 ∼1–10 mW/cm2 |
Vibration | ∼Hz—human ∼kHz—machines | 20–50% | ∼4 μW/cm3 ∼800 μW/cm3 |
Electromagnetic | 900–2700 MHz Wi-Fi, WLAN | ∼50% | 0.1 μW/cm2 0.001 μW/cm2 |
Energy sources used in harvesting systems.
RF energy is inversely proportional to distance and therefore drops as the distance from a source is increased. Harvested power from RF energy sources is around 0.1 μW/cm2. Harvested power from RF energy sources in malls and stadiums may increase to around 1 mW/cm2. RF energy harvesting concept is shown in Figure 1.
Dual mode energy harvesting concept.
The RF energy harvesting system consists of an antenna, a rectifying circuit, and a rechargeable battery. The harvesting energy system operates as a dual mode energy harvesting system. The low-noise amplifier is part of the receiving system. The LNA DC bias voltages are supplied by the receiving system. We can calculate the energy harvesting link budget by using Eqs. (1–4):
Free-space loss (Lp) represents propagation loss in free space. Losses due to attenuation in atmosphere, La, should also be accounted for in the transmission equation, where,
Losses due to polarization mismatch,
where
where
The received power
Wireless smart phone using standard 802.11 can transmit up to 1 W.
PCMCIA cards using standard 802.11 can transmit around 10 mW up to 100 mW.
A compact notch antenna was printed on a dielectric substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2. The antenna dimensions are 116.4 × 71.4 × 1.2 mm, as presented in Figure 2. The antenna bandwidth for VSWR better than 2.5:1 is around 90–100% (see Figure 3). The notch antenna has VSWR better than 3:1 at frequencies from 2.1 to 7.8 GHz. The antenna beam width is around 80° at 5 GHz. The antenna gain is around 2.5 dBi at 3 GHz. The notch antenna radiation pattern at 3.5 GHz is presented in Figure 4. The electromagnetic energy is converted to DC energy by a rectifying circuit connected to the antenna input. A rechargeable battery is connected to the output of the rectifying circuit.
A wideband 2–7.8 GHz energy harvesting notch.
A wideband 2–7.8 GHz notch, computed S11.
Radiation pattern of the notch antenna at 3.5 GHz.
Harvested power from RF transmitting links is usually lower than 0.1 μW/cm2. Active antennas may improve the energy.
Improve harvesting system efficiency. A wideband active notch antenna with fractal structure was printed on a 1.2 mm thick with dielectric constant of 2.2. The compact active notch antenna is shown in Figure 5. The notch antenna dimensions are 74.5 × 57.1 mm. The antenna center frequency is 1.75 GHz. The active antenna bandwidth is around 150–200% for VSWR better than 3:1. The notch antenna gain, S21 parameter, is presented in Figure 6. The active antenna gain is 23 ± 3 dB for frequencies from 200 to 900 MHz.
A wideband fractal active notch antenna.
Active notch antenna S21 parameter.
The active notch antenna VSWR is better than 3:1 for frequencies from 0.5 to 3 GHz. The antenna beam width is around 84° at 1 GHz. A compact E-PHEMT LNA, low-noise amplifier, is connected to the notch antenna via an input matching network. An output matching network connects the amplifier port to the rectifying circuit. A printed compact DC voltage bias network supplies the bias voltages to the harvesting system. The amplifier specification is listed in Table 4. The amplifier complex S parameters are listed in Tables 5 and 6. The amplifier noise parameters are listed in Table 7.
Parameter | Specification | Remarks |
---|---|---|
Frequency range | 0.4–3 GHz | |
Gain | 26 dB at 0.4 GHz 18 dB at 2 GHz | Vds = 3 V; Ids = 60 mA |
Noise figure | 0.4 dB at 0.4 GHz 0.5 dB at 2 GHz | Vds = 3 V; Ids = 60 mA |
P1dB | 18.9 dBm at 0.4 GHz 19.1 dBm at 2 GHz | Vds = 3 V; Ids = 60 mA |
OIP3 | 32.1 dBm at 0.4 GHz 33.6 dBm at 2 GHz | Vds = 3 V; Ids = 60 mA |
Max. input power | 17 dBm | |
Vgs | 0.48 V | Vds = 3 V; Ids = 60 mA |
Vds | 3 V | |
Ids | 60 mA | |
Supply voltage | ±5 V | |
Operating temp. | −40–80°C |
LNA amplifier specification.
F-GHz | S11 | S11° | S21 | S21° |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.19 | −31.76 | 0.964 | 24.13 | 158.9 |
0.279 | 0.93 | −45.77 | 22.97 | 149.5 |
0.323 | 0.92 | −53.39 | 22.45 | 145.3 |
0.413 | 0.89 | −65.72 | 20.98 | 137.27 |
0.50 | 0.87 | −77.1 | 19.54 | 130.3 |
0.59 | 0.83 | −87.12 | 18.08 | 124.14 |
0.726 | 0.8 | −100.8 | 16.22 | 115.7 |
0.816 | 0.77 | −108.8 | 15.07 | 110.75 |
1.04 | 0.74 | −126.2 | 12.74 | 100.13 |
1.21 | 0.71 | −137.6 | 11.25 | 92.91 |
1.53 | 0.687 | −154.2 | 9.29 | 82.06 |
1.75 | 0.67 | −164.1 | 8.24 | 75.31 |
2.02 | 0.67 | −174.6 | 7.27 | 67.82 |
LNA amplifier S parameters.
F-GHz | S12 | S12° | S22 | S22° |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.19 | 0.016 | 74.88 | 0.54 | −22.98 |
0.279 | 0.021 | 65.77 | 0.51 | −33.65 |
0.323 | 0.026 | 62.38 | 0.49 | −39.2 |
0.413 | 0.03 | 57.9 | 0.46 | −49.3 |
0.50 | 0.034 | 53.03 | 0.43 | −57.5 |
0.59 | 0.038 | 48.18 | 0.40 | −64.12 |
0.726 | 0.042 | 42.06 | 0.36 | −74.86 |
0.816 | 0.044 | 39.53 | 0.34 | −80.87 |
1.04 | 0.049 | 33.69 | 0.29 | −94.96 |
1.21 | 0.051 | 30.05 | 0.26 | −104 |
1.53 | 0.055 | 26.08 | 0.22 | −119 |
1.75 | 0.058 | 23.14 | 0.20 | −128.4 |
2.02 | 0.06 | 20.88 | 0.18 | −138.8 |
LNA amplifier S parameters.
F-GHz | NFMIN | N11X | N11Y | Rn |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.4 | 0.070 | 0.3276 | 20.05 | 0.062 |
0.5 | 0.079 | 0.3284 | 24.56 | 0.056 |
0.7 | 0.112 | 0.334 | 36.08 | 0.050 |
0.9 | 0.144 | 0.3396 | 47.4 | 0.045 |
1 | 0.16 | 0.3424 | 52.98 | 0.042 |
1.9 | 0.306 | 0.3682 | 100.93 | 0.029 |
2 | 0.322 | 0.3711 | 106.01 | 0.029 |
2.4 | 0.387 | 0.3829 | 125.79 | 0.029 |
3 | 0.484 | 0.401 | 153.93 | 0.036 |
3.9 | 0.629 | 0.429 | −167.3 | 0.059 |
5 | 0.808 | 0.4645 | −125.53 | 0.11 |
LNA noise parameters.
The active antenna gain is 12 ± 3 dB for frequencies from 1 to 3 GHz. The active notch antenna noise figure is 0.5 ± 0.3 dB for frequencies ranging from 300 to 3.0 GHz as presented in Figure 7. The active notch antenna output VSWR is better than 3:1 for frequencies from 0.5 to 3 GHz. All antennas presented in this paper can operate as passive and active antennas.
Active notch antenna noise figure.
A compact notch antenna with fractal structure is shown in Figure 8. The antenna is printed on a 5580 Duroid substrate, 1.2 mm thick, with dielectric constant of 2.2. The notch antenna dimensions are 52.2 × 36.8 × 1.2 mm. The antenna center frequency is 1.7 GHz. The antenna bandwidth is around 100% for VSWR better than 3:1. The active notch antenna VSWR is better than 3:1 for frequencies from 0.4 to 3 GHz. The antenna beam width is around 82° at 1 GHz. An LNA is connected to the antenna feed line. The antenna is connected to the LNA via an input matching network. An output matching network connects the amplifier output port to a rectifying circuit. A compact DC network supplies the required voltages to the active antenna. The amplifier specification, S parameters, and the amplifier noise parameters are listed in Tables 4–7. The active antenna gain is 21 ± 3 dB for frequencies from 400 MHz to 1.3 GHz, as presented in Figure 9. The active antenna gain is 12 ± 3 dB for frequencies from 1.3 to 3 GHz. The active notch antenna noise figure is 0.5 ± 0.3 dB for frequencies from 300 MHz to 3.0 GHz, as presented in Figure 10. The notch antenna output VSWR is better than 3:1 for frequencies from 0.5 to 3 GHz.
A wideband fractal active notch antenna with fractal structure.
A fractal active notch antenna S21 parameter.
Active fractal notch antenna noise figure.
A wideband T shape wearable slot antenna for energy harvesting applications is shown in Figure 11. The antenna electrical parameters were computed by using momentum software [38]. The volume of the T-shape slot antenna is 7 × 7 × 0.12 cm. The slot antenna center frequency is around 3 GHz. The computed S11 parameters are presented in Figure 12. The antenna bandwidth is around 100% for VSWR better than 3:1. The antenna beamwidth is around 138° at 1 GHz as shown in Figure 13. The antenna gain is around 2.5 dBi. The antenna was designed also as an active antenna as shown in Figure 14. The slot antenna is connected to the LNA via an input matching network. The output matching network connects the amplifier output port to a rectifying circuit. For example, a MMIC LNA with 16 dB gain and 1 dB noise figure has DC power consumption of less than 18 mW in the frequency range from 70 MHz to 1 GHz. The system DC bias network supply the required voltages to the energy harvesting system. The amplifier specification is listed in Table 5. The amplifier complex S parameters are listed in Tables 5 and 6. The active slot antenna gain, S21 parameter, is presented in Figure 15. The active antenna gain is 23 ± 3 dB for frequencies from 200 to 900 MHz. The active antenna gain is 13 ± 3 dB for frequencies from 1 to 3 GHz. The active slot antenna noise figure is 0.5 ± 0.3 dB for frequencies from 200 MHz to 3.0 GHz. The computed S11 parameters of the T-shape slot on human body are presented in Figure 16. The dielectric constant of human body tissue was taken as 45. The antenna was attached to a shirt with dielectric constant of 2.21 mm thick.
A wideband energy harvesting slot antenna.
Computed S11 of a wideband, 0.8–5.4 GHz, slot.
Radiation pattern of the energy harvesting slot antenna.
A wideband active energy harvesting slot antenna.
Active energy harvesting slot antenna S21.
Computed S11 of a wideband, 0.8–5.4 GHz, slot. Antenna on the human body.
The notch and slot antennas’ electrical performance near the human body was investigated by using the model shown in Figure 17. Properties of human body tissues are listed in Table 8 [27, 28]. These properties were employed in the antenna design. Up to four energy harvesting antennas may be assembled in a belt and attached to the patient body as presented in Figure 18. The bias voltage to the active elements is supplied by a compact recorder battery. The DC cables from each harvesting antenna are connected to a rechargeable battery. The electromagnetic energy is converted to DC energy that may be employed to charge medical or commercial body area networks (BANs).
Analyzed structure for wearable slot antennas.
Tissue | Property | 600 MHz | 1000 MHz |
---|---|---|---|
Fat | σ ε | 0.05 5 | 0.06 4.52 |
Stomach | σ ε | 0.73 41.41 | 0.97 39.06 |
Colon | σ ε | 1.06 61.9 | 1.28 59.96 |
Lung | σ ε | 0.27 38.4 | 0.27 38.4 |
Prostate | σ ε | 0. 75 50.53 | 0.90 47.4 |
Kidney | σ ε | 0.88 117.43 | 0.88 117.43 |
Electrical properties of human body tissues.
Active wearable energy harvesting antennas.
As presented in Figure 1, the energy harvesting system consists of an antenna, a rectifying circuit, and a rechargeable battery. A rectifier is a circuit that converts electromagnetic energy, alternating current AC, to direct current (DC). Half-wave rectifier or full wave rectifier may be used to convert electromagnetic AC energy to DC electrical energy. A half-wave rectifier is presented in Figure 19. A half-wave rectifier conducts only during the positive half cycle. It allows only one half of an AC waveform to pass through the load. The rectifier output DC voltage,
Half-wave rectifier.
Improved half-wave rectifier.
The improved half wave rectifier is shown in Figure 20.
The time constant
The bridge full-wave rectifier circuit is used usually for DC power supplies. It consists of four diodes, D1–D4, as shown in in Figure 21, connected to form a bridge. During the positive input half cycle, terminal A will be positive and terminal B will be negative. Diodes D1 and D2 will become forward biased and D3 and D4 will be reversed biased. The rectifier output DC voltage,
Full-wave rectifier.
Improved full-wave rectifier.
The half-wave rectifier efficiency is 81.2% as presented in Eq. 8. This means that only 81.2% of the input AC power is converted into DC power.
A capacitor is used in the improved rectifier to get flat output voltage variation as function of time. The capacitor may be a voltage-controlled varactor diode. Varactors are voltage variable capacitors designed to provide electronic tuning of electrical devices. The output voltage ripple (see Eq. 6) of the improved rectifier may be tuned as function of the frequency of the received signal or of the load resistance R.
A Schottky diode may be used in the rectifier circuit. Schottky diodes are semiconductor diodes which has a low forward voltage drop and a very fast switching action. There is a small voltage drop across the diode terminals when current flows through the diode. The voltage drop of a Schottky diode is usually between 0.15 and 0.4 V. This lower voltage drop provides better system efficiency and higher switching speed. A normal diode has a voltage drop between 0.6 and 1.7 V. Electrical characteristics of Schottky diode and standard PN diodes are listed in Table 9. Typical I–V curves of commercial Schottky diodes are shown in Figure 23.
Parameter | Schottky diode | PN diode |
---|---|---|
Forward current mechanism | Majority carrier transport | Minority carrier transport |
Reverse current | Less temperature dependence | Strong temperature dependence |
Turn on voltage | Small—around 0.2 V | Comparatively large around 0.7 V |
Switching speed | Fast | Limited |
Electrical characteristics of Schottky diode and PN diodes.
Typical I–V curves of Schottky diodes.
Figure 24 presents a wearable harvesting system and a wearable battery charger attached to the patient shirt.
Medical wearable harvesting system.
This paper presents new ultra-wideband wearable passive and active energy harvesting systems and antennas in frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 8 GHz. The antennas are inserted in a belt and attached to the body. The antennas are compact and can be attached to the body. The antennas allow the patients’ easy movement (running, jumping, and working).
The electromagnetic energy is converted to DC energy that may be employed to charge batteries, wearable medical devices, and commercial body area networks. The passive and active notch and slot antennas were analyzed by using 3D full-wave software. Harvested power from RF transmitting links is usually lower than 0.1 μW/cm2. Active antennas may improve the energy harvesting system efficiency. All antennas presented in this paper can operate also as passive antennas. The active notch and slot antenna bandwidth are from 50 to 100% with VSWR better than 3:1. The slot antenna gain is around 3 dBi with efficiency higher than 90%. The antenna electrical parameters were computed near the human body. The active slot antenna gain is 24 ± 2.5 dB for frequencies ranging from 200 to 900 MHz. The active slot antenna gain is 13 ± 3dB for frequencies from 1 to 3.3 GHz. The active wearable antennas may be used in energy harvesting systems for wireless communication and medical applications. The RF energy harvesting system consists of an antenna, a rectifying circuit, and a rechargeable battery. The harvesting energy system operates as a dual mode energy harvesting system. The low-noise amplifier is part of the receiving system. The LNA DC bias voltages are supplied by the receiving system.
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Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7461",title:"Management of Tinnitus",subtitle:"The Enriching Views of Treatment Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9626e5a89247b934de503a3d08752e14",slug:"management-of-tinnitus-the-enriching-views-of-treatment-options",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7461.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7131",title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33875",doi:"10.5772/32762",title:"Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review",slug:"cochlear-implants-in-children-a-review",totalDownloads:4964,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Julia Sarant",authors:[{id:"92583",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Sarant",slug:"julia-sarant",fullName:"Julia Sarant"}]},{id:"49574",doi:"10.5772/61835",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5385,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"49108",doi:"10.5772/61217",title:"Hearing Loss and the Voice",slug:"hearing-loss-and-the-voice",totalDownloads:3350,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The voice varies according to the context of speech and to the physical and psychological conditions of the human being, and there is always a normal standard for the vocal output. Hearing loss can impair voce production, causing social, educational, and speech limitations, with specific deviation of the communication related to speech and voice. Usually, the voice is not the main focus of the speech-language pathology therapy with individuals with hearing loss, but its deviations can represent such a negative impact on this population that it can interfere on speech intelligibility and crucially compromise the social integration of the individual. The literature vastly explores acoustic and perceptual characteristics of children and adults with hearing loss. Voice problems in individuals with this impairment are directly related to its type and severity, age, gender, and type of hearing device used. While individuals with mild and moderate hearing loss can only present problems with resonance, severely impaired individuals may lack intensity and frequency control, among other alterations. The commonly found vocal deviations include strain, breathiness, roughness, monotone, absence of rhythm, unpleasant quality, hoarseness, vocal fatigue, high pitch, reduced volume, loudness with excessive variation, unbalanced resonance, altered breathing pattern, brusque vocal attack, and imprecise articulation. These characteristics are justified by the incapability of the deaf to control their vocal performance due to the lack of auditory monitoring of their own voice, caused by the hearing loss. Hence, the development of an intelligible speech with a good quality of voice on the hearing impaired is a challenge, despite the sophisticated technological advances of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other implantable devices. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to present an extensive review of the literature and describe our experience regarding the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders in individuals with hearing loss.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini\nBrasolotto",authors:[{id:"174260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-cristina-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cristina Coelho"},{id:"174643",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcione",middleName:null,surname:"Brasolotto",slug:"alcione-brasolotto",fullName:"Alcione Brasolotto"},{id:"174644",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",slug:"daniela-medved",fullName:"Daniela Medved"}]},{id:"33864",doi:"10.5772/33569",title:"The Mongolian Gerbil as a Model for the Analysis of Peripheral and Central Age-Dependent Hearing Loss",slug:"the-mongolian-gerbil-as-a-model-for-the-analysis-of-peripheral-and-central-age-dependent-hearing-los",totalDownloads:2366,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Gleich Otto and Strutz Jürgen",authors:[{id:"96191",title:"Dr.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Gleich",slug:"otto-gleich",fullName:"Otto Gleich"},{id:"96195",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Strutz",slug:"jurgen-strutz",fullName:"Jürgen Strutz"}]},{id:"55472",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69089",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5698,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63699",title:"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation",slug:"management-of-the-complications-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation",totalDownloads:7815,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a challenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these procedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.",book:{id:"7245",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Alper Sindel, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan and Öznur Özalp",authors:[{id:"244837",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Sindel",slug:"alper-sindel",fullName:"Alper Sindel"},{id:"244918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Özarslan",slug:"mehmet-mustafa-ozarslan",fullName:"Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan"},{id:"244919",title:"Ms.",name:"Öznur",middleName:null,surname:"Özalp",slug:"oznur-ozalp",fullName:"Öznur Özalp"}]},{id:"55472",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5708,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]},{id:"69430",title:"Concurrent Rhinoplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery",slug:"concurrent-rhinoplasty-and-endoscopic-sinus-surgery",totalDownloads:1201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was first reported in 1991 by Sheman and Matarasso. Since then, many authors have documented a large series showing the overall efficacy of combining the two procedures. The focus of this manuscript is to document the author’s recent experience with combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery and highlight the changes that have occurred during the author’s 2-years experience. A retrospective data review was performed on 53 (31 females and 22 men, age range 16–55 years) patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and ESS between January 2016 and December 2018 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur by the same surgeon. The mean age was 31.8 years. All patients had severe nasal obstruction with chronic rhinosinusitis and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months post-surgery and underwent ENT workup, which included history, office rigid endoscopy, CT scans of paranasal sinuses and preoperative photography. Initially, the ESS was performed followed by the open rhinoplasty with or without osteotomy. The ESS consisted of middle turbinate reduction [15/53 (28.3%)], maxillary antrostomy [36/53 (67.9%)], ethmoidectomy [38/53 (71.6%)], frontal sinusotomy [7/53 (13.2%)], and sphenoidotomy [9/53 (16.9%)]. Most of the sinus symptoms resolved postoperatively with 47 (88.6%) of 53 patients describing their improvement as significant. Fifty (94.3%) of 53 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. The benefits of these advances are illustrated by a review of the literature with good results (functional and cosmetic) and minimal complications.",book:{id:"7062",slug:"rhinosinusitis",title:"Rhinosinusitis",fullTitle:"Rhinosinusitis"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"49574",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5388,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"56237",title:"Caffeine and Meniere’s Disease",slug:"caffeine-and-meniere-s-disease",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Meniere’s disease is characterized by recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and persistent tinnitus. Caffeine consumption in modern society is a widespread and culturally accepted habit; however, there is no consensus about its mechanism of action in various organs and systems, including the auditory and vestibular. The few clinical studies have shown that abstention from caffeine has little effect in patients with Meniere’s disease, both in relation to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss.",book:{id:"5454",slug:"up-to-date-on-meniere-s-disease",title:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease",fullTitle:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease"},signatures:"Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma, Monique Antunes de Souza\nChelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"68849",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Augusto C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"carlos-augusto-c.-p.-oliveira",fullName:"Carlos Augusto C. P. Oliveira"},{id:"175482",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",slug:"monique-barreto",fullName:"Monique Barreto"},{id:"194400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alleluia",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Losno Ledesma",slug:"alleluia-losno-ledesma",fullName:"Alleluia Losno Ledesma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"192",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82305",title:"Nonreceptor Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Necessary for Auditory Function",slug:"nonreceptor-protein-kinases-and-phosphatases-necessary-for-auditory-function",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105425",abstract:"Phosphorylation is one of the most common posttranslational protein modifications. It has multiple roles in cell signaling during development as well as for maintenance of diverse functions of an organism. Protein kinases and phosphatases control phosphorylation and play critical roles in cellular processes from cell birth to cell death. Discovery of hearing-loss-associated gene variants in humans and the study of animal models have identified a crucial role of a plethora of protein phosphatases and kinases in the inner ear. In this review, those nonreceptor kinases or phosphatases are discussed, which are encoded by genes implicated in causing inherited hearing loss in humans or in mouse mutants. These studies have served to highlight the essential roles of protein kinases and phosphatases pathways to the function of the auditory system. However, the inner-ear-specific substrates for most of these enzymes remain to be discovered, as do the mechanisms of disease due to the variants in the genes that encode these proteins.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Sadaf Naz"},{id:"82266",title:"Structure and Physiology of Human Ear Involved in Hearing",slug:"structure-and-physiology-of-human-ear-involved-in-hearing",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105466",abstract:"Hearing is the fundamental sense based on the normal functioning of the hearing organ “the ear,” which plays a vital role in social interaction and the ability of learning. The human ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Defects in outer and middle ear can cause conductive hearing loss, while the defective inner ear may lead to sensorineural hearing loss. So, it is important to study the structure and physiology of the human ear. When a sound of particular frequency enters the outer ear, it passes through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane. It vibrates and passes these vibrations to three ossicles present in the middle ear. The ossicles amplify the vibrations of sound and send them to the cochlea in the inner ear. Cochlea contains organ of Corti, which converts these vibrations into electrical signals by its hair cells. The neural signals in turn are interpreted by the brain, which one can hear and understand. The aim of this chapter is to review the basic structure and physiology of different parts of the human ear that are involved in the hearing process.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Alishbah Sheikh, Bint-e-Zainab, Kanwal Shabbir and Ayesha Imtiaz"},{id:"82244",title:"A Short Overview on Hearing Loss and Related Auditory Defects",slug:"a-short-overview-on-hearing-loss-and-related-auditory-defects",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105222",abstract:"Hearing is the ability of a person to recognize sound in the surroundings and it makes communication possible. Ear is the human organ serving as a transducer that perceives signals from the environment and converts it into detectable forms for interpretation by the brain. The auditory system is among one of the most highly studied systems. Researchers have described the physiological function of the system in detail but due to its complexity, the genetic mechanisms and genes implicated in auditory function are still being revealed. Numerous studies on the genetics of hearing indicate hearing loss as one of the most common and prevalent disorders as it affects approximately five million people worldwide. Besides hearing loss, there are several other pathologies of auditory system which are common and have an established genetic basis. In this chapter, we will introduce the genetics of some common auditory pathologies including syndromic and non-syndromic hearing loss, auditory neuropathy, age-related hearing loss, and tinnitus. These understandings will 1 day lead to better diagnosis, management, and cures.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Hina Khan, Hafiza Idrees, Zunaira Munir and Memoona Ramzan"},{id:"81485",title:"Hearing Restoration through Optical Wireless Cochlear Implants",slug:"hearing-restoration-through-optical-wireless-cochlear-implants",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104622",abstract:"In this chapter, we present two novel optical wireless-based cochlear implant architectures: (i) optical wireless cochlear implant (OWCI) and (ii) all-optical cochlear implant (AOCI). Both the architectures aim to decisively improve the reliability and energy efficiency of hearing restoration devices. To provide design and development guidelines, we document their main components, discuss the particularities of the transdermal optical channel, and provide the analytical framework for their accurate modeling. Building upon this framework, we extract closed-form formulas that quantify the communication, the stimulation, and the overall performance. An overall comparison of OWCI and AOCI, as well as conventional cochlear implants, accompanied by future research directions summarizes this chapter. Our findings reveal that both the OWCI and the AOCI outperform conventional cochlear implant approaches; thus, they are identified as promising architectures for the next generation of cochlear implants.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Stylianos E. Trevlakis, Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos and George K. Karagiannidis"},{id:"80337",title:"Short-Latency Evoked Potentials of the Human Auditory System",slug:"short-latency-evoked-potentials-of-the-human-auditory-system",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102039",abstract:"Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) are short-latency electric potentials from the auditory nervous system that can be evoked by presenting transient acoustic stimuli to the ear. Sources of the ABR are the auditory nerve and brainstem auditory nuclei. Clinical application of ABRs includes identification of the site of lesion in retrocochlear hearing loss, establishing functional integrity of the auditory nerve, and objective audiometry. Recording of ABR requires a measurement setup with a high-quality amplifier with adequate filtering and low skin-electrode impedance to reduce non-physiological interference. Furthermore, signal averaging and artifact rejection are essential tools for obtaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. Comparing latencies for different peaks at different stimulus intensities allows the determination of hearing threshold, location of the site of lesion, and establishment of neural integrity. Audiological assessment of infants who are referred after failing hearing screening relies on accurate estimation of hearing thresholds. Frequency-specific ABR using tone-burst stimuli is a clinically feasible method for this. Appropriate correction factors should be applied to estimate the hearing threshold from the ABR threshold. Whenever possible, obtained thresholds should be confirmed with behavioral testing. The Binaural Interaction Component of the ABR provides important information regarding binaural processing in the brainstem.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Gijsbert van Zanten, Huib Versnel, Nathan van der Stoep, Wiepke Koopmans and Alex Hoetink"},{id:"80409",title:"Precocious Auditory Evoked Potential Recording with Free-Field Stimulus",slug:"precocious-auditory-evoked-potential-recording-with-free-field-stimulus",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102569",abstract:"The aim of this study is to determine the thresholds of normality in the recording of precocious auditory evoked potentials with free-field stimulation and to compare them with conventional stimulation with insertion headphones. For this purpose, we have carried out a case series study of children with normal hearing stimulated with insertion headphones, who underwent Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) with free-field stimuli. Fifty-four ears with normal criteria of children between 6 months and 24 months of age were assessed. The latencies found with free-field stimulation in ABR were significantly longer than the latencies with insert earphone stimulation (p<0.05), and no differences were found in the inter-latencies. No significant differences were found in the thresholds of the ASSR response. We conclude that the ABR thresholds obtained in the free-field correspond to the delay due to the distance of the sound source to the eardrum and, therefore, are superimposable, being applicable to patients where it is not possible to stimulate with insert phones.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Juan Bautista Calero del Castillo, Alberto Guillén Martínez and Francisco García Purriños"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82465",title:"Agroforestry: An Approach for Sustainability and Climate Mitigation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105406",signatures:"Ricardo O. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. 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He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. 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