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1. Introduction
The global demand for potable water to meet all activities of mankind, in the industrial, domestic and agricultural sectors has been increasing rapidly due primarily to three growth factors, namely (i) an increasing world’ population in developing countries, (ii) the quest for higher economic growth in all economies and (iii) the over-abstraction of ground water and the degradation of existing natural water sources on land. Much of fresh water found on land, namely lakes, wetlands and rivers, is gradually being polluted by indiscriminate discharge of man-made pollutants. By the year 2030, Global Water Intelligence [1] has projected an increase in annual potable-water demand from the current level of 5300–6900 billion cubic meters (bcm), equivalent to a compound annual growth rate of over 2%, as shown in Table 1. Yet, the existing sustainable potable water supply, mainly from natural precipitation sources, remains constant at 4200 bcm annually. Such a shortfall in the supply-demand of greater than 2700 bcm annually can only be met by reliable desalination methods [2]. Many ad-hoc measures to conserve water consumption and better manage the supply infrastructure can improve the water use inventory in water stressed countries [3]. However, ground water extraction rates are far greater than the rates at which they are replenished and there is over extraction from rivers [4]. Even with a degree of water re-use there will be a deficit between consumption and sustainable supply. Thus, the only practical means of meeting the future global potable water needs is by seawater desalination [5].
Water consumption by sectors
Potable water from natural precipitation 109 m3 or bcm
2010 bcm/year
2018 bcm/year
2030 bcm/year
Predicted deficit in water bcm/year
Industry
4200
3100
3600
4500
2700
Agriculture
800
1028
1500
Domestic
600
705
900
Total
4500
5333
6900
Table 1.
The projected demand and supply of potable water for the industry, agriculture and domestic sectors, as reported by global water intelligence (GWI) [1, 2, 3].
For seawater desalination at ambient temperature, the minimum work needed to separate dissolved salt ions of 3.5% by weight from the brine (within the solution) is termed as the thermodynamic limit (TL) of the normal seawater. Invoking the Gibbs equations for the separation process where the mass fractions of dissolved salts, the activity coefficients of water and solute are known, the theoretical work can be readily found to be 0.78 kWh_primary energy(pe) per cubic meter of potable water or alternatively, the amount of potable water could be theoretically attained at TL is 1.282 m3 per kWh_pe consumption [6]. The primary energy (PE) is the naturally available work and it is equivalent to the respective calorific value of fuel burned. It implies that the kWh_pe/m3 of energy consumption at TL is totally devoid of dissipative losses as the processes are deemed ideal, i.e., the available work as described by classical thermodynamics. Unfortunately, such a concept has been grossly misinterpreted in the literature. The recent reports indicated that energy efficacy of exiting methods in seawater desalination have achieved merely 13% of the TL [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. This shows that currently desalination processes are not consuming fossil fuel energy sources efficiently. Thus, there is a great motivation to improve the energy efficacy of desalination processes to meet the sustainable goals of future water supplies.
In this chapter, the authors attempt to address two challenges facing the desalination industry: Firstly, there is a need to have a common thermodynamic framework to define the absolute value of energy supplied to separation processes. The energy consumed by assorted desalination processes must incorporate both quantity and quality aspects at the respective input conditions of processes. Unfortunately, the quality of dissimilar energy supplied to assorted desalination methods hitherto has been inadvertently omitted. We accentuate that a meaningful efficacy comparison of dissimilar desalination methods can be achieved with a common thermodynamic platform of high to low temperature reservoirs. All derived energy consumption of desalination processes is equivalently transformed to the consumption of primary energy. Such procedures are predicated on either the same equivalent Carnot work output or input depending on the nature of desalination methods used. More importantly, the proposed methodology provides a direct apportionment, in the form conversion factors (CF), in the existing cogeneration power plants setting producing electricity and heat for desalination processes. Secondly, the authors opined that an optimally-designed desalination system can readily attain up to 35% of the TL, as reflected by the many plausible heat engines operating currently in other industries. A quantum improvement in the efficiency of separation processes of seawater desalination is most likely to realize either by (i) developing better performing work-driven systems such as thin-film composite materials or (ii) a higher thermodynamic synergy between the heat-driven processes. In the later section, the authors will highlight a hybrid heat-driven cycle, that were successfully tested at KAUST, attained the best energy efficacy for seawater desalination of 20% [12].
2. Limitations of current evaluation methodologies
At present, the conventional secondary or derived energy units, expressed in kWh of electricity or thermal heat source, are used inadequately for energy efficiency comparison between all types of desalination processes [13, 14]. This practice is insufficient because it has omitted a key aspect of energy quality embedded in the supply fuels. As demonstrated later, the assumption that all derived energy, no matter how dissimilar in forms, are deemed directly equivalent to each other which is thermodynamically inadequate. The units of energy measurement, namely kWh or 3.6 MJ, expresses merely its quantitative aspect but it has ignored the qualitative aspect of the energy used.
For example, same heat input, Q(1 kWh), is supplied to two processes, as depicted on a temperature versus entropy diagram of Figure 1. States 1–2 shows higher temperature process and states 3–4 at a lower temperature, i.e., T1 >> T3. Using the concept of an ideal Carnot cycle at the same heat input, the available work that could be extracted from the former process is higher than the latter. Being an isothermal cycle in a T-S diagram, i.e., ∮12dcQ=∮12dcWand∮12dcU=0, the energy input from a higher temperature source yields a larger amount of useful work due primarily to the better quality of heat input. This is reflected by the dissimilar unavailable work that were demarcated by the ambient temperature and the entropy change. Such unavailable work is also commonly known as the dissipation trapped by the “dead state”. This aspect of diminishing available work with lower heat source temperature can be observed to reduce to zero at the limit, Tsource → To. A second aspect of Figure 1 is cascading of processes in which exhaust of processes at higher temperature can be used as a heat source for a second process operating at relatively lower temperature to optimize the cycle efficiency.
Figure 1.
A graphical demonstration of the energetic quantity and quality to thermodynamic cycles. Despite having same quantity of energy input, say, Q = 1 kWh, a higher available work could be produced from the process of a higher input temperature that is, WA,12ba >> WA,34fe. Note that the available work constitutes the useful work, the internal and external dissipative losses incurred by the processes of cycle. At near to ambient temperature, To. The cycle-56Ji has zero available work, even it is supplied with the same heat quantity. Despite the same heat input quantity, the cycles have dissimilar amount of unavailable work, and it is attributed to the quality of energy (defined by temperature and pressure) being supplied over the limit of “dead state”.
Over many decades, decision makers within the desalination industry have failed to notice the above-mentioned misconception. Should it remain uncorrected, sub-optimal decisions will be made and, in a world, seeking to become carbon neutral the implications are serious. The consequences will be inferior selection of desalination methods for the supply of large quantity of potable water in many water-stressed countries. Operating a non-optimal desalination plant over its lifespan not only burdens consumers economically with a higher unit water cost but the associated carbon dioxide emissions will be higher and probably there will be a higher discharge of chemically laden brine into the sea.
Those interested in pedagogy might care to ask the following rudimentary question, why despite many decades of advancement in science and engineering, how is it possible for the desalination industry to treat dissimilar energy quantities as if they were the same or, as the English would say, compare apples with oranges? We will seek to give an answer at the end of the paper.
3. A level playing field across the processes
Currently, the best available power plants for co-generation of electricity and heat sources are the combined cycle gas turbines plant or CCGTs in short to utilize fossil fuel primary energy optimally. It consumes conventional primary energy, by burning the natural gas or liquid fuels in the combustor, to generate secondary or derived energy. Such derived energy is used conveniently for powering the work and heat-driven processes for treating impaired water to produce potable water, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Typical primary energy consumption in a combined power and water cycle.
One notable point is the relative rates of primary energy consumption in producing the derived energy types. A detailed analysis indicates a disproportionate distribution of primary energy use by the assorted processes of a conversion plant. For example, the electricity generation from the gas and steam turbines incurred almost 96 ± 1% of the total input exergy, and followed by a minor portion in the form of bled-steam at low pressures at 2 ± 0.1% for powering desalination processes, whilst the remaining 2 ± 0.1% of input exergy are traced to the heat rejection to ambient by exhaust gases and to the condenser.
The stark differences in exergy destruction nullifies any implicit long-held assumption that some might have of direct parity or equivalence between dissimilar derived energy consumptions. Many would recognize that 1 kWh_elec is not equal to 1 kWh_thermal but would not be able to establish a weighting between them. Thermodynamically, not all derived energy is created equal. Unfortunately, the current practice of quantifying energy efficacy across assorted seawater desalination methods is based on “equal parity between all types of derived energy”. Obviously, this is a flawed assumption. A simple analogy is found in monetary currencies conversion in between countries. For example, a unit US dollar is not equivalent to another currency such as the Australian dollar. Economists employed a method of purchasing power parity (PPP), based on a basket of essential consumer products that normalized the necessary conversion factors in between all currencies globally. Here we seek to achieve the same for desalination processes.
4. Thermodynamic framework
The term exergy was devised by Zoran Rant [15] in 1956 by using two Greek words, i.e., “ex” and “ergon” meaning “from work”. However, the main concept was first studied by Willard Gibbs in 1873 [16]. The term exergy is defined as “the available work” and it constitutes the maximum useful (shaft) work that could be extracted from of a cycle. Recently, many researchers published on exergoeconomic and thermoeconomic analysis of desalination process [17, 18, 19, 20].
To provide any misconceptions across the various type of seawater desalination processes, the thermodynamics of heat engines, representing the desalination methods, are invoked. The amount of ideal or Carnot work (WC) that can be extracted from a flow of heat input QH, emanating from a higher temperature (TH) heat source to an engine, producing an ideal work WC, whilst rejecting heat QL into a low temperature (TL) reservoir, is depicted schematically in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
A heat engine driven by heat transfers at high and low temperature reservoirs and Carnot (ideal) work that can be emanated by it.
Due to incipient dissipative losses, the actual useful work (Wact,i) produced by an engine is lower than the ideal or Carnot work and thus, the Second Law efficiency (ηi") of engine defines the work ratio, i.e., ηi" =Wact,iWC. We invoke the derived corollary of Second |Law of Thermodynamics relationship, i.e.,
WTH−TL=QHTH=QLTL,E1
where TH and TL are the process average temperatures corresponding to any desalination methods. For a given Carnot work (WC,) output from a cycle, the corresponding amount of heat supply (QH at TH) to the engine is deemed as the primary energy input. This can be expressed as the product of Carnot work and the ratio of TH to the temperature difference (TH–TL) between the reservoirs:
QH=WCTHTH−TL.E2
Assuming the same work output were to be derived from an adiabatic flame (Tadia) of a fuel burned with ambient air and operating between maximum temperature difference across the reservoirs (Tadia-To), the heat supply to the engine is equivalent to the work potential (exergy) of heat engine. A common thermodynamic platform across the temperatures, Tadia and To, is proposed where an equivalent heat transfer (QSPE) at the referenced platform would deliver the same Carnot work, i.e.,
QSPE=WCTadiaTadia−To.E3
Given the temperature platform, i.e., Tadia−To, Eq. (3) implies the input exergy, QSPE, is equivalent to a fraction of supplied fuel to generate the Carnot work. Should there be “n” number of engines operating synergistically across the same referenced temperature reservoirs, then the total standard primary energy consumption by all engines is given by the summation of the right hand terms of Eq. (3), i.e.,
∑i=1nQspe,i=TadiaTadia−To∑i=1nWC,i.E4
where “i” refers to a process in a combined machine. Eq. (4) depicts an important observation of decomposition of total input exergy (work) into fractions as accrued by a host of sequential machines. This is similar to the equivalent primary energy input, i.e., Q_spe, contributed by all processes in a CCGT plant. At known heat transfer rates corresponding to each set of inlet and outlet temperatures of a cycle, the total Carnot work can be cumulatively summed to yield the primary energy of the fuel burned as presented in case example in following sections. Equivalently, the apportionment of standard primary energy consumption incurred by the processes of CCGT, namely the generation of electricity and low-grade steam energy, can now be accurately determined using a conversion factor for ease of application.
Extending the Eq. (4) by taking the ratio of standard primary energy and the Carnot work of a process to their respective total in the cycle gives their equivalency. Also the temperature ratios (1-To/Tadia) are eliminated.
QSPE∑i=1nQSPE,i=WC∑i=1nWC,iE5
Herein a conversion factor CFi is defined as the standard primary energy to the actual derived energy. It can be expressed as
where the Second Law efficiency of a process is defined as ηi"=Wa,iWC,i, and Tadia is the adiabatic flame temperature of fuel burning in air which characterizes the highest temperature difference (Tadia–To) across the reservoirs of the heat engine.
5. Results and discussion
For clarity, a typical CCGT plant of nominal primary energy input of 2000 MW is considered as presented in Figure 2. By analyzing the heat transfer rates at the respective temperature reservoirs for each of the cascaded processes, the ideal or Carnot work can be determined with a selected common temperature platform, defined by the adiabatic flame and ambient temperatures. By summing all the standard primary energy (Q_SPE), as described by Eq. (4), it yields the equivalent primary energy of fuel or the fuel exergy supplied to the CCGT plant. In terms of the useful output, the total electricity generation from both turbines of CCGT amounts to 1094.37 MWelec and a steam-powered multi-effect distillation (integrated MED_TVC) produces 5445 m3/h potable water. To sustain the dissimilar derived energy, a steady heat rate of 2000 MW is needed by burning a fossil fuel such as the natural gas at the combustor of gas turbines (GT) cycle. The detailed thermodynamic states and the mass flow rates of working fluids operating in key components of CCGT, either the products of combustion or steam at all state points of key components, are presented in Appendix 1.
This procedure offers a means of apportionment of the Qspe into fractions that generate all types of useful derived energy to power the assorted desalination plants, as summarized in Figure 4. Based on these fractions of primary energy dissipation, the appropriate conversion factors are derived which forms a basis for level platform to normalize the primary fuel to derived energy or vice versa. For example, the conversion factor for electricity is simply expressed as the ratio of Q_SPE to the electricity generated or alternatively, it can also be determined from the Second Law and temperature ratios as shown below:
Figure 4.
The consumption of standard primary energy and the production of useful derived energy by the major components of a combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) power plant. The units of accompanying table are in MW.
Similarly, the conversion factor for low-grade steam input to MED_TVC is expressed by the ratio Qspe to the thermal energy input or it can also be determined from the appropriate temperature ratios:
The thermodynamic limit of 0.78 kWhspe/m3 is engaged to determine the Carnot work and the temperature reservoirs of the ideal states. Thus, the above calculations demonstrated that a common standard primary energy platform could resolve the long-held implicit misconception of equivalency that were assumed between different types of derived energy, namely that between electrical and thermal energy. Such a thermodynamic fallacy has unfortunately persisted in the desalination industry for over 5 decades.
Figure 4 present the standard primary energy consumptions and the production of useful derived energy by the major components of a CCGT power plant based on derived conversion factors.
It is noticed that at ideal conditions, the maximum potable water production per unit primary energy consumed is 1.282 m3/kWhspe or minimum specific energy consumption is 0.943 kWhspe/m3. Being an ideal process, no conversion of primary energy to derived energy is needed. However, a common misconception, often seen in literature where the graph of specific energy consumption for desalination processes is presented against the various recovery ratios. Conventionally, it showed a curve of gradual increase of the derived energy consumption with increasing recovery ratio (RR) from zero to more than 60%. This depiction of specific derived energy consumption has omitted the dissipative losses incurred by the conversion plants in producing the derived energy when the RR is other than zero. A similar concept is found in the Carnot efficiency of a heat engine when the actual work output is deemed zero at the ideal limit, although the available Carnot work from the cycle is at its highest. Using the proposed common platform of standard primary energy consumption for all desalination processes, the cross comparison of energy efficiency amongst all desalination methods can now be accurately resolved. Figure 5 shows the energy efficacy from about 60 seawater desalination plants powered by assorted desalination methods, stretching from 1983 to the present [21].
For a fair comparison, all conventional specific derived energy consumption in these plants is transformed to their equivalent primary energy with the relevant conversion factors, where the embedded quantitative and qualitative aspects of the derived energy are now incorporated. It can be seen that SWRO is has a slightly better energy efficacy than MED and MSF, achieving around 13% of TL. Nevertheless, all practical methods available hitherto are still far below the TL, hovering less than 10–13% of the ideal.
The authors have conducted an experimental study at KAUST of a hybrid approach involving the well-proven heat driven MED-TVC processes with an adsorption (AD) cycle, arranged in a back-to-back manner [12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. A quantum jump in the energy efficiency is achieved through the thermodynamic integration of two thermally-driven cycles with two salient consequences, namely (i) an increase in the available temperature differences between the top to bottom brine temperatures and hence more MED stages could be inserted, and (ii) an opportunity to scavenge more enthalpy from the seawater feed by liquid flashing in the lower stages of MED where the corresponding stage temperatures were below ambient. The recent pilot-scale experiments, conducted with hybrid design of MED-AD plant at KAUST, have attained a lowest brine temperature of 5°C. The vapor generation in these MED stages maximized both the effects from the thermally-driven film evaporation and the liquid flashing from the excess enthalpy embedded available in the feed spray [32, 33, 34, 35]. Consequently, the thermodynamic synergy between MED-TVC and AD cycles have boosted distillate production by more than two folds with the same energy input to the top brine stage, attaining a specific energy consumption level of 4.85 kWhspe/m3 that shows a quantum jump in energy efficiency from current 13 to 20% of TL, as indicated in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Energy efficiency of seawater desalination processes based on standard primary energy. The MED-TVC shows a higher energy efficacy as compared to MSF and the SWRO.
6. Summary
In summary, the common platform of standard primary energy consumption is thermodynamically the most rigorous method for the cross comparison of energy efficiency of assorted desalination processes. The outward acceptance of equivalency between electricity and low-grade thermal energy has led to a long-held indifference to the quality of derived energy supply to utilize more optimally. This attitude has afflicted the desalination industry for more than 5 decades. The consequence from such a fallacy has led to some inferior decisions by leaders of desalination industry particularly regarding the adoption of less energy efficient desalination processes and hence non-optimal energy consumption. Such poor selection has burdened the future economy of many water-stressed countries with higher unit water costs over the decade-long life-span of plants. In concluding it is noted, firstly that the energy efficiency of all practical desalination methods available hitherto have been shown, on a standard primary energy platform, to be far below the ideal limit, typically hovering between 10 and 13% of the TL. Secondly, the design experiences accrued by scientists and engineers have demonstrated, in some other disciplines, that a plausible energy efficiency target of an engine operating between 35 and 40% of ideal limit is tenable for the cascaded designs of assorted desalination plants. Only at these higher efficacy levels will the desalination processes be poised to meet the future goals of sustainable seawater desalination. Hence, there is motivation to strive for higher efficiency with better thermally-driven distillation techniques or thin-film composite membranes [36, 37, 38, 39, 40]. The caveat is that a common platform for energy efficacy comparison is desirable, and it is anchored to the best available conversion technology known. For example, in the past three decades, the CCGT has the highest conversion efficiency in the production of convenient derived energy that powers the desalination processes. In future when making appropriate comparison, the same thermodynamic-rigorous methodology of using a standard primary energy platform is equally valid.
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thank Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom POC grant for Solar Water project awarded to Dr. Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia for the research support of this research. This work was also supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, UK) grant-EP/N007921.
Thermodynamic states of air and steam of CCGT cycle under investigation.
State points
ṁ (kg/s)
T (K)
P (bar)
h (kJ/kg)
s (kJ/kg-K)
1
2021.64
305
1.0
305.6
6.88
2
2021.64
592
8.0
599.3
6.98
3
2056.00
1470
8.0
1559.1
8.30
4
2056.00
911
1.2
945.0
8.0
4a
2066.00
370
1.05
371.8
7.08
5
295.16
833
113
3514.3
6.7
5a
295.16
683
28
3360.0
7.0
6
295.16
833
28
3600.0
7.5
6a
287.16
703
10
3380.0
7.8
P1
8.0
768
17
3490.0
7.55
7
287.16
703
10
3380.0
7.8
7a
151.16
319
0.1
2590.0
8.16
P2
136.0
573
2.7
3090.0
7.75
8
151.16
308
0.1
189.0
0.639
\n',keywords:"sustainable desalination, thermodynamic limit, universal performance ratio, primary energy",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82050.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82050.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82050",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82050",totalDownloads:13,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"April 8th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 1st 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 31st 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"A major fraction of secondary energy consumed for our daily activities, such as electricity and low-grade heat sources, emanates from the conversion of fossil fuels in power plants. In the seawater desalination processes, the energy efficiency is usually expressed in kWh electricity or kWh of low-grade heat per unit volume of water produced. Although kWh energy unit provides a quantitative measure of input energy, it has subtly omitted the embedded quality of supplied energy to desalination plants. In assuming the equivalency across dissimilar energy forms, it results in a thermodynamic misconception that has eluded the desalination industry hitherto, i.e., not all units of derived energy are created equal. An incomplete energy efficacy approach may result in the inferior selection of desalination processes to be deployed;—a phenomenon observed in the trend of installed desalination capacity globally. Operating a less efficient desalination plant over its lifespan would create much economic burdens including a higher unit cost of water, higher CO2 emissions and greater brine discharge to the environment. This book chapter clarifies the key concept and a thermodynamic framework to rectify the misconception in energy consumption, permitting energy planners and designers to optimize deployment of future desalination plants for energy sustainability. We have derived conversion factors to convert assorted derived energies into standard primary energy for fair comparison.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82050",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82050",signatures:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Kim Choon Ng, Muhammad Burhan, Chen Qian, Doskhan Ybyraiykul, M. Kumja, Muhammad Ahmad Jamil, Yinzhu Jiang, Nida Imtiaz and Ben Bin Xu",book:{id:"10687",type:"book",title:"Energy Efficiency",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Energy Efficiency",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Prof. Muhammad Sultan, Dr. Laurent Dala, Prof. Ben Bin Xu and Dr. Yinzhu Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10687.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-828-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-827-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-829-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",email:"muhammad.w.shahzad@northumbria.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174208/images/system/174208.jpg",institution:{name:"Northumbria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"254696",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim Choon",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Kim Choon Ng",slug:"kim-choon-ng",email:"kimchoon.ng@kaust.edu.sa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"417448",title:"Prof.",name:"Ben Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Ben Bin Xu",slug:"ben-bin-xu",email:"ben.xu@northumbria.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/417448/images/system/417448.png",institution:{name:"Northumbria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Limitations of current evaluation methodologies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. A level playing field across the processes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Thermodynamic framework",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Summary",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Market Insight: Global Water Market, Global Water Intelligence Report. Oxford, United Kingdom: Global Water Market; 2018'},{id:"B2",body:'Odhiambo GO. Water scarcity in the Arabian Peninsula and socio-economic implications. Applied Water Science. 2016;6:21-35'},{id:"B3",body:'Wehn U, Collins K, Anema K, Carrera LB, Lerebours A. Stakeholder engagement in water governance as social learning: Lessons from practice. Water International. 43(1, 2017):34-59'},{id:"B4",body:'Vorosmarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers RB. Global water resources: Vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science. 2000;289(5477):284-288'},{id:"B5",body:'Shahzad MW, Burhan M, Ang L, Ng KC. Energy-water-environment nexus underpinning future desalination sustainability. Desalination. 2017;413:52-64'},{id:"B6",body:'Van Der Ham F. Eutectic Freeze Crystallization. Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, Netherlands; 1999 (Eutectic Freeze—TU Delft Repositories, repository.tudelft.nl)'},{id:"B7",body:'Shahzad MW, Burhan M, Ng KC. A standard primary energy approach for comparing desalination processes. npj Clean Water. 2019;2:1'},{id:"B8",body:'Shahzad MW, Ng KC. On the road to water sustainability in the Gulf. Nature Middle East. 2016;4:1-11. DOI: 10.1038/nmiddleeast.2016.50'},{id:"B9",body:'Shahzad MW, Burhan M, Son HS, Oh SJ, Ng KC. Desalination processes evaluation at common platform: A universal performance ratio (UPR) method. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018;134:62-67'},{id:"B10",body:'Ng KC, Shahzad MW, Son HS, Hamed OA. An exergy approach to efficiency evaluation of desalination. Applied Physics Letters. 2017;110(18):184101. DOI: 10.1063/1.4982628'},{id:"B11",body:'Shahzad MW, Burhan M, Ybyraiymkul D, Ng KC. Desalination processes’ efficiency and future roadmap. Entropy. 2019;21(1):84'},{id:"B12",body:'Son HS, Shahzad MW, Ghaffour N, Ng KC. Pilot studies on synergetic impacts of energy utilization in hybrid desalination system: Multi-effect distillation and adsorption cycle (MED-AD). Desalination. 2020;477:114266'},{id:"B13",body:'Ghaffour N, Missimer TM, Amy GL. Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination. 2013;309:197-207'},{id:"B14",body:'Yip NY, Elimelech M. Thermodynamic and energy efficiency analysis of power generation from natural salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis. Environmental Science & Technology. 2012;46(9):5230-5239'},{id:"B15",body:'Zoran R. Exergie, Ein neues Wort für “technische Arbeitsfähigkeit”. Forschung Auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens. 1956;22:36-37'},{id:"B16",body:'Gibbs JW. A method of geometrical representation of thermodynamic properties of substances by means of surfaces: Reprinted in Gibbs, collected works. In: Longley WR, Van Name RG, editors. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New York: Longmans, Green; 1873. pp. 382-404'},{id:"B17",body:'Jamil MA, Shahzad MW, Zubair SM. A comprehensive framework for thermoeconomic analysis of desalination systems. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020;222:113188'},{id:"B18",body:'Abid A, Jamil MA, us Sabah N, Farooq MU, Yaqoob H, Khan LA, et al. Exergoeconomic optimization of a forward feed multi-effect desalination system with and without energy recovery. Desalination. 2021;499:114808'},{id:"B19",body:'Jamil MA, Goraya TS, Shahzad MW, Zubair SM. Exergoeconomic optimization of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020;226:113462'},{id:"B20",body:'Jamil MA, Goraya TS, Ng KC, Zubair SM, Xu BB, Shahzad MW. Optimizing the energy recovery section in thermal desalination systems for improved thermodynamic, economic, and environmental performance. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2021;124:105244'},{id:"B21",body:'Ng KC, Burhan M, Chen Q, Ybyraiymkul D, Akhtar FH, Kumja M, et al. A thermodynamic platform for evaluating the energy efficiency of combined power generation and desalination plants. npj Clean Water. 2021;4(1):1-10'},{id:"B22",body:'Shahzad MW, Ng KC. On the Road to Water Sustainability in the Gulf, Nature Middle East. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2016. DOI: 10.1038/nmiddleeast.2016.50'},{id:"B23",body:'Shahzad MW, Ng KC, Thu K. Future sustainable desalination using waste heat: Kudos to thermodynamic synergy. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2016;2(1):206-212'},{id:"B24",body:'Thu K, Kim YD, Shahzad MW, Saththasivam J, Ng KC. Performance investigation of an advanced multi-effect adsorption desalination (MEAD) cycle. Applied Energy. 2015;159:469-477'},{id:"B25",body:'Shahzad MW, Thu K, Kim YD, Ng KC. An experimental investigation on MEDAD hybrid desalination cycle. Applied Energy. 2015;148:273-281'},{id:"B26",body:'Ng KC, Thu K, Oh SJ, Ang L, Shahzad MW, Ismail AB. Recent developments in thermally-driven seawater desalination: Energy efficiency improvement by hybridization of the MED and AD cycles. Desalination. 2015;356:255-270'},{id:"B27",body:'Shahzad MW, Ng KC, Thu K, Saha BB, Chun WG. Multi effect desalination and adsorption desalination (MEDAD): A hybrid desalination method. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014;72(2):289-297'},{id:"B28",body:'Shahzad MW, Ybyraiymkul D, Burhan M, Ng KC. Renewable energy-driven desalination hybrids for sustainability. In: Desalination and Water Treatment. London: InTechOpen; 2018'},{id:"B29",body:'Shahzad MW, Burhan M, Ybyraiymkul D, Ng KC. Desalination with renewable energy: A 24 hours operation solution. In: Water and Wastewater Treatment. London: InTechOpen; 2019'},{id:"B30",body:'Shahzad MW, Burhan M, Ghaffour N, Ng KC. A multi evaporator desalination system operated with thermocline energy for future sustainability. Desalination. 2018;435:268-277'},{id:"B31",body:'Shahzad MW, Ybyraiymkul D, Burhan M, Oh SJ, Ng KC. An innovative pressure swing adsorption cycle. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 2062. Melville, NY: AIP Publishing LLC; 2019. p. 020057'},{id:"B32",body:'Alrowais R, Qian C, Burhan M, Ybyraiymkul D, Shahzad MW, Ng KC. A greener seawater desalination method by direct-contact spray evaporation and condensation (DCSEC): Experiments. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020;179:115629'},{id:"B33",body:'Chen Q, Alrowais R, Burhan M, Ybyraiymkul D, Shahzad MW, Li Y, et al. A self-sustainable solar desalination system using direct spray technology. Energy. 2020;205:118037'},{id:"B34",body:'Chen Q, Muhammad B, Akhtar FH, Ybyraiymkul D, Muhammad WS, Li Y, et al. Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation system. Desalination. 2020;483:114413'},{id:"B35",body:'Chen Q, Burhan M, Shahzad MW, Ybyraiymkul D, Akhtar FH, Li Y, et al. A zero liquid discharge system integrating multi-effect distillation and evaporative crystallization for desalination brine treatment. Desalination. 2021;502:114928'},{id:"B36",body:'Najar BA, Peters CD, Albuflasa H, Hankins NP. Pressure and osmotically driven membrane processes: A review of the benefits and production of nano-enhanced membranes for desalination. Desalination. 2020;479:114323'},{id:"B37",body:'Peters CD, Hankins NP. Osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO): Five approaches to dewatering saline brines using pressure-driven membrane processes. Desalination. 2019;458:1-13'},{id:"B38",body:'Ostergaard P, Duic A, Noorollahi N, Mikulcic Y, Kalogirou SA. Sustainable development using renewable energy technology. Renewable Energy. 2020;146:2430-2437'},{id:"B39",body:'Kalogirou SA. Introduction to Renewable Energy Powered Desalination, Ch 1, Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Handbook, Application and Thermodynamics. Oxford, United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2018'},{id:"B40",body:'Nguyen T, Kook S, Lee C, Field RW, Kim IS. Critical flux-based membrane fouling control of forward osmosis: Behavior, sustainability, and reversibility. Journal of Membrane Science. 2019;570–571:380-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.062'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad",address:"muhammad.w.shahzad@northumbria.ac.uk",affiliation:'
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, UK
School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, P.R. China
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, UK
School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Ben Bin Xu",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, UK
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In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
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Moreover, the life of old structures has to be extended. This includes the replacement of expensive periodic in-service inspections with cost-efficient structural health monitoring (SHM) with permanently installed sensors. Mooring chains for floating offshore installations, typically designed for a 25-year service life, are loaded in fatigue in a seawater environment. There is no industry consensus on failure mechanisms or even defect initiation that mooring chains may incur. Moorings are safety-critical areas, which by their nature are hazardous to inspect. Close visual inspection in the turret is usually too hazardous for divers, yet is not possible with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), because of limited access. Conventional non-destructive techniques (NDTs) are used to carry out inspections of mooring chains in the turret of floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units. Although successful at detecting and assessing the fatigue cracks, the hazardous nature of the operation calls for remote techniques that can be applied continuously to identify damage initiation and progress. Appropriate replacement plans must enhance current strategies by implementing real-time data retrofit.",book:{id:"5874",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-measurement-methods-and-practical-applications",title:"Structural Health Monitoring",fullTitle:"Structural Health Monitoring - Measurement Methods and Practical Applications"},signatures:"Ángela Angulo, Graham Edwards, Slim Soua and Tat-Hean Gan",authors:[{id:"78586",title:"Prof.",name:"Tat Hean",middleName:null,surname:"Gan",slug:"tat-hean-gan",fullName:"Tat Hean Gan"},{id:"178330",title:"Dr.",name:"Slim",middleName:null,surname:"Soua",slug:"slim-soua",fullName:"Slim Soua"},{id:"185485",title:"Ms.",name:"Ángela",middleName:null,surname:"Angulo",slug:"angela-angulo",fullName:"Ángela Angulo"},{id:"205582",title:"Mr.",name:"Graham",middleName:null,surname:"Edwards",slug:"graham-edwards",fullName:"Graham Edwards"}]},{id:"75395",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96070",title:"Biomedical Applications with Using Embedded Systems",slug:"biomedical-applications-with-using-embedded-systems",totalDownloads:741,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Besides the use of embedded systems in the field of electrical and electronics engineering, industrial, telecommunication, military, and many other commercial applications, and the other applications in the field of medical and biomedical are becoming increasingly common. Embedded system applications are increasing not only with designs on devices or with clothing, factories, medical and military equipments, portable devices, but also with applications such as ‘mobile worlds’ and ‘e-worlds’, Artificial Intelligence and IoT (Internet of things) with the possibility to make all kinds of software on them. In recent years, with the rise of infectious diseases such as the Covid 19 virus, there is a growing need for telemedicine applications such as diagnosis, prognosis and patient management. Embedded system technologies have occupied an important area in biomedical technology. Especially, to develop tools for the purposes of increasing the safety of healthcare workers in the event of epidemic infectious diseases in processes such as pandemics. For this purpose, monitoring of patients discharged from hospitals at home or non-intensive care beds during quarantine, or isolated in their homes, outpatient, and mildly ill, remotely, instantly, safely and quickly, are becoming increasingly important. In this section, we will give an overview of the embedded system structure and applications.",book:{id:"9973",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",title:"Data Acquisition",fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering"},signatures:"Gulcicek Dere",authors:[{id:"318714",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gulcicek",middleName:null,surname:"Dere",slug:"gulcicek-dere",fullName:"Gulcicek Dere"}]},{id:"63107",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80312",title:"Application of Genomic Data for PCR Screening of Bet v 1 Conserved Sequence in Clinically Relevant Plant Species",slug:"application-of-genomic-data-for-pcr-screening-of-bet-v-1-conserved-sequence-in-clinically-relevant-p",totalDownloads:881,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Bet v 1 is a highly immunogenic protein, which is the main cause of sensitivity to birch pollen and is described as the main birch allergen. Despite the structural similarity, Bet v 1 homologs show different properties and immunoreactivity. Here, the bioinformatic algorithms were applied for known Bet v 1 homologous nucleic acids sequences to find homology and conserved regions. Genomic sequences of PR proteins of two different fruit species, which allergens belong to PR proteins of the same type as Bet v 1, were selected to design degenerate primers. Subsequently, screening of the presence of Bet v 1 conserved genomic sequence was performed in 45 clinically relevant plant species.",book:{id:"8646",slug:"systems-biology",title:"Systems Biology",fullTitle:"Systems Biology"},signatures:"Jana Žiarovská and Lucia Zeleňáková",authors:[{id:"94292",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Zeleňáková",slug:"lucia-zelenakova",fullName:"Lucia Zeleňáková"},{id:"257512",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Žiarovská",slug:"jana-ziarovska",fullName:"Jana Žiarovská"}]},{id:"65012",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83353",title:"Insight into the Mechanism of Red Alga Reproduction. What Else Is Beyond Cystocarps Development?",slug:"insight-into-the-mechanism-of-red-alga-reproduction-what-else-is-beyond-cystocarps-development-",totalDownloads:869,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Volatile growth regulators play an important role in triggering aspects related to red seaweed reproduction. The last 10 years have brought clarification to how ethylene and methyl jasmonate work. Taking two reproductive stages of thalli of red seaweed—fertilised and fertile thalli—as benchmarks and a precise characterisation of the elicitation and disclosure periods of cystocarps, monitoring different gene expressions, namely candidate gene for reproduction and genes encoding proteins involved in biosynthesis pathways of both volatiles and reactive oxygen species, has enabled us to discern the differential behaviour of genes. These studies have also revealed that the volatile-mediated signal could affect cell wall loosening. All in all, studies have shown evidence of putative signalling pathways where volatile signal regulators form part of them at several levels, ranging from disclosure, development to the maturing of cystocarps. This signal information is crucial to determine the final response. The chapter also discusses whether signal transduction is related to different sensing for each volatile and whether this could be elicited in accordance with signal strength. This chapter compiles our current understanding of molecular mechanisms of algal reproduction and how volatile-mediated signals affect other developmental processes.",book:{id:"8646",slug:"systems-biology",title:"Systems Biology",fullTitle:"Systems Biology"},signatures:"Pilar Garcia-Jimenez and Rafael R. Robaina",authors:[{id:"276066",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Jimenez",slug:"pilar-garcia-jimenez",fullName:"Pilar Garcia-Jimenez"},{id:"282415",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Robaina",slug:"rafael-robaina",fullName:"Rafael Robaina"}]},{id:"73234",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93565",title:"Control of a Prosthetic Arm Using fNIRS, a Neural-Machine Interface",slug:"control-of-a-prosthetic-arm-using-fnirs-a-neural-machine-interface",totalDownloads:662,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Development in the field of bio-mechatronics has provided diverse ways to mimic and improve the function of human limbs. Without an elbow joint, the hand remains stiff because all the muscles tension passes through this joint. Advanced myoelectric prosthetic devices are limited due to the lack of appropriate signal sources on residual amputee muscles and insufficient real-time control. Neural-machine interfaces (NMI) are representing a recent approach to develop effective applications. In this research study, an NMI is designed that presents real-time signal processing for command generation. The human brain hemodynamic responses are, therefore, translated into control commands for people suffering from transhumeral amputation. A novel and first of its kind scheme is proposed which utilizes functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to generate the control commands for a three-degree-of-freedom (DOF) prosthetic arm. The time window for fNIRS signals was set to 1 second. The average accuracy was found to be 82% which is a state-of-the-art result for such a technique. The accuracy ranged from 65 to 85% subject-wise. The data were trained and tested on both artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Eight out of 10 motions were correctly predicted in real time by both classifiers.",book:{id:"9973",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",title:"Data Acquisition",fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering"},signatures:"Usama Ali Syed, Zareena Kausar and Neelum Yousaf Sattar",authors:[{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed"},{id:"328508",title:"Ms.",name:"Neelum",middleName:null,surname:"Yousaf Sattar",slug:"neelum-yousaf-sattar",fullName:"Neelum Yousaf Sattar"},{id:"328509",title:"Dr.",name:"Zareena",middleName:null,surname:"Kausar",slug:"zareena-kausar",fullName:"Zareena Kausar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75395",title:"Biomedical Applications with Using Embedded Systems",slug:"biomedical-applications-with-using-embedded-systems",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Besides the use of embedded systems in the field of electrical and electronics engineering, industrial, telecommunication, military, and many other commercial applications, and the other applications in the field of medical and biomedical are becoming increasingly common. Embedded system applications are increasing not only with designs on devices or with clothing, factories, medical and military equipments, portable devices, but also with applications such as ‘mobile worlds’ and ‘e-worlds’, Artificial Intelligence and IoT (Internet of things) with the possibility to make all kinds of software on them. In recent years, with the rise of infectious diseases such as the Covid 19 virus, there is a growing need for telemedicine applications such as diagnosis, prognosis and patient management. Embedded system technologies have occupied an important area in biomedical technology. Especially, to develop tools for the purposes of increasing the safety of healthcare workers in the event of epidemic infectious diseases in processes such as pandemics. For this purpose, monitoring of patients discharged from hospitals at home or non-intensive care beds during quarantine, or isolated in their homes, outpatient, and mildly ill, remotely, instantly, safely and quickly, are becoming increasingly important. In this section, we will give an overview of the embedded system structure and applications.",book:{id:"9973",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",title:"Data Acquisition",fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering"},signatures:"Gulcicek Dere",authors:[{id:"318714",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gulcicek",middleName:null,surname:"Dere",slug:"gulcicek-dere",fullName:"Gulcicek Dere"}]},{id:"63667",title:"Lentiviral Vectors Come of Age? Hurdles and Challenges in Scaling Up Manufacture",slug:"lentiviral-vectors-come-of-age-hurdles-and-challenges-in-scaling-up-manufacture",totalDownloads:1323,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The pharmaceutical industry has been attracted to the gene therapy field and is starting to support clinical trials, establishing collaborative strategies to develop commercial products which in many cases are based on lentiviral vectors. The predictable widespread use of lentiviral vectors in next-generation gene therapy scenarios aimed at dealing with not only rare diseases raises important challenges and hurdles regarding their manufacture. The author reflects on this in the chapter on the state of the art in the manufacture of lentiviral vectors, addressing some current manufacturing processes, their achievements, and the uncertainties in ensuring a validated process capable of releasing consistent vector quality that meets global health authorities’ requirements. In summary, the proposal looks at the goals and challenges that must be addressed in manufacturing lentiviral vectors, in order to satisfy supply in the commercial stage, before we reach the next stage in gene therapy.",book:{id:"8646",slug:"systems-biology",title:"Systems Biology",fullTitle:"Systems Biology"},signatures:"Juan C. Ramirez",authors:[{id:"242227",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juan C",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",slug:"juan-c-ramirez",fullName:"Juan C Ramirez"}]},{id:"73234",title:"Control of a Prosthetic Arm Using fNIRS, a Neural-Machine Interface",slug:"control-of-a-prosthetic-arm-using-fnirs-a-neural-machine-interface",totalDownloads:662,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Development in the field of bio-mechatronics has provided diverse ways to mimic and improve the function of human limbs. Without an elbow joint, the hand remains stiff because all the muscles tension passes through this joint. Advanced myoelectric prosthetic devices are limited due to the lack of appropriate signal sources on residual amputee muscles and insufficient real-time control. Neural-machine interfaces (NMI) are representing a recent approach to develop effective applications. In this research study, an NMI is designed that presents real-time signal processing for command generation. The human brain hemodynamic responses are, therefore, translated into control commands for people suffering from transhumeral amputation. A novel and first of its kind scheme is proposed which utilizes functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to generate the control commands for a three-degree-of-freedom (DOF) prosthetic arm. The time window for fNIRS signals was set to 1 second. The average accuracy was found to be 82% which is a state-of-the-art result for such a technique. The accuracy ranged from 65 to 85% subject-wise. The data were trained and tested on both artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Eight out of 10 motions were correctly predicted in real time by both classifiers.",book:{id:"9973",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",title:"Data Acquisition",fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering"},signatures:"Usama Ali Syed, Zareena Kausar and Neelum Yousaf Sattar",authors:[{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed"},{id:"328508",title:"Ms.",name:"Neelum",middleName:null,surname:"Yousaf Sattar",slug:"neelum-yousaf-sattar",fullName:"Neelum Yousaf Sattar"},{id:"328509",title:"Dr.",name:"Zareena",middleName:null,surname:"Kausar",slug:"zareena-kausar",fullName:"Zareena Kausar"}]},{id:"72580",title:"Acoustic Monitoring of Joint Health",slug:"acoustic-monitoring-of-joint-health",totalDownloads:577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The joints of the human body, especially the knees, are continually exposed to varying loads as a person goes about their day. These loads may contribute to damage to tissues including cartilage and the development of degenerative medical conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA). The most commonly used method currently for classifying the severity of knee OA is the Kellgren and Lawrence system, whereby a grade (a KL score) from 0 to 4 is determined based on the radiographic evidence. However, radiography cannot directly depict cartilage damage, and there is low inter-observer precision with this method. As such, there has been a significant activity to find non-invasive and radiation-free methods to quantify OA, in order to facilitate the diagnosis and the appropriate course of medical action and to validate the development of therapies in a research or clinical setting. A number of different teams have noted that variation in knee joint sounds during different loading conditions may be indicative of structural changes within the knee potentially linked to OA. Here we will review the use of acoustic methods, such as acoustic Emission (AE) and vibroarthrography (VAG), developed for the monitoring of knee OA, with a focus on the issues surrounding data collection and analysis.",book:{id:"9973",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",title:"Data Acquisition",fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering"},signatures:"Lucy Spain and David Cheneler",authors:[{id:"319073",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Cheneler",slug:"david-cheneler",fullName:"David Cheneler"},{id:"319195",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Spain",slug:"lucy-spain",fullName:"Lucy Spain"}]},{id:"55607",title:"A New Method of SHM for Steel Wire Rope and its Apparatus",slug:"a-new-method-of-shm-for-steel-wire-rope-and-its-apparatus",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Steel wire ropes often operate in a high‐speed swing status in practical engineering, and the reliable structural health monitoring (SHM) for them directly relates to human lives; however, they are usually beyond the capability of present portable magnet magnetic flux leakage (MFL) sensors based on yoke magnetic method due to its strong magnetic force and large weight. Unlike the yoke method, a new method of SHM for steel wire rope is proposed by theoretical analyses and also verified by finite element method (FEM) and experiments, which features much weaker magnetic interaction force and similar magnetization capability compared to the traditional yoke method. Meanwhile, the relevant detection apparatus or sensor is designed by simulation optimization. Furthermore, experimental comparisons between the new and yoke sensors for steel wire rope inspection are also conducted, which successfully confirm the characterization of smaller magnetic interaction force, less wear, and damage in contrast with traditional technologies. Finally, methods for SHM of steel wire rope and apparatus are discussed, which demonstrate the good practicability for SHM of steel wire rope under poor working conditions.",book:{id:"5874",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-measurement-methods-and-practical-applications",title:"Structural Health Monitoring",fullTitle:"Structural Health Monitoring - Measurement Methods and Practical Applications"},signatures:"Shiwei Liu, Yanhua Sun and Wenjia Ma",authors:[{id:"178404",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yanhua",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"yanhua-sun",fullName:"Yanhua Sun"},{id:"200684",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"shiwei-liu",fullName:"Shiwei Liu"},{id:"200685",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenjia",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"wenjia-ma",fullName:"Wenjia Ma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1345",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. 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He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11399,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. 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Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. 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In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",annualVolume:11402,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. 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