\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"247",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in PID Control",title:"Advances in PID Control",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since the foundation and up to the current state-of-the-art in control engineering, the problems of PID control steadily attract great attention of numerous researchers and remain inexhaustible source of new ideas for process of control system design and industrial applications. PID control effectiveness is usually caused by the nature of dynamical processes, conditioned that the majority of the industrial dynamical processes are well described by simple dynamic model of the first or second order. The efficacy of PID controllers vastly falls in case of complicated dynamics, nonlinearities, and varying parameters of the plant. This gives a pulse to further researches in the field of PID control. Consequently, the problems of advanced PID control system design methodologies, rules of adaptive PID control, self-tuning procedures, and particularly robustness and transient performance for nonlinear systems, still remain as the areas of the lively interests for many scientists and researchers at the present time. 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The interventional treatments include open adenoma removal, transurethral resection of the prostate, HOLMIUM, and THULIUMenucleation, laser vaporization, steam ablation, microwavethermotherapy, etcetera. Prostate cancer has a high incidence in men over 60 years and is considered the second cause of death. Early detection assisted by PSA (prostate-specific antigen), MR imaging, and in some centers PSMA PET SCAN, and targeted biopsies, let us offer less invasive techniques, compared with radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation, with a decrease of morbidity, achieving what has been called “TRIFECTA”: disease control, urinary continence and erectile function.
High intensity focused ultrasound, a relatively new technique, uses a sound beam directed to a specific spot inside the prostate parenchyma, causing thermal ablation with customized planning, including whole gland, the benign enlargement of localized lesions, defined as focal therapies. More than 50,000 treatments have been performed worldwide, with growing improvement in the outcomes, mainly caused by a good selection of cases and technical improvements of imaging and emission of sound beams. By 2010, Sonablate and Ablatherm devices were used widely in some countries of Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, and Argentina), Europe and Japan, in 2015 FDA cleared the usage of HIFU with both machines. Some countries still consider HIFU as experimental therapy [1, 2].
Sound has been for several centuries a subject of interest for the different branches of science, been the development of its understanding as a physical phenomenon and its use in the different fields of science and technology the main topics. The medical sciences have not been the exception in this search. Ultrasound, a technology derived from sound, has had a significant boom in medicine due to its implementation as a diagnostic or therapeutic instrument. It has been widely disseminated as a diagnostic instrument due to its various advantages ranging from cost–benefit to high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing pathologies [3]. As a therapeutic option, ultrasound has been used for the development of technologies such as extracorporeal lithotripsy, HIFU, sonophoresis, sonodynamic therapy, sonothrombolysis or histotripsy, among others, which base their efficacy on the induction of sonic bio-effects, both thermal and non-thermal (cavitation, radiation, etcetera) to induce tissue changes [4, 5].
The difference between ultrasound as a diagnostic or therapeutic technology is based on inducing a certain amount of bioeffect at the tissue level [4]. Ultrasound as a diagnostic tool seeks to induce the least possible bioeffect [4, 6]. In contrast, ultrasound as a therapy seeks certain technologies to achieve tissue ablation through inducing thermal or non-thermal bioeffects, such as the HIFU [4, 5, 6].
HIFU had its first antecedents in 1942 when the first destruction of tissue was recorded through an extracorporeal ultrasound energy source [5]; later, in the 1990s, its technology was refined by integrating real-time imaging methods for monitoring the procedure [5]. The use of real-time imaging has improved the efficacy of this treatment, reducing morbidity and mortality at making the treatment more accurate [5, 7]. Its clinical implementation increased significantly after the clinical case report of a patient treating a malignant bone neoplasm in Chongqing, China, in 1997 [5]. During the following 15 years, the use of HIFU clinically reported more than 30,000 cases of kidney, pancreas, bone, liver, or uterine fibroids, showing its great utility as a minimally invasive technology [5, 8]. Currently, HIFU technology can be divided according to the radiological technique used to guide the procedure (Magnetic Resonance or Diagnostic Ultrasound) or according to the system used to deliver the energetic (transrectal for the treatment of prostate pathologies, interstitial for the treatment of biliary or esophageal tumors, extracorporeal for the treatment of organs accessible to sound through the skin) [5, 7, 9].
For this chapter, and to delve into HIFU therapy and its biophysical effects, it is necessary to understand some basic concepts of the physics of sound.
Once a pulse is generated, the energy will oscillate the particles closest to the origin of the pulse, and these particles will, in turn, oscillate with those immediately adjacent so that this energy will be transmitted from proximal to distal. Each pulse generates positive pressure and negative pressure in one wave, together are wave cycles [5, 7].
The HIFU as a therapeutic ultrasound system generates an intensity of approximately 1000–20,000 W/cm2, generating an elevation of between 60 and 100° C in 1 second in that unit area while using a frequency around 0.8−5 MegaHertz (each MegaHertz = 106 Hertz) (Figure 1) [4, 6, 8].
Sound properties. Schematic representation of sound properties. Created with
Multiple bio-effects have been described (thermal and non-thermal) related to the exposure of a sound field by a tissue. Different authors have classified these as thermal and non-thermal bio-effects [4, 5]. For its part, the HIFU system predominantly generates thermal bio-effects; however, these are not pure, since the presence of other non-thermal bio-effects such as cavitation has been described in the same tissue [4].
The main bio-effect caused by HIFU has been compared to the use of a magnifying glass to focus the sun’s rays on a point [6] because it generates a frequency of 0.8−5 MegaHertz with a wavelength of 2−0.3 mm, this is translated into a small area subjected to great ultrasonic power [6, 7]. As we previously mentioned, when this power crosses a specific point can be translated into intensity, being in the case of HIFU between 1000−20,000 watts/cm2 [5, 6]. It is considered that it is necessary to raise the temperature of the tissue to 56–60° C or more for about a second to produce an irreversible cytotoxic lesion with protein denaturation and heat-induced coagulative necrosis; using this concept of the irreversible lesion induced by heat, the result can be inferred from raising the temperature to around 60–100° C at a focal point as occurs with HIFU therapy (Figure 2) [4, 5, 6].
Temperature changes are produced at the focal point, and near the transducer. (Courtesy of HIFUMx).
In different in vivo studies, it has been observed that the main effect caused by HIFU as a thermal injury is the induction of coagulative necrosis through protein denaturation and induction of apoptosis via nuclear lysis by endonucleases [5]. Specific characteristics have been described that differentiate this coagulative necrosis derived from thermal injury from coagulative necrosis of ischemic origin. The difference is mainly due to the predominance in the interaction of giant cells with chronic inflammation, unlike the tissue regeneration process via granulation tissue seen in coagulative necrosis due to ischemia [5].
Associated with coagulative necrosis, the ability of HIFU to injure small-caliber vessels (<2 mm) has been described as an endothelial lesion, and thrombosis of these vessels with these characteristics has been found in various studies. However, the ability of larger vessels to dissipate temperature has been described, thus suffering minor injury (heat sink) (Figure 3) [5].
Thermal ablation. Schematic representation of thermal ablation mechanism and specificity.
The second most crucial mechanism described during the HIFU treatment is the non-thermal bio-effect of a mechanical type induced through cavitation [5, 9]. Cavitation can be defined as gas or vapor cavities forming within a liquid medium and their subsequent dynamics in this medium [5]. Cavitation formation can occur under different conditions (hydrodynamic, thermal, or acoustic energy changes); its importance lies in the possibility of generating a lesion adjacent to the formation of these cavities through micro-boiling, increased temperature, and shear stress [4, 5]. Cavitation, unlike temperature-induced injury, is more unstable in nature and less predictable (Figure 4) [5].
Mechanical destruction. Schematic representation of mechanical destruction mechanism and specificity.
Two types of cavitation have been described by their nature, stable (non-inertial) cavitation and transient (inertial) cavitation [4]. Transient cavitation involves a significant change in bubble size in a period of few acoustic cycles [4], resulting in a more aggressive collapse [4, 5]. In contrast, stable cavitation maintains a more stable range in terms of growth of its diameter without significant growth and remains stable during many acoustic cycles [4, 5].
The appearance of these cavities depends on the different properties of both the source of acoustic energy and the medium where this energy will be exerted. Generally, it is known that to a greater extent, the temperature and pressure exerted on the medium are essential determinants for the formation of cavities. The temperature is inversely proportional to the cavitation threshold (the possibility of a said event happening) [4, 5].
Its importance lies in the possibility of causing more significant tissue damage, currently a field of study for the development of therapies such as histotripsy, which base their efficacy on this principle (Figure 5).
Massive controlled cavitation formed in the posterior aspect of the prostate adenoma (Urovallarta Urology Center).
The first HIFU technology used for the treatment of prostate cancer to become available was Ablatherm® (Edap-Technomed, Lyon, France), with initial clinical results published in 1996 [10].
The Ablatherm system uses separate crystals to produce an image (7.5 MHz) and to deliver treatment (3 MHz), and since 2005, the two types of transducers have been integrated into the same probe, which has a focal point of 45 mm from the crystal. The 3 MHz treatment crystal creates an ablation zone with a volume that can range from 29 mm3 to 36 mm3. The Ablatherm has 3 different types of treatment algorithms, each designed for a specific application: HIFU as primary treatment, HIFU as secondary treatment after failed Radiation Therapy, and HIFU re-treatment [11].
The Ablatherm has a mechanism to detect patient movement based on an internal automatic A-mode ultrasound detection system, which together with the external ultrasound used during the treatment planning phase, measures the distance from the rectal wall, and ensures that the patient has not moved [12].
Treatment with the Ablatherm is performed with the patient in a lateral decubitus position, on their right side. This is done as a precautionary measure, since if there were any bubbles in the liquid around the transducer used for the treatment, these would rise out of the treatment field, with the patient on their side, and the bubbles would not remain between the transducer crystal and the prostate [13].
Focal One® (Edap-Technomed, Lyon, France) is the first HIFU device, specifically designed to perform focal therapy and was introduced for the focal treatment of prostate cancer. With this device, the procedure is performed on a conventional surgical table with the patient in a lateral position to avoid air bubbles in between the crystal and the rectal wall.
The transducer that uses focal one is a dynamic focus transducer, made with 16 isocentric rings, each ring is moved by a dedicated electronic system, composed of 16 lines, this allows the user to move the focal point of the transducer to a maximum of 8 different points that are between 32 and 67 mm from the transducer. The dynamic approach treatment involves unitary HIFU lesions, stacked in the prostate, within the axis of the ultrasound. Each lesion measures approximately 5 mm and by stacking 2 to 8 lesions it is possible to extend the necrotic area by 5 to 40 mm [14].
Focus Surgery (Indianapolis, IN, USA) introduced the Sonablate500® system and preliminary results of its use for the treatment of prostate cancer were published in 2002 [15]. The Sonablate uses a single crystal to obtain the images and to deliver HIFU treatment, to achieve this, the Sonablate uses a transducer that has two crystals placed back-to-back.
At frequencies of 6/4 MHz, it can provide good image quality and effective treatment, respectively. The 6 MHz frequency probe provides good resolution of the anterior prostate but has a lower resolution of the posterior prostate margin and rectal wall, compared to higher frequency transducers. Originally, the operator could choose between different crystals depending on the size of the prostate, with a focal length of between 30 and 40 mm.
The Sonablate does not have a real-time imaging system while the treatment is given, but instead alternates between the treatment mode and image acquisition to create an image overlay that is used to detect patient movement; this is achieved by placing images of treatment planning along with images taken during treatment, if both images are aligned, it is indicative that there has been no movement of the patient (Figure 6) [16].
Schematics of the HIFU transducer used in the Sonablate system and the focal point within the tissue.
Insightec, a company located at Tirat Carmel, Israel, developed a system called EXABLATE 2100, which produces high-intensity focused ultrasound real-time guided by MRI. The focused ultrasound is delivered through an endorectal probe, with a 990-element phased-array transducer.
Once the probe is placed inside the rectum, it is filled with degassed water, producing an interface between the prostate and rectal wall. The MRI imaging includes T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted sequences, to accurately localize the lesion to be treated; with these images the EXABLATE software lets the user plan, manually contouring the area, including 5 mm tumor-free margins. The system then produces a specific treatment protocol, calculating the energy required and the number of shots to be delivered, avoiding damage to peripheral tissue. A pretreatment low energy targeting is delivered, checked with MRI thermometry. This information is overlapped on the anatomic images. Once confirmed, full power sonications are produced, monitorization is done with real-time MRI thermometry. A successful therapy is considered when the temperature in sonicated tissue achieves a threshold of 65°. A complete treatment is considered when non-perfused areas on MRI are found [17]. During the 2021 AUA meeting, the FDA 510 k clearance was informed.
The prostate therapy system is called TULSA, which stands for Transurethral Ultrasound Ablation. The device is designed to perform prostate tissue ablation in a transurethral approach. The probe is placed through the urethra, once in place, MRI guidance in real-time is used, so the treatment must be done in MRI suites.
In the main module, using high-definition MRI images, the prostate is contoured, during the planning step, the area to be treated is defined, preserving the urethra, and a 3 mm margin of apical prostate immediately above the sphincter [18, 19]. As described by the company [18], it is possible to treat bigger prostates compared with the ultrasound-guided devices.
The TULSA system uses a robotically-driven directional thermal ultrasound; the probe has 10 independent transducers, each of them delivering therapeutic ultrasound, so it is totally customizable, the user can select the number of elements to be used, depending on the length of the prostate. The probe includes a water pump cooling system, and an endorectal cooling device keeps 1 to 2 mm periurethral and rectal protected from thermal damage.
The therapy is done using an intraurethral rotational movement of the probe, creating a “sweeping heating pattern,” directional energy, with in-and-out sonication into the prostate parenchyma. The probe is fixed by an MRI robotic system, controlling the linear and rotational movements. The real-time MRI guidance, shows the thermal changes inside the treated volumes, every 6 seconds, allowing the users to modify the treatment parameters if needed. At the end of the ablation, a complete MRI revision is done, showing with the thermometric measures, all the missing areas that did not receive adequate energy, reassuring a safe and complete treatment [20].
The use of HIFU for the treatment of BPH has been described since 1992. The physical principle for treating an adenoma is not different from whole gland treatment. Tissue temperatures in the range of 80–90° C can produce thermoablation of the treated tissue, and it is possible to induce intra-prostatic cavities comparable to post-TURP effects.
In a series of 50 cases of prostatectomies after treatment with HIFU, it was possible to study the extent of coagulative necrosis caused by HIFU. Madersbacher reports that the prostate volume that can be destroyed during BPH treatment, with a probe with a focal length of 3−5 cm, is 8 cm3, and 14 cm3 with a focal length of 4 cm, so he calculates that approximately 25−30% of the total prostate could be destroyed during the procedure in these patients while keeping the tissue damage on the adjacent tissues minimal [21].
These results encouraged the search for new, less invasive treatment techniques to alleviate lower tract symptoms while reducing possible adverse effects. The main difference in the treatment of BPH against the whole gland lies in the possibility of delimiting the treatment area only to the prostatic adenoma, leaving the rest of the prostate intact.
In order to decrease the rate of complications due to TURP, Ebert et al. reported the use of HIFU for the treatment of prostate enlargement in 50 patients using a Focus Surgery HIFU generator. The short-term results were interesting, with a mean increase in Qmax from 5.7 to 11.6 ml/s at 6 weeks post-treatment, while the incidence of complications seems to be in favor of HIFU versus TURP [22].
In another report by Madersbacher et al., where 98 patients underwent HIFU for BPH, the author obtained similar results of improvement in urodynamic parameters at 12 months post-treatment, however, in the long-term follow-up, they observed that 43.8% of the treated patients had to undergo re-treatment with TURP due to unsatisfactory clinical results [23].
Both authors concluded that this method is promising, and although the long-term results were not satisfactory, they noted that there was a lot of variability in the results due to the heterogeneity of patients with inclusion criteria (prostate size, detrusor activity, middle lobe, etc.) So more protocols are needed to identify the ideal patient for this technique.
Currently, the authors of this chapter are working on the development of a novel technique for the treatment of BPH using a Sonablate HIFU device, with an up-to-date HIFU system and improved protocols: using higher energies, looking to modify the cavitation threshold, to achieve more cavitation than thermal lesions, with promising results in the time of treatment, catheterization and reduction volume of adenoma.
In the last 20 years, the indications for HIFU have expanded, from its original indication for prostate ablation in localized prostate cancer in patients who were not the candidates for radical prostatectomy to hemi ablation or focal therapy for localized disease or as salvage therapy after failed radiation therapy [24].
Whole gland prostate ablation with HIFU as primary treatment is indicated in patients with localized prostate cancer (T1 - T2, Nx, M0) without high-risk factors. They must not have any anorectal pathology that prevents the correct placement of the endorectal transducer.
The physician must be mindful of the anteroposterior diameter of the prostate and the focal point of the HIFU device he or she is using, since the prostatic tissue that is beyond the focal point will remain outside the ablation zone. If the dimensions of the prostate exceed the capabilities of the transducer in the longitudinal or transverse planes, it is possible to reposition the probe and perform the ablation in two or more phases, but it is not possible to reach tissue beyond the focal point.
It is also important to ensure that there are no significant prostatic calcifications, especially if they project posterior acoustic shadow, since the ultrasound beam could bounce off these calcifications, potentially compromising the oncological outcome of the procedure or the integrity of the rectal wall. It is a common practice to perform a TURP prior to HIFU treatment to remove large calcifications or reduce prostate size, and the procedure can be safely performed 6 weeks after TURP.
The HIFU procedure in the prostate is performed using a HIFU generator connected to an endorectal transducer, which contains piezoelectric crystals capable of generating ultrasound waves; this can alternate between high energy for ablation and low energy for image visualization [25].
The endorectal tube is usually connected to a cooling system that maintains the rectal wall at a temperature between 14 and 16°C. The procedure begins with the introduction of the probe and the visualization of the field to be treated. While Ablatherm requires a special surgical table, and the patient is placed in the lateral position, with Sonablate the patient is in a dorsal position and is performed on a standard surgical table.
Treatment planning is a bit different between devices, with the Ablatherm, the prostate is divided into 4 to 6 volumes, and is treated apex to base, slice by slice in an automated process. With Sonablate, the treatment is carried out in 2 to 3 coronal layers, starting with the anterior area and moving towards the posterior zone, in contact with the rectal wall [26].
The prostate normally must be divided into regions or lines of ablation, which correspond to the focal length of the transducer. The transducer can be moved longitudinally and rotated 180° around the axis of the transducer so that the system can plan an ablation line in the longitudinal or transverse plane as long as it is at the same focal length. Although the focal length is fixed, it is possible to move the transducer, which is attached to a mechanical arm, in an antero-posterior direction to achieve the stacking of several treatment planes, making ablation of the entire gland possible.
Once the treatment is finished, the prostate tissue does not undergo immediate necrosis, but rather through a process of progressive ischemia that ends with coagulation necrosis several days after treatment. The thermal damage suffered by the tissue leads to edema and inflammation of the prostate, with an increase in the volume of up to 30% of its base value, this causes an incidence of acute urine retention between 1 and 20% of patients [27].
During this post-surgical period, it is necessary to perform a urinary diversion through a suprapubic or transurethral Foley catheter to ensure urinary drainage, during this time, it takes the prostate tissue to complete the sloughing phase, which is the elimination of necrotic tissue through the urethra, which happens between the first and fourth weeks after surgery; during this time the patient may complain of dysuria and urgency, in addition to obstructive symptoms.
In 2012, Blana et al., analyzed data from 9 European centers, where 1975 patients received whole gland ablation with HIFU (Ablatherm device): clinical stages T1/T2, 356 (18%) were classified as “complete HIFU patients”; 160 (44.9%) had low-risk cancer, 141 patients (39.6%) intermediate, 52 (14.6%) high risk and 3 (0.8%) were unclassified. 205 had a preHIFU TURP. The median PSA Nadir was 0.11 ng/mL (0.78–3.6 ng/mL), obtained at a mean of 14.4 weeks (3.2 months PO-HIFU). Negative biopsies were reported in 182 patients (80.5%): low risk group 86 (86%), intermediate risk 73 (78.5%), and high risk 23 (78.2%). The biochemical disease-free survival rates (DFSR) at 5 years were: low risk 49 cases (88%), intermediate 82 (40%), and high risk 11 (78%). At 7 years: low-risk group 22 (80%), intermediated 14 (82%), and high-risk 3 (64%) [28].
Crouzet reported in 2013: in 1002 patients treated in a single center the following: a median follow-up of 6.4 years. 392 patients received androgen deprivation therapy prior to HIFU, during a median duration of 4.3 months, to shrink the prostate, and it was stopped after HIFU in all cases.
PO-HIFU biopsies were done in 774 patients (77%), being negative in 485 (63%) and positive in 289 (37%). PSA Nadir was at ≤6 months PO-HIFU in all patients, with a median nadir of 0.14 ng/mL.
Biochemical recurrence (Phoenix definition) in 205 cases (21.2%). The biochemical free-survival rates at 5 and 8 years was: low risk 86−76%, intermediate risk 78−63%, and high-risk group 68–57%, respectively (
The adverse effects reported in this series were: urinary incontinence grade 2/3 from 6.4 to 3.1%, mostly managed conservatively and with physiotherapy (94.5%), requiring artificial sphincter in 3.4%, and suburethral sling in 2.1%. Bladder neck or urethral strictures, from 34.9 to 5.9%, resolved with cold knife incision or TURP. 3 patients required a urethral stent. Erections were preserved in 42.3% of patients with a baseline IIEF score ≥ 17 (<70 years: 55.6%; ≥ 70 years: 25.6% (
Dickinson et al. reported medium-term results of 569 patients, in a multicenter study, where they received total gland ablation with HIFU as a treatment for localized prostate cancer, using the Sonablate 500 system.
They found that prostate ablation with HIFU is a treatment effective in cancer control in the medium term, with a 5-year relapse-free rate of 70%, with 87%, 63%, and 58% for low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, respectively. 29% required re-treatment with HIFU.
The adverse events reported were unique urinary tract infection in 58 of 754 (7.7%); repeated infection with epididymo-orchitis 22/754 (2.9%); rectourethral fistula 1/754 (0.13%); 183/754 (88%) continent; and form 236 patients with good erection prior to HIFU, 91 (39%) remained with good erections after HIFU. In the study, they concluded that HIFU is a repeatable outpatient treatment with good oncological control in localized cancer, with a low complication rate [30].
“Focal therapy” and “partial gland ablation” are therapeutic options more frequently considered as good alternatives to treat localized prostate cancer, decreasing morbidity, seen more frequently after radical prostatectomy and external beam radiation.
According to an International Multidisciplinary Consensus on standardized nomenclature and surveillance methodologies, the definition of “focal therapy” describes “a guided ablation of an image-defined, biopsy-confirmed, cancerous lesion with a safety margin surrounding the targeted lesion” [31]. The therapeutic guided term “partial gland ablation” as stated by the consensus, is regional image-guided ablation based on biopsy location. This alternative therapy does not use the identification of lesions by imaging, but anatomical limits, trying to preserve functionality, with a complete tumor treatment. Included in the partial ablations are quadrant therapy, hemiablation, hockey stick, and subtotal ablation.
The main goal of focal therapies is to ablate the prostate cancer focus, with an adequate margin, considered 8 to 10 mm, to have a good oncological control, with preservation of the surrounding tissue, in order to decrease secondary morbidity common in more extensive treatments, maintaining a good quality of life, continence and erectile function.
The frequency of detection of localized prostate cancer has increased importantly with the routinary usage of PSA; since the refinement of the mpMRI of the prostate, and the updated PI RADS, the possibility of defining suspicious lesions is more reliable. Using this high definition T2-weighted MRI images in the fusion systems (Koelis, Artemis, etc.), have improved the precision in targeting smaller and localized cancers.
The description of the “index lesion”, is defined as the tumor lesion responsible for the biological behavior of prostate cancer. The panelist in the consensus, to standardize nomenclature, considered that all MRI-visible lesions with clinically significant cancer should be used as a target for Focal therapies [31, 32, 33]. All these parameters are suggested to be considered as decision-making guides to select patients for focal therapies or partial gland ablation.
It must be remarked, that focal therapy and partial gland ablation are not included in the AUA or EAU guidelines for the prostate cancer treatment, as a consequence we will base on the recommendations suggested in the expert consensus [31] to indicate them.
The clinically significant prostate cancer (CsPC) has been defined as prostate cancers with a volume more than 0.5 cc, or a T3 stage or major in a whole-mount specimen, and at least one core with Gleason score of 3 + 4 or 6, with core length more than 4 mm [34].
The detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (CsPC) has been facilitated with MRI-TRUS, in-bore MRI-targeted biopsy, and cognitive biopsy techniques. In systematic reviews, MRI-targeted biopsies demonstrated that CsPC detection was significatively more frequent than TRUS-guided biopsy, with the relative sensitivity of 1.16 (95% CI 1.02–1.32) compared with TRUS-guided biopsy [34, 35].
In a meta-analysis that included 16 studies with an accumulated number of 1926 patients, the rate of general detection of prostate cancer was similar between MRI-targeted biopsy (sensitivity, 0.85; 95% CI 0.80−0.89) and TRUS-guided biopsy (sensitivity, 0.81; 95% CI 0.70−0.88); in contrast to detection of CsPC by MRI-targeted biopsy, greater than TRUS-target biopsy (sensitivity 0.91; 95% CI 0.87−0.94 vs. 0.76; 95% CI 0.64−0.84), and a lower detection rate of insignificant cancer (sensitivity 0.44; 95% CI 0.26−0.64 vs. 0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.77−0.87, respectively) [36].
Patient selection is a mandatory step to indicate a focal therapy or a partial gland ablation. As mentioned before, a precise image location of a lesion (PI RADS/LIKERT systems) and a pathology report of an index lesion; the agreement about index lesion (that of greater volume and pathology grade) capable of inducing the risk of prostate cancer progression.
The goal to treat the index lesion is to produce an acceptable oncologic control, decreasing morbidity preserving surrounding structures [32, 33]. The proposed selection criteria included: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level < 10 ng/mL, no Gleason 4 or 5, the maximum length of cancer in each core of 7 mm, and less than 33% of positive cores [37]. In a multicenter study, reporting safety outcomes and complications, the selection criteria included: Gleason score ≤ 4 + 3 = 7b, if unilaterality, clinical stage T1 or T2, PSA levels - < 15 ng/mL, and life expectancy ≥10 years [38].
The definition to perform focal therapy or partial gland ablation depends on a good visualization of tumoral lesion, corroborated by pathology test, within limits of tumor volume that allows safe oncologic margins; in those cases, with multiple cancer lesions in the same parenchymal topography, the recommended treatment is a templated organ-preserving partial gland ablation, which in general uses urethra as anatomic landmark. Figure 7 defines focal and partial ablations [31].
Differences between focal therapy and templated partial gland ablation. Focal therapy: Focused ablation of image-visible, biopsy-confirmed lesion(s) plus a safety margin. Quadrant ablation: Inclusion of all tissue within a quadrant of the prostate. Hemiablation: Inclusion of all tissue within a lateralized hemisphere of the prostate or the anterior half of the prostate. Hockey stick: Destruction of tissue within a lateralized hemisphere and anterior contralateral zone. Subtotal ablation: Inclusion of most of the parenchyma preserving the posterior lateral zone(s). The intention is to preserve at least one neurovascular bundle.
Treatment is accomplished using any of the two available commercial softwares: Focal-one or Sonablate, both systems can import standard DICOM MRI, to fuse and define the treatment zone, or as cognitive guidance.
Using high definition T2-weighted images as a guide, the prostate contour is done and the ROI section is marked, to be used in the HIFU system, the software allows through elastic fusion to match both MR and ultrasound images, to localize the suspicious lesion, and proceed with the therapy, customizing the number of zones, margins, and power to be used; limits and number of shots are defined automatically by the equipment, starting the treatment [15].
The validation of the treatment is done, in the FOCAL ONE system, once the therapy is finished, doing a CEUS volume, injecting microbubbles. The acquired volume shows very clearly the devascularized area. All sectors treated not showing enhancement after microbubbles injection are considered as entirely destroyed; when prostate sectors show enhancement, this tissue can be considered as living tissue (benign and malignant). The images obtained after CEUS can be fused in the initial planning sequence, showing the treated areas, and if needed new areas can be added to complete the ablation [15].
In the Sonablate system, two seconds immediately after sonication, the equipment scans, updating the prostate images in sagittal and axial, and a proprietary system measures the quality of RF caused in the treated tissue, giving a colorimetric scale: orange adequate energy delivered, yellow energy enough to destroy the tissue, green suboptimal energy delivered, and gray not measured.
This TCM system lets the physician replan those suboptimal or not measured spots and retreat, adjusting the energy to achieve the correct lesion. The second and more reliable procedure to validate the effectiveness of each shot, is the presence of cavitation, called “pop corn”, because the change of echogenicity, same as with TCM, 2 seconds after the sonication, the updated scan, shows in real-time the presence of a hyperechoic lesion, that must be evaluated, to control the power delivered, keeping it inside of the treatment box, as mentioned previously, the main goal is to cause extensive controlled cavitation in the treated tissue [39].
The suggested way to evaluate the treated zone, and the peripheral tissues, is Gadolinium-enhanced (non-dynamic) MRI. The immediate images reveal a central zone without enhancement that explains devascularization secondary to the coagulative necrosis, surrounded by an enhanced rim. After six months post-HIFU, a shrinkage of prostate volume is noticed (61% of median volume reduction), with a decrease of the signal intensity on T2-weighted images [15, 40].
In 2018, Guillaumier S. et al., reported a 5-year outcomes study after focal therapy with HIFU. It was a prospective study including 625 patients with localized clinically significant prostate cancer. The study took place from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015, the inclusion criteria were: Gleason score 6−9, clinical-stage T1c-3bN0M0, prostate-specific antigen of ≤30 ng/mL.
All patients were followed for 3−6 months PSA, with mpMRI done at 1 year and 1−2 years the following years. All rises in PSA after nadir were evaluated with prostate biopsy or mpMRI, when suspicious with MRI-targeted biopsy. When clinically significant prostate cancer was found on biopsies, in field or out field, a repeat HIFU was offered. 599 patients completed at least 6 months follow-up, and 505 (84%) presented as intermediate of high-risk prostate cancer (D’Amico classification).
The Failure-free survival was: 1 year 99% (95% CI 98−100%), at 2 years 92% (95% CI 90−95%), and at 5 years88% (95% CI 85−91%). Kaplan–Meier estimated at 5 years for low risk 96% (95% CI 91−100%), intermediate risk 88% (95% CI 84–93%), and high risk group 84% (95% CI 78−90%). 8 patients opted for salvage radical prostatectomy, 36 salvage radiotherapy, and 1 androgen deprivation therapy. 10 patients progressed with metastases: Kaplan–Meier estimated for metastases-free survival: 1 year 99.7% (95% CI 99−100%), 3 years 99% (95% CI 98−100%), and 5 years 99% (95% CI 97−100%). Repeat focal HIFU: one done in 112, and two repeat HIFU in 9.56 patients out of 222, required biopsy after HIFU, secondary to PSA rise or mp MRI suspicion; 29 had in-field recurrence, 16 histological evidence of out-field cancer; and 11 patients both in and out-field cancer [41].
As described by Schmid, Schindele et al., in his multicenter study, included 98 men with localized low to intermediate risk prostate cancer, the parameters were median-PSA before HIFU of 6.5 ng/mL (1.03−14.9 ng/mL); clinical T stage ≥2 with cT1 in 76.5% (n = 75), cT2 in 23.5% (n = 23); Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6 in 17.3% (n = 17), 3 + 4 = 7a in 65.4% (n = 64), and 4 + 3 = 7b in 17.3% (n = 17); median prostate volume of 39.6 cc (21.6−135.2 cc); the treated index lesion volume of 10.5 cc (3.9−28.2 cc).
Their evaluation showed the following complications after HIFU therapy: 35 patients (35.7%) had adverse effects during the following 30 days after HIFU treatment with Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ II: 15 points (15.3%) with urinary tract infection and 26 patients (26.5%) with urinary retention. 4 patients (4.1%) needed another procedure (Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa/b). Late post HIFU complications, happening during days 30 to 90 was 2.0%. Considering the cancer location, the most common complications were those located at the anterior base in 50% of cases. When the urethra was ablated, the complications were present in 48.8% of cases (20 of 41), considered as a significant risk factor during the 30 days post-HIFU (odd ratio = 2.53; 95% confidence interval: 1.08−5.96; P = 0.033) [38].
Recurrence of prostate cancer after EBRT is a common condition, reported in up to 46% of patients treated with radiation. The therapeutic options used to control the progression are salvage prostatectomy, usually indicated in selected cases, because of technical difficulties, and higher morbidity; salvage cryotherapy, hormone blockage, and salvage HIFU. Biochemical recurrence (using PSA levels) in relation to the ASTRO-AUA-EAU guidelines, is a safe parameter to detect local recurrences, between 10−30% of cases. Extension studies must be included in the staging process, mpMRI and PET SCAN PSMA have shown excellent options to discard metastatic involvement.
Ideal patients considered as candidates for salvage HIFU must have PSA levels up to 2 ng/mL according to the ASTRO-Phoenix guidelines, correlated with extension studies as mpMRI or PET SCAN PSMA that will show suspicious tumors in the prostate, biopsy should be used as a confirmatory method; patients with metastatic involvement should be offered another type of procedure but HIFU. Additionally, candidates should have a Gleason score ≤ 8, and clinical-stage ≤T1-T3aNoMo.
Fulfillment of the guidelines can assure a better prognosis among prostate cancer patients treated with HIFU, since case selection is a determinant factor for a successful result, as described in a 2011 evaluation that was performed on a group of 84 men with biochemical failure after EBRT and a whole-gland salvage HIFU. Results have demonstrated that 93% of them were discharged within 23 hours following treatment, and only 20% (17 of 84 patients) needed an intervention for bladder obstruction. Within a follow-up of 19.8 months, 25% (21 of 84 patients) of the cohort presented a residual cancer detected on biopsy after salvage HIFU [42]. It is noteworthy that repeated HIFU procedures are a high-risk factor for rectal fistula development.
In a 2017 prospective study at University College London Hospitals and NHS Basingstoke Trust, in 150 men who received salvage HIFU between 2006 and 2015, the Kaplan–Meier overall survival at 60 months was 92% and among complications, UTI was 11.3% (17 of 150 patients) and bladder neck strictures of 8%. In addition, 87.5% remained pad-free at 2 years among those pad-free at baseline [43].
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound or Focused Ultrasound Surgery is an emerging image-guided therapy for obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
With the advent of new methodologies in MRI, specifically multiparametric MRI; the possibility of fusioning the MR images in real-time ultrasound scans, changed the accuracy of targeting biopsies, and recently the therapy targeting to improve control of focalized lesions.
Recently, the usage of MRI guidance with EXABLATE and TULSA-PRO, taking advantage of thermometric scanning, allowed more accurate treatments, limited by the need for MRI facilities. In the case of whole gland ablation, it is compared in outcomes with radical prostatectomy and EBRT, with less adverse effects.
The most common consideration of less aggressive treatments for clinically significant prostate cancer made the focal therapy a growing alternative, only limited at this time for the availability of good technical mpMR images, necessary to assess accurately the parenchymal lesions. The general results in different centers make HIFU a highly promising therapeutic option.
Our deepest thanks to:
Prof. Narendra Sanghvi, Focus-Surgery and Sonablate Corp.
Alex Gonzalez, Sonablate Corp.
Rodrigo Chaluisan, Sonablate Corp. In memoriam.
The authors declare to use a Sonablate device for BPH and prostate cancer treatments, since 2005, participate in the proctoring teaching system of Sonablate Company and participate in a BPH protocol with Sonablate Company.
All video materials referenced in this chapter are available to download here: https://bit.ly/33T5UxZ.
PSA | prostate-specific antigen |
HIFU | high intensity focused ultrasound |
TURP | transurethral resection of prostate |
BPH | benign prostate hyperplasia |
mpMRI | multiparametric magnetic resonance image |
EBRT | external beam radiotherapy |
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Extreme weather conditions and changes in humidity rates significantly affect the concrete compressive strength development. Concrete as one of the substantial material used in residential buildings and infrastructures is subjected to a massive strength change under extreme weather conditions. For understanding, the different concrete’s behavioral aspects, various commercial cement types under different temperatures, and humidity rates are investigated in this chapter. The experiments are aimed to investigate the concrete strength development over time when the material is cast at lower to mild temperatures and different humidity index rates. Results show that reducing the curing temperature more than 15° could result in 20% reduction in total compressive strength, while decreasing humidity rates by 50% leads to less than 10% drop in ultimate strength. To understand the strength developing process, maturity tests are conducted. It is shown that concrete is not able to reach to the expected ultimate strength if the temperature is significantly low regardless of curing time. The effect of temperature change during the curing process is more tangible on strength development compared to cement type and humidity rate values.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Alireza Farzampour",authors:null},{id:"51720",doi:"10.5772/64574",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4908,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"51861",doi:"10.5772/64779",title:"Concretes with Photocatalytic Activity",slug:"concretes-with-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:2860,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is a short review about the modified concretes with photocatalytic activity. In the beginning, the photocatalysis process is explained; the authors are focused on the mechanism of organic contamination and nitrogen oxide decomposition. Next the three main methods for concretes modification are presented: the first group is when the concrete is covered by thin layer of TiO2 materials, e.g., paints or TiO2 suspensions. The second group is the concretes with thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. The third group constitutes concretes modified in mass with TiO2. The two main methods for photocatalytic activity of the modified concrete determination were shown: an air purification by a nitrogen oxide decomposition and the self-cleaning properties by dyes decomposition. Also in this chapter the mechanical properties of the modified concrete are presented. In the end, the examples of the buildings made of photocatalytic concretes are shown.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Janus and Kamila Zając",authors:[{id:"180824",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}]},{id:"64801",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82489",title:"Bitumen and Its Modifier for Use in Pavement Engineering",slug:"bitumen-and-its-modifier-for-use-in-pavement-engineering",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter focuses on bitumen specifically. This chapter consists of several parts that can be mentioned, including the history of the appearance of bitumen and the types of constituent elements, as well as its mechanical properties and chemical structure and its thermal sensitivity. In all parts, the effects of bitumen on asphalt are discussed. In the following sections, the bitumen modification mechanism, polymer modifiers, and their behavior on the bitumen resistance to asphalt failures are also discussed. This chapter is very suitable for students and researchers interested in improving polymerization asphalt and bitumen and will help them to carry out research and concepts.",book:{id:"8412",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",fullTitle:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials"},signatures:"Mehrdad Honarmand, Javad Tanzadeh and Mohamad Beiranvand",authors:[{id:"268734",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mehrdad",middleName:null,surname:"Honarmand",slug:"mehrdad-honarmand",fullName:"Mehrdad Honarmand"},{id:"271251",title:"Prof.",name:"Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Tanzadeh",slug:"javad-tanzadeh",fullName:"Javad Tanzadeh"}]},{id:"64787",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82525",title:"A Decade of Research on Self-Healing Concrete",slug:"a-decade-of-research-on-self-healing-concrete",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The main findings of a decade of research on the design and development of the first self-healing concrete are summarized in this chapter. The autonomous healing concept is introduced, and plethora of design campaigns is enlisted. Healing agent encapsulation and agent tubes vascular networks are reported as the most efficient healing configurations for laboratory-scale and real-size applications, respectively. Crack formation, closure after healing and further damage are phenomena tracked by using advanced experimental monitoring methods and their performance is critically revised. The effect of self-healing technology on concrete mechanical response, durability and long-term response to damage are critically discussed. The study contributes to the open discussion in the scientific research community regarding self-healing concrete upscaling feasibility and finally it aims to contribute as a base for the future studies dealing with concrete design optimization.",book:{id:"8412",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",fullTitle:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials"},signatures:"Eleni Tsangouri",authors:[{id:"263163",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eleni",middleName:null,surname:"Tsangouri",slug:"eleni-tsangouri",fullName:"Eleni Tsangouri"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70605",title:"Designing a Tunnel",slug:"designing-a-tunnel",totalDownloads:2790,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Designing a tunnel is always a challenge. For shallow tunnels under cities due to the presence of buildings, bridges, important avenues, antiquities, etc. at the surface and other infrastructures in the vicinity of underground tunnels, parameters like vibrations and ground settlements must be tightly controlled. Urban tunnels are often made in soils with very low values of overburden. Risks of collapse and large deformations at the surface are high; thus negative impact on old buildings are likely to occur if appropriate measures are not taken in advance, when designing and constructing the tunnel. For deep tunnels with high overburden and low rock mass properties, squeezing conditions and excessive loads around the excavation can jeopardize the stability of the tunnel, leading to extensive collapse. The aim of the chapter is to give details on advance computational modelling and analytical methodologies, which can be used in order to design shallow and deep tunnels and to present real case studies from around the world, from very shallow tunnels in India with only 4.5 m overburden to a deep tunnel in Venezuela with extreme squeezing conditions under 1300 m overburden.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Spiros Massinas",authors:[{id:"295762",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Massinas",slug:"spiros-massinas",fullName:"Spiros Massinas"}]},{id:"70990",title:"Engineering Geology and Tunnels",slug:"engineering-geology-and-tunnels",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Currently, knowledge and understanding of the role of geological material and its implication in tunnel design is reinforced with advances in site investigation methods, the development of geotechnical classification systems and the consequent quantification of rock masses. However, the contribution of engineering geological information in tunnelling cannot be simply presented solely by a rock mass classification value. What is presented in this chapter is that the first step is not to start performing numerous calculations but to define the potential failure mechanisms. After defining the failure mechanism that is most critical, selection of the suitable design parameters is undertaken. This is then followed by the analysis and performance of the temporary support system based on a more realistic model. The specific failure mechanism is controlled and contained by the support system. A tunnel engineer must early assess all the critical engineering geological characteristics of the rock mass and the relevant mode of failure, for the specific factors of influence, and then decide either he or she will rely on a rock mass classification value to characterise all the site-specific conditions. Experiences from the tunnel behaviour of rock masses in different geological environments in Alpine mountain ridges are presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Vassilis Marinos",authors:[{id:"298713",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassilis",middleName:null,surname:"Marinos",slug:"vassilis-marinos",fullName:"Vassilis Marinos"}]},{id:"51720",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4905,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"77899",title:"Review of Existing Methods for Evaluating Adhesive Bonds in Timber Products",slug:"review-of-existing-methods-for-evaluating-adhesive-bonds-in-timber-products",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Gluing is an integral part of the majority of production processes in the timber industry. The effectiveness of adhesive application, glue bond development and glue penetration into the wood structure is becoming more and more important as more structural glued timber products are used in construction and other applications. The continued increase in utilisation of mass timber products (MTPs) such as CLT, glulam and LVL in tall timber buildings requires an accurate and in-depth understanding of adhesive roles and their performance effectiveness during the life span of any of those products in relation to the type of loading applied, environmental effects (e.g. RH and temperature) and in-service condition of elements (e.g. exposure to major wet events and degradation from decay). This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing imaging and other visualisation methods used to assess the glue line properties and examine the performance of glue lines in relation to factors such as species, product type and environmental conditions during manufacture and in-service life.",book:{id:"10584",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",fullTitle:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction"},signatures:"Maryam Shirmohammadi and William Leggate",authors:[{id:"346973",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Shirmohammadi",slug:"maryam-shirmohammadi",fullName:"Maryam Shirmohammadi"},{id:"426650",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Leggate",slug:"william-leggate",fullName:"William Leggate"}]},{id:"78315",title:"Engineered Wood Products as a Sustainable Construction Material: A Review",slug:"engineered-wood-products-as-a-sustainable-construction-material-a-review",totalDownloads:438,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Engineered wood products are considered as best building materials due to environmentally friendly. Huge change to the way in which wood has been utilized in primary application of construction in the course of the most recent 25 years are in light of decreased admittance to high strength timber from growth forests, and the turn of events and creation of various new design of manufactured wood products. Engineered wood products are available in different variety of sizes and measurements like laminated veneer lumber, glued laminated timber, finger jointed lumber, oriental strand board etc. It is utilized for rooftop and floor sheathing, solid structure, beams and the hull of boats. This review objectively explores not only the environmental aspects of the use of different engineered wood composites as a building material, but also their economic aspects, to understand their effect on sustainability.",book:{id:"10584",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",fullTitle:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction"},signatures:"Ranjana Yadav and Jitendra Kumar",authors:[{id:"335083",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"jitendra-kumar",fullName:"Jitendra Kumar"},{id:"354856",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr Ranjana",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"dr-ranjana-yadav",fullName:"Dr Ranjana Yadav"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"284",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81503",title:"The Data Representations of a Building Project: BIM Model, and IFC or IFCXML Data Standard",slug:"the-data-representations-of-a-building-project-bim-model-and-ifc-or-ifcxml-data-standard",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104580",abstract:"Building regulations in the construction industry are legal documents written in human language. These are interpreted and implemented by people and generally controlled by local governments. Traditional building regulation control and supervision methods emerge as a time-consuming and error-prone process for architects, engineers, and public authorities. Therefore, BIM\\'s effective building regulation control is considered a promising field of study in the construction industry. Automated Code Compliance Checking (ACCC) method is a rule-based method that provides simultaneous control of the computer’s building regulations. ACCC takes into account the characteristics of the building elements and related building regulations. BIM is recognized as the most effective platform for information exchange of building projects in the construction industry. It supports the development of various software. It facilitates automated or semi-automated ACCC of the building projects for compliance with building regulations and standards for the participants involved in the building production process. The data of the building project are represented in two ways in the ACCC. These are BIM Model, and IFC or IFCXML Data Standard. In this study, the BIM, IFC, and IFCXML representations of the building project data were explained over the sample housing project in the ACCC process.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Murat Aydın"},{id:"81506",title:"Bentonite Clay Modified Concrete",slug:"bentonite-clay-modified-concrete",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103803",abstract:"Replacing cement with pozzolanic materials to some extent in construction is found to be one of the sustainable approaches in the construction industry. Pozzolanic materials of industrial origin like fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag will have to be replaced with natural pozzolanic materials once the world moves towards renewable energy sources. Bentonite is one such pozzolanic clay material that is rich in SiO2 content. A little research was made to assess the performance of bentonite modified concrete. Based on those, an improvement in the fresh, hardened, durability properties was reported. This chapter presents the current scenario on the development of bentonite modified concrete. It also reviews the literature about the physical & chemical properties of bentonite, bentonite blended cement mortar, bentonite modified cement concrete, and reinforced concrete. The history and development of Bentonite modified concrete were also briefly presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Metta Achyutha Kumar Reddy and Veerendrakumar C. Khed"},{id:"81381",title:"Oil Contaminated Sand: Sources, Properties, Remediation, and Engineering Applications",slug:"oil-contaminated-sand-sources-properties-remediation-and-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:26,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103802",abstract:"Oil leakage during the exploration, production, and transportation of crude oil is a significant issue worldwide because crude oil spills severely impact the physical and chemical properties of the surrounding soil. A range of remediation methods for oil-contaminated soil is recommended, consisting of sand washing, bioremediation, electro-kinetic sand remediation, and thermal desorption; however, none are cost-effective. To find a suitable alternative remediation method, oil-contaminated sand utilisation in construction was considered. Several researchers found that oil contamination generally has an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of sand, but certain levels of contamination have beneficial effects on some of the important properties of the sand and its produced concrete. This chapter reviews the main sources of oil contamination and the existing remediation methods for this waste material. It analyses the different factors that affect the properties of oil-contaminated sand and concrete, including the type of crude oil and permeability of sand, like its properties, absorption, chemical composition, and spillage quantity. Furthermore, the intensive evaluation results of light crude oil effects on the geotechnical properties of fine sand, cement mortar and concrete were presented. Potential applications for oil-contaminated sand were also identified for the re-use of this material in engineering and construction.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Rajab Abousnina and Rochstad Lim Allister"},{id:"81175",title:"Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Organo-Clay-Wood Fiber in Cement-Based Mortar",slug:"thermal-conductivity-and-mechanical-properties-of-organo-clay-wood-fiber-in-cement-based-mortar",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102321",abstract:"This paper orientated to study the compressive resistance and thermal conductivity of compressed and stabilized clay blocks in the cement matrix. The effect of the content of wood fiber (WF) became studied as a reinforcement material in cement mortars. The porosity, compressive energy, thermal conductivity and composite of cement hydration had been investigated. The addition of NFC suggests a very good pore reduction, and the fine result becomes acquired with the emulsion of a combination incorporating 2%wt of WF inside the presence of an anionic surfactant (SDBS). The results revealed that used in this study were a mix of water with ordinary portland cement and organo-clay (OC) modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at water-to-solid ratios 1%. The effect depending on w/s ratio of OC used samples with cement substitution for organoclay showed from 2% higher compressive strength results than that of the plain cement paste and a decrease of the thermal conductivity by addition of 2%wt of WF from 2.26 to 0.8 W/m °C. It was also observed that with increasing w/s ratio higher amount of cement can be replaced by OC. These analyses have revealed that the presence of WF promoted the hydration, by producing more portlandite and calcium silicate gel.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Fadhel Aloulou and Habib Sammouda"},{id:"80651",title:"The Effects of Mill Conditions on Breakage Parameters of Quartz Sand in the District of Şile on the Black Sea Coast of İstanbul",slug:"the-effects-of-mill-conditions-on-breakage-parameters-of-quartz-sand-in-the-district-of-ile-on-the-b",totalDownloads:54,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102554",abstract:"Casting, glass, ceramic, construction, plastic, dyeing, and abrasive industries are the main consumption areas of quartz sand, which are formed as a result of the weathering of igneous metamorphic rocks. In such industries, it is very important to select the correct ball size in order to grind the raw material to the desired particle size in optimum time. In this study, the changes in the specific rate of breakage of the quartz sand sample were investigated by using alloy steel balls of five different sizes. For this purpose, three different mono-size samples were prepared according to 4√2 series in the range of 0.090–0.053 mm. The quartz sand prepared in these three intervals was ground with 6.35, 7.94, 9.52, 12.70, and 19.05 mm alloy steel balls for different durations. The specific rate of breakage values was obtained from the particle size distributions acquired after various grinding periods. As a result of grinding tests, an increase in the rate of breakage is observed due to the increase in ball diameter.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Serhan Haner"},{id:"80288",title:"The Role of Sand in Mortar’s Properties",slug:"the-role-of-sand-in-mortar-s-properties",totalDownloads:61,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102489",abstract:"Mortars are diachronic composite materials used in masonry construction to serve multiple roles. Their durability and esthetic harmonization in constructions of the different eras were the reasons why numerous research works have been realized over recent decades. Each time, the role of the mortars’ components revealed significant pieces of information on the technology used. Despite the indisputable role of the binders on the mortar’s quality, aggregates of different characteristics had a significant role in the behavior of mortars. The addition of aggregates to a binding system in mortars technology has proved to confer technical advantages as they contribute to volume stability, durability, and structural performance. Apart from the different types of aggregates, as their mineralogy and origin are concerned, the volume content in the mixture, the maximum size, and their gradation influences the structure of a binder—aggregate mixture and the performance of mortars overall. In the present article, the diachronic presence of mortars is presented. The role of aggregates is emphasized to understand their impact on the longevity and durability of the mortars.",book:{id:"11186",title:"Sand in Construction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11186.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Stefanidou and Parthena Koltsou"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"