More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
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1. Introduction
Using music as a therapy has been discussed and practised in various civilisations of the world. The act was thought to begin earlier than Islamic civilisation. A study by Mohd Jailani [1] showed that music therapy was applied in the ancient civilisations of Egypt, China, Greece, and Roman. The ancient Egyptians were described by al-Farabi [2] as pioneers in the field of music based on a picture depicting David treating Saul with al-ma’azif (a stringed musical instrument) for a melancholia caused by the disturbance of evil spirits (or deities). The influence of evil spirits gradually eroded the good spirit from Saul’s body, and David applied music therapy to Saul until his health was restored. This picture was found on the wall of a tomb in Thebes (ancient Egyptian city east of the Nile River) [3]. The first ancient Egyptian physician who used music therapy in treatment was I-em hotep, a competent physician who lived around 3500 B. C, in the era of the third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. I-em hotep also established a medical institution that applied music therapy as a line of treatment [4].
The history of ancient Chinese civilisation indicates that the Chinese had already recognised the benefits of music therapy since 4000 years ago [5]. The Chinese Emperor (Emperor Chung) himself was convinced that well-composed music could evoke the feelings of tolerance, compassion, pleasure, and courage, thus indicating that music could affect human emotions. Confucius, a well-known Chinese philosopher, also stated that music can improve eyesight, sharpen hearing, and improve blood circulation [6]. He considered the art of music as a symbol of civilization [7, 8].
The Greek civilisation similarly believed that music therapy could play an important role in dealing with physical, mental, and spiritual health problems. Koc et al. [6] reported that the Greek poet Homer (who lived in the 9th Century BC) mentioned the ability of music therapy to stop bleeding. Music therapy was therefore said to be suitable for patients who underwent surgery. Pythagoras (who died in the year 495 BC) also recommended that music therapy be applied to a hot-tempered person and to those who suffer from disappointment. Pythagoras also believed that music therapy is very effective in treating diseases caused by hormonal disorders in the body [5]. According to Penelope & Burnett [9], Pythagoras had practically applied music therapy on an intoxicated young man from Taormina (located in Sicily) to restore his sanity and calm him down.
Music therapy was also applied as a line of treatment in the Roman civilisation [6]. The Roman society used it to assuage grief, overcome hysteria, alleviate pain from poisonous insect bites, treat microbial diseases, and treat dumb patients. Examples of music-based treatment in the Roman civilisation were their applications for individuals who suffered psychological disorders and for deaf people (using a trumpet). The therapy was also used in treating severe mental disorders, such as anxiety or restlessness. The Roman society believed that music therapy could alleviate pain, strengthen their spirit, and increase perseverance when they were unwell [10].
2. Concept of music therapy as medical treatment
We refer to several organisations to obtain a more precise definition of music therapy. The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as a clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualised goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program [11]. Another organisation, the World Music Federation Therapy (WMFT), refers to music therapy as the professional use of music and its elements as an intervention in medical, educational, and everyday environments with individuals, groups, families, or communities who seek to optimise their quality of life and improve their physical, social, communicative, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual health and well-being. Research, practice, education, and clinical training in music therapy are based on professional standards according to social, cultural, and political contexts [12]. Music therapy is also defined as a therapy based on engagement in musical activities, namely the use of music as a therapeutic element to reduce anxiety, improve cognitive functioning, promote physical rehabilitation, and enhance interpersonal communication [13].
In the context of the Islamic civilisation, we use the definition of music therapy expressed by al-Faruqi [14]: the art and science of combining sounds or voice tones or instrumental sounds to form various expressions that satisfy emotions, aesthetics and structure of the basis for belief system held. This definition sums up the three main characteristics that form the basis of music: (i) sound, tone of voice, and instrument; (ii) capability of satisfying emotions and aesthetics, and (iii) fulfilling a particular purpose in a belief system. This definition is found to be relevant to the concept of music therapy in the Islamic medieval era as follows:
Sound, tone of voice, or instrument
The method of music therapy is not limited to using only instrumental music and singing but also includes adhan (call to prayer), recitation of the Quran, and the sound of water as a medium of therapy, particularly with the elements in the sounds, such as tone, rhythm, and melody.
Capability of satisfying emotions and aesthetics
Treatment with music therapy functions to give tranquillity, alleviate pain, and reduce symptoms. The therapy is one of the methods applied with main treatment (medication or surgery) besides using other complementary treatments such as aromatherapy, bath therapy, storytelling, dance, and theatre presentation.
Fulfilling particular purpose in a belief system
Music therapy in the Islamic medieval era encompasses using music in al-sama’ rituals by sufi dervishes at sufi activity centres, known as khaniqah, ribat, and zawiyah. The disciples of a sufi fraternity (tariqa), guided by their Sufi Sheikh or Master, used al-sama’ as physical and mental therapy for the ennui (boredom and weariness) of the vagaries of life, and even as the remedy for the soul’s longing to meet with the Divine. Hence, al-sama’ is an essential ritual for sufis as it is considered a wasilah (means to get closer) to Allah SWT through the sense of hearing. It is also said to be the wasilah to gain peace of mind and purify the soul that has sinned. The reality of al-sama’ is said to occur when a sufi experiences al-wajd (spiritual ecstasy in witnessing the grandeur of the Divine secret) and feels himself fana’ (self-annihilation or extinction while still physically alive) from worldly affairs.
We can summarise here that music therapy is a treatment for increasing a person’s health level emotionally, physically, and spiritually. It is not restricted to using particular musical instruments but includes the adhan (call to prayer), recitation of al-Quran, and sounds of nature (such as flowing water and singing of birds). However, music therapy is more of a complementary treatment applied adjunctly with main treatments, such as the use of medication or surgery.
3. Function of music therapy as a complementary treatment
As a medical treatment, music therapy has its functions. Among the functions, according to Ibn Sina and Ikhwan al-Safa, are (i) to entertain, soothe, relieve, or reduce pain; (ii) to strengthen body immunity (antibodies) to diseases; (iii) to help in healing, and (iv) to distract attention from pain and calm down, in order to facilitate the recovery process [15, 16, 17]. Clearly, the goal is more towards calming down and relieving pain, not to heal totally. On this basis, music therapy plays the role of complementary treatment. Another function of music therapy is to reduce stress as well as soothe and relieve symptoms. Cassileth and Deng [18] explained that a complementary treatment refers to the treatment administered adjunctly with the mainstream treatment. Music therapy is in the domain of body and mind intervention; it is categorised by the National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) (the Health Care Centre under the National Institute of Health of America) as a complementary treatment—similar to other treatments such as hypnosis, massage, and acupuncture [19]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) [20] refers to music therapy as a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country’s traditional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant health care system. However, if complementary treatment was to be integrated with conventional treatment, it would certainly improve its effectiveness and help to alleviate severe symptoms [21]. Complementary treatment is included in the category of mind and body therapeutic approach to assuage anxiety, emotional disorders, and chronic pain as well as increase the quality of life.
Hence, we can conclude that music therapy is a complementary treatment. In support of this, the treatment procedure is presented for some types of mental disorders for which music therapy was one of the treatments recommended to alleviate and distract attention from the pain, as stated in some authoritative medical works such as al-Kamil fi Sina’at al-Tibbiyyah by al-Majusi, Maqalah fi al-Malikhuliya by Ibn ‘Imran and al-Qanun fi al-Tibb by Ibn Sina. Based on al-Kamil fi Sina’at al-Tibbiyyah, al-Majusi explained the treatment using music therapy for hypochondriac melancholia (al-maraqiya) and lovesickness (al-‘ishq). According to al-Majusi [22], a melancholia patient was also treated with music therapy besides treatment using evacuation (istifragh); pricking the calf and arm veins; and giving a bath, massage, oral medication, and nutritious diet. The patient was taken for a walk in the garden while listening to melodious strains of music. For the lovesick (al-‘ishq) patient, music therapy was used adjunctly with bath treatment, horse riding, and massage. Music therapy was usually applied by playing the oud instrument.
Based on Maqalah fi al-Malikhuliya, Ibn ‘Imran [23] suggested music therapy for treating melancholia besides nutritious diet, evacuation, mother’s milk, warm water mixed with chamomile flowers, poppy peel, hibiscus seeds, violet leaves, liqourice and cloves, immersion therapy, bath therapy, and massage. In al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Ibn Sina [24] explains that music therapy is for mental disorders, including insomnia, melancholia, and lovesickness. For insomnia, the treatment was to use music therapy through gentle and melodious singing with rhythms like al-hazaj and al-thaqil, besides other treatments, such as eating cold foods, bath therapy, smearing oil on the head, forehead and both sides of the area between the eye and jaw, rubbing milk on the head, dropping oil into the nose and ears, opium, and recreation. For treating melancholia, Ibn Sina recommended listening to music and singing, besides ventilation, selected foods, bath therapy, massage with poultice, medication, evacuation, cupping, wrapping, and distracting patient with something pleasurable and soothing, such as bringing someone he/she likes. For lovesickness, Ibn Sina recommended treatment by listening to singing or music, besides evacuation, nutritious diet, bath therapy, and counselling.
The treatment methods recommended by al-Majusi, Ibn ‘Imran, and Ibn Sina for melancholia, insomnia, and lovesickness clearly illustrate that music therapy was not the main (conventional) treatment. Music therapy was more of an adjunct treatment to complement the main treatment methods suggested, with the role of overcoming symptoms so that the patient is distracted, calmed down, and entertained.
4. Hospitals that applied music therapy
Many Islamic civilisation medieval hospitals applied music therapy as a treatment. The hospitals were Bimarastan Fez (Sidi Frej) in Morocco, Bimarastan al-Mansuri in Cairo, Bimarastan al-Arghuni in Aleppo, Syria, Bimarastan Nur al-Din in Damascus, Kayseri Gevher Nesibeh Darussifas, Divrigi Ulu Mosque and Darussifas, Amasya Darussifas, Fatih Darussifas in Istanbul, Edirne Sultan Bayezid II Darussifas, Suleymaniye Sifahanesi, and the hospital established by Ayse Hafsa Sultan.
Bimarastan Fez (Sidi Frej) in Morroco was built in the year 1286 AD by Sultan Yusuf ibn Ya’qub (Banu Marin). Here, patients suffering from depression were treated with music therapy, herbs, and spices [25]. This hospital was also a shelter for insane patients [26]. The writer’s personal experience in a visit to the hospital site in Morocco in the year 2019 witnessed that it became a bazaar selling souvenirs to tourists. Interestingly, written on the notice board at the location was a statement that this hospital later became the prototype for building a psychiatric hospital in Valencia, Spain, in the year 1410 AD (Figures 1 and 2).
Figure 1.
Photo showing the original site of the hospital have been turned into bazaar selling souvenirs.
Figure 2.
Picture displaying information that the hospital was a prototype for building a psychiatric hospital in Valencia, Spain.
Bimarastan al-Mansuri in Cairo, Egypt (Mamluk era) was the hospital built in the year 1284 AD by Malik al-Mansur Sayf al-Din Qalawun. It was the most famous and prestigious in the history of Islamic medieval era hospitals and was acclaimed by many scholars. Al-Balawi [27] described the hospital as a marvellous large palace with the most perfect building structure. al-Qalqashandi [28] and Ibn al-‘Umari [29] were very impressed with the hospital architecture and described the facility as highly reputable beyond compare. Ibn Batutah [30], who managed to visit this hospital on vacation in Egypt, also commented on its indescribable beauty. Hunke [31] denoted this hospital to be the biggest and richest health institute ever built on this planet. This hospital was operated fully using endowment (waqf) funds from the following sources (Table 1).
No.
Types of premises
Location
1
Qaysariyyah al-Subanah
Fustat
2
Funduq al-Malik al-Sacid (hotel)
Fustat
3
Hammam al-Sabat
Cairo
4
Qaysariyyah al-Mahalli
Cairo
5
Qaysariyyah al-Diyafah
Cairo
6
Qaysariyyah al-Fadil
Cairo
7
Suq al-Katbiyyin
Cairo
8
Suq al-Qufaysat
Cairo
Table 1.
A list of premises that channel endowment funds to Bimarastan al-Mansuri.
As recorded by Ibn Iyas [33], the endowment (waqf) documents required the hospital to comply with two stipulations. The first precondition was that an ensemble of musicians would play musical instruments, such as oud, every evening to strengthen the spirit of patients. The musicians were paid a fixed monthly income. The second stipulation was that Qurra’ were required to recite the holy verses of al-Qur’an in al-Qubbah (domed hall). They were also paid monthly with four aradib (600 kilogrammes) of wheat and birds such as pigeons.
As a hospital that applied music therapy as a treatment, it was designed with a suitable structure and landscape to support the implementation of music therapy. According to Dols [34], its landscape featured a pool, a water fountain, and a garden that had a therapeutic effect on patients. The sound of flowing water could be heard in every space in the hospital [35, 36]. The sound of adhan that reverberated from the nearby mosque minaret also became therapy for insomnia patients. This hospital also used the services of a specific ensemble of musicians to make a concert presentation so that the patients were always cheerful and restful [37]. These musicians were paid from a special provision for their daily performance [38]. After having served for seven centuries, the hospital is now called Mustashfa Qalawun for treating eyes or ophthalmology.
Bimarastan al-Arghuni in Allepo, Syria, was another hospital that applied music therapy. The building was originally a palace which was later modified to become a hospital by the Allepo governor Arghun al-Saghir al-Kamili (Mamluk Emir) in the year 1344 AD. The building continued to function as a hospital until the 16th Century AD. Music therapy applied in this hospital was not restricted to using instruments and singing, but also included the strains of Qur’an recitation every morning and evening. Interestingly, the hospital provided a stage specifically for the music ensemble to entertain patients, especially mental patients, so they would be calmer and always cheerful. The salaries for musicians were paid from a special allocation from the hospital expenditure [39].
Hospital al-Arghuni was also listed as a hospital that applied music therapy. In the same way, music therapy was applied to mental patients using instrumental music and the sound of water. Instrumental music used in therapy was played in a big iwan (vaulted hall with an arched opening to the courtyard) at the southern side of the hospital. There, musicians presented musical concerts with singing to entertain mental patients. For therapy using the sound of water, this hospital utilised the sound of flowing water from a fountain in a small pool in the middle of the hospital garden. The mental patients were also treated with the fragrance of flowers of potted plants placed in every corner of the pool and the entire hospital garden. In addition, the aroma of basil also had a therapeutic effect as an anti-depressant, as it helped to calm the mind. The mental patients were also entertained by dance and theatre presentations, storytelling, and the strains of Qur’an recitation [39].
Bimarastan Nur al-Din in Damascus had the design and landscape which supported applying music therapy for mental patients [40]. The hospital design and beautiful landscape featured a water fountain in a pool and garden, which had a therapeutic effect on mental patients. Even the sound of adhan reverberating from the mosque minaret nearby became therapeutic for insomnia patients [34]. However, this building no longer functions as a hospital as it was converted into a museum for the history of Arabic medical science [25].
Next, Kayseri Gevher Nesibeh Darussifas was also listed in the list of hospitals that applied music therapy [41]. Usually, this therapy was applied to mental patients whereby the hospital’s own musicians performed three times daily in the middle section of the hospital, which extended directly to the patients’ rooms through the balconies. The hospital musicians played several types of musical instruments such as flute, violin, tanboor, and dulcimer [42]. However, the hospital no longer functions as it was converted into a museum of the history of medicine of the Kayseri Gevher Nesibeh’s Faculty of Medicine.
Divrigi Ulu Mosque and Darussifas was a hospital built by Turan Malik in the year 1228 AD. In this hospital, music therapy was intensively applied together with herbal treatment [41]. The application of music therapy was facilitated by the hospital building structure, which featured facilities conducive for a health institution. The amenities included a pool and a water fountain system, which made natural music. Currently, the hospital building is a gazetted UNESCO World Heritage Site [43].
Amasya Darussifas was a hospital built in the year 1308 AD. In this hospital, music therapy was applied to mental patients through a combination of instrumental music and the sound of water [5].
Fatih Darussifas Istanbul was built in the year 1470 AD and was the first hospital built in the Ottoman era. It had 70 rooms and 80 domes. Music therapy was applied to treat mental patients and this continued until the year 1824 AD [44].
Edirne Sultan Bayezid II Darussifas also offered music therapy specifically for mental patients [45]. This treatment used not only instrumental music but also the burbling sound of water flowing from the pool fountain in the middle of the facility [40]. Music therapy applied in this hospital was considered the peak in the history of medieval music therapy for its systematic implementation, namely through musical concerts three times daily by the hospital’s ensemble of musicians. The ensemble comprised ten musicians, three of whom were singers, and the rest were musicians who played various types of instruments. This hospital was also equipped with a stage for a musical concert. The instruments frequently used the reed-flute, dulcimer, harp, kemence (similar to a small violin), pan flute or pan-pipe, and oud. With these instruments, various melodic modes (maqam) were played, such as neva/nawa, rast, dugah/dukah, segah/sikah, cargah/jaharkah, suzinak, zankulah, and busalik [42]. The combination of the sounds produced by the musical instruments and flowing water added to the therapeutic effect not only to the patients but also to the visitors.
Suleymaniye Sifahanesi was a hospital built by the famous architect, Mimar Sinan, in the year 1550 AD, as commissioned by Sultan Suleyman. In contrast to other hospitals, Suleymaniye Sifahanesi provided music therapy through a specific unit, namely the Neurology Unit. Music therapy as a treatment was availed until mid-19th Century AD [45], using the services of about 30 staff [46].
Another hospital that applied music therapy was established by Ayse Hafsa Sultan, the mother of Sultan Suleyman and wife to Sultan Selim 1. The facility was established in Manisa in the year 1522 AD. Despite its relatively small size, it provided music therapy as a treatment to mental patients until the 19th Century AD. As for now, the hospital building is currently a museum [45].
The existence of these hospitals showed that music therapy was widely applied in the Islamic medieval centuries, specifically in the Seljuq and Ottoman eras. The application involved not only instrumental music but singing, the recitation of al-Qur’an, and the sound of water. The use of instrumental music was supported by the use of a domed hall or stage for presentation. For enhanced therapeutic effect, some of the hospitals were equipped with an acoustic system; a dome was built to reflect sound off its concave walls, which focused it in the centre, thus amplifying the sound. This acoustic system helped in disseminating the sound of music to reach all corners of the hospital. The hospital landscape with its fountain pool in the garden was conducive for therapy using the natural sound of flowing water; such created a tranquil ambiance not only for the patients but for the hospital staff and visitors as well. Those treated with music therapy were frequently mental patients as well as individuals with psychological disorders, such as depression, insomnia, and melancholia. The function of this treatment was to entertain, calm down the patients, and relieve pain. However, music therapy was no longer available in these Islamic medieval hospitals by the 19th Century AD.
5. Process of applying music therapy in Islamic civilisation medicine
We use the example of music therapy applied in Bimarastan al-Mansuri in Cairo. This hospital was selected based on four considerations. First, the important document relating to the hospital’s affairs, specifically the endowment (waqf) document, is extant and kept in good condition for reference. Second, this hospital has a long lifespan of almost six centuries, from the end of the 13th Century until the beginning of the 19th Century AD. According to Ibn al-‘Umari [29], the hospital building itself still stands until now. However, its status as a general hospital was changed to an ophthalmology hospital by the 20th Century AD. Third, this hospital is based on two unique principles: welfare (free treatment) and equality. Thus, its treatment services were available regardless of rank and position. Leaders, military, social elite, or common people - all were entitled to equal treatment. Fourth, this hospital provides formal and intensive music therapy treatment as stipulated in the waqf document.
We refer to records from sources such as Wasf Misr-Madinah al-Qahirah: al-Khutut al-‘Arabiyyah ‘ala ‘Awamir al-Qahirah [44], Shams al-‘Arab Tasti’ ‘ala al-Gharb [31], A History of Egypt Vol. 6 The Middle Ages [47], Cairo Fifty Years Ago [48], L’Arabe, Les Monuments Du Kaire [49] and al-Rehlah ila Misr wa al-Sudan wa al-Habsyah [50] to identify the application of music therapy at Bimarastan al-Mansuri. Based on these sources, we deduced four matters.
The first matter is that Bimarastan al-Mansuri used two out of three main characteristics that form the basis of music therapy: (i) sound, tone of voice or instrument; and (ii) satisfying emotions and aesthetics. The second matter is that the hospital structure was designed to suit such treatment. The interior was spacious, measuring 150 feet in length and width. In the center of the building was a large pool with a fountain from which water is shot up as high as a combined height of two male adults. Next to the pool was the prayer hall (musalla). Some nearly healed patients in the process of rehabilitation usually rested by the pool while enjoying the sound of water from the fountain wall and being served by hospital staff. Chronic mental patients were placed in spacious rooms equipped with a pool and wall fountain to enable enjoying the engrossing sound of flowing water. This hospital also had a psychiatric unit that warded mental patients. They were treated with full concern through the burbling sound of fountain water in the porch area of the hospital.
The third matter is that musicians and Qurra’ formed part of the hospital staff, apart from physicians and nurses. Musicians were given the responsibility to soothe and entertain the patients with singing and the melodious strains of musical instruments, at once distracting their attention from the pain they endured. This hospital even provided payment to musicians who came daily to entertain patients, including those who were going through rehabilitation sessions, with singing and music. Qurra’ were also paid to recite al-Qur’an at neighbouring mosques to create spiritual peace. This hospital paid fixed salaries to 50 Qurra’. The fourth matter is that music therapy was given as a complementary treatment. Thus, it was applied adjunctly with other treatment, including listening to stories told by professional storytellers, watching dance presentations and comedy sketches, and using medication.
Bimarastan al-Mansuri had a specific process relating to music therapy. The usual procedure for a patient before admission to a ward was to undergo a preliminary examination by an assistant or trainee physician at a polyclinic in the southern part of the hospital. If further treatment was required, the patient would be advised to be warded so that his/her level of condition could be monitored constantly. The main procedure required registration before admission to a ward. In this process, the registration record must first be verified by the chief physician and only then, can a patient be placed in a ward based on gender as wards for men and women were separate with attending male and female nurses, respectively. Nurses always gave their best service throughout the patient’s stay in the ward; they administered medication, gave food and drink, managed the bedding, and bathed and clothed the patients.
In the context of treating with music therapy, a musical band or ensemble was assigned the task of entertaining patients every evening by playing the oud. Insomnia (primary or secondary) patients and rehabilitation patients were frequently treated with instrumental music. Although treated in a special room provided by the hospital for the music therapy, other patients could hear the music in their respective wards. Thus, music therapy was indirectly applied to all patients, mental or physical, through nature’s music (sound of water), and human vocals (chanting of adhan and recitation of the holy verses of al-Qur’an).
6. Conclusion
Even though music therapy of the Islamic civilisation medieval era had ended by the 19th century AD, it is still relevant to the approach of modern medicine. This is due to the awareness of its most encouraging effectiveness as complementary medicine. Data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) [20] showed that the use of complementary medicine among populations is strongly acknowledged in many regions, including the African Region (87%), the Region of the Americas (80%), and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (90%). Based on the categorisation of medical subfields by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), music therapy is placed under the subfield of mind and body interventions in the art therapy grouping. Mind and body interventions refer to the techniques of enhancing the level of mental ability so that it can influence the body functions and overcome symptoms. Besides music therapy, meditation and prayer (supplication) are also included under this subfield.
Positive development in the use of complementary treatments in hospitals will certainly ensure the continuity of using music therapy as the complementary treatment in today’s hospitals. The basic matters that need to be developed first are the training of music therapists and selection of music genre-appropriate to a country’s moral values, customs, and socioculture. To gain expert advisory services, strategic cooperation needs to be forged with music therapy organisations such as the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT), and Traditional Turkish Music and Movement Therapy (TUMATA). These organisations have vast experience in music therapy, particularly in training programmes and facilities.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia and the Institute of Islam Hadhari for providing financial support for the conduct of the research through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2016/SSI05/UKM/02/1) and RH-2020-008.
\n',keywords:"music therapy, medicine, Islamic civilisation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77311.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77311.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77311",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77311",totalDownloads:235,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 31st 2021",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2021",datePrePublished:"June 24th 2021",datePublished:"April 6th 2022",dateFinished:"June 24th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Ibn Sina’s (Avicenna) denotes that one of the most effective methods in medical treatment is listening to music, which clearly illustrates the position of music therapy in medical treatment. This chapter discusses four matters: (i) the concept of music therapy as medical treatment, (ii) the function of music therapy as a method of complementary treatment aimed more towards calming and relieving pain, but not as a total cure for the patient, (iii) the hospitals that applied music therapy as treatment, and (iv) the process of applying music therapy in the medical tradition of the Islamic civilisation. Music here includes instrumental music, the sound of singing, adhan (call to prayer), Quranic recitation, as well as sounds of nature, such as of birds singing and of water from a fountain pool. Among the hospitals that applied such therapy was Bimarastan Fez in Morroco, Bimarastan al-Mansuri at Cairo, Egypt, Bimarastan al-Arghuni at Allepo, Syria, Bimarastan Nur al-Din at Damascus City, and Suleymaniye Sifahanesi.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77311",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77311",signatures:"Roziah Sidik, Azmul Fahimi Kamaruzaman and Mohd Jailani Abdullah",book:{id:"10922",type:"book",title:"Music in Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Music in Health and Diseases",slug:"music-in-health-and-diseases",publishedDate:"April 6th 2022",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal, Roshan Sutar and Anvesh Jallapally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10922.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-633-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-632-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-634-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"354463",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"ROZIAH",middleName:null,surname:"SIDIK",fullName:"ROZIAH SIDIK",slug:"roziah-sidik",email:"roziah@ukm.edu.my",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universitas Kebangsaan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"420962",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Jailani",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Mohd Jailani Abdullah",slug:"mohd-jailani-abdullah",email:"jai_amanee@yahoo.com.my",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National University of Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"420963",title:"Dr.",name:"Azmul Fahimi",middleName:null,surname:"Kamaruzaman",fullName:"Azmul Fahimi Kamaruzaman",slug:"azmul-fahimi-kamaruzaman",email:"azmul@ukm.edu.my",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universitas Kebangsaan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Concept of music therapy as medical treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Function of music therapy as a complementary treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Hospitals that applied music therapy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Process of applying music therapy in Islamic civilisation medicine",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Abdullah MJ. Epistemologi Terapi Muzik dan Aplikasinya di Bimarastan al-Mansuri Pada Abad Ke-13 Masihi [thesis]. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 2019'},{id:"B2",body:'al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan. al-Musiqa al-Kabir. Cairo: Dar al-Katib al-Arabi li al-Tiba’ah wa al-Nasr; N.d. 1208p.'},{id:"B3",body:'Whitebread C. The Magic, Psychic, Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Medical Collections of the Division of Medicine in the United States National Museum. 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Cairo: Matba’ah al-Amiriyyah; 1914. 532p.'},{id:"B29",body:'Al-Jaburi, Kamel Sulayman, editor. Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar. Vol 3. Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al-‘Ilmiyyah; 1971. 413p.'},{id:"B30",body:'al-‘Arayan, Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mun’im, editor. Rehlah Ibn Batutah. Vol 1. Beirut: Dar Ihya’ al-‘Ulum; 1987. 797p.'},{id:"B31",body:'Baydun F, Dusuqi K, translator. Shams al-‘Arab Tasti’ ‘ala al-Gharb. Beirut: Dar al-Jil; 1993. 588p.'},{id:"B32",body:'‘Isa Bek A. Tarikh al-Bimarastanat fi al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Ra’id al-‘Arabi; 1981. 294p.'},{id:"B33",body:'Mustafa, M, editor. Bada’i’ al-Zuhur fi Waqa’i’ al-Duhur. Vol 1, Part 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner; 1975. 594p.'},{id:"B34",body:'Dols M W. Insanity and its Treatment in Islamic Society. Medical History. 1987;31: 1-14.'},{id:"B35",body:'al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Abi al-‘Abbas Ahmad ibn ‘Ali. Kitab al-Mawa’iz wa al-I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khutat wa al-Athar. Vol 2. Beirut: Dar Sadir; N.d. 521p.'},{id:"B36",body:'Fawwaz N M, Fawwaz H K, editors. Nihayah al-Arab fi Funun al-Adab. Vol 31. Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al-‘Ilmiyyah; 2004. 287p'},{id:"B37",body:'Miller A C, Jundi-Shapur, Bimaristans, and the Rise of Academic Medical Centres. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2006; 9912: 615-617.'},{id:"B38",body:'Gilad E, Arnon S. The Role of Live Music and Singing as a Stress-reducing Modality in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Environment. Music and Medicine. 2010;21: 18-22'},{id:"B39",body:'Gorini R. Attention and Care to Madness during the Islamic Middle Ages in Syria: The Example of Bimaristan al-Arghun from Princely Palace to Bimaristan. Journal of International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2002;2: 40-42'},{id:"B40",body:'Sengul E. Edirne Sultan Bayezid II Hospital. Turk Neurosurg. 2015;251: 1-8'},{id:"B41",body:'Bakir B, Basagaoglu I. 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Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Medical Sciences. 2009;651:71-80'},{id:"B47",body:'Lane-Poole S. A History of Egypt. New York: Charles Scribner’s Son; 1901. 382p.'},{id:"B48",body:'Lane-Poole S, editor. Cairo Fifty Years Ago. London: Gilbert and Rivington Ltd.; 1896. 161p.'},{id:"B49",body:'D’Avennes P. L \' Art Arabe D’Apres Les Monuments De Kaire. Paris: Ve. A. Morel et Cie; 1877. 296p.'},{id:"B50",body:'al-Masri H M, translator. al-Rehlah ila Masr wa al-Sudan wa al-Habshah. Vol 2. Cairo: Dar al-Afaq al-‘Arabiyyah; 2006. 350p.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Roziah Sidik",address:"roziah@ukm.edu.my",affiliation:'
Research Centre for Arabic Language and Islamic Civilization, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Research Centre for Arabic Language and Islamic Civilization, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
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Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4637",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6aff74df1ea32df7f1e20e29c8363ff5",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. 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Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48594",doi:"10.5772/60911",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2698,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"48553",doi:"10.5772/60767",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2594,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The use of agrochemicals, especially herbicides, is necessary to control pests in order to produce adequate food for the global population (estimated at 7 billion). Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides have been used extensively for this purpose but recent studies have reported these chemical substances to be found in aquatic ecosystems, wildlife and humans in various quantities. In this chapter, we reviewed the impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on wildlife and humans using measured endpoint effects caused by genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. We used findings from different current investigations to demonstrate adverse effects, or otherwise, of glyphosate exposure to wildlife and humans. Our review reveals that glyphosate and its formulations may not only be considered as having genotoxic, cytotoxic or endocrine disrupting properties but they may also be causative agents of reproduction abnormalities in both wildlife and humans. Furthermore, the extensive use of glyphosate-based herbicides in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant plants grown for food and feed should be of grave concern since they can be sources of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in wildlife and humans.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"65766",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84161",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-and-the-health-of-our-environment-safety",totalDownloads:1454,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Mankind depends on agricultural products for food consumption. Increasing population (more than 7 billion) requires significant growth in crop yield to meet essential demand. This aim was achieved through the use of pesticides to protect crops from diseases. Pesticides are toxic by design for organisms that can threaten food products. Their mode of action is by targeting systems or enzymes in the pests that may be similar to human system and therefore pose risks to human health and the environment as well. The WHO recommended classifying pesticides according to their toxicity and chemicals according to their chronic health and environmental hazards.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Mona Saud AL-Ahmadi",authors:[{id:"276726",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ahmadi",slug:"mona-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Mona AL-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"48545",doi:"10.5772/60739",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-agrochemicals-a-critical-appraisal-of-current-approaches",totalDownloads:2559,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This chapter provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of performing risk evaluations of agrochemicals. It is a critical review of the current methodologies used in ecological risk assessment of these chemicals, not their risks to humans. After an introduction to the topic, the current framework for ecological risk assessment is outlined. Two types of assessments are typically carried out depending on the purpose: i) regulatory assessments for registration of a chemical product; and ii) ecological assessments, for the protection of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which are usually site-specific. Although the general framework is well established, the methodologies used in each of the steps of the assessment are fraught with a number of shortcomings. Notwithstanding the subjectivity implicit in the evaluation of risks, there is scepticism in scientific circles about the appropriateness of the current methodologies because, after so many years of evaluations, we are still incapable of foreseeing the negative consequences that some agrochemicals have in the environment. A critical appraisal of such methodologies is imperative if we are to improve the current assessment process and fix the problems we face today. The chapter reviews first the toxicity assessment methods, pointing to the gaps in knowledge about this essential part of the process and suggesting avenues for further improvement. Deficiencies in the current regulations regarding toxicity testing are discussed, in particular the effect of the time factor on toxicity and the issue of complex mixtures. Other matters of concern are the extrapolation of toxicity data from the individual to the population and community levels, and the sub-lethal effects. The exposure assessment methods are dealt with in a second place. These rely on modelling and actual measurements of chemical residues in the environment. Various techniques employed to determine to exposure and bioavailability of agrochemicals to the various organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are reviewed. Again, the shortcomings and gaps in knowledge are addressed and suggestions for improvement are pointed out. Then, the process of putting together the information from the toxicity and exposure assessments to evaluate risks is discussed. Tiers I and II of the risk assessment are reviewed. The challenge here is to keep objectivity in the evaluations; this may require the introduction of new methods of risk assessment. Finally, the risk assessment implies establishing a management strategy that aims at reducing or minimising the impacts of agrochemicals under normal agricultural scenarios. Recommendations are often case-specific and need to be based on sound science as well as common sense principles. The chapter concludes with a summary of issues that need to be considered for improving risk assessments of agrochemicals.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo and Henk A. Tennekes",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"173845",title:"Dr.",name:"Henk",middleName:null,surname:"Tennekes",slug:"henk-tennekes",fullName:"Henk Tennekes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78542",title:"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture",slug:"mitigation-of-climate-change-by-nitrogen-managements-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:295,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Kazuyuki Inubushi and Miwa Yashima",authors:[{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi"},{id:"429712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yashima",slug:"miwa-yashima",fullName:"Miwa Yashima"}]},{id:"48594",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2698,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"64602",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3055,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:66,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"77770",title:"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"mycorrhizal-fungi-and-sustainable-agriculture",totalDownloads:303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Soibam Helena Devi, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Soibam Sinyorita, S.K. Chongtham and E. Lamalakshmi Devi",authors:[{id:"301167",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Lamalakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"e.-lamalakshmi-devi",fullName:"E. Lamalakshmi Devi"},{id:"311911",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Chongtham",slug:"s.k.-chongtham",fullName:"S.K. Chongtham"},{id:"345840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingudam",middleName:null,surname:"Bhupenchandra",slug:"ingudam-bhupenchandra",fullName:"Ingudam Bhupenchandra"},{id:"423173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Helena Devi",slug:"soibam-helena-devi",fullName:"Soibam Helena Devi"},{id:"423177",title:"Dr.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Sinyorita",slug:"soibam-sinyorita",fullName:"Soibam Sinyorita"}]},{id:"77147",title:"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants",slug:"influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-nitrogen-metabolism-in-plants",totalDownloads:288,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Vitor Nascimento, Glauco Nogueira, Gabriel Monteiro, Waldemar Júnior, Joze Melissa Nunes de Freitas and Cândido Neto",authors:[{id:"332095",title:"Dr.",name:"Cândido",middleName:null,surname:"Neto",slug:"candido-neto",fullName:"Cândido Neto"},{id:"332157",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"28",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81931",title:"Improving Soil Fertility with Organic Fertilizers",slug:"improving-soil-fertility-with-organic-fertilizers",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103944",abstract:"Organic fertilizers with low C:N ratios can be applied to supply both macro and micronutrients to the soil. Aside nutrient supply, they can improve soil structure, texture, water holding capacity and nutrient holding capacity. The mechanisms that may interplay to allow organic fertilizers to affect the soil and crop yields may include improved nutrient synchrony, general improvement in fertility and/or priming effects. The rate, timing and method of organic fertilizer application must be considered to reduce N and P losses during organic fertilizer application. To meet the nutrient requirement of crops, organic fertilizers must be applied in large quantities, so it is more prudent to apply locally available resources. In a case study where sole organic fertilizer, sole inorganic fertilizer and their combinations were applied under rain-fed conditions, it was observed that manure had the potential to hold nutrients longer. This is a positive finding for drought prone areas.",book:{id:"10989",title:"New Generation of Organic Fertilizers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10989.jpg"},signatures:"Mavis Badu Brempong and Abigail Addo-Danso"},{id:"79868",title:"The Role of Organic Fertilizers in Transition to Sustainable Agriculture in the MENA Region",slug:"the-role-of-organic-fertilizers-in-transition-to-sustainable-agriculture-in-the-mena-region",totalDownloads:133,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101411",abstract:"Organic fertilizers can serve as an element of transitions to sustainable low-input agriculture in semi-arid regions of the MENA region. They play a key role in supporting soil biota and soil fertility. Yield improvements, availability and relatively low costs make organic fertilizers an attractive alternative for farmers. In semi-arid regions, important considerations are improved soil quality, which in turn affects soil water retention, while better root development helps crops resist heat and water stress. Organic fertilizers thus support climate adaptation and regional food security. Soil quality is crucial for carbon sequestration, at the same time that increased nutrient retention reduces impacts of agricultural runoff on groundwater and water bodies. Factors that impede the generalised use of organic fertilizers include lack of expertise, subsidy structures, constraints of the wider food and agricultural systems, and difficulties in transitioning from conventional agriculture. Such obstacles are aggravated in countries affected by security issues, financial volatility or restrictions in access to market. Against the background of both general and local constraints, the chapter examines possible pathways to benefit from organic fertilizers, in particular synergies with other sustainable agricultural practices, as well as improved access to expertise.",book:{id:"10989",title:"New Generation of Organic Fertilizers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10989.jpg"},signatures:"Helen Avery"},{id:"79041",title:"Organic Fertilization with Residues of Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and Inga (Inga edulis) for Improving Soil Fertility in Central Amazonia",slug:"organic-fertilization-with-residues-of-cupuassu-em-theobroma-grandiflorum-em-and-inga-em-inga-edulis",totalDownloads:53,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100423",abstract:"The cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum.) is a native fruit tree which has, in the past years, acquired great social and economic importance for the regional farmers. The nutrient-rich and often wasted cupuassu tree fruit shell residues can contribute to the improvement of the low fertility soil of Amazonia. A trial was carried out on a small holder’s cupuassu plantation in Central Amazonia to ascertain the effect of organic fertilization on the recovery of soil fertility and plant nutrition by using material from cupuassu shell residues and Inga edulis pruning (branches and leaves). The fertilization with cupuassu rinds + Inga prunings improved soil fertility, mainly by the increase of K and Ca in the soil, but only with liming, which appears to favor the mineralization of these nutrients. At the 0–10 cm depth, the Ca level increased about 50% compared to the control and the K level increased 75% compared to the cupuassu shell treatments. The significant increase of about 30% in N absorption by trees in the plots without liming shows that the application of green manure can increase the mineralization of N in Oxisols. These results show that the organic residue sources used can result in a nutrient-bearing organic fertilizer and become a low-cost alternative for recycling cupuassu processing residues.",book:{id:"10989",title:"New Generation of Organic Fertilizers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10989.jpg"},signatures:"Eleano Rodrigues da Silva, Marta Iria da Costa Ayres, Acácia Lima Neves, Katell Uguen, Luiz Antonio de Oliveira and Sonia Sena Alfaia"},{id:"78833",title:"The Insects as a Workforce for Organic Fertilizers Production – Insect Frass",slug:"the-insects-as-a-workforce-for-organic-fertilizers-production-insect-frass",totalDownloads:205,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100144",abstract:"Following the evolution of composting technology, the process of digestion of a biological substrate by insects (entomocomposting) represents the last stage; however, from its initial context of producing an organic fertilizer, the role of entomocomposting has been imposing itself (due to increasing demographic pressure) mainly in the safe disposal of organic waste (in rampant growth) and in the breeding of insects for food and feed, for the sake of food security. Both these last goals converge in the first, as the safest disposal of the compost is its use as organic fertilizer; but the organic substrates are of a diversified nature, as are the species of insects which have already proved themselves in entomocomposting; hence, for each of the purposes in view, the choice is vast and, in the same way, the entomocompost composition is wide-ranging. Furthermore, various types of organic substrates, in addition to a microbial flora with symbiotic effects, may sometimes be able to transmit to the frass a harmful load of heavy metals and/or, depending on the composting insect agents, the presence of microorganisms harmful to crops and to humans and animals; in these situations, the former should be encouraged, and the latter counteracted through appropriate composting technology. Directives and legislation in this area, if properly considered, constitute a fundamental basis for ensuring the appropriate use of this particular kind of organic fertilizer. Apart from the production of insects for food and feed, where the choice of which insect is determined at the outset, the preference for the insect to be used in entomocomposting should be considered according to its proficiency in biological digestion of the organic substrates available for this purpose and the fertilizing quality of the frass produced. Although a multitude of species have been evaluated, to date, for the digestion of organic substrates, most have been used in assessing their specific potential for certain functionalities of frass related to crop nutrition and health, but there are few which, either by prolificacy, proficiency or rapidity in digesting substrates, exhibit capacity to compete in rural environment; nevertheless, new species could be evaluated in the framework of the research of competitors for entomocomposting of all or each substrate type and for each of the main anticipated objectives, meanwhile, genetic improvement to obtain new strains specialized for different organic substrates has already started to take its first steps. In addition to the binomial “insect x substrate” the composting technology constitutes the third fundamental factor for the efficiency of the process. Insects use as a composting agent has been suggested several decades ago, but it was only in the last decade that this process grown from the garden to the factory. Within rural areas, entomocomposting could play a key role within a circular economy, where recycling and reusing potentially polluting wastes safely returns to the land the enduring fertility that enables the sustained production that generated them, requiring no particularly upscale installations, equipment or technical training; it can, therefore, be adapted to any size of agricultural holding, from smallholdings to large industrial holdings, on the other hand, and in order to obtain a controlled production and high quality entomocompost, it is needed to implement industrial technologies and the composting unit can achieve a very high production per square meter, comparing with traditional composting methods. However, whether from the perspective of agriculture, livestock or forestry, the production of waste for entomocomposting always falls far short of the necessary scale, and therefore always requiring the use of biodigested organic waste from agricultural industries, provided that the necessary precautions are taken; in any case, it always constitutes added value, due to the products it generates, in addition to the inestimable value of the productive disposal of potentially polluting products. Despite all the advantages mentioned above, the controversy over the organic vs. mineral fertilizer option persists, often fuelled by myths on both sides, but the successes already achieved with insect entomocomposts, such as the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) or the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.), in field trials, which are gradually adding up, anticipate an important role for insects in safeguarding global food and environmental security.",book:{id:"10989",title:"New Generation of Organic Fertilizers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10989.jpg"},signatures:"Regina Menino and Daniel Murta"},{id:"78744",title:"Farmer’s Perception of Associates Non-Cocoa Tree’s Leaf Litterfall Fertilizing Potential in Cocoa-Based Agroforestry System",slug:"farmer-s-perception-of-associates-non-cocoa-tree-s-leaf-litterfall-fertilizing-potential-in-cocoa-ba",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100262",abstract:"Investigations to assess farmer’s perceptions on the fertilizing potential of associated trees species in cocoa agroforest of degraded forest ecology were carried out in southern Cameroon. The perception of the farmers was based on the ability of the trees to maintain or improve soil fertility of their farms. The verification of these perceptions was done through an evaluation of litter fall biomass nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of selected trees. The top 5 associates trees ranked by farmers was: Milicia excelsa, Ceiba pentandra, Ficus mucuso, Asltonia boonei, Terminalia superba. The chemical analysis of the leaf litter from the different tree species revealed a significant different between their chemical components. N appeared to have the highest concentrations varying from 2.82 to 5.57% with a mean value of 4.25 ± 1.065%, P had the lowest concentrations typically around 0.001%. The top 5 tree species based on the chemical analysis ranking were: C. pentandra, M. excelsa, Eribroma oblungum, Alstonia boonei, Zanthoxylum heitzi. Farmer’s perceptions thou holistic, are not completely different from scientific finding. Therefore, they should be taken in consideration in management plans for cocoa- based systems in order to enhance their ecological and economic performance.",book:{id:"10989",title:"New Generation of Organic Fertilizers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10989.jpg"},signatures:"Milie Lionelle Tsouga Manga, René Menoh A Ngon, Etienne Akoutou Mvondo, Eunice Ndo, Bidzanga Nomo and Zachée Ambang"},{id:"78714",title:"Biosynthesis of Zinc Nanocomplex Employing for Plant Growth Promotion and Bio-Control of Pythium ultimum",slug:"biosynthesis-of-zinc-nanocomplex-employing-for-plant-growth-promotion-and-bio-control-of-em-pythium-",totalDownloads:115,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100185",abstract:"Green Biosynthesis method was used for the preparation of Zn(II) nano complex from the reaction of the schiff base ligand 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-(1,2-phenylenebis (azanylylidene)) bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-bromophenol) and Zn(II)sulphate. The nano complex was characterized by different physicochemical methods. Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNP-T) will be studied as an antifungal agent. In this study, we will investigate the ability of the myogenic Zinc nanoparticles for plant Growth Promotion and Bio-control of Pythium ultimum.",book:{id:"10989",title:"New Generation of Organic Fertilizers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10989.jpg"},signatures:"Shaima M.N. Moustafa and Rania H. Taha"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"},selectedSubseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/35934",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"35934"},fullPath:"/chapters/35934",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()